Three rice lines with different leaf stomata density (high, medium and low stomata density) derived from generations of hybrids between indica and japonica rice (F13) were used to study their photosyntheticThree rice lines with different leaf stomata density (high, medium and low stomata density) derived from generations of hybrids between indica and japonica rice (F13) were used to study their photosynthetic characteristics and Rubisco activity. The aim is to reveal the response of stomatal to light intensity and CO₂ concentration and the correlation between stomatal and Rubisco activity. Results showed that in light response, the maximum photosynthetic rate of the lines with high stomatal density was 24.6 μmol·m^-2·s^-1, being 4.3% and 19.6% higher than those with medium and low stomatal density, respectively. And in CO₂ response, the maximum photosynthetic rate of lines with high stomatal density was 30.8 μmol·m^-2 ·s^-1, being 4.6% and 9.5% higher than those with medium and low stomatal density, respectively. In addition, Rubisco activity was significantly positive correlation (r=0.912, P<0.01) with stomatal density. In conclusion, the increasing stomatal density will enhance the utilization efficiency of light and CO₂. This study provides theoretical basis for breeding high photosynthetic efficiency from generations of hybrids between indica and japonica rice. characteristics and Rubisco activity. The aim is to reveal the response of stomatal to light intensity and CO₂ concentration and the correlation between stomatal and Rubisco activity. Results showed that in light response, the maximum photosynthetic rate of the lines with high stomatal density was 24.6 μmol·m^-2·s^-1, being 4.3% and 19.6% higher than those with medium and low stomatal density, respectively. And in CO₂ response, the maximum photosynthetic rate of lines with high stomatal density was 30.8 μmol·m^-2 ·s^-1, being 4.6% and 9.5% higher than those with medium and low stomatal density, respectively. In addition, Rubisco activity was significantly positive correlation (r=0.912, P<0.01) with stomatal density. In conclusion, the increasing stomatal density will enhance the utilization efficiency of light and CO₂. This study provides theoretical basis for breeding high photosynthetic efficiency from generations of hybrids between indica and japonica rice.

The recent progress on the biological functions of glucosinolates and their degradation products as defense and anticancer compounds was reviewed. The effect of different factors on glucosinolate contents, as well as their anticancer activities of Brassica vegetables was also discussed. The research in this area has immense potential in agricultural applications.

Using RT-PCR, we cloned the open reading frame (ORF) of RAMP4 super family member BjJ10-2 from Brassica juncea, then the prokaryotic expression vector pET32a-BjJ10-2 was constructed and transformed into E. coli strain BL21(DE3)plysS. SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis showed that BjJ10-2 was expressed in BL21 strain after IPTG induction. Using spectrophotometer we tested the salt tolerance ability of recombinant BL21(pET32aBjJ102) and control BL21(pET32a).The results showed that overexpression of BjJ102 markedly increased salt tolerance of BL21 compared with the control of empty vector transformed BL21 strain, and the critical concentration of NaCl resistance could be up to 0.8mol/L. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR showed that BjJ10-2 was responded to salt stress, and its transcript abundance was significantly enhanced in the root of B. juncea and reached the peak at 8~12h after NaCl treatment. The result showed that BjJ10-2 is a new salt stress responsive gene and might play an important role in the physiological processes of salt tolerance in plants.

This study was carried out to analyze the heterotic groups and heterotic pattern of inbred lines form maize landraces in order to provide the theoretical basis for assessing potential value of inbred lines and preparing dominant hybrid seed. The materials which were classified by using SSR markers were 11 testers (inclusive: inbred lines of using commonly in southwest regions, 5 normal corn inbred lines which represented five main heterotic groups), and 17newly inbred lines form maize landraces. The materials of estimating heterotic patterns were 187 combinations by crossing 17 newly maize inbred lines with 11 testers by NCⅡ mating design. Clustering analysis was done on the basis of the genetic similarity. Heterotic patterns were analyzed based on the data from the experiment and clustering analysis. The results showed that the 28 inbred lines could classified into 4 heterotic groups, group named Sipingtou contained 3 newly inbred lines, group named PB contained 4 newly inbred lines, group named Reid contained 3 newly inbred lines, and group named Luda Red Cob contained 7 newly inbred lines. Among the various populations, PB(P1-1, P1-8, and P1-10)× Reid and PB(P1-1, P1-6, and P1-14)× Luda Red Cob and Reid(P1-15, P1-16, and P1-17)×Sipingtou could become superior combinations, especially newly inbred line P1-1 × Reid become heterotic pattern. The heterotic groups analysis of inbred lines provided the basis for application of 17 newly inbred lines and improvement of maize landraces.

he optimization of fermentation medium for mycelia production of C.militaris was studied by using a current,rotational and combinative design of quadratic regression in this experiment.The mathematical model of reaction on the media was built up.The model was of high prediction and verified by the experimental data to be reliable.The reaction regularity,relation between the two factors in the best combination of medium,the output of mycelia and mutual effect of different factors were discussed by use of the mathematical model.The optimum culture conditions were as follows:the initial pH 7.0,96 h of the culture time,6% of inoculated volume,culture temperature of 24℃～28℃ and 100ml/500ml flask of culture volume.

Field experiments were conducted to study rice yield, N uptake and fate by using 15N-urea labeling method under transplanting density of 30 cm×30 cm, 40 cm×40 cm and 50 cm×50 cm. The results showed that improvement of transplanting density significantly increased rice yield. Grain-panicle, seed setting rate and 1000-grain weight decreased with improvement of transplanting density. Absorption 15N-fertilizer by grain and straw of rice, nitrogen use efficiency and 15N-fertilizer residue was high at high density, but 15N-fertilizer loss was low. Under different density, N absorption by rice mainly came from soil. Almost 1/3 of the total N uptake by rice supplied by fertilizer, and 2/3 N came from soil. At different treatments, nitrogen use efficiency were 16.69%～26.69%, 15N-fertilizer residue ratio were 17.12%～21.08%, and 15N-fertilizer loss were 52.23%～66.19%. Residue 15N-fertilizer mainly distributed in 0～20 cm top soil. Under 40 cm×40 cm, the amounts of fertilizer residue in 0～20 cm top soil were higher than that of 50 cm×50 cm and 30 cm×30 cm. It was 28.54 kg/hm2, occupying 12.97% of the total applied fertilizer. Under 40 cm×40 cm, the amounts of fertilizer residue in 40～60 cm soil profile was 7.34 kg/hm2, and it was lower 57.90%～59.29%than that of 50 cm×50 cm and 30 cm×30 cm.

To explore the chilling injury controlling method in postharvest mango (Mangifera indica L.) fruit which is a typical chilling sensitive plant, 0.08mmol·L^-1 nitric oxide (NO) donor SNP was used to treat green mango fruit before cold storage. Chilling injury, cell membrane permeability, malondialdehyde content and respiratory intensity were measured during cold storage at 2℃. The results showed that exogenous NO treatment significantly reduced chilling injury degree in postharvest mango fruit: compared with the control, chilling injury was delayed in treated group, the chilling injury index on the 8th and 12th day decreased by 68.5% and 28.2% respectively. Moreover, lower cell membrane permeability, MDA content were observed in treated group. It was shown that treatment with exogenous NO before cold storage is an effective way to enhance cold tolerance of mango fruits in cold storage and reduce chilling injury.

Association mapping is widely used to dissect the genetic basis of phenotypic diversities and to mine the useful allele at a locus in plants or crops. With the technical development of mining the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in target genome, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) based on linkage disequilibrium (LD) offers a new method to analyze the genetic basis of the complex agronomic traits. In this paper, the method of GWAS and its application in rice are summarized, and the potential problems of using GWAS in plants are discussed.

Rice lesion mimic mutant is useful material for studying systemic resistance mechanism. 156 lesion mimic mutants were acquired through irradiating the dry seeds of indica rice 93-11. These mutants can be divided into 9 types based on the shapes of the lesions. Most lesion mimics began to appear in 4 to 5 weeks after sowing. Two mutants spl078 and spl104 have displayed enhanced resistance to both rice blast and bacterial blight disease comparing with the wild-type 93-11 in vivo experiment. The expression profiles of disease resistant related genes PBZ1,POC1,PR1,PAL3 and POX22.3 in spl 073, spl078 and spl104 investigated by the real-time PCR assay showed that the genes in spl078 and spl104 were up-regulated. The relationship between the lesions formation and the expression of the disease related genes indicated that the expressions of the disease related genes were significantly changed when the lesions brought out. While they were almost stable after lesions formation. This research has provided the useful rice materials for understanding the broad-spectrum resistance to the multiple pathogens and disease resistant breeding.

In order to study effects on cold tolerance of winter rapa under exogenous ABA, the experiment was carried out in the field before the wintering, Longyou 8 as the material, spraying ABA by different concentrations(0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 mg·L^-1), and in different periods (3 leaf stage, 5 leaf stage, 6 leaf stage, 7 leaf stage), the changes of MDA, soluble sugar (SS) content, soluble protein (SP) content, wintering rate and yield of rapa were determined and analyzed. The results showed, after spraying ABA on leaves, the MDA content of winter rapa decreased, while the content of soluble sugar, the content of soluble protein, winter survival rate and yield increased. According to the results, it was suggested that the best time to spray ABA on winter rapa was between five leaf stage and six leaf stage, and the best concentration should be 15 to 20 mg·L^-1, because it could effectively improve the cold tolerance of winter rapa. The research provides a technological support to the safety wintering of winter rapa.

Resistant starch(RS) is defined as the sum of starch and its metabolites not to be absorbed in the small intestine of healthy individuals of humanbeing.The definition,classification,determination of RS,its physiological function,and the factors influencing its formation were briefly reviewed.The latest progresses in approaches to develop the RS-enriched functional foods,RS enriched rice products,and breeding for rice high in RS through induced mutation was introduced.

This study was to discuss the effect of nitrogen on expression of gln2 in sugarbect and the sequenc changes of gln2 in suga bect. A pair of special primers were designed according to the mRNA sequence of the known genes gln2 (GenBank: AY026353) of sugar beet. RT-PCR method was used to get the plastidic glutamine synthetase gene cDNA (GS2 cDNA) and GS2 genomic DNA. And these sequences were analyzed with bioinformatics. The results showed that GS2 genomic DNA (GenBank: EU558132) was firstly isolated from sugar beet by PCR. The sequence of GS2 DNA was 6 144bp in length and contained 13 exons and 12 introns. The sequence of GS2 cDNA induced by nitrogen was 1296bp, encoding 431 amino acid residues. The sequence similarity between GS2 cDNA and the known gln2 was 99.92%. GS2 amino acid sequence from Spinacia oleracea and GS2 from sugar beet had closer relationship than other higher plant. Secondary structure analysis indicated that GS2 belonged to mixed protein class, had Gln-synt conserved domains contained beta-Grasp domain from N-terminal and GS catalytic domain from C-terminal. The expression patterns of the gene induced by nitrogen were investigated using semiquantitative PCR. The results showed that the transcriptional accumulation of GS2 gene was activated best when the ratio of NO₃^-Nand NH₄⁺-N was 80∶20 and 50∶50. But that was worst when the ratio of NO₃^-Nand NH₄⁺-N was 0∶100. It was very important to study the structure and function of GS and its expression for realizing highly ammonium assimilation, high yield and good quality in sugar beet.

The active group amido was introduced to phenyl of PB and formed p-amidophenobarbital(pAPB) which has hapten structure by chemical modification.Diazotization was used to conjugate pAPB to BSA and obtained artificial antigen BSA-pAPB identified by Infrared(IR),ultraviolet(UV) and SDS-PAGE.Balb/c mice were immunized with BSA-pAPB and hybridoma lines that secrete monoclonal antibody against PB(PB mAb) were generated with cell fusion and filtered by indirect ELISA and blocking ELISA,the immunological traits of PB mAb were characterized.The results showed that BSA-pAPB was synthesized successfully and its conjugation ratio of pAPB to BSA was about 19∶1.Four hybridoma lines of 1B9,3C4,3F6 and 4E6 were filtered and the best one was 4E6,which secrete PB mAb with indirect ELISA titers of 1∶8.1×10~2 in supernatant and 1∶6.4×10~5 in ascites,the isotype of the mAb was IgG_1/κ and its affinity constant(Ka) was 2.08×10~(10) L/mol.The mAb showed good sensitivity with an IC_(50) of 11.35μg/L to PB,12.4% cross-reactivity(CR%) to Barbital and little or no CR to other compounds.PB mAb of high-titer,sensitivity and specificity has been generated and made it possible to establish immunoassay of PB residues in animal food.

Effects of active wheat gluten on gelatinization and texture properties, and noodle cooking quality of the flour blends of oat and wheat was investigated in this study. The results indicated that both thermoviscosity and gel strength of the wheat-oat flour blends were reduced by adding the active wheat gluten. Moreover, the stability of the hot paste was increased. To some extent, supplement with active wheat gluten loosed the gel structure and decreased the hardness, compactness and elasticity of the gel when compared with the control. Meanwhile, the cooking yield and the percentage of cooking loss and broken noodle were reduced during cooking. Adding the active wheat gluten to the flour mixture of wheat and oat also decreased the tensile strength, hardness and firmness of the cooked noodle, and reduced its adhesiveness and surface brittleness making noodle surface pasting with fascile-like structure after cooking.

Two experiments, drought resistance indexes selection for flax at the adult stage and drought resistance identification of flax germplasm, were performed. In the experiment of drought resistance indexes selection for flax at the adult stage, 8 agronomic traits were measured. Through statistical analysis, 5 traits were found out that are closely related to drought resistance. Their sequential order is: grain weight per plant, biomass per plant, plant height, no. of branches and grain no. per plant. Drought resistance of tested cultivars evaluated by these 5 traits, weighted drought resistance coefficient is closer to the actual result. In the experiment of drought resistance identification of flax germplasm, 190 flax germplasm were evaluated and classified by weighted drought resistance coefficient calculated from above 5 selected traits. There are 29 germplasm classified as level 1, 26 germplasm as level 2, 81 germplasm as level 3, 27 germplasm as level 4 and 27 germplasm as level 5. The drought resistance of germplasm are vary, local resources are better, followed by bred resources, and then the introduced resources. This study is useful for drought resistant flax germplasms development and breeding. It also provided the theoretical basis for establishment of technical specifications for drought resistance identification and evaluation of flax.

In order to develop and utilize of medicinal Chrysanthemum morifoliumthegermplasm resources, as well as provide technical support for genetic diversity and molecular identification studies of medicinal Chrysanthemum morifolium, the SCoT (start codon targeted polymorphism)-PCR (polymerase chain reaction) system was established and optimized. In this research, the L₂₅(5⁶) orthogonal design was applied to optimize the five factors (TaqDNA polymerase, Mg²⁺, template DNA, dNTPs and primer concentrations) of SCoT-PCR amplification system at five concentration ration levels. The results of optimized system by both intuitive analysis and variance analysis were as follows: a total volume of 20 μL system including 10 ng template DNA, 1.5 U TaqDNA polymerase, 0.8 μmol·L^-1 primer, 2.0 mmol·L^-1 Mg^{2 +}, 0.2 mmol·L^-1 dNTPs. The effective degree of the factors on the SCoT reaction was in the order: TaqDNA polymerase > primer >dNTPs > Mg²⁺ > template DNA. The key factor affecting the SCoT-PCR system was the concentration of TaqDNA polymerase. Furthermore, the optimal reaction system was further used to verify with multiple medicinal Chrysanthemum morifoliumvarieties, which showed good stability and repeatability. Our results indicate the SCoT-PCR system is informative and would facilitate further lay the solid foundation for genetic diversity, genetic maps, gene localizations and molecular marker assisted breeding studies in medicinal Chrysanthemum morifolium.

To study the effects of volatiles in Air-drying megalobrama amblycephala meat sterilized with irradiation and high temperature. The Air-drying Megalobrama amnblycephala was sterilized with irradiation(2.2,4.4 and 6.6kGy) and high temperature. The volatile components of Megalobrama amblycephala meat were extracted by headspace solid phase microextraction and identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results showed a total of 53,27,35,46 and 42 kinds of compounds were detected in Air-drying Megalobrama amnblycephala, high temperature sterilized meat and irradiated meat. Aldehyde, ketone and alcohol was the largest part of volatile components in Air-drying Megalobrama amnblycephala. The volatile components of Air-drying Megalobrama amnblycephala treated with high temperature and irradiation decreased,91.27%,5.23%,67.64% and 35.26%, respectively. The content of hexane and 2,5-Octanedione increased 30.09% and 33.13%,respectively.The content of nonanal, 1-octen-3-ol and (E)-2-Octen-1-ol decreased 15.12%,2.41%,3.23%,respectively. Therefore, the extent of retention of volatile components, radiation sterilization is superior to high temperature sterilization. This study provides an experimental basis to select appropriate irradiation sterilization method of Air-drying megalobrama amnblycephala.

In this paper, the current status of aerospace botany research in aboard was briefly introduced. The research progress of mutational effects of aerospace on crop seed and its application in germplansm enhancement and new variety development by using recoverable satellite techniques in China has been reviewed. The approaches and its experimental advances of ground simulation on aerospace environmental factors were analyzed at different angles of particle biology, physical field biology and gravity biology.

Soybean isoflavones, belonging to a class of diphenol compounds known as phytoestrogens, have the remarkable functions for health. In order to promote soybean breeding for high Soybean isoflavones and its industrialization, research progresses in soybean isoflavones were reviewed in the current paper, including the mechanisms and functions, biosynthesis, safety assessment of soybean isoavones, gemplasms discovery, genetics analysis and breeding of soybean high in isoflavones contents.

Using the starch and powder of sweet potato of Xiangshu 86 and Xiangshu 541 as materials, the effects of ⁶⁰Co γ-irradiation on the structure of starch particle and the efficiency of saccharification were studied. The results showed that some reticulate flaws appeared in the surface of irradiated starch particles, and the reticulate flaws were increased with the increase of irradiation doses. The content of reducing sugar and total soluble sugar in both starch and the powder were obviously increased along with the increase of irradiation dose ranged from 50 to 1200 kGy. The saccharification efficiency of Xiangshu 86 and Xiangshu 541 was obviously difference at the dose lower than 500 kGy, and then the efficiency showed the similar trends at a higher dose irradiation, the saccharification rate reached the highest value after the treatment with 1200 kGy irradiation.