10 February 2020, Volume 34 Issue 2
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(2): 225-230. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.02.0225To cultivate the uracil auxotrophic dikaryon strains, three uracil auxotrophic monokaryon strains of F. velutipes NG1-65,NG1-92 and NG1-95 (A1B1) were crossed with the wild type monokaryon DG1-29(A2B2) respectively, and three dikaryotic hybrids SGN1, SGN2 and SGN3 were produced. 206 auxotrophic monokaryon strains were obtained by spreading spores on selective medium and microscopic examination. Among them, 30 strains were randomly selected and used as parents to produce uracil auxotrophic dikaryon strains. 38 strains were obtained by Monkaryon-monkaryon crossing. Tests showed these strains did not grow on minimal medium and had slower growth rates on PDA plate comparing to wild type. The PDAU mediums with uracil restored their growth to varying degrees. This results of the study would will be helpful to mushroom breeding and spawn protection.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(2): 231-239. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.02.0231To understand the sequence characteristics of the plasma membrane intrinsic protein (PIP) and its function in abiotic stress resistance, AgPIP2;1 gene was cloned from celery variety ‘Liuhe Huangxinqin’ by RT-PCR. The characteristics of the nucleotides and amino acids of the gene were analyzed by bioinformatics software, and its expression in different tissues and response to abiotic stress were detected by real-time quantitative PCR. The results showed that the gene contained an open reading frame of 861 bp, encoding 286 amino acids. The encoded protein belonged to PIP2 class. Amino acid sequence analysis showed that AgPIP2;1 had two highly conserved NPA motifs and conserved domains unique to PIP family in higher plants. AgPIP2;1 had high homology with PIP2 proteins from other species, and showed 97.90% homology with DcPIP2;1 in carrot. It is close to soybean GmPIP2;1, carrot DcPIP2;1, and Mung bean VrPIP2;1. Real-time quantitative PCR analysis showed that AgPIP2;1 gene was expressed in celery roots, petioles, and leaves, and exhibited the highest expression in the leaves and the lowest in the roots, showing obvious tissue specificity. In addition, the gene was induced by abiotic stresses such as high temperature, low temperature, drought, and salt, indicating that the gene may be involved in celery resistance against abiotic stresses. This study lay a foundation for further understand the function of AgPIP2;1 gene and its role in abiotic stress.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(2): 240-246. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.02.0240In order to explore the expression pattern of nitrate-like nitrogen transporter gene (NRT1.1) in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea), a full-length cDNA from native cultivar Qiancao No.1 was amplified using rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) and it's expression under different treatment were analyzed with quantitative real-time PCR. Results showed that the full length of the cDNA sequence was 2 328 bp, which was inferred to encode 606 amino acids. The molecular weight of the predicted protein was 193.9 kDa, and there was a highest similarity between the tall fescue NRT1.1 and the ryegrass NRT1.1. Bioinformatics analysis found that the theoretical isoelectric point of tall fescue NRT1.1 was 4.81, the average hydrophilicity was 0.919, containing about 32.63% α-helix, 7.63% β-turn and 53.73% irregular curl. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that the expression level of NRT1.1 in the leaves of tall fescue under low nitrogen treatment peaked after 0.5~1 h, which was significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.05). With drought and heat treatment, the expression of NRT1.1 peaked after 6 h and 12 h, respectively, which were both significantly (P< 0.05) higher than that of control group. Under salt treatment, the expression level of NRT1.1 after treatment for 6 h was higher than that in the control group, while the expression was significantly repressed (P< 0.05) at the other time. This study provided a molecular biological basis for the analysis of the expression pattern of the tall fescue NRT1.1 gene.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(2): 247-255. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.02.0247To investigate the biological function of Aux/IAA family genes during fruit ripening in plum, bioinformatics methods were used to identify PsIAA family genes in fruit transcriptome of Sanyueli and its red-fleshed mutant. Additionally, the expression patterns of PsIAA genes were analyzed during ripening of plum fruits. Our results indicated that there were 26 Aux/IAA family members in fruit transcriptome of Sanyueli and its red-fleshed mutant. Most of them were predicted to be unstablely hydrophilic proteins located in the nucleus. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that PsIAA proteins were divided into two groups, A and B, containing 9 subgroups. Most of the PsIAA proteins contain 4 conserved domains. 16 PsIAA genes were differentially expressed during fruit ripening in Sanyueli and its red-fleshed mutant. The expression pattern of PsIAA11, PsIAA13, PsIAA14, PsIAA18, PsIAA19 and PsIAA25 in Sanyueli were significantly different from that in the red-fleshed mutant. Our results indicated that Aux/IAA genes were closely related to the ripening of plum fruits. These results may lay a foundation for further study on the function of Aux/IAA genes during ripening of plum fruits.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(2): 256-264. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.02.0256In order to screen the polymorphic InDel markers in peanut, PCR amplification and electrophoresis verification were carried following the reduced-representation genome sequencing (GBS). The result showed that total of 39 pair primers was successfully amplified. Based on 21 peanut cultivars of four typical botanical varieties 14 InDel markers showed the higher polymorphism and accounted for 35.9% of the total number of primers. Three of which were located in the coding regions. The Shannon's index ranged from 0.191 4 to 1.295 1, with an average of 0.579 4. The polymorphism information content (PIC) varied from 0.0907 to 0.674 6, with an average of 0.349 6. In summary, the InDel markers developed in this study could provide effective genetic marker for the construction of genetic map of cultivated peanut and molecular marker-assisted breeding in peanut.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(2): 265-272. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.02.0265In order to improve the efficiency of molecular marker assisted breeding for bolting-resistant varieties in Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis) , we dedicated to develop a KASP (Kompetitive allele specific PCR) marker for high-throughput detection of the G-A variation at the first base in intron 6 (Pi6+1) of gene BrFLC1, which is significantly associated with bolting time phenotype. It turned out that the developed KASP marker BrFLC1-KASP1can successfully differentiate the late-bolting genotype Y177-12 (G) from the early-bolting genotype Y195-93 (A). The genotypes of BrFLC1 gene in 57 accessions were successfully identified by marker BrFLC1-KASP1. In addition, the genotypes of 57 accessions identified by marker BrFLC1-KASP1 were all same with that identified by CAPS (Cleaved Amplified Polymorphic Sequence) marker G-MvaI and direct sequencing, which suggested that this marker is possessed of stronger applicability and generality in Chinese cabbage, furthermore, it is much more economic and efficient. Thus, the marker BrFLC1-KASP1developed in this study can be used for marker-assisted selection in bolting-resistance breeding with lower cost and higher efficiency, which has pivotal significance in breeding practice.
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Genetic Variation of Total Anthocyanin Content in Barley Grains and Its Correlation With Grain ColorJournal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(2): 273-280. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.02.0273As compared to common barley, colored barley has multiple benefits and therapeutic functions owing to its accumulation of active ingredients like anthocyanin. To explore inheritance characteristics of anthocyanin and breeding of new barley lines with high anthocyanin content. 193 RIL populations, derived from the cross between Ziguangmangluoerleng (purple but high value barley parent) and Schooner (yellow but low value barley parent), were grown at three different sites of Yunnan Province of China for three consecutive years (2013-2015). Genetic variability of total anthocyanin content and its correlation with grain color level was investigated. Results revealed that there were wide genetic variations in total anthocyanin content of barley RIL population. Total anthocyanin content at three-sites (Yuxi-2013, Baiyi-2014 and Songming-2015) ranged from 0.36 to 1.38 mg·g-1, 0.50 to 1.50 mg·g-1, and 0.50 to 1.58 mg·g-1, respectively and variation coefficient ranged from 25.00% to 33.85%. The total anthocyanin content of barley RIL population manifested a right skewed and sharp peak distribution, controlled by the major genes. High altitude and low temperature may promote the accumulation of the anthocyanin in barley grains. Total anthocyanin content manifested significant positive correlation with grain color at all three sites. To a certain extent, the deeper the color of barley grain, the higher the content of total anthocyanin content. Compared with Ziguangmangluoerleng (high value parent), total anthocyanin content of 8 common lines at all the three sites increased significantly, which were 27, 34, 35, 37, 38, 60, 138 and 167, respectively. This study provides a theoretical basis for germplasm innovation and breeding of high anthocyanin barley.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(2): 281-287. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.02.0281To investigate the expression characteristics of miR-29a in different tissues of Youzhou dark goat and its expression level in B16 cells. In this study, RT- qPCR was used to detect the expression level of miR-29a in different tissues of Youzhou dark goat and B16 cells at different developmental stages. It showed that miR-29a expressed in different tissues of Youzhou dark goats,with the highest relative expression level in the brain and the lowest level in lung and skin. The relative expression of miRNA-29a in the skin of Yudong white goat was 3.44 times(P<0.01) the expression in the skin of dark goat and displayed significant differences between them. In general, the expression of miRNA-29a increased significantly (P<0.01) in the process of cell proliferation, and significantly increased in the early differential period then become stable with non-significance (P>0.05). Furthermore,the cell morphology was changed and melanin secretion was increased after adding the differentiation medium. In conclusion, miR-29a is expressed widely in different tissues of Youzhou dark goat. The relative expression of miR-29a increased with the proliferation of B16 cells, but decreased with the differentiation of melanocytes,which suggested that miR-29a was closely related to the proliferation and differentiation of B16 cells.The results provided some theoretical evidences for clarifying the expression characteristics of miRNA-29a in Youzhou dark goat tissues and its’ involvement involved in the regulation of melanocyte behavior.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(2): 288-297. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.02.0288For understanding the effects of storage temperatures on flavor quality of kiwifruit fruit (Actinidia deliciosa. cv. Bruno), changes in the main volatile components, the contents of linolenic acid and linoleic acid, and the activities of key enzymes along with the relative expression of their encoding genes involved in fatty acid pathway in kiwifruit were investigated during storage at room (20±0.5℃) and lower temperatures (1±0.5℃), respectively. The results showed that as compared with room temperature, lower temperature reduced the types and relative contents of esters in kiwifruit, and maintained the types and relative contents of aldehydes and ketones. Odor activity value and principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that the flavor components of kiwifruit changed dramatically during storage at room temperature, but the characteristic flavor components of kiwifruit maintained during storage at lower temperature. Also, lower temperature reduced the activities of key enzymes, including lipoxygenase (LOX), hydroperoxide lyse (HPL), alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), and alcohol acyltransferase (AAT), and inhibited the expression of their encoding genes associated with fatty acid pathway compared to room temperature, which might contribute to accumulating linolenic acid and linoleic acid, reducing the contents of esters, and maintaining high levels of aldehydes and ketones in kiwifruit during postharvest. Our present work might provide useful information for regulating the synthesis of flavor components and maintaining the characteristic flavor of kiwifruit during storage at low temperature.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(2): 298-306. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.02.0298To study the influence of high temperature sterilization on the quality change of pre-soaking soybean gulten products during its shelf life, the variations and correlations of major microbial, sensory and physicochemical properties of the pre-soaking soybean gulten products during the shelf life were analyzed. The soybean gluten were treated at 105℃ for 15 min and 110℃ for 10 min. Results indicated that the total colony, hardness, and chewiness of the two samples increased significantly with the prolongation of storage time (P<0.05). However, the moisture content, pH, sensory quality, and brightness indicator L* decreased significantly (P<0.05). Additionally, there were no obviously change of protein content, fat content, and elasticity of the two samples. Furthermore, the appearance indexes of the pre-soaking soybean gulten were significantly correlated to its physicochemical indicators. It was also found that the sensory quality and color were the key indicators affecting the quality of Pre-soaking soybean gulten during its storage. The results showed that the pre-soaking soybean gulten treated with 110℃ for 10 min sterilization could retain the quality during shelf life better. The treatment conditions used can stabilize the product quality during shelf life, which provide some theory evidence in prolonging the shelf life of pre-soaking soybean gulten.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(2): 307-314. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.02.0307In order to explore the effect of stabiliser on the textural properties of egg curd prepared from liquid egg white, sensory score and texture characteristics (hardness, gumminess, chewiness, springiness, cohesiveness and resilience) were compared for the addition of water, NaCl and stabiliser. The results showed that the sensory score and texture parameters of egg curd changed significantly with the addition of water and NaCl. The quality of egg curd was relatively better with 12% water and 1.5% salt addition. Compared with the control group, the sensory score for the test group with addition of phosphate compound, glutamine transaminase, guar gum and gellan gum was increased, and the texture was also improved. The optimum addition of the stabiliser was: compound phosphate 0.20%, TG enzyme 0.25%, guar gum 0.25%, gellan gum 0.10%. This study could provide a technical guidance for improving the processing, sensory quality and textural properties of egg curd prepared from liquid egg white.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(2): 315-321. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.02.0315To investigate the effect of high voltage pulsed electric field(PEF) on the extraction of carotenoid from deinococcus radiodurans, orthogonal test was applied to obtain the optimal process parameters. Four electric field parameters (electric field intensity, treatment time, frequency and pulse width)were optimized in this study, which were as follows: electric field intensity 30 kV·cm-1, processing time 30 s, frequency 30 Hz, pulse width 10 μs. Under this operation condition, the extraction yield was to 75.06 μg·g-1, which was 55.5% higher than the yield of control 48.27 μg·g-1 (without electric field treatment). This study provide a theoretical guidance for the application of high voltage pulsed electric field technology on the extraction of carotenoid, which is capable for the large-scale industrial extraction.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(2): 322-328. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.02.0322In order to reduce the sulfite in the food matrix safely and efficiently, the effect and mechanism of casein soaking on the removal of sulfite in shrimps were investigated. The effects of casein concentration, solid-to-liquid ratio and soaking time on the removal rate of sulfite in shrimp were studied by single factor experiments. A Box-Behnken response surface design was applied to optimize the removal process. Finally, the removal mechanism was preliminary explored using ultraviolet (UV) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The optimum conditions for desulfurization were as follows: soaking time 2.37 h, solid-to-liquid ratio 1:6.8 g·mL-1, casein concentration 1.30 g·L-1, and the actual removal rate of Na2SO3 was 84.13%. Furthermore, the texture quality of the treated shrimp, in terms of hardness, springiness, cohesiveness and chewiness was well retained. UV and FT-IR spectroscopy indicated that an interaction might exist between casein molecules and S
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(2): 329-338. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.02.0329In order to evaluate the starch yield and nutritional quality traits of potato with high starch content, fifteen varieties (clones) from Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences were planted at fixed location in 2011-2018. After harvest tuber yield, content of nutritional quality (dry matter, starch, vitamin C, crude protein, reducing sugar) and mineral elements (potassium, calcium, ferrum and zinc) were detected. The result showed that genotype, environment and genotype-environment interaction had significant effect on all yield and quality traits. The genotypic effect was greater than environmental effect in the yield, starch yield, dry matter content and starch content traits, while the environmental effect of nutritional quality content of vitamin C, protein and reducing sugar are greater than genotype effect. In the 15 tested cultivars (clones), the ranges of total tuber yield (TTY) were 24 549-50 140 kg·hm-2, starch yield (SY) were 4 271-9 298 kg·hm-2, dry matter content (DMC) were 21.07-30.18%, starch content (SC) were 14.63-21.83%, and vitamin C content (VCC) were 12.20-18.95 mg·100g-1, crude protein content (PC) were 2.17-2.71%, reducing sugar content (RSC) were 0.18-0.43%, potassium content (KC) were 4 316-5 368 mg·kg-1, calcium content (Ca) were 85.10-138.40 mg·kg-1, ferrum content (FeC) were 10.17-24.50 mg·kg-1, and zinc content (ZnC) were 2.45-3.80 mg·kg-1. Longshu 8, Longshu 9, Longshu 12, Longshu 14, L0527-2, L08104-12, LZ111 and L1149-2 derived from Atlantic behave high starch content trait with above 18%, L1149-2 was excellent line with TTY of 50 140 kg·hm-2, SY of 9 298 kg·hm-2, DMC of 26.75%, SC of 19.30%, VCC of 14.62 mg·100g-1, PC of 2.52%, RSC of 0.28%, KC of 5 297 mg·kg-1, CaC of 138.40 mg·kg-1, FeC of 20.40 mg·kg-1, ZnC of 3.20 mg·kg-1. The total tuber yield and nutritional quality of Longshu 5 were poor. This study provides a scientific basis for the utilization of high-starch potato varieties of Longshu series, which can also assist for improving the yield and quality of potato varities with high starch content.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(2): 339-347. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.02.0339In order to investigate the application of front-face fluorescence spectroscopy in evaluating the quality of aquatic products, the back muscle of large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea) with different storage period were scanned by front-face fluorescence. The spectra data of tryptophan and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) of Pseudosciaena crocea according to different refrigerated time were analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA) and fisher linear discriminant analysis (FLDA). Partial least squares regression (PLSR) was used to establish the prediction model of fluorescence spectrum data and cold storage time of Pseudosciaena crocea. The results showed that PCA could clearly distinguish Pseudosciaena crocea samples with different storage time(0-8 d), and tryptophan as an endogenous fluorescent probe, was more suitable than NADH in analyzing the quality of Pseudosciaena crocea. FLDA analysis showed that the leave-one-out cross-validation of tryptophan and NADH fluorescence spectra reached 100% and 98%, respectively, indicating that a better classification was obtained by FLDA. PLSR results showed that the correlation coefficient between the calibration set of fluorescence spectra of tryptophan and predicted set of fluorescence spectra of NADH reached 0.9, while the RMSECV were approximately 1.13 and 0.41 and the RMSEC/RMSEP were about 0.53 and 0.99, respectively. These results suggested that PLSR model that established by NADH fluorescence spectroscopy had well predictive ability. Collectively, the front-face fluorescence spectroscopy in combination with chemometrics can effectively distinguish Pseudosciaena crocea with different refrigerated storage time. The results provide a theoretical basis for the application of front-face fluorescence spectroscopy and evaluation of freshness of Pseudosciaena crocea.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(2): 348-355. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.02.0348In order to explore the protective effect of mogroside extract (MGE) on the glucolipotoxicity of pancreatic islet β cells, injury model on INS-1 pancreatic islet β cells with high concentration of glucose (HG) in combination of palmitic acid (PA) were treated with or without MGE. The cell viability, apoptosis and caspase-3 protein level were investigated by the means of 3-(4,5-Dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT),Hoechst 33342/propidium iodide (PI) fluorescent staining and Western blotting assays. The results showed that no apparent cytotoxicity was observed in INS-1 cell with MGE concentration of 0.1 to 100 μg·mL-1. HG in combination with PA caused a large reduction in the cell viability, which can be increased largely by MGE intervention (0.1 to 100 μg·mL-1) in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, INS-1 cell viability increased by 15.5% with MGE treatment at a dose of 100 μg·mL-1 compared to injured cells. In addition, results of fluorescent staining indicated MGE treatment notably inhibited the cell apoptosis induced by HG and PA. Accordingly, immunoblotting experiment showed that cleaved caspase 3 level was upregulated obviously, while the MGE treatment significantly downregulated the level of cleaved caspase 3 (P<0.05=. These findings suggest that MGE treatment mitigates glucolipotoxicity of pancreatic islet β cell by the inhibition of cell apoptosis, that the MGE may inhibit the activation of caspase 3. The current study provides a theoretical basis for the developing of value-added products from Siraitia grosvenorii (swingle) and screening bioactive ingredients with safe hypoglycemic activity.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(2): 356-362. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.02.0356Due to the number of spectral bands, large amount of data and high information redundancy, it is more difficult to identify the moldy maize samples using hyperspectral technology. In order to reduce the amount of data and obtain the most useful feature wavelengths for identifying the moldy maize samples using hyperspectral information, in this paper, a method of feature wavelength selection is proposed with the help of the continuous projections algorithm (SPA) coupled with the information entropy. Firstly, the hyperspectral data of moldy maize samples were subjected to pre-preprocess using multiplicative scatter correction (MSC) so as to eliminate signal noise. Then the continuous spectral algorithm was used to initially select a few wavelengths on the processed spectra to obtain eight primary feature wavelengths. And then the image information corresponding to the eight primary feature wavelengths was processed through the information entropy principle to obtain the best feature wavelength.The results show that the optimal wavelength for the identification of moldy corn is 819nm by using the continuous projection algorithm fusion information entropy method. After extracting the texture features of the moldy maize images at the wavelength, Fisher Discriminant Analysis (FDA) was used to identify these moldy maize samples, and the correct discrimination rate of the 6 grades of moldy maize was up to 98.6%. This feature wavelength selection method can provide guidance for better use of hyperspectral techniques to identify the grades of moldy maize.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(2): 363-369. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.02.0363As an electromagnetic wave of small wavelength, microwave has a strong medium penetrating ability, which increases the temperature of the internal and external materials at the same time. It has many advantages in treating starchy food, such as high thermal efficiency, strong controllability and space saving. This paper not only introduced the thermal and non-thermal of microwave effects during starch gelatinization, but also summarized new methods of studying microwave non-thermal effects. The differences in the properties was compares, including the appearance, the crystal structure, the molecular structure and thermal properties of starch between starch gelatinization with microwave and heat transfer treatment. The response of water in starch emulsion by microwave treatment also was discussed. This paper could provide a theoretical reference to the in-depth studies on the impact of microwave treatment on starch gelatinization in food as well as on the development and utilization of the microwave gelatinized of starch.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(2): 370-375. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.02.0370To clarify the rule of nitrogen absorption and distribution of peanut, the peanut Huayu 25 was planted in soil column as experimental material and the effects of nitrogen application on nitrogen assimilation, accumulation and distribution in different organs of peanut were studied using15N tracer method. The results showed that the dry mass and nitrogen accumulation in all organs of peanut plants were not significantly increased when the amount of nitrogen applied exceeded 90 kg·hm-2(N2).Compared with no nitrogen application, the dry weight of seeds under N1, N2 and N3 conditions increased by 2.61%, 5.32% and 1.88%, respectively. The seeds weight had the highest value of 19.00 g·plant-1 in 90 kg·hm-2(N2) treatment. With the same nitrogen application rate, the accumulation rate of 15N in different organs of peanut followed the order of seed> leaf> stem>hull> root. With different nitrogen application rates, the accumulation of 15N in each peanut organ increased with the increase of nitrogen application. The distribution ratio of 15N in seeds was increased under N2 treatment, while the proportion of 15N distribution in stems and leaf were reduced compared with other nitrogen application rates. The transfer of nitrogen from vegetative organs to reproductive organs were promoted under N2 treatment, which facilitated the accumulation of 15N in seeds. Compared with N1, N3 and N4 treatment, the nitrogen use efficiency under N2 was increased by 22.77%, 17.56% and 28.13%, respectively. In summary, the application of 90 kg·hm-2nitrogen tertilizer (N2) improved the dry matter of peanut seeds, the accumulation of nitrogen and the utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer. Moreover, the relationship between nitrogen application and peanut yield was described by a quadratic equation, which showed that the 77.19 kg·hm-2nitrogen application was suitable for applying nitrogen on peanut. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for the improvement of the nitrogen use efficiency and rational application of nitrogen fertiltzer of peanut.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(2): 376-382. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.02.0376To examine effect of different multiple cropping pattern on the global warming potential and greenhouse gas intensity in the double cropping rice fields, the experiment was set up to rapeseed-middle rice rotation (R-MR), green manure (milk vetch)-early rice-late rice rotation (GM-ER-LR), and winter fallow-early rice-late rice rotation (WF-ER-LR). The different cropping patterns for annual crop yield rice field global warming potential(GWP), grain energy yield(GEY) and global warming potential(GWPI) were identified by the static opaque chamber -gas chromatography method. The results showed that compared to R-MR, the CH4 emissions of GM-ER-LR and WF-ER-LR significantly increased by 1.27 and 1.18 times, respectively, whereas N2O emissions were significantly reduced by 34.1% and 49.4%, respectively. No significant differences were found in CH4 and N2O emissions between GM-ER-LR and WF-ER-LR. Compared with R-MR, the grain energy yield significantly increased by28.6% and 27.0%in GM-ER-LR and WF-ER-LR, respectively. The global warming potential was 1.27 and 1.18 folds higher in GM-ER-LR and WF-ER-LR than in R-MR. The global warming potential intensity increased by 100% in GM-ER-LR and 50% in WF-ER-LR than in R-MR. Therefore, GM-ER-LR and WF-ER-LR were beneficial to enhance crop yield, but increased the global warming potential and greenhouse gas intensity. Thus, this study suggested that the rapeseed-middle rice rotation system could not only reduce greenhouse gas emissions but achieve higher environmental and economic benefits.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(2): 383-391. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.02.0383In order to explore effects of dry direct seeded on stem lodging ability and yield of upland rice in southern China. Hanyou 73 and Huyou 2 were used as experimental materials, with three treatments of dry direct seeded (DDS), wet direct seeded (WDS) and flooded direct seeded (FDS) to compare the effects on seedling emergence rate, yield composition and lodging resistance of upland rice. The results showed that compared with WDS and FDS, the seedling emergence rate of DDS increased by 6.57%-23.29%, and the differences among the treatments were significant (P<0.05). In addition, DDS was conducive to improve grain yield of upland rice varieties and the grain yield increase of the two varieties was 7.89%-22.21% and the yield of Huyou 2 was 3.87% higher than that of Hanyou 73. Through the analysis of yield components, the increase in grain yield was mainly due to the increase of effective panicles per unit area. In addition, DDS was beneficial to improvement of the bending resistance and culm shape index of the tested varieties, reduce of bending moment and lodging index, and the shorter plant height and base internodes were beneficial to strengthening the stalk growth and increasing stem wall thickness. Stem thickness, wall thickness and culm type index were significant or extremely significant positive correlation with bending resistance, and extremely significant negative correlation with lodging index. Plant height and bending moment had extremely significant negative correlation with break force, but had extremely significant positive correlation with lodging index. In conclusion, DDS was not only to improve the grain yield of direct seeded upland rice, but also to enhance plant lodging resistance, decrease lodging risk, which could be popularized in production. This study provides a theoretical basis for achieving high and stable yield cultivation of upland rice varieties in South China.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(2): 392-400. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.02.0392To determine the photosynthetic mechanism of storage temperature effecting the quality of seedlings, the leaf ultrastructure and photosynthetic characteristics of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. and Nakai) plug seedlings stored in darkness at 25℃ or 15℃ were investigated. In this experiment, watermelon (‘Zaojia 8424’) scions were grafted to pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Duch.‘Zhuangshi’) rootstocks. The results demonstrated that storage in the dark caused swelling, and starch granule disappearance, reduced and disordered lamella in chloroplasts. The PSⅡ maximal photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm), PSⅡ actual photochemical efficiency (ΦPSⅡ), the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs) and transpiration rate (Tr) of seedlings decreased continually with the increased of dark storage time. Within 4 days of storage in darkness, the decrease of Pn and Gs accompanied by the decline of intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), which indicated that the Pn reduced due to stomatal limitation. While the Ci significantly increased with the decline of Pn and Gs on the 6th day of storage, which showed that the non-stomatal limitation became the main factor for Pn decrease. Compared with those stored at 15℃, the seedlings stored at 25℃ for 6 days had more damaged lamella and osmiophilic globule in chloroplasts, and showed lower Fv/Fm,ΦPSⅡ, Pn, Gs and Tr. After planting, the chloroplast lamella stacked anew and starch granules accumulated again. On the 6 days after transplanting, the chloroplast ultrastructure, Fv/Fm and ΦPSⅡ of seedlings stored at 25℃ or 15℃ in darkness for 4 days recovered to control levels. Regardless of storage temperature, the chloroplast ultrastructure and Pn did not recover when the storage time increased to 6 days. The Fv/Fm and ΦPSⅡ of seedlings stored for 6 days at 25℃ did not recover, while that stored at 15℃ could recover to the same level of control at 6 days after transplanting. The decrease of shoot dry weight caused by dark storage did not recover to control level after post-storage for 6 days, but it was significantly higher in seedlings stored at 15℃ than those stored at 25℃. In conclusion, compared with dark storage at 25℃, storage at 15℃ could maintain a better chloroplast lamella structure, higher carbon assimilation level and PSⅡ photochemical activity, and faster photosynthetic performance recovery and material accumulation rate after colonization. According to the experimental results, it was suggested that the low temperature and dark storage of watermelon seedlings should not exceed 6 days, while the dark storage at room temperature should be controlled within 4 days. The results provide a theoretical reference for seedling storage and the study of physiological mechanism of plant response to light and temperature stress.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(2): 401-408. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.02.0401To study the physiological response and the cold tolerance of Camellia nitidissima Chi seedlings, two-year-old C. nitidissima seedlings were treated with low temperature stress at 6~-9℃.The indicators of cell injury rate(CIR), malondialdehyde (MDA) , peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) , superoxide dismutase (SOD), bound water (BW)/free water (FW), proline (Pro), and soluble sugar (SS) were determined, and the semi-lethal temperature (LT50) and the correlation between physiological indicators were analyzed. The results suggested that, the low-temperature LT50 of 3~12 h was -6.62~-3.94℃ and increased with time going. With the decrease of temperature, the CIR, SS, the activities of POD and CAT showed an overall upward trend, while the value of the BW /FW, the content of MDA and Pro increased first and then decreased. Moreover, the activity of SOD declined in general. As the stress time extended, CIR would rise significantly, while the activity of SOD at 3~-9℃, the activity of POD at 3~-9℃ and the BW/FW value at -6~-9℃ declined, as well as the SS content at 6~-6℃ changed slightly, which showed a downward trend at -9℃. Correlation analyses demonstrated that CIR could be used as a main indicator, while BW, SS, SOD, POD and CAT could be used as the auxiliary indicators for cold resistance identification. In summary, the results of this study provide a theoretical basis for the determination of the introduction area and cold resistance index of C. nitidissima.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(2): 409-417. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.02.0409In order to further explore the mechanism of after-ripening dormancy-release of Fritillaria przewalskii Maxim. seeds, the biological activity of Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis seeds was determined at different concentrations of the aqueous extracts and different after-ripening stages of F. przewalskii. The results showed that the aqueous extracts of F. przewalskii had obvious effects on the seed germination and growth of B. chinensis, and some differences were found between the two stages. At the morphologic after-ripening stage, compared with the control, the germination ratio and germination energy of B. chinensis were promoted when the concentration of aqueous extracts was 2.5 mg·mL-1. Howerer, with the increase of concentration of aqueous extracts, the B. chinensis seeds showed significant allelopathic inhibition effect on germination and seeding growth, and the response index (RI value) decreased gradually. When the concentration was 40 mg·mL-1, the allelopathic inhibition effect reached a significant level (P<0.05). In the stage of physiological after-ripening, the opposite allelopathic effect was observed. Although the germination ratio of B. chinensis seeds in each treatment was lower than that of the control, the allelopathic effect increased first and then decreased with the increase of the concentration of aqueous extracts. And when the concentration was 5 mg·mL-1, the seedling height, root diameter and fresh weight per plant of the B. chinensis were significantly higher than the control(P<0.05). In summary, the endogenous allelopathic inhibitors of F. przewalskii seeds showed significant differences in different stages of after-ripening, which decreased significantly from morphological after-ripening to physiological after-ripening. The results of this study provide a scientific basis and theoretical support for further exploration of the species characteristics of endogenous inhibitors in F. przewalskii seedlings and the breaking of seed dormancy in production practice.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(2): 418-424. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.02.0418In order to reveal the photosynthetic electron flow responses to light intensity and the characteristics of light-harvesting pigment molecules in super early rice, the differences in the photosynthetic characteristics and causes of differences were studied. Furthermore, the light-response curves of electron transmission rate were measured by LI-6400XT. The results showed that the light-response curves were well fitted on the super early rice, and measured values of maximum electron transmission rate(ETRmax) and saturated light intensity(PARsat) were highly matched to the calculated(nominal) values. The ETRmax and PARsat of super early rice were significantly higher than those of control, which was related to the greater eigen-absorption cross-section(σ'ik)of light-harvesting pigments and the shorter minimum average lifetime(Nk)of photosynthetic pigment molecules in the excited state. Moreover, σ'ik slowly decreased with increasing irradiance, and the Nk increased slowly. Both decreases were beneficial to absorption and utilization of light energy in super early rice. This research would help to further understand the photosynthetic characteristics of the growth advantage of super rice, and provide a theoretical foundation for breeding.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(2): 425-432. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.02.0425In order to explore effect and mechanism of organosilicon modified compound fertilizers on remediation of cadmium(Cd) pollution in rice, a field plot experiment and demonstration experiments was conducted to study the Cd contents, nutrient absorption, rice yield as well as the availability and transformation of soil Cd under the treatments of organosilicon modified compound fertilizers with different proportions and dosages. The results showed that compared with CK and CF1, the Cd contents in the shoot and root at the tillering stage decreased by 57.0%~64.1% and 24.0%~65.4%, respectively, and compared with CK, the Cd contents in shoot and grain at mature stage decreased by 30.1%~74.3% and 65.3%~81.1% in the plot experiment. The results were verified in the field demonstration experiment. The Cd contents in rice grain decreased by 44.2%~86.0%, meeting the national rice safety standard. In addition, organosilicon modified compound fertilizers increased the uptake of N, P, K and Fe. The yield increased by 12.1%~20.0%, soil pH increased by 0.07~0.47. The analysis of soil Cd showed that the available Cd contents decreased by 1.9%~14.3%. Similarly, the exchangeable Cd form decreased by 1.2%~22.3% with the reduced state increased by 6.1%~43.0%, the oxidizable form decreased by 6.8%~35.0% and the residue form increased by 2.2%~60.0% in the plot experiment. In summary, the application of organosilicon modified compound fertilizers could improve nutrient uptake of rice, increase yield, reduce Cd uptake and transport of rice and would be a new technology for Cd remediation in rice.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(2): 433-441. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.02.0433In order to investigate the effect of different compounding treatments on the effective Cd content in Cd contaminated soil, soil incubation experiment, a pot experiment and orthogonal design was conducted to study effects of different compounding treatments of biochar, fly ash and white marble on soil pH and Cd bioavailability. The results showed that the different compounding treatments of the three passivation materials significantly increased the soil pH and reduced the soil effective Cd content. With extension of incubation time, the available Cd concentration decreased first and then gradually reached equilibrium after 7-15 days. Meanwhile, effect of white marble on Cd availability showed the greatest, followed by biochar and fly ash. Furthermore, Cd concentrations in edible parts of Brassica chinensis L decreased by 9.10%~24.39% after adding passivation material. With the evaluation index of Cd concentration in edible parts of Brassica chinensis L, the combination of 1.5% biochar + 1.0% white marble, 1.0% biochar + 1.0% fly ash + 0.5% white marble, 1.0% biochar + 0.5% fly ash + 1.0% white marble presented the greatest remediation efficiency. The findings provide a theoretical basis for the remediation of Cd-contaminated soils and also the safe production of crops.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(2): 442-451. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.02.0442In order to explore a new method for the simultaneous determination of neomycin sulfate (NEO) and sulfamethazine (SM2) in water, according to in the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol, derivatives that NEO or SM2 reacted with o-phthalaldehyde to form have fluorescent properties. Based on this, a time-resolved synchronous fluorescence method was developed for the simultaneous determination of NEO and SM2 in water. The time-resolved synchronous fluorescence spectra of different components were studied. The synchronous excitation peaks of derivatives that NEO or SM2 reacted with o-phthalaldehyde to form were 335 and 291 nm, respectively. Their optimum acquisition times were 1 and 80 min with their optimum synchronization wavelength differences of 120 and 150 nm, respectively. The addition amounts of o-phthalaldehyde solution, 2-mercaptoethanol solution and BR buffer on the fluorescence intensities were investigated by using the single factor experiment. Optimum addition amounts were as follows: o-phthalaldehyde solution of 1.0 mL, 2-mercaptoethanol solution of 0.25 mL, and BR buffer of 0.025 mL. On the basis of these conditions, the linear regression equation was established between NEO concentrations and fluorescence intensities and the linear equation was Y=14.73X+6.14 when the concentration range was 0.5~14.0 mg·L-1. At the same time, the linear regression equation was established between SM2 concentrations and fluorescence intensities and the linear equation was Y=13.86X+21.49 when the concentration range was 0.25~9.0 mg·L-1. The detection limits of NEO and SM2 were 0.5 and 0.25 mg·L-1, respectively. The determination coefficient (
