10 July 2021, Volume 35 Issue 7
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(7): 1485-1494. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.07.1485To investigate the influences of different irradiation dosages of 60Co-γ and PEG stress on the physiological characteristics of mulberry seedlings,and select the optimal radiation dosage for improving the drought resistance of mulberry. Guiyou 12 seeds were irradiated with five doses of 60Co-γ rays: 0, 100, 200, 300 and 400 Gy. Under the simulative drought stress of 10% polyethylene glycol (PEG), the relative permeability of plasma membrane, the content of malonaldehyde (MDA), the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and the content of soluble protein and proline in the leaves and roots were measured and the expression levels of peroxidase gene POD1, superoxide dismutase gene sodC and pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid synthetase P5CS which was the key enzyme of proline synthesis were detected. Results indicated that low dose 60Co-γ radiation (≤200 Gy) could reduce the relative permeability of plasma membrane and the content of MDA in the leaves and roots of mulberry seedlings, improve the SOD, POD and CAT activity, increase the content of soluble protein and proline, and up-regulate the expression levels of POD1, sodC and P5CS, and so as to improve the drought resistance of mulberry seedlings. While the high dose of 60Co-γ radiation (≥300 Gy) aggravated the stress injury. Comprehensive analysis showed that the seeds irradiated with 200 Gy60Co-γ had the strongest drought resistance. This study provided theretical references for mulberry cultivation and breeding in drought region.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(7): 1495-1506. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.07.1495In order to explore the genetic characteristics of sesame germplasm resources in Shanxi, 30 pairs of simple sequence repeat (SSR) were used to analyze the genetic diversity and population structure of 71 sesame germplasms of Shanxi in this study. The results showed that a total of 144 allelic loci were detected with 30 pairs of SSR markers, the mean number of alleles per locus was 4.800; the number of effective alleles ranged from 1.058 to 5.149, with an average of 2.805; the index of Shannon ranged from 0.128 to 1.813, with an average of 1.096; the genetic diversity index of Nei's varied from 0.055 to 0.806, with an average of 0.558; the polymorphic information content ranged from 0.053 to 0.783, with an average of 0.515. Based on cluster analysis with SSR molecular markers, the genetic similarity coefficient of the tested materials was 0.21~0.67, and six groups were clustered at the genetic similarity coefficient of 0.27; The population structure analysis based on SSR molecular markers divided the test materials into five groups. The results showed that the genetic difference among sesame germplasm resources in Shanxi was relatively high and there were rich genetic diversities. Development and utilization of sesame germplasm resources of Shanxi might lay a good foundation for the genetic improvement and discovery of excellent genes of sesame in future.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(7): 1507-1521. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.07.1507In order to screen out the sea-island cotton varieties suitable for saline-alkali land cultivation, 203 sea-island cotton were selected and evaluated under natural compound salt stress. The results showed that plant height, height of the first node, fruit branch numbers, number of boll drop, proportion of boll drop and salt tolerance coefficient of yield of Single boll seed cotton were decreased. Lint percent, boll numbers, first node of fruit branch, effective boll numbers, effective fruit branch numbers, yield of single boll lint yield, seed cotton yield per plant and lint yield per plant were increased slightly. The coefficient of variation showed that the seed cotton yield per plant and lint yield per plant were the highest. The correlation analysis showed that there was a significant positive correlation between fruit branch numbers and boll numbers; proportion of boll drop has significant correlations with boll number, height of the first node, first node of fruit branch, fruit branch number, effective fruit branch numbers, effective boll numbers, number of boll drop. Yield of Single boll Lint yield has significant correlations with lint percent, boll numbers, fruit branch numbers, effective boll numbers, effective fruit branch numbers, number of boll drop, proportion of boll drop, yield of Single boll seed cotton, yield of Single boll Lint yield, seed cotton yield per plant. The correlation analyses of the lint yield per plant identification value, the principal component score, the membership value and the comprehensive score D value showed that the four were significant positive correlation (P<0.01), indicating that sea-island cotton could be comprehensively evaluated and classified by the four comprehensive scores. The sea-island cotton resources are mainly salt-tolerant and medium salt-tolerant, with relatively few extreme materials. Through comparison, it is found that the loose fruit branch type is more salt-tolerant than the compact type. In addition, a variety Pima 4 with strong compound salt tolerance was selected. The salt tolerance indexes of 6 sea-island cotton were screened by stepwise regression. The results of this experiment provide a certain theoretical basis, identification indicators and methods for the screening of sea-island cotton varieties tolerant to compound salt in the boll stage.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(7): 1522-1531. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.07.1522The purpose of this study is to develop a wheat varieties (lines) identificational model by their grain attenuated total reflection fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectra and to apply the model for screening grain traits mutants. The grains ATR-FTIR spectra of 91 wheat varieties (lines), 576 wheat M5 mutants and 235 control lines were collected. Among of them, 71 wheat varieties (lines) were used to establish wheat varieties (lines) identificational model, and 20 wheat varieties (lines) were used for external verification. Seven pretreatment methods were carried out on the spectral data, and the wheat grain varieties (lines) identificational model was constructed in the band of 3 600-1 000 cm-1, then the model was verified by external verification and finally applied to screen grain traits mutants from M5 wheat mutant lines. The results showed that the ATR-FTIR identificational model established with Multiplicative signal correction + Norris derivative filter (MSC+ND) pretreatment method can completely differentiate 71 wheat varieties (lines), and the external verification confirmed the accuracy of the model. According to the established ATR-FTIR identificational model, four grain character mutants were screened from the mutant lines, and the frequency of mutation rate was 0.69%. Our study constructed ATR-FTR identificational model in wheat grain for the first time, completely distinguish different wheat varieties (lines) and was successfully applied to screen wheat grain mutants, which not only broadened the application of ATR-FTIR spectroscopy in wheat, but also provided a new method for mutant screen towards gain traits.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(7): 1532-1539. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.07.1532In order to explore the important role of WRKY transcription factors in plant resistance to adversity stress. In this study, a WRKY transcription factor gene (SbWRKY71) was cloned from Sorghum BTx623. The transcription factor gene was 1 335 bp in length (Phytozome Graviton No: Sb04g005520), encoded 364 amino acids, and the molecular weight was 38.95 kDa. Through bioinformatics method to predict the transcription factor located in the nucleus, with WRKY transcription factors typical conservative structure domain, and the protein belongs to the group Ⅱ member of WRKY protein family. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that sorghum SbWRKY71 had the closest affinity with gramineous corn ZmWRKY71, and its affinity was 75%. Quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) showed that SbWRKY71 gene expression was tissue specific, with the highest expression abundance in the leaves and the lowest in the stems. SbWRKY71 expression decreased first, then increased and then decreased after treatment with the hormone salicylic acid (SA, 1 mmol·L-1), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA 10 mol·L-1) and abscisic acid (ABA, 200 mol·L-1). Under the treatment of drought stress simulated by gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and D-Mannitol (300 mmol·L-1) as well as salt stress (NaCl, 250 mmol·L-1), the gene expression of SbWRKY71 presented a pattern of first increase and then decrease. The expression of SbWRKY71 reached its maximum value at 3, 6 and 9 h respectively, after which it was significantly down-regulated. SbWRKY71 expression was inhibited after sorghum was treated with pathogen-related molecular model (PAMPs) flagellin (flg22, 100 nmol·L-1), translation elongation factor (elf18, 100 nmol·L-1) and Chitin (8 nmol·L-1). This study provides a basis for further exploring the role of SbWRKY71 gene in regulating sorghum resistance, hormone response and stress response.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(7): 1540-1547. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.07.1540In order to promote the functional genomics of cucumber, a study on the rapid construction and identification of cucumber T-DNA insertion mutants was carried out. Based on the optimization of the cucumber genetic transformation system in terms of Agrobacterium infection activity and co-culture conditions, the cucumber T-DNA insertion mutants were created by using green fluorescent protein GFP gene as an insert DNA segment and quickly screened by using a fluorescence microscope. TAIL-PCR technology was employed to identify the mutation sites of the positive transformants. The results showed that the Agrobacterium infection solution had the best vigor and concentration after cultivation to 12-18 h, and the optimal co-culture temperature was 23℃. Three regenerated seedlings expressing GFP were identified from 2 978 transformed explants by using stereo fluorescence microscopy. The transformation efficiency was 1.00 ‰. A FDNA mutant was identified successfully by TAIL-PCR, the insertion site was located in the tenth exon of the CsaV3_1G032940 gene. The homologous gene of this gene in Arabidopsis is AT4G18950 (BHP1, Blue light-dependent H+-ATPase Phosphorylation 1), involved in the process of stomatal opening mediated by blue light. However, under the normal growth condition, the T0 plant of this mutant had no difference in phenotype from wild type cucumber. The results of this study are of great significance for the functional genomics research of cucumber.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(7): 1548-1556. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.07.1548To detect the virus infection of different tea chrysanthemum varieties, widely planted tea chrysanthemum Fubaiju was selected as material to optimize the virus elimination technology, and nested PCR was used to detect eight virus or viroids in 24 varieties of tea chrysanthemum; five kinds of MS media containing ribavirin with different concentrations of 6-benzylaminopurine(6-BA) and 1-naphthaleneacetic acid(NAA) were used to optimize the culture conditions of Fubaiju shoot under 4℃, then the induction effects were examined; SRAP molecular marker technology was used to detect the genetic differences between the virus-free and non-virus-free seedlings of Fubaiju, further the flower yield and the content of total flavonoids, chlorogenic acid, luteoloside and isochlorogenic acid A were compared between this two strains. The results show that two kinds of virus (CVB, TAV) and two kinds of viroids (CSVd and CChMVd) were widespread in 24 tea chrysanthemum varieties. The infection rates of CSVd, TAV, CVB and CChMVd were 100%, 91.67%, 87.50% and 66.7%, respectively. The Fubaiju plants were infected by CVB and CSVd. The shoot of Fubaiju grew healthily and produced more calluses in MS medium containing 1 mg·L-1 6-BA and 0.1 mg·L-1 NAA. The virus-free Fubaiju plants maintained its genetic stability, and the yields and qualities of flowers were significantly improved compared with those of the non-virus-free ones. In brief, the infection of virus widely spread in tea chrysanthemum varieties; the virus and viroid in Fubaiju can be effectively eliminated using shoot culture technology with significant improvement of their flower yield and quality. The results provide an effective method for virus elimination and rejuvenation of tea chrysanthemum.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(7): 1557-1564. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.07.1557In order to investigate the sequence characteristics, expression pattern and the regulation on carotenoid synthesis of peach MADS transcription factors, a MADS-box family gene named as PpMADS1 was cloned from peach fruits. The results showed that the Open Reading Frame (ORF) of PpMADS1 was 732 bp in engh, encoding 243 amino acids. The protein was hydrophilic and poorly stable. Its secondary structure was mainly composed of α-helix and was similar to its tertiary structure. Subcellular localization predicted that PpMADS1 protein was localized in the nucleus. The results of amino acid sequence analysis and phylogenetic analysis showed that PpMADS1 belongs to the MADS-box transcription factor AG subfamily and has the closest relationship to Prunus mume. The results of quantitative Real-time PCR showed that PpMADS1 gene was hardly expressed in buds and leaves, while was abundantly expressed in flowers and fruits. The expression level of PpMADS1 in yellow flesh peach JinLi fruit was significantly higher than that in white flesh peach ‘HuJing’ fruit at the late maturity stage. Furthermore, the results of the Dual-luciferase reporter assays showed that PpMADS1 transcription factor has transcriptional activation effects on PpPSY and PpCHYB promoters. Therefore, it can be speculated that PpMADS1 may promote carotenoid synthesis in peach fruits by regulating the expression of PpPSY and PpCHYB genes. This study laid the theoretical foundation for further functional analysis of peach MADS-box transcription factors.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(7): 1565-1573. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.07.1565The aim of this study was to determine the feasibility of mineral element fingerprints in geographical origin traceability of Puerariae thomsonii Radix (Fenge) and selected effective indicators to identify the origin of Fenge. The contents of 22 mineral elements (B, Na, Mg, P, K, Ca, Mn, Co, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Mo, Cd, Cs, Ba, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm and Ti) in Fenge samples from Shaanxi, Hubei and Guangxi in China were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Furthermore, principal component analysis, stepwise discriminant analysis and cluster analysis were combined to classify the geographical origin of Fenge. It was verified that except for B and Cu, there were significant differences in all the other elements, among different regions (P<0.05). The content of mineral elements in different regions showed unique geographical fingerprint characteristics. Five elements of Mg, P, Co, Rb and Sr were screened out by stepwise discriminant analysis, and the overall discriminant rates of the original test and cross validation were 97.7% and 93.0%, respectively. Pearson correlation analysis showed that Rb, Sr and Ti in Fenge were significantly positively correlated with their element contents in corresponding soils (P<0.01). Therefore, to a certain extent, Fenge from different regions can be identified by the fingerprint of mineral elements combined with multivariate statistical analysis, which provides technical support for the feasibility of tracing the origin of Fenge.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(7): 1574-1582. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.07.1574In order to improve the phenols content and antioxidant capacity in red and mung beans, the raw materials were pretreated by steam explosion. The total phenols content (TPC), total flavonoids content (TFC), and the antioxidant activities of extracts were tested in different treatment groups. Their correlation was also investigated. The results showed that: the structure of the raw material broke seriously, and formed a large number of debris, which promotes the accessible contact between the active components in the raw material and the solvent after steam explosion. Compared with control group CK, TPC and TFC in red and mung beans increased significantly after steam explosion. Under the explosion pressure of 0.5 MPa for 60 s, the maximum TPC (4.57 mg·g-1) and TFC (3.00 mg·g-1) were detected in mung beans. However, the maximum TPC (4.66 mg·g-1) and TFC (3.07mg·g-1) in red beans were obtained at the pressure of 0.75 MPa for 60 s. Except under the conditions of 0.5 MPa for 60s, TPC and TFC in red beans were higher than that of mung beans. The change trend of antioxidant capacity was basically consistent with the change of TPC and TFC. The correlation between total phenol content in red beans and DPPH radical scavenging rate was the highest (r=0.966), but the correlation between total phenol content and total reducing ability in mung beans was the highest (r=0.895). This study provide guidance for the application of steam explosion in extraction of effective compenents in different biomass, and further expand the application scope of steam explosion in the food processing industry.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(7): 1583-1592. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.07.1583In order to fully recover the abundant phenolics in apple peel as a by-product of processing and alleviate environmental pollution caused by improper handling, apple peel powder was prepared by vacuum freeze drying (FD) and heat pump drying at 65℃ (HP), followed by coarse grinding and ultrafine grinding for 5 minutes and 25 minutes. The effects of different processing methods on color, microstructure, powder characteristics and phenolics bioavailability in in vitro gastrointestinal digestion of apple peel powder were investigated. The results showed that with the increase of the grinding time, the particle size of the powder was smaller, the color was brighter and redder (the values of L* and a* significantly increased), and the appearance of powder particle became more regular and smooth. Compared with coarse grinding, ultrafine grinding significantly increased the bulk density and reduced the compressibility of the powder, while the powder properties became unstable, which affected the fluidity of the powder. Moreover, both the drying method and grinding degree affected the dissolution of phenolics. HP and ultrafine grinding significantly reduced the contents of chlorogenic acid and epicatechin in the apple peel powder, while FD significantly reduced the contents of hypericin, rutin and phloridzin in it. During gastric digestion, the content of rutin increased by 1.05-1.47 times, and the catechin was newly detected, while the remaining phenolics were degraded by about 10.53%-34.08%. During the intestine digestion, the degradation degree of phenolics was 2 to 8 times that of gastric digestion. Finally, the bioavailabilities of catechin, rutin, hypericin and phlorizin which measured after dialysis were 237.07%, 18.35%, 29.52%, and 41.04%, respectively. The study could provide a new way for the recycling of apple peel by-product, and to provide a theoretical basis for grinding process and new product development of apple peel.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(7): 1593-1600. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.07.1593In order to study the differences in physicochemical properties of potato wholemeal flour, 14 potato cultivars were used as raw materials in this study. The physicochemical properties including viscosity properties, textural properties, gelatinization and retrogradation properties were comprehensively evaluated, followed by correlation analysis, principal component analysis and cluster analysis. The results indicated that the starch contents of the four Zhongshu varieties were higher than 70%. The physicochemical properties of different potato varieties were significantly different. Weiyu 5 (PT10), Zhongshu 3 (PT34) and Zhongshu 5 (PT35) had highest peak viscosity; The hardness (HD) of PT34 was the highest, and Zhongshu 13 (PT38) had lowest cohesiveness (COH), whereas red potato (PT14) had the lowest HD and the highest COH. PT34 had the lowest gelatinization temperature, but had the highest enthalpy of gelatinization. Correlation analysis indicated that the starch content had significant correlation with most of the physicochemical properties. Significant positive correlation was found between each index of viscosity characteristics. Significant negative correlations were also found between gelatinization temperature (To, Tp and Tc) and enthalpy values (ΔHg and ΔHr). Principal component analysis revealed 4 principal component factors for the variation in the physicochemical properties. Cluster analysis indicated that 14 potato cultivars were divided into two groups. This study provided reference for potato flour processing and selection of parents for high quality potato breeding.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(7): 1601-1608. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.07.1601Principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) were used to investigate and classify the volatile components of cape jasmine flower from different cultivars including Gardenia jasminoides Ellis, Gardenia jasminoides radicans, Gardenia stenophylla Merr., and Gardenia jasminoides var. Fortuniana Lindl. at three stages of bloom, namely the early (stage Ⅰ), the full (stage Ⅱ) and the late (stage Ⅲ) flowering stages expansion. Headspace solid phase microextraction-gas chromatograohy-mass spectrometry(HS-SPME-GC-MS) was used to analyze the volatile components of 12 samples of cape jasmine flower. 52 kinds of volatile components in Cape jasminoides flower were obtained, and that 7 principal components was extracted using PCA analysis could reflect most of the information on the samples with a total cumulative variance contribution rate as high as 90.453%. 12 samples of cape jasmin flower samples could be divided into two clusters by PCA and CA. One of the clusters was formed by 5 cape jasmine flower samples collected from stage Ⅰ of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis, stage Ⅰ of Gardenia jasminoides var. Fortuniana Lindl and three stages of Gardenia jasminoides var. radicans. The other cluster was made up of the remaining 7 cape jasminoides flower samples. Gardenia jasminoides belonging to the same cluster showed silmilar flavor. This study could be an experimental reference for the development and utilization of cape jasmine flower resources.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(7): 1609-1618. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.07.1609In order to clarify the nutritional and chemical content of different Qinghai black highland barley, Screening excellent germplasm resources,the nutritional and chemical components of 12 kinds of black hulless barley were analyzed and evaluated. The result indicate that the black barley protein, total starch, amylose, fat, fiber, ash, and β-glucan content of the tested varieties had significant differences among some varieties (P<0.05), with protein content (12.19%-14.07%)), fiber (2.13%-3.64%), amylose (18.96%-25.94%) and β-glucan (3.91%-7.50%). There were significant differences in calcium, potassium and zinc among the tested black barley (P<0.05), and significant differences among the other minerals (P<0.05), including a higher content between K (581.42 mg·100g-1), Mg (171.90 mg·100g-1), Ca (90.28 mg·100g-1) and Na (17.33 mg·100g-1). The average content of total essential amino acid in the black hulless barley protein was 319.90 mg·g-1, which was close to the recommended value of WHO/FAO(360 mg·g-1). The first limiting amino acid was lysine, followed by methionine and cystine, the third was threonine. The contents of total phenols, free phenols, bound phenols, total flavonoids, free flavonoids, bound flavonoids and anthocyanins of selected black barley varieties were significantly different (P<0.05). The comprehensive quality of the 950, Z536, and Z533 were better by the main components, and the twelve black hulless barley varieties were divided into four categories with cluster analysis. The contents of protein, polyphenols, flavonoids and β-glucan can be higher in Class 1, the anthocyanins and amino acids were higher in Class 2, the fiber was higher in Class 3, and the starch was higher in class 4. The results could be a foundation for the evaluation of the nutritional function and quality of black highland barley. The results could provide a reference for the selection of specific highland barley resources.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(7): 1619-1626. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.07.1619In order to explore the feasibility of Surface-enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) method for rapid detection of Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Salmonella enteritidis (CICC 21540) and Listeria monocytogenes (CICC 10982), a two-step growth method was used to prepare silver-coated gold nanoparticles (Au@Ag NPs) as an enhanced substrate in this study. The Raman enhancement effect and stability of Au@Ag NPs coupled with three pathogenic bacteria were studied respectively. The characteristic Raman spectroscopy of the pathogenic bacteria was comparatively analyzed with the combination with principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA). The results showed that the synthesized Au@Ag NPs had uniform particle size, obvious Raman enhancement effect, which could effectively combine with the 3 kinds of pathogenic bacteria to generate stable Raman response; PCA and HCA analysis based on the characteristic Raman spectra of Escherichia coli, Salmonella enteritidis and Listeria monocytogenes showed that the Raman characteristic spectra of the three pathogenic bacteria were obviously different and could be effectively distinguished. The results of this study provide a reference basis for the rapid detection of E. coli, S. enteritidis and L. monocytogenes by using SERS method with Au@Ag NPs as the enhanced substrate.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(7): 1627-1638. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.07.1627To determine the nutritional, quality and aroma differences between soft-shelled from S. paramamosain crab and hard-shelled crab at different time points during the optimal collection period, headspace solid phase micro extraction(HS-SPME), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and relative odor activity values were used to analysis the changes of water, ash, amino acids, mineral elements and fatty acids in muscles and hepatopancreas. The results showed that the two tissues had the highest water content in soft shell crabs at 0 h, and the ash content of hard shell crabs was significantly higher than that of soft shell crabs at each time point (P<0.05). The contents of amino acids in hard shell crabs of two tissues were higher than those in soft shell crabs except for cystine and alanine in the hepatopancreas, among which the contents of leucine were significantly different (P<0.05); The contents of 12 and 14 amino acids in muscle and hepatopancreas were the highest at 6 h. The contents of Ca, Mg and Fe in the two tissues of soft shell crabs were higher than those of hard shell crabs while with no significant difference. The Ca content of soft shell crabs at 0 h was significantly higher than other time points (P<0.05). Both the 24 h soft shell crab muscle and 0 h hepatopancreas ∑PUFA content were higher than other time points. Volatile substances in the two tissues were mainly alkanes, aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, aromatic hydrocarbons, esters, phenols and ether compounds. The overall relative content was different but with no significant difference. In summary, the hepatopancreas and muscles of soft shell S. paramamosain from 0 to 6 hours were more nutritious and more flavorful than other time points, which is optimal to prepare soft shell crabs.The results of this study provide some references for the production, nutrition and flavor evaluation and market value evaluation of soft shell crab.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(7): 1639-1647. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.07.1639As a kind of common food additives, sulfites are widely used in food industry because of their bleaching, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Despite the low toxicity of sulfites, long-term excessive intake of them is harmful to human. Therefore, it is still a great challenge for the domestic food industry to regulate their use. To make people aware of the importance of the problem, herein, the application of sulfites in food industry was comprehensively reviewed. We compared the advantages and disadvantages of several current methods used for detecting sulfites in food, clarified the existing forms, functions, and limit of them, and highlighted the toxicity of sulfites. We hope that this may give a warning to food production enterprises or individuals, to improve consumers’ conscious of self-protection, and to provide references for food safety supervision departments.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(7): 1648-1657. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.07.1648In order to assess the impact of meteorological changes on cotton growth and county-scale yield, a calibrated CROPGRO-Cotton model for simulating cotton growth and estimating county-level seed cotton yield in response to meteorological changes. Field experimental data in 2018 and 2019 were used to calibrate and validate CROPGRO-Cotton model, respectively. Field validation indicated that calibrated CROPGRO-Cotton model showed good simulation accuracy of phenology development time, with the errors of +1 day, +3 days, +1 day and -2 days for emergence, flowering, boll setting stage and boll opening stage, respectively. Simulated total aboveground production (TAGP) and leaf area index (LAI) during growth periods well agreed with measured values, with a D value of 0.99. RMSE values of simulated versus measured TAGP and LAI were 718 kg·hm-2 and 0.29 m2·m-2, showing a high modeled accuracy for TAGP (10%<NRMSE≤20%) and extremely high accuracy for LAI (NRMSE≤10%). The official statistical yield of 19 counties from 2002 to 2017 was used to evaluate the accuracy of country-scale cotton yield assessment. Regional verification results showed that the calibrated CROPGRO-Cotton model had achieved high global yield estimation performance, with D of 0.55 and NRMSE of 15.8%. For seed cotton yield estimation of different years, the simulated average D and NRMSE value were equal to 0.48 and 15.6%, respectively. For seed cotton yield estimation of different regions, the simulated average D and NRMSE value were equal to 0.44 and 16.8%, respectively. The corrected models have a high accuracy of inter annual and regional yield assessment (NRMSE≤20%). This study can provide a quantitative analysis method for analyzing the impact of climate changes on cotton growth and yield.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(7): 1658-1667. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.07.1658To explore the characteristics of soil erosion and nutrient loss in forestland since the implementation of the project of returning farmland to the forest in Dianchi lake watershed, Dongdahe small watershed located in the southwest of Dianchi Lake was selected as the study target area, and the soil erosion modulus of the forest land was estimated by the radionuclide137Cs tracer technology. The change of nutrient content was analyzed and the effects of slope and vegetation coverage and soil particle composition on soil erosion were also discussed. The results showed that, the specific activity of137Cs in the forestland soil profile decreased exponentially, and soil erosion was mainly affected by natural factors. The total erosion amount of the forest land in the basin was 69.28× 103 t·a-1, and the erosion intensity is mainly mild. The erosion modulus was 1 039.40 to 2 402.12 t·km-2·a-1.The total loss of TOC, TN and TP in the forestland of Dongdahe watershed was 1 963.5 t·a-1, 209.1 t·a-1, and 98.94 t·a-1, respectively. The contents of TOC and TN in the soil were positively correlated with137Cs (P<0.01), indicating that they had similar physical migration characteristics. The regularity of soil nutrient loss was consistent with that of soil erosion. The spatial differences in soil erosion intensity and nutrient loss were great. Soil clay content has a significant negative correlation with soil erosion (P<0.01). The effect of slope and vegetation coverage on soil erosion was obvious in a certain range. The erosion situation was relatively severe in woodlands with a slope of 10~25° and vegetation coverage of less than 0.4. The average erosion amount was about 1709.85 t·km-2·a-1. It is necessary to strengthen the protection of 10~25° mountain vegetation to reduce the local soil erosion and to restore the ecology. It provides a reference basis for promoting the project of returning farmland to forest and maintaining the benefit of soil and water conservation
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(7): 1668-1677. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.07.1668In order to explore the effects of rice straw non-uniform mulch on soil physical and chemical properties and wheat yield under the wide-narrow row planting pattern, under field conditions, this study screened out the 30 cm+15 cm dominant combination of wide-narrow row through the early configuration experiment of different row spacing, and on this basis, five different gradients of rice straw distribution ratio (T1:0, T2:25%, T3:50%, T4:75%,T5:100%)were set for wide-narrow row to analyze the changes of physical and chemical properties of the soil in narrow row (seedling belt) and wheat yield. The results showed that 0~10 cm was a sensitive layer of soil temperature and water content changes. With the increase in the narrow row of the rice straw coverage, the increase of temperature got larger in the early stage of wheat growth, while the cooling effect was more obvious in the middle and late stage, and the performance of soil moisture retention became enhanced with the largest difference in the moisture content between the treatments at the jointing stage (increased 1.2% ~ 3.4%). The increase in the coverage of narrow row rice straw could reduce the soil bulk density and increase the soil porosity to a certain extent, which was proportional to the coverage while had nothing to do with the growth stage. Regardless of the flowering or mature stage, the contents of soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium showed an upwards trend followed by a decline with the increase in the coverage of narrow row rice straw. In general, the appropriate amount of rice straw coverage (T3: narrow row straw mulch amount was 1/2 of narrow row straw amount under uniform mulch pattern) was more conducive to increasing soil nutrient content. Yield and its components showed a decreasing trend with the increasing proportion of narrow row rice straw coverage, among which the effective panicle number and yield (4.0% ~ 31.7% decreased) decreased significantly (P<0.05). It can be seen that under the conditions of full(large) non-uniform return of rice straw and late-sowing, the synergistic effect of stable yield and fertile soil can be achieved, only if a reasonable allocation of straw coverage between wide row and narrow row, an appropriate increase in the amount of wheat sowing and guarantee of sufficient basic seedlings were performed.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(7): 1678-1686. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.07.1678To investigate the differences of cooking and eating quality, and to reveal the mechanism of varied performance causing by the structural differences, hybrid rice Yongyou 4149 and Jingliangyou 1468 were selected as experimental materials to plant in three different longitude and latitude areas as ratooning rice. The effects of temperature and light conditions after full heading in ratoon rice on cooking and eating quality, RVA spectrum characteristics, thermal properties and crystal structure of rice starch were investigated. The results indicated that the cooking and eating quality of rice in zhaoqing was superior to that in Changsha and Xinyang, and the amylose content was moderate, the glue consistency was long, the gelatinization temperature was low, and the total starch content was high. The growing temperature and light conditions after full heading were significantly correlated with the gel consistency, paste properties, thermal properties and relative crystallinity of starch. The content of amylopectin and amylose had no significant correlation with temperature and light conditions. The paste and thermal properties of rice starch in ratoon rice were significantly affected by temperature and light at the early filling stage. The relative crystallinity of starch was most significantly affected by the mean daily temperature in the middle and late stages. This research would help the sustainable development of green agriculture and the production of high-quality rice.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(7): 1687-1695. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.07.1687To address the ecological pollution caused by the residue of traditional Chinese medicine with health function and to explore the feasibility of using such residue as substrates, the compound substrate was formulated by Chinese medicine residue and cow dung, in a volume ratio of 5:0 (T1), 4:1 (T2), 3:2 (T3), 2:3 (T4), respectively, with commercially available finished coconut bran substrate as a control (CK), and the tomatoes during autumn and winter in this test were planted in substrate bags. This test was aimed at studying the effect of Chinese medicine residue compound substrate on tomatoes and the analysis results were examined through principal component analysis and cluster analysis. The results showed that in the principal component analysis of different indicators of tomatoes, the performance excellence of all substrate formulas followed the order of T2 > T1 > CK > T3 > T4. Based on compound substrates and tomato indicators, these five formulas can be classified into three categories: the first type was CK- the fine type; the second type was the improved type- T1 and T2; the third type, T3 and T4 were medium type. In summary, the fruit yield of T2 presented no evident difference with the yield of CK, with a total yield of 3 435 g, guaranteeing the fruit yield. In addition, the content of lycopene, total flavonoids, vitamin C(Vc), soluble protein in T2 fruits was higher than that of CK with a respective increase of 281%, 8%, 98% and 54%, indicating the significantly improved health benefits of fruits. Therefore, the T2 formula was recommended, for the development of low-cost organic substrate formula and high quality cultivation of greenhouse tomatoes. The results of this study can not only solve the ecological pollution by recycling such Chinese medicine residue as substrates, but also provide technical guidance for high quality substrate-bag planting of greenhouse vegetables.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(7): 1696-1706. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.07.1696In order to explicate the application effect and quantity of slow-released fertilizer (N 25%, P2O5 7%, K2O 8%, respectively) with one-time side deep fertilization on direct seeding rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) in red-soil dryland, a three-year field experiment was conducted in the red soil hilly region (Jinxian of Jiangxi) from 2017 to 2020 to analyze its’ impact on yield formation and nutrient utilization of oilseed rape, including three treatments of sowing and fertilizing (sowing in row without fertilizer (F0), sowing in row with surface broadcast fertilizing (F1) and synchronous sowing in row with side deep fertilizing (F2)), and six slow-released fertilizer application rates (0, 300, 450, 600, 750 and 900 kg·hm-2). The results showed that, compared with F1, F2 treatment increased the uptake of nutrients (N, P and K), effective plant density and maintained sufficient pod number, and thus improved the yield and fertilizer use efficiency of rape. Moreover, these differences were more significant for late-maturity cultivar and poor soil condition than for early-maturity cultivar and relatively rich soil condition. Significant linear plus platform correlations had been shown between seed yield and slow-released fertilizer quantity. Proper fertilizer increased yield and economic benefits significantly, for it maintained effective plant density and promoted sufficient pod number, and maintained high fertilizer use efficiency. On the whole, it could be calculated that the optimal quantity of slow-released fertilizer for late-maturity rape and early-maturity rape were 720 and 605 kg·hm-2 to target yield of 2500 and 1750 kg·hm-2, respectively. Present study indicated that one-time side deep application of appropriate slow-released fertilizer has the potential of improving oilseed rape productivity in red-soil dryland of southern China. Therefore, it is recommended for application according to local condition.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(7): 1707-1716. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.07.1707To explore an efficient and rapid method for Cd2+ removal from aqueous solutions, a novel magnetic core-shell structure nanomaterials (Fe3O4@SiO2-DDTC) was synthesized and modified with sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (DDTC). Fe3O4@SiO2-DDTC composites was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR). To investigate the adsorption properties of materials, batch adsorption experiments were designed. The results showed that the particle size of Fe3O4@SiO2-DDTC was 115~125 nm, and the saturation magnetization was 25.74 emu·g-1. The adsorption ability of the material was significantly improved with DDTC modifying, and effective adsorption was achieved in a wide range of pH range of 4~8. As the adsorption site of Cd2+ was located in the outermost layer of Fe3O4@SiO2-DDTC, the adsorption and desorption of Cd2+ were relatively fast, exceeding 80% of the adsorption equilibrium within 5 min, and reaching the adsorption equilibrium after 2 hours. The whole adsorption process conformed to the pseudo-second-order model. The adsorption isotherm was more consistent with the Langmiur model, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 45.52 mg·g-1(45℃). The results of adsorption mechanism analysis showed that the adsorption process of Fe3O4@SiO2-DDTC for Cd2+ removal was dominated by chemical adsorption, while accompanied by physical adsorption. After desorption and regeneration for 4 cycles with thiourea-nitric acid solution, Fe3O4@SiO2-DDTC still had a good adsorption effect on Cd2+. Recycle tests showed that the material still had significant Cd2+ removal capability for four successive adsorption-desorption cycles, indicating that Fe3O4@SiO2-DDTC had high reusability. The results of this study can provide a theoretical basis for the application of magnetic nanomaterials in cadmium wastewater treatment.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(7): 1717-1723. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.07.1717In order to compare the remediation effect of biochar, attapulgite and attapulgite-biochar composite. FTIR, XRD, BET and SEM were used to characterize rice husk biochar and attapulgite samples, and soil incubation experiments were conducted to study the effects of rice husk biochar, attapulgite and attapulgite-biochar composites on the passivation effect and physicochemical properties of Zinc and Cadmium contaminated soil. The incubation results showed that these three passivation agents reduced the bioavailability of Cd and Zn, meanwhile improved the soil properties to varying degrees. Zn content was reduced by 86% and 51%, and Cd content was reduced by 25% and 8% for the treatment of 2.0% attapulgite and 2.0% biochar, respectively. The availabe content of Zn and Cd in the soil was reduced by 83% and 23%, respectively, the soil pH was increased to 5.8, and the organic carbon content increased by 39%. after the application of 2.0% biochar-attapulgite composite. Compared with individual applications of attapulgite and biochar, rice husk biochar-attapulgite composite could efficiently immobilize Cd and Zn, and improve physicochemical properties in Zinc and Cadmium contaminated paddy-growing soil. Therefore, attapulgite-biochar composite could be a potential new passivation agent for soil remediation providing some new ideas for soil heavy metal remediation.
