10 August 2021, Volume 35 Issue 8
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(8): 1725-1730. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.08.1725To investigate the mutagenic effects of different radiation doses of 60Co-γ rays on Lilium, the seedballs of Lilium lancifolium Thunb, Lilium bosniacum, Lilium henryi Baker and Lilium regale Wilson were used as test materials and treated with different dose(0,2,4,6Gy) of 60Co-γ rays. Statistical analyses of the germination rate, characters, physiological and biochemical indexes and variations.The results showed that the germination rate, plant height, bloomed rate and production of Lilium bosniacum, Lilium henryi Baker and Lilium regale Wilson gradually decreased with the increasing of radiation dosage. However, Lilium lancifolium radiated by 2 Gy showed no significant difference from the control,and by 4 Gy,the germination rate showed significant difference when compared with control. Under the radiation dose of 6 Gy,the seedballs could not sprout. 2 Gy dose radiation had little effect on the contents of chlorophyll for four varieties, 4 Gy treatment showed a downward trend.The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) increased first and then decreased in all varieties. While the malondialdehyde (MDA) increased gradually. The soluble sugar content of Lilium lancifolium Thunb increased first and then decreased, and other varieties increased with the increase of dose. The suitable radiation dose ranges for Lilium bosniacum, Lilium henryi Baker and Lilium regale Wilson were 2 to 4 Gy, 2 Gy and 2 Gy respectively. No appropriate dose was found for the Lilium lancifolium Thunb in this experiment. The results provide some technical references to a certain extent for Lilium radiation breeding.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(8): 1731-1739. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.08.1731To speed up creating of drought-resistant wheat resources and promote the genetic improvement of drought-resistant wheat varieties, the seeds of Jinmai 47 were treated with 0.6% EMS solution, a M2 mutant library containing 12272 individual plants was constructed, and the mutation characters and mutation rates were investigated. In addition, the grain hardness index, protein content, wet gluten content, sedimentation value, water absorption, stability time, maximum resistance and extensive area of 50 M7 and M8 mutants selected in the previous study were analyzed. The results showed that: M2 mutant library was rich in phenotypic variation, including stem character, fertility, spike type, disease resistance, leaf character, growth period and awn character, and the total mutation rate was 30.24%. Among which, the mutation rates of fertility, plant height and panicle shape were higher. There were not only morphological mutations in grain shape, grain length, plumpness and grain color, but also variations in grain quality characters of 50 mutants. Among them, the coefficient of variation of stability time, extensive area, maximum resistance and sedimentation value was the highest, the coefficient of variation of hardness index, protein content and wet gluten content was medium, and the coefficient of variation of water absorption was the lowest. Except for water absorption, positive variation occurred in a certain proportion of other characters. Four mutant materials with good quality characters were preliminarily screened, except hardness index and water γ-absorption, the other six quality characters were better than those of the wild type. This research provides valuable genetic materials for the discovery of wheat functional genes and new ideas for the drought resistance breeding program.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(8): 1740-1750. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.08.1740The objectives of the present study were to analyze the dry matter accumulation and partitioning characteristics of wheat cultivars in the Northern Winter Wheat Zone (NWWZ). Seven elite cultivars from the NWWZ during the past 20 years were selected and planted at two experimental sites in two cropping seasons. The dynamic accumulation and transportation of dry matter in different organs during grain-filling, harvest index (HI), and grain yield of all cultivars were investigated. The results showed that the HI and biomass had significant effects on yield. Zhongmai 816 and Zhongmai 175 had higher yield potential, which were 4 923.0 kg·hm-2 and 4 913.0 kg·hm-2, respectively, mainly attributed to their higher biomass yield and HI. The analyses of dry matter accumulation revealed that photosynthetic area at seedling stage and the photosynthetic utilization efficiency during grain filling stage had important effects on dry matter accumulation. Cultivars with low chlorophyll content, small flag leaf area (FLA), and high photosynthetic rate (Pn) during the grain filling stage had higher dry matter accumulation efficiency and more soluble sugar storage in stems and leaves, such as Zhongmai 175. In term of the dry matter distribution in vegetative organs, the dry matter storage of vegetative organs in Zhongmai 816 and Zhongmai 175 at the flowering stage was slightly different from that of other cultivars, but the dry matter transportation efficiency in stems and leaves at the maturity stage was higher, and the residues of stored matter was less. In addition, the photosynthetic compounds stored in Zhongmai 175 and Zhongmai 1062 before flowering had the highest contributions to grains than other cultivars. That demonstrated that improving the light energy utilization efficiency of cultivars was a feasible way to increase the genetic yield potential. In addition, the selection of dry matter accumulation before the flowering stage and the dry matter transportation efficiency at grain filling stage is helpful to reduce the residual photosynthetic products in tissues and organs at maturity, and improve the efficiency of transporting substance to grains. This study can determine the future breeding improvment target and direction for new wheat cultivars in the NWWZ.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(8): 1751-1760. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.08.1751In order to explore the regulation effect of 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED) in response to in zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) the drought stress in a 1,941-bp cDNA containing a complete open reading frame (ORF) was isolated from zucchini based on a previously constructed transcriptome database, this ORF was named as CpNCED2 and predicted to encode 588 amino acids (AA) with a molecular weight (Mw) of 65.73 kDa and an isoelectric point (pⅠ) of 6.89. CpNCED2 shared about 99% identities with the homologs from Cucurbita moschata and Cucurbita maxima that both belong to the Cucurbita, indicating a relatively conservative evolution. Pfam analysis revealed that CpNCED2 has typical structural features of NCED protein family, including four conserved histidine sites (i.e., His284, His333, His398, and His575) and two NCED conserved protein domains (281~289 and 333~340 sites). The photosynthetic apparatus (i.e. GFS 3000) was used to measure the seedlings of Cucurbita pepo at 1, 2, 3, 4 d after drought treatment. Results showed that the net photosynthetic rate (Pn) of leaves decreased with the prolongation of durought treatment, and the PSII maximum photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm), heat dissipation of photosynthesis (NPQ) and photochemical electron transport efficiency (ETR) also significantly decreased. Our results also showed that the water potential in zucchini leaves gradually decreased, whereas the abscisic acid (i.e. ABA) content gradually increased. Correspondingly, the transcript level of CpNCED2 significantly increased and reached the significant difference after 3-d treatment. Collectively, this experiment provides a theoretical basis for further research on the function of CpNCED2 gene in response to drought and ABA metablism in C. pepo.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(8): 1761-1770. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.08.1761In order to identify the key genes responsive to drought stress and to elucidate the underlying mechanism in drought tolerance of foxtail millet, the germinating seeds of drought tolerant line Shanxi2010 and drought sensitive K359*M4-1 were subjected to RNA-seq before and post drought treatment. The data showed that 2300 and 3652 differentially expressed genes (DEG) were identified in Shanxi 2010 and K359*M4-1 respectively, including genes encoding zinc induced facilitator like protein, germination like protein, protein phosphorylase, transporter protein, late embryogenesis abundant protein (LEA), transcriptional factors, peroxidase and others. The GO (gene ontology) terms and KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of genes and genomes) metabolic pathway enrichment analysis were carried out with the DEGs identified by different comparison groups. DEGs in these two lines were enriched in 52 and 21 biological processes, respectively. KEGG enrichment analysis indicated that DEGs were mainly enriched in the pathways including ‘starch and sucrose metabolism’, ‘plant hormone signal transduction’, ‘photosynthesis antenna protein’, ‘phenylpropanoid biosynthesis’, and ‘cutin, imine and wax biosynthesis’ and ‘secondary metabolite biosynthesis’. This study laid a foundation for excavating key genes related to drought tolerance and demonstrating the genes network that involved in drought responses in foxtail millet.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(8): 1771-1782. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.08.1771To explore the evaluation method of drought resistance of Chestnut cultivars. In this study, 21 anatomical structure indexes of 36 chestnut cultivars were measured by using multi-function image analysis, frozen sectioning and nail oil seal method combined with the determination of leaf water retention capacity. Leaf anatomical structure indexes were screened by variance analysis and principal component analysis, and comprehensive evaluation on drought resistance of each cultivar was conducted by the subordinate function.The results showed that 18 anatomical structure indexes of the 21 indexes all reached extremely significant differences among the 36 cultivars (P<0.01), and 6 typical indexes including leaf thickness, thickness of palisade tissue, the total stoma perimeter per unit area, petiole length, thickness of upper epidermis cell and spacing length of veins were selected from the 18 indexes by principal component analysis. The drought resistance level of 36 cltivars were divided into 5 types according to the measurement value of drought resistance (D)calculated by the membership function method combined with 6 typical indexes and their weights, 4 cultivars were divided into high drought resistance types(HR),the D value ranged from 0.60 to 0.80; 10 cultivars were divided into drought resistance types(R), the D value ranged from 0.50 to 0.59; 13 cltivars were divided into medium drought resistance types(MR), the D value ranged from 0.30 to 0.49; 6 cltivars were divided into low drought resistance types(LR),the D value ranged from 0.20 to 0.29; 3 cltivars were divided into susceptible types(S),the D value ranged from 0 to 0.19. The classification of 36 chestnut cultivars based on the drought resistance measurement were consistent with the evaluation of leaf water retention. This study provided basis for the drought resistance type division and scientific utilization of chestnut cultivars in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(8): 1783-1793. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.08.1783Wild soybean (Glycine soja) is the wild species of cultivated soybean (Glycine max), which contains excellent genes that do not exist in G. max. In order to clarify the functions of genes involved in CBL-CIPK pathway in tolerance to saline-alkali stress in wild soybean, the structural domains, the prediced subcellular localization, the phosphorylation sites, and the phylogenetic correlation of CBL-CIPK proteins were analyzed based on the transcriptome data of G. soja under saline-alkali stress. The results showed that ten CBLs proteins contained three EF-hands motifs, among which seven CBLs proteins were located in the nucleus, and the other three were located in cytoplasm, chloroplast and endomembrane systems respectively. 38 CIPKs proteins contained ATP binding domain, serine/threonine protein kinase active domain and NAF domain, among which 20 CIPK proteins were located in cytoplasm, nine proteins were located in chloroplast, six proteins were located in nucleus, and three proteins were located in organelle membrane, mitochondrion and endomembrane system respectively. The CBL-CIPK pathway genes of G. soja and G. max were highly homologous, but the GsCIPK5-like gene had far genetic relationship with GmCIPK5, and the GmCIPK21 gene had far genetic relationship with GsCIPK21. At 10 h after saline-alkali treatment, the expression of GsCBL10 in high-tolerance materials was significantly up-regulated than that in sensitive materials. At 0 h, the expression of GsCIPK10 in high-tolerance materials was also higher than that in sensitive materials. This study provides a theoretical foundation for clarifying the function of CBL-CIPK pathway in tolerance to saline-alkali stress G. soja.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(8): 1794-1801. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.08.1794AP2/ERF is a plant-specific transcription factor superfamily, among which the members of ERF family have been identified to play important roles in abiotic stress responses in plants. To further understand the role of ERFs in cauliflower, in the present study, BobERF17, a member of the ERF family in cauliflower, was cloned, and the transcriptional expression and function of BobERF17 were further explored. Sequence analysis showed that BobERF17 coding region is 576 bp in length and encodes a protein consisting 191 amino acids with unknown function. Cluster analysis showed that BobERF17 had a high similarity to the ERF17 sequences in dicotyledons, especially Brassica plants, but differed greatly from the ERF17 transcription factors in monocotyledons. Analysis of expression profiles under different stress conditions confirmed that BobERF17 displayed significantly up-regulated expression characteristics under drought and high temperature stresses, but was not sensitive to salt and low temperature stresses. Subsequently, the BobERF17 overexpression vector was successfully constructed and transformed into Arabidopsis. Overexpressed BobERF17 Arabidopsis homozygous lines were obtained. Functional analysis showed that the overexpression of BobERF17 in Arabidopsis did not affect the growth and development of the transgenic lines, but could significantly increase their tolerance to drought and high temperature stresses. The results confirmed that BobERF17 may play an important role in positive response to drought and high temperature stresses in cauliflower. These findings provided new insight into the function and regulation of BobERF17 in cauliflower.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(8): 1802-1808. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.08.1802Crown rot (CR) is one of the most common diseases of wheat in China over recent years. To further investigate the incidence and dominant pathogens of wheat CR, diseased samples were investigated and isolated from 96 locations of 11 wheat producing areas in Henan Province in 2019, and the morphological, molecular identification and pathogenicity on wheat were studied. The results showed that CR has been widely distributed in Henan Province, except for the sporadic outbreaks in Zhumadian area. The average incidence of disease for field was 78.85%. Meanwhile, the mean disease index, rate of diseased plant and white head incidence was 17.78, 48.34% and 3.44%, respectively. All of the wheat varieties surveyed were susceptible to the CR disease with different degrees. Among them, mild disease accounted for 30%, severs cases 20% and other 50% were belonged to the moderate disease cases. The Fusarium pseudograminearum was the main pathogen of wheat CR and was divided into 6 categories with strong pathogenicity in Henan Province. Most of the pathogens are belonged to type Ⅰ and type Ⅱ (the pathogenicity index was 42.22 and 77.78, respectively), which were the dominant epidemic isolates in Henan Province. The results have practical significance for accelerating CR precise control, the research on the pathogenesis and disease resistance mechanism of the dominant pathogens and breeding new wheat varieties with disease resistance.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(8): 1809-1815. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.08.1809Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases(CYP) constitute a large superfamily of heme-thiolate proteins. It plays an important role in many metabolic pathways and defense responses in plants. In order to explore the expression pattern of Cytochrome P450 gene in tall fescue, P450 was cloned through rapid amplification of cDNA ends technique from the leaves of tall fescue, and was designated as FaP450. The sequence analysis results showed that the full-length cDNA(1737 bp) was obtained with a predicated 1437 bp open reading frame, which encoded 478 amino acids, had the typical P450 domain of P450 gene family. Phylogenetic analysis showed that FaP450 was most close to P450 from other Gramineae plants such as Triticum aestivum and Aegilops tauschii. The qRT-PCR results show that expression of FaP450 genes was induced distinctly in tall fescue during drought stress,heat stress, nitrogen deficiency and salt stress, suggesting that the gene is associated with abiotic resistance. A plant overexpression vector of FaP450 gene was constructed and transformed into Arabidopsis by Agrobacterium infection. When subjected to nitrogen deficiency. the raw weight and root length of the overexpression strains were higher than those of the wild type. These results indicated that overexpression of FaP450 gene could enhance the adaptation of Arobidopsis to nitrogen deficiency. It laid a theoretical foundation for further research on P450 gene applied in stress tolerance of forage breeding.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(8): 1816-1824. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.08.1816In order to investigate the effects of high-energy electron-beam irradiation on quality of Ophiopogon japonicus from Sichuan, samples were irradiated at doses of 0 (CK)、2、4 and 6 kGy, and we assessed the microbial populations, sensory quality, physicochemical, bioactive components, and antioxidant activity were measured. The results showed that the total aerobic microbial count and total yeast and mold count were significantly reduced by the electron-beam irradiation treatment. No Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella were observed in all samples. Electron-beam irradiation treatment increased the contents of total saponins, but did not significantly affect the moisture, total ash, water-soluble extracts, total flavonoids, total polysaccharides, total phenolics and antioxidant activity (P>0.05). The Hunter color values were decreased after electron-beam irradiation, with the increased in red-green value a*.The results of principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) showed that there were no obviously effects on flavor at the dose of 2 kGy. In summary, high-energy electron-beam irradiation at 2 kGy dose could effectively reduce the microbial populations, while no significant effect on the amount of main active components as well as antioxidant activity, which can maintain the original color and flavor of Ophiopogon japonicus.This study provides an experimental basis for the application of high-energy electron-beam irradiation on the quality improvement of Ophiopogon japonicus.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(8): 1825-1831. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.08.1825In order to investigate the changes of kernel quality and slotted effect of the macadamia nut Cultivar Gui Re No. 1 (Gui 1, the main macadamia nut variety in Guangxi) at different harvest time, and determine the suitable harvest time for processing slotted nuts, the nuts in shell of Gui 1 at four harvest periods of I (August 20), II (August 30), III (September 9) and IV (September 19) were used as raw material in this study. The qualified rate of opening, shell-off rate, perfect kernel ratio, fat, total sugar, protein and amino acid in the kernels of different maturity were determined. The indexes of inclusion and slotted effect were analyzed by variability analysis, correlation analysis, stepwise regression analysis and comprehensive evaluation. The results demonstrated that the contents of qualified opening ratio, rate of sticky caryopsis, plumpness of nutlet in different maturity raw nuts were above 98.57%, 55.67%, 75.67%, respectively. The contents of fat, total carbohydrate, protein and the nutritional value of amino acids in different maturity raw nuts were above 8.52 g·100g-1, 2.92 g·100g-1, 76.23 g·100g-1, 72.14, respectively. The qualified rate, shell-off rate and perfect kernel ratio were greatly influenced by the harvest time. Although the perfect kernel ratio of I kernel was not as good as that of other harvest periods, while there was no significant difference in fruit quality between I and other harvest periods. The qualified rate of fruit opening and shelling rate in I were better than other harvest periods, and the comprehensive evaluation score was the highest. Therefore, it can be concluded that the I-picked macadamia nuts are the most suitable for the slotted nut processing. This study could provide useful information for determining the appropriate harvesting time of Guire 1 suitable for processing of slotted nut.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(8): 1832-1840. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.08.1832In order to clarify the effect of low O2 and high CO2 storage environment on starch-sugar metabolism of potato tubers, Atlantic potatoes were used as materials, and the effects of controlled atmosphere storage systems of 5% O2+2% CO2 (CA1), 5% O2+4% CO2 (CA2), 5% O2+6% CO2 (CA3), 5% O2 + 8% CO2 (CA4) and 5% O2+10% CO2 (CA5) on carbohydrate, starch content and starch sugar metabolism related enzymes AGPase, UGPase, SP, INV of potato tubers during storage at 4℃ were studied. The correlation between the content of reducing sugar in tubers and the factors related to starch-sugar metabolism was analyzed. The results showed that the suitable low O2 and high CO2 storage environment could effectively inhibit the decline of starch, AGPase, UGPase, and inhibit the increase of reducing sugar, sucrose, fructose, glucose content and SP, INV. During the whole storage period, the tubers starch content of CA1 was significantly higher than control group(CK) (P<0.05), and the contents of reducing sugar, sucrose, fructose and glucose were significantly lower than CK (P<0.05), the activity of AGPase, UGPase were significantly higher than CK (P<0.05), while the activities of SP and INV were significantly lower than CK (P<0.05). The correlation analysis results showed a great significant negative correlation between reducing sugar and starch, AGPase, UGPase (P<0.01), a very significant positive correlation between reducing sugar and glucose, fructose content, SP and INV (P<0.01). In conclusion, CA1 (5% O2+2% CO2) condition could effectively delayed the occurrence of ‘saccharification’ phenomenon of potato tubers during low temperature storage. AGPase, UGPase, SP and INV played a certain regulatory role in this process. The result could provide a theoretical basis for the safe storage of processed potatoes and clarify the mechanism of ‘low temperature saccharification’.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(8): 1841-1847. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.08.1841In order to study the variety, quantity and changing trend of dominant molds in rice rice in three different regions of Hunan Province was investigated through preliminary judgment of the dominant molds in each granary, combined with molecular biology methods, the ITS sequence was analyzed, and the amount of bactial of rice mold was analyzed. The results showed that among the three grain silos, the dominant strains in the golden cow barn rice were Rhizopus, Aspergillus oryzae, Mucor, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus kawachi, and Penicillium citrinum. Mold, Aspergillus oryzae, Mucor, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus kawachi, and Penicillium citrinum were the dominant strains in Yinguangcang rice are Rhizopus, Aspergillus oryzae, Mucor, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus. The distribution of the number of Rhizopus in the three granaries was upper layer> lower layer> middle layer, Aspergillus oryzae was middle layer> upper layer> lower layer, and the distribution of Mucor, Aspergillus niger, and Aspergillus flavus is upper layer> middle layer> lower layer. There were significant difference for the number of the same mold within different grain layers of the same granary (P<0.05); With prolonged storage time, Aspergillus oryzae, Aspergillus niger, and Aspergillus flavus were gradually reduced, and the number of Rhizopus and Mucor increased. There were significant differences in the number of molds of the same mold at different storage times (P<0.05). The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for the safe storage of rice and the prevention and control of mold.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(8): 1848-1857. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.08.1848In order to improve the utilization of by-products from faba bean,the functional raw materials of natural polyphenol antibacterial agents were screened. In this study, five different colors of faba beans seed coats were used as the research object, and the differences in the content, composition and antibacterial activity of phenolic substances in faba beans seed coats of different colors were compared. Then the types of polyphenols in broad bean seed coats with antibacterial activity were discussed. The results showed that the contents of total phenolics, total flavonoids and anthocyanins in the five samples ranged from 165.94 to 8 487.62 mg·100g-1, from 11.26 to 209.01 mg·100g-1, and from 1.08 to 65.64 mg·100g-1 dry mass (DW), respectively. The seedcoats of purple and red faba bean had the highest contents of total phenolics and anthocyanins, while total flavonoids content was the highest in the seed coats of black faba bean. Gallic acid and protocatechuate were the main phenolic acid in broad bean seed coat, catechin, myricetin, phloretin and quercetin were the main flavonoids in the seed coats of faba beans, and Cyanidin, Cyanidin-3-glu, delphinidin and delphinidin-3-glu were the main anthocyanins in the seed coats of faba beans. According to analysis, the dark faba bean seed coat had a higher content of phenolics. The results of antibacterial activity showed that the dark faba beans seed coats had a strong ability to inhibit Escherichia coli and Salmonella. It was showed that the content of total phenols and total flavonoids was significantly positively correlated with the antibacterial activity of Salmonella (P<0.05), while the content of anthocyanins was significantly positively correlated with the antibacterial activity of Escherichia coli (P<0.05). Gallic acid and cyanidin are the main substances that exert antibacterial effects. In a word,the dark faba bean seed coat was rich in phenolic compounds and had high antibacterial activity. This study could provide a theoretical basis for the comprehensive processing and utilization of faba bean seed coats.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(8): 1858-1864. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.08.1858In order to clarify the physico-chemical properties and biological activity of seed albumin from red pitaya, this study purified seed albumin (HPA) from red pitaya. The molecular weight, amino acid composition, homology and trypsin inhibitory activity of HPA were analyzed. The results showed that HPA consisted of two polypeptide chains (HPA-1, HPA-2) with the molar mass of 12.6 and 13.2 kDa, respectively. HPA was rich in glutamic acid (6.297 g·100g-1), arginine (3.992 g·100g-1), and aspartic acid (2.694 g·100g-1) using amino acid analysis. HPA had high similarity with 2S seed storage protein from Beta vulgaris subsp. Vulgaris and Spinacia oleracea. HPA-2 showed trypsin inhibitory activity with a specific activity of 9.19×103 TIU·mg-1 with a 1.86-purified fold. The single fraction HPA-2-1 purified by STI-berpharose column was a trypsin competitive inhibitor with Ki value of 0.62 nmol·L-1, and it had molar ratio curve of Kunitz-type inhibitors. HPA-2-1 had stable inhibitory activity in a broad range of pH value (2 to 10) and temperature(30 to 70℃). Its inhibitory activity was hardly affected by dithiothreitol(DTT). This study provided a reference for exploring the seed resources of pitaya and enriching types of trypsin inhibitors.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(8): 1865-1874. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.08.1865In order to establish an analytical method for the simultaneous detection of 5 nitroimidazoles (metronidazole, dimenidazole, lonidazole, hydroxy metronidazole, hydroxymethyl metronidazole) and diazepam in aquatic products, a kind of pass-through solid-phase extraction column Captiva EMR-Lipid (EMR) was used to purify the six compounds in aquatic products, and the residual amount was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The calibration curves of target compounds had good linearity within corresponding concentration ranges and the coefficient ≥ 0.998. Moreover, the average spiked recoveries were between 87.7% and 110.0%, with the relative standard deviations of 0.63% to 11.17%. It has been verified that the established method is suitable for simultaneously determining 5 nitroimidazoles and diazepam in aquatic products with variety of matrix. The method is simple, reliable, easy-to-operability, and is suitable for high-through tests in the laboratory.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(8): 1875-1882. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.08.1875Food safety problems caused by food-borne pathogens seriously threaten the public health, which have caused widespread concern. Therefore, how to safety and effectively inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria in food has become a research hotspot in the food field. Current researched show that plant-derived natural products have wide sources, which possess broad antibacterial spectrum and less side effects than chemical preservatives, and can be used as natural preservatives in food. This article reviewed the antibacterial activity, mechanism and application in food preservation of plant-derived natural products, in order to provide theoretical basis for reducing food-borne pathogen contamination in food.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(8): 1883-1892. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.08.1883The European Union is the largest economic union in the world, and is one of the main markets for Chinese food exports. This paper summarizes identified violations reported by European Union (EU) Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) during exporting of foodstuffs by Chinese companies to the EU from 2010 to 2019. The violation trend reported related with mycotoxin contamination in past ten years was analyzed in details. Mycotoxin contamination was ranked the first among all hazard categories. Therefore, among the challenges and obstacles towards Chinese food export to the EU, mycotoxin contamination takes the biggest share. Beyond the above-mentioned purpose, this paper also analyzes the reasons behind the high violations on mycotoxin contamination which was reported by EU to China and give critical recommendations and suggestions in mitigating the violations during export of Chinese foodstuffs to the EU. The data will provide basic information and serve as a reference for Chinese food export, and can be references to the construction of food safety system in China, especially the construction of mycotoxin prevention and control system.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(8): 1893-1899. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.08.1893To investigate the toxic effects of organic and inorganic fluoride on the liver of zebrafish (Danio rerio), healthy male zebrafish were randomly divided into control group, sodium fluoride (NaF, inorganic fluoride) group, perfluoroocatane sulfonic acid (PFOS, organic fluoride) group, and NaF+PFOS group. After exposed for 15 and 30 days, the number of NBT positive cells in blood, the activities of antioxidant enzymes and immune-related enzymes in liver, and the tissue structure of liver were determined. The results showed that after exposure for 15 days, the number of NBT positive cells, the activities of CAT and AKP were significantly reduced, while the MDA content was obviously increased in NaF group and PFOS group compared with the control group. After exposure for 30 days, NaF exposure remarkably decreased the number of NBT positive cells and the SOD activity, while increased the MDA content compared with the control exposure. The activities of ACP and CAT in NaF+PFOS group were remarkably reduced compared with the PFOS group. However, NaF and PFOS had synergistic effects after 15 and 30 days of exposure. Above all, the single and combined exposure of NaF and PFOS could cause different degrees of toxic effects on the liver structure, the antioxidant capacity and immune functions in zebrafish, which provided ideas and basis for evaluating the ecological toxic effects of fluoride.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(8): 1900-1907. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.08.1900The high-protein soybean varieties (lines) Shengdou 18, Shengdou 24, Hedou 37 and Hedou 38 in Huang-Huai-Hai region were used as experimental materials, and the effects of different sowing dates on the growth period, agronomic traits, dry matter accumulation, grain quality and yield of soybean varieties were studied to determine the suitable sowing date of the high-protein sybean varieties(lines) in Huang-Huai-Hai region. The results showed that the whole growth period of soybean was shortened with the delay of sowing date, and the plant height, pod height and the number of main stem nodes decreased with the delay of sowing date. The effective branching and pod number, seed number and weight of per plant, 100-seed weight per plant, dry weight of root, stem, pod and total plant, seed protein and fat content, and yield all increased first and then decreased with the delay of sowing date. With the delay of sowing date, the dry weight of pod changed greater, and the proportion of dry weight of root and stem decreased, the proportion of dry weight of pod increased. The effect of sowing date on grain protein, fat content and yield was dominant The highest yields of Shengdou 18, Shengdou 24, Hedou 37 and Hedou 38 were 3 940.95, 3 750.24, 3 252.37 and 3 905.54 kg·hm-2, respectively, when sowing on June 15, and the grain weight per plant was most closely related to the yield. From the above, the optimum sowing date can promote the reasonable transition of vegetative growth and reproductive growth, make the plant growth, dry matter accumulation and distribution reach the best state, and realize the high yield and quality of soybean, further promote the development of soybean and high-protein soybean industry.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(8): 1908-1915. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.08.1908In order to compare the tolerance of Paspalum wettsteinii and Paspalum notatum to low phosphorus stress, and reveal their morphological and physiological mechanisms under low phosphorus stress, modified Hoagland nutrient solution 200 μmol·L-1 (normal-phosphorus), 20 μmol·L-1 and 2 μmol·L-1, which were regularly irrigated in a bucket were used to simulate low phosphorus stress treatment with quartz sand as the substrate. The morphology and physiological characteristics of seedlings were measured at 10, 20 and 30d. The results showed that the above-ground biomass, plant height, leaf area, and leaf length of the two Paspalum grass decreased while root dry weight, root shoot ratio, total root length, number of root tips, number of root hairs increased under low-phosphorus treatment for 30 days. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) (except P. notatum), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) and acid phosphatase (ACP) significantly increased compared with normal-phosphorus treatment (P<0.05), and the electrical conductivity of roots and leaves significantly increased (P<0.05) compared with normal-phosphorus treatment. When the phosphorus level was reduced to 2 μmol·L-1, the above-ground biomass of P. wettsteinii had the largest increase of 41.67%, the root shoot ratio and SOD activity had the largest increase of 86.36% and 113.19%, respectively. The leaf length of P. notatum had the largest decrease of 90.43%, the root shoot ratio and the number of root hair had the largest increase of 108.47% and 74.91%, respectively. In summary, low phosphorus stress inhibited the growth of the upper part of two Paspalum species, promoted the growth of the underground part, and improved the activity of protective enzymes. The P. wettsteinii had better adaptability to phosphorus starvation. The results provide a theoretical basis for the cultivation of two species of Paspalum grasses under low-phosphorus environment.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(8): 1916-1922. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.08.1916In order to explore the influence of cholinium-based ionic liquids residue produced during straw pretreatment on maize seeds germination under drought stress, the typical maize variety Zhengdan 958 was used as the object of study, and 13% polyethylene glycol -6000 (PEG) was used to simulate drought stress environment. Taking seeds germination parameters, root length, shoot length and antioxidant enzyme activity of embryo as indicators, effects of 200 mg·L-1 cholinium fatty acid ionic liquids (cholinium adipic acid, cholinium octanedioic acid) and cholinium amino acid ionic liquids (cholinium valine, cholinium threonine, cholinium aspartic acid, cholinium asparagine) soaking treatment on the germination of maize seeds under drought stress were studied. The results showed that under drought stress, soaking seeds of cholinium adipic acid and cholinium octanedioic acid significantly increased the germination index of maize seeds, while soaking seeds with cholinium aspartic acid and cholinium asparagine significantly increased the germination potential of maize seeds. In addition, soaking seeds with cholinium ionic liquid promoted the growth of maize root and shoot. The shoot length of soaking seeds with cholinium threonine increased most obviously by 48.2%. The root length increased significantly by 26.7% after soaking seeds with cholinium aspartic acid. Under drought stress, maize embryos soaked with different cholinium valine and cholinium threonine increased POD and CAT activity significantly, while the contents of MDA and H2O2 were decreased significantly. The results showed that cholinium ionic liquids treatment could alleviate oxidative stress by increasing the antioxidant enzyme activity of maize embryos, reducing the content of MDA and H2O2, and promoting the germination of maize seeds and the growth of seedlings under PEG simulated drought stress. Therefore, cholinium ionic liquid is expected to be used as a plant growth regulator, which provides a feasible way for the utilization of cholinium ionic liquid residue.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(8): 1923-1930. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.08.1923In order to solve the problems of soil nutrient, watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) growth index and yield decline in the continuous cropping gravel mulch field in Ningxia, “Glory” was used as the test material and five treatments were set up with conventional fertilization (CK), conventional fertilization + microbial agent (T1), conventional fertilization + 200 kg·hm-2 soil conditioner + microbial agent (T2), conventional fertilization + 300 kg·hm-2 soil conditioner + microbial agent (T3), conventional fertilization + 400 kg·hm-2 soil conditioner + microbial agent (T4). Based on the local conventional fertilization, soil nutrients, main vine length, stem diameter, root activity and yield of C. lanatus were studied. The results showed that the single application of microbial agent could promote the growth and yield of C. lanatus and had no significant effect on soil nutrients compared with CK. Soil conditioner combined with microbial agent could significantly improve soil nutrient, enhance root activity and promote the growth of C. lanatus, which indicated that these treatments had additive effect. Compared with CK, the pH value decreased by 0.21; alkali-decomposed nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium contents of T3 increased by 29.31%, 69.02%, 54.72%, 53.89% and 36.56% respectively; the main vine length, stem diameter and root activity at maturity of T3 were significantly increased by 13.52%, 23.42% and 43.44% respectively; the yield was 45 173.70 kg·hm-2, increased by 30.56%. Person bivariate correlation analysis showed that soil nutrient content had significant correlation with C. lanatus growth and yield. The net income of T3, T4, T2 and T1 increased by 6 709.20, 5 043.40, 4 914.95 and 1 489.80 yuan·hm-2, respectively, compared with CK. The soil integrated fertility index abided by the order of T3>T4>T2>T1>CK with Nemero index method. T3 (conventional fertilization + 300 kg·hm-2 soil conditioner + bacterial agent) was the best for increasing C. lanatus yield, improving quality and soil and the conclusion has important practical significance for improving soil fertility, stabilizing crop yield and economic benefits in continuous cropping C. lanatus field.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(8): 1931-1940. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.08.1931The development of cotton boll is largely affected by phytohormone. It is unclear how phytohormone effects on the within-boll yield components as mediated by sucrose metabolism. An upland cotton line A201 was served as experimental material. Cotton bolls were subjected to the painting of 0.1 mg·L-1 indoleacetic acid (IAA) for successive four days from -1 d to 2 d post anthesis (DPA) with deionized water application as control. The objective of the present study was to examine the effects of endogenous IAA on fiber cell initiation from the cotton ovule outer epidermis, sucrose metabolism and within-boll yield components. Boll weight and fiber initials density on the flowering day were increased by the application of IAA. Cotton embryos had enhanced sucrose phosphate synthase(SPS) activity at 30 DPA under IAA treatment compared to the water regime, and thus resulted in increased sucrose concentration providing more substrates for the synthesis of macromolecules. Sucrose synthase (SS) activities were increased in cotton embryos at 30-40 DPA and in seed coats at 20-30 DPA by IAA application. In consistent with this, starch concentrations were increased in cotton embryos and seed coats at 20-40 DPA. These observations imply an enhanced sink activity of the cotton seed due to the application of IAA. IAA treated cotton bolls exhibited increased key sucrose metabolism enzyme activities and nonstructural carbohydrate concentrations, which contributed positively to the development of the cotton seeds. This may be a crucial cause for improved boll weight under IAA application regime. It is of guiding significance for the improvement of cotton yield by IAA application.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(8): 1941-1951. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.08.1941In order to explore the cultivation effect of plateau summer vegetables in semi-arid areas under different surface cover methods, taking loose-curd cauliflower as experimental material. There were five treatments: open field without covering (CK1), plastic film covering (CK2), plastic film + straw covering (T1), straw inter row covering (T2) and whole straw mulching (T3). The effects of different mulching methods on soil temperature, yield and water use efficiency of loose-curd cauliflower were studied. The results showed that: compared with open field without covering, plastic film + straw covering treatment significantly increased the plant height, stem thickness and leaf area of loose-curd cauliflower, however there was no significant difference among plastic film covering; straw inter row covering and whole straw mulching treatments inhibited the vegetative growth of loose-curd cauliflower plants. Compared with open field without covering, the plastic film + straw covering treatment had obvious warming effect, and the maximum increase in temperature of T1 treatment occurred in the 10 cm soil layer of the spring stubble test rosette stage and the 5 cm soil layer of the autumn stubble test seedling stage. Both straw inter row covering and whole straw mulching treatments had dual effects on increasing and decreasing temperature to varying degrees. Compared with plastic film covering, plastic film + straw covering treatment could achieve the effect of plastic film mulching on soil temperature. Meanwhile, in autumn stubble experiment, plastic film + straw covering treatment had a significant effect on increasing temperature, the soil temperature of 5 cm and 10 cm increased by 2.5℃ and 1.8℃ in the seedling stage, which as more conductive to the growth and development of loose-curd cauliflower seedings. And straw inter row covering and whole straw mulching treatments showed cooling effect at each growth stage and soil layer, and whole straw mulching treatment had the most obvious cooling effect. Compared with the open field without mulching and plastic film mulching, in the spring stubble experiment, the biological output of plastic film + straw inter row mulching treatment increased by 32.3% and 2.7%, economic output increased by 68.9% and 4.7%, water saving increased by 29.0% and 7.3%, and water use efficiency increased by 137.8% and 13.1%, respectively; In the autumn stubble experiment, biological yield increased by 4.7% and 2.4%, economic yield increased by 27.8% and 8.4%, water saving increased by 23.8% and 11.1%, and water use efficiency increased by 67.2% and 21.9%, respectively. Comprehensive analysis showed that plastic film + straw covering treatment had a good effect on temperature regulation, moisture retention, significant increase in production and efficiency, which was more advantageous than mulch planting in Yuzhong area.
