10 January 2020, Volume 34 Issue 1
    

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    Induced Mutations for Plant Breeding·Agricultural Biotechnology
  • ZHAO Minghui, BAI Yamei, LYU Wenhe
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(1): 1-9. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.01.0001
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    The objectives of this research were to evaluate the salt tolerance of potato and to screen salt tolerant potato germplasm resource. One hundred and sixty-four diploid potato (Solanum phureja × S. stenotomum) hybrid progenies and two parents under 80 mmol·L-1 NaCl stress were assessed for six morphological indexes of shoot length, shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root length, root fresh weight and root dry weight, and comprehensively evaluation and clustering using subordinate function analysis were conducted. Twenty-six salt tolerant and ten salt susceptible clones were identified by D values of progenies compared with those of parents. One hundred and sixty-six clones (parents) were separated into four clusters of different salt tolerance using cluster analysis of six morphological traits and D values. If no control was taken, six morphological and D values could be used to cluster and to screen the clones that are included in the same group, which will improve the accuracy of salt tolerance evaluation. The average relative value of root length of progenies was higher (62.5). After cluster analysis, the difference in relative values of the root length between the first and the second groups was also small, indicating that the root length is not an ideal morphological screening index, and the root number could be considered as a morphological index for salt tolerance. The results of this study provide a reference for rapid evaluation of salt tolerance of a large number of potato germplasm resources, and provide a material basis for potato salt tolerance breeding.
  • JIANG Qinjie, WANG Yiguang, FANG Weimin, WANG Haibin, SONG Aiping, CHEN Fadi
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(1): 10-16. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.01.0010
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    In order to enrich the type of edible leaf-use chrysanthemums, the new materials that with strong growth potential and low leaf epidermis villi were screened out from the existing 11 materials. The parameters of yield and the nutrient contents were used as the evaluative features to establish a fuzzy synthesize evaluation method. Three models were built by different main points to calculate the results. The results showed that the nutritive composition of the chrysanthemum nankingense (4X), chrysanthemum nankingense (2X) and Kai Ju1 was better, and the predicted yield were 711.52indicator, 346.66 and 424.38 kg·667 m-2, respectively; water content were 80.43%, 80.77% and 82.01%, respectively; organic acid content were 0.42%, 0.34% and 0.31%, respectively; soluble sugar contents were 21.09, 15.47 and 4.42 mg·g-1, respectively; soluble protein content were 17.93, 20.02 and 12.48 mg·g-1, respectively; fibre content were 45.99, 24.38 and 95.37 mg·g-1, respectively; vitamin C content were 1.19, 1.63 and 0.91 mg·g-1, respectively. It showed that the chrysanthemum nankingense (4X), chrysanthemum nankingense (2X) and Kai Ju1 had more significant advantages with the evaluation method. The weighted overall scores of three groups were greater than 0.4. The findings of the current study suggested that these materials were good for edible leaf-use chrysanthemums. The fuzzy synthesize evaluation method provided a great theoretical way to select edible chrysanthemum materials.
  • FENG Wenqi, SUN Fu'ai, DING Lei, GUO Xin, LI Wanchen, FU Fengling, YU Haoqiang
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(1): 17-25. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.01.0017
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    BES1/BZR1 proteins are the only one class of transcription factor in brassinosteroid signaling pathway and play vital roles in plant growth, development, and stress response. To study function of the ZmBES1/BZR1-7 gene of maize, the ZmBES1/BZR1-7 gene was cloned from maize B73 and used for analyzing its function. The result of sequence analysis showed that the ZmBES1/BZR1-7 gene possessed no intron and has an open reading frame (ORF) of 975 bp, encoding 324 amino acids. The N-terminal of ZmBES1/BZR1-7 was highly conserved and contained one bHLH domain. The similarity between ZmBES1/BZR1-7 protein and the OsBZR1-1 of rice was 75.95%. The result of quantitative real-time PCR showed that the expressions of the ZmBES1/BZR1-7 gene in leaf and roots were significantly induced by osmotic and salt stress. After 12 h treatment of 16% PEG-6000 and 100 mmol·L-1 NaCl, the expression level of ZmBES1/BZR1-7 gene in leaf increased 17.8 and 19.8 times compared to control, respectively. The result of auto-transcriptional activation showed that ZmBES1/BZR1-7 protein had activation-activity. Co-correlation analysis showed that there were 72 genes co-expressed with ZmBES1/BZR1-7 gene with higher correlation. The promoters of these genes possessed some E-box or BRRE elements, indicating that they might be the target genes regulated by ZmBES1/BZR1-7 transcription factor. These genes involved in cell, cell component and metabolism processes. The study provides new insights for further validation of the function and regulatory network of BZR1/BES1s in maize.
  • NI Zhongtao, LI Caiyun, HU Xuya, LI Yang, ZENG Hao, SHU Lilu, WANG Zhengjia
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(1): 26-35. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.01.0026
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    In order to explore the function and expression characteristics of CiSULTR2.1 gene in the pecan, the full-length CiSULTR2.1 gene was cloned by RT-PCR and PCR and its expression under different concentrations of selenite were analyzed by using the annual pecan seedlings as materials. The ORF of the CiSULTR2.1 gene was 1 902 bp in length, encoding 633 amino acids. The molecular weight of the encoded protein was 68 943.37 Da, which was hydrophobic and structurally stable. It was a non-secretory protein with no signal peptide, whose secondary structure was consist mainly of α-helix (51.18%), extended chain (12.64%) and random coil (31.28%), including the typical domains of Sulfate-transp domain(PF00916) and STAS domain(PF01740) in Sulfur transporters. RT-qPCR analysis indicated that CiSULTR2.1 gene was expressed in roots and leaves of pecan seedlings. Under the treatment of 40 μmol·L-1 and 80 μmol·L-1 selenate, the expression reached peak at 12 h, then decreased significantly. Under the treatment of 0.5 μmol·L-1 selenate, the peak of expression appeared at 48 h. When the concentration of selenate was too high, the expression of CiSULTR2.1 gene decreased significantly and was lower than the control. CiSULTR2.1 gene was able to respond rapidly to 40 and 80 μmol·L-1 selenate, while it took a long time for low concentration of selenate at 0.5 μmol·L-1 to induce high expression level of CiSULTR2.1. Treatment with high concentration of selenate for a long time had a toxic effect on plants, and the absorption of selenate by plants was reduced and the content of selenium was decreased. The study provides a theoretical basis for exploring the function of CiSULTR2.1 gene and selenium absorption mechanism in pecan.
  • XIANG Chao, SHEN Shengfa, JI Zhixian, LI Bing, WU Liehong
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(1): 36-44. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.01.0036
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    To comprehensively evaluate the index of quality breeding and improve the breeding efficiency of different sweetpotato varieties, 13 Zheshu sweetpotato varieties developed for table use and food processing in 2005-2016 were used as materials. Pedigree and characteristics of these varieties were analyzed, and the main quality traits of these varieties were compared by groups based on uses and dry matter contents. The pedigree results showed that Zheshu sweetpotato varieties were mainly originated from Okinawa No.100 and Nancy Hall. Zheshu 81 and Zheshu 13 showed ideal breeding effects when used as backbone parents. From the characteristics of varieties, the varieties for table use (including mini-type varieties for table use) had relatively high dry matter rates (>30%) and starch rates (>20%). The sugar contents (soluble sugar and reducing sugar) of raw and cooked sweetpotato varied from variety to variety. Different carotene contents were required for different types of sweetpotato varieties. Comprehensive evaluation of the quality traits for different types of varieties is required, edible quality was the main index, and dry matter rate is an important index of quality. Sweetpotato varieties for food processing are mainly evaluated based on the adaptability of processing, screening and utilization of breeding materials with high dry matter rate, medium and high carotene content, and fast saccharification should be emphasized. This study provides references for germplasm innovation and application of sweetpotato varieties with high quality for table use and food processing use.
  • ZHAO Na, MIAO Yamei, XUE Dong, GE Hong, CHEN Manfeng, GU Chunyan, WANG Kaihua, WANG Xuejun
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(1): 45-54. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.01.0045
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    In order to improve the efficiency of selecting elite combinations of faba bean (Vicia faba L.), six parental lines (P1-P6) were used to develop 30 hybrids by Griffing complete diallel crossing design, and nine agronomic traits were evaluated to analyze heterosis, combining ability and heritability. The results indicated that the 30 F1 hybrids showed distinct heterosis for yield traits. Among nine traits, the number of primary branches, pods per plant, seeds per plant, seeds per pod, 100-seed weight, and seed weight per plant were improved over the best parent, but the traits of plant height, first fruiting height, and nodes number of the main stem conferred negative parent values. Analysis of combination ability showed that P1 and P2 with high general combination ability (GCA) were the optimal lines for selecting high-yield varieties with large grains, and the crosses P1×P2, P4×P6, P2×P5 and P2×P6 were determined as the excellent combinations based on special combination ability (SCA). The high value of broad sense heritability and narrow-sense heritability for 100-seed weight, seeds per pod and seeds per plant indicated these traits were mainly controlled by additive effects, which could be inherited relative stablely. That meant that the three traits were more suitable for being selected at early generations other traits were controlled by non-additive effects. The coefficient between major traits and yield per plant suggested pods per plant and seeds per plant should be selected the target traits in faba bean breeding. In addition, the result of path analysis further emphasized that faba bean breeding should be focused on the number of primary branches, plant height, 100-seed weight and seeds per plant. These results will provide the theoretical basis for parents and off-spring selection in faba bean breeding process.
  • WU Yangyang, XU Tingting, CHI Tianhua, MA Jie, GUAN Zhiyong, FANG Weimin, CHEN Fadi, ZHANG Fei
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(1): 55-61. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.01.0055
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    To understand the growth dynamics and inheritance pattern of cut chrysanthemum’s stem traits, Hanxiaobai × Monalisa White (MH) and Qx097 × Monalisa White (MQ) with contrasting segregating patterns were used as materias the plant height, stem diameter, and internode number at 15, 30, 45, 60, and 75 days after planting were investigated, and the growth dynamics, heterosis and major gene effect of stem traits were dissected. Results showed that the stem traits of the two crosses expressed a similar dynamic growth trend, independent on the parent differential performance. The accumulative growth curve fits S-type for plant height and stem diameter but not for internode length, and the relative growth rate for all stem traits increased relatively higher within 45 days after planting. The average plant height, stem diameter and interrade number in MQ cross were higher than those in MH cross at most investigated stages, while the coefficients of variations of plant height at every investigated stage and internode number at 45 days afterplanting and later stages in MH cross were higher than those in MQ cross, but no clear trend was found for stem diameter. The stem traits demonstrated a positive mid-parent heterosis at most investigated stages in MH cross, whereas a negative heterosis was estimated for all stem traits in MQ cross at every investigated stage except for stem diameter at 15 days after planting. The analysis of mixed inheritance model of major gene plus minor gene demonstrated that two pairs of major genes with additive effects were observed for plant height in MH cross and stem diameter in MQ cross, while no major gene effect identified for other stem traits in both crosses, and the heritability of major genes was 97.12% and 9.33%, respectively. The findings provide a useful guide for future efficient cultivation and improvement of stem traits in cut chrysanthemum.
  • FENG Yalan, XIONG Ying, ZHANG Jun, YUAN Jiale, CAI Aishan, MA Chao
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(1): 62-70. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.01.0062
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    Alternative splicing is one of the molecular mechanisms by which plants regulate their gene interaction networks. It regulates plant development and response to abiotic stresses mainly at the post-transcriptional level, greatly increasing the complexity of the transcriptome and proteome. This review summarizes the molecular mechanisms and action pattern of alternative splicing, as well as its role in plant development and abiotic stress responses. Based on current research status, the future research direction of alternative splicing has being prospected, which may provide theoretical reference for the regulation of plant growth and development as well as the breeding of excellent stress-resistant varieties.
  • SUN Zhongyu, GONG Ying, ZHAO Lin, SHI Jiang, MAO Bizeng
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(1): 71-77. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.01.0071
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    Sweet potato virus disease (SPVD) is one of the most important viral diseases of sweet potato. Previous studies have documented that SPVD is formed by the co-infection of sweet potato feathery mottle virus (SPFMV) and sweet potato chlorotic stunt virus (SPCSV). In this paper, the biological characteristics, detection methods, genome structure and genetic variation of SPFMV and SPCSV were reviewed, which may provide a theoretical basis for elucidating the mechanism as well as preventiing and controling mixed infection of various viruses.
  • Food Irradiation·Food Science
  • SHAO Shengzhi, NIE Jing, LIU Zhi, ZHANG Yongzhi, WANG Fang, Karyne M. ROGERS, YUAN Yuwei
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(1): 78-84. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.01.0078
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    In order to investigate the effect of different processing technology on isotopic fractionation and different mesh sizes on the delta value of bulk stable isotopes in black and green tea sample, an analytical method on element analyzer-stable isotope ratio mass spectrometry (EA-IRMS) of tea for stable isotope ratio δ13C, δ15N, δ2H, and δ18O was established. A good precision of analytical method was achieved using two- or three-point calibration. No significant difference was observed for the isotopic fractionation of four isotope ratios between black and green tea processing using the same leaves, and no significant difference was concluded using different mesh sieves (no sieving, 80 mesh, 100 mesh, 120 mesh) on the effect of isotope ratios. Therefore, the tea-processing methods such as fermentation and sieving will not influence the isotopic fractionation results, which would provide a basis to establishment a tea data bank for the geographical traceability with different processing technology and for the pretreatment of plant sample before EA-IRMS.
  • XU Tingting, ZHANG Tingting, YAO Wensi, ZHU Huiwen, JIN Peng, ZHENG Yonghua
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(1): 85-93. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.01.0085
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    In order to investigate the mechanism of heat treatment in reduce chilling injury of cucumber fruit under low temperature, the effects of immersion treatment with 47℃ hot water for 5 minutes on the active oxygen metabolism and membrane lipid constituents of cucumber fruit during storage at 4℃ were studied. The results showed that treatment with 47℃ hot water for 5 min significantly inhibited the occurrence of chilling injury, and the chilling injury index of treated cucumber was 20.87% lower than that of the control after 15 days of storage. The treatment also inhibited the increase of relative electrical conductivity and MDA content, and increased the activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase, and inhibited the production of superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide. Moreover, the treatment inhibited lipoxygenase activity, maintained lower content of saturated fatty acid and kept higher content of unsaturated fatty acid and membrane lipid unsaturation. These results suggested that heat treatment could keep the balance of active oxygen metabolism and inhibit the peroxidation of membrane lipids in cucumber fruit, thereby improve the cold resistance of cucumber fruit and reduce the incidence of chilling injury.
  • LI Juan, HAN Dong, MI Si, LI Xia, ZHANG Chunhui
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(1): 94-103. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.01.0094
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    In order to investigate the contribution of volatile in marinated beef. The study was performed to investigate the composition, content and contribution of flavor compounds in the time-honored marinated beef products collected from Beijing, headspace solid phase micro-extraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was applied to analyze the volatile compounds in the marinated beef. After analysis, a total of 78 volatile components were identified in four marinated beef samples. Of these, 12 were determined as odor-active compounds, being heptanal, nonanal, tetradecanal, eucalyptol, linalool, (-)-4-Terpineol, L-α-terpineol, α-terpineol, estragole, anethole, 1-methyl-naphthalene and 2-pentyl-furan, were identified as the main flavor. Because of its relatively high OAV and special flavor, chemicals such as nonanal, eucalyptol, linalool, estragole and anethole were identified as the characteristic odor-active compounds for the marinated beef in Beijing area, and Ketones, esters and some alcohols were the modified flavor. Principal component analysis of 12 aroma-active components showed that the flavor profiles of different marinated beef samples were significantly different, and its results can be clearly distinguished the flavor. The cluster analysis results showed that the aroma-active compounds could be classified as 4 clusters, which were derived from the oxidation and degradation of fat in raw meat, the Maillard reaction and the addition of spices. The results of this study can provide a theoretical reference for the research on the flavor regulation.
  • XIAO Lan, TANG Yingming, ZHANG Hao, CHEN Yuanyuan, XIAO Yu
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(1): 104-112. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.01.0104
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    In order to understand the characteristic flavor and effect of cooking method on the flavor quality of Anyue jar meat, electronic nose, electronic tongue and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were used to evaluate the composition and content of flavor substances under different cooking methods (steaming and roasting). The results showed that the discriminant factors between the roasted, steamed and raw jar meat were significantly different (P<0.01). Meanwhile, the flavor components of jar meat cooked by the two methods. There were 101 kinds of flavor compounds identified in roosted jar meat, and 61 kinds of flavor compounds in steamed jar meat at normal temperature. The results revealed that isoamyl alcohol, acetaldehyde, butyl butyrate, ethyl acetate, ethyl hexanoate, pyridine, furan and acetone constitute the characteristic flavor of steamed jar meat, while hexanaldehyde, butyl butyrate, ethyl hexanoate and 4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-amyl ketone for roasted jar meat. This study provided a theoretical basis for the intensive processing of instant jar meat dishes.
  • WANG Haixing, ZHANG Yanping, LI Shiyan, CHEN Kang, RAO Wei, SHEN Qing
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(1): 113-119. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.01.0113
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    iKnife MS is a kind of rapid evaporative ionization mass spectrometry (REIMS) without sample pre-preparation. In this study, an method was established for the real-time lipidomics profiling of the viscera of tuna to further investigate its nutritional value. The tissue was cut directly by iKnife, the aerosol containing phospholipid ions was generated and transferred into the mass spectrometer via a special REIMS interface. The parameters of iKnife were optimized to increase the signal-to-noise ratios of phospholipids and the stability of phospholipid signals. The results showed that a total of 41 molecular species of phospholipids was found and identified in the m/z range of 699.50 and 911.56. The most intensity peak at m/z 790.5 was identified as [PE 40:6-H]- (10.03%) followed by m/z 745.5 ([PA 40:7-H]-, 9.02%). The final results indicated that the proposed method was good in selectivity, accuracy, and sensitivity. The results of this study can be a reference for the application of mass spectrometry technologies, and provide a basis for the detection and comprehensive utilization of functional lipids in tuna by-products.
  • WANG Xinkun, LIU Chao, YANG Qingmei, GUO Xu, WANG Yueming, DENG Peng, SUN Jinyue
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(1): 120-130. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.01.0120
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    In order to develop functional food using highland barley in Shigatse, multiple comparisons were conducted between the phenolic substances and their antioxidant capacity. Correlation analysis(PCA) of phenolic content and antioxidant capacity, principal component analysis(PCA) of antioxidant quality, and cluster analysis among 13 species were also applied. 13 varieties were separated by the color, i.e., brown, purple, and black categories. The content of anthocyanin, procyanidin, total flavonoids, and total phenolics in purple and black varieties was higher than that of the brown ones. Similarly, the oxygen radical absorption capacity (ORAC), ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) of dark varieties were also higher than that of the light ones. There were significant correlations among ORAC, FRAP, DPPH and phenol content. But the metal ion chelating capacity (MCC) was independent of the classified substances. The results of PCA and cluster analysis both indicated that screening the highland barley through grain color was feasible. Dark highland barley variety, especially the black ones, showed higher antioxidant ability, which was suitable for the development of antioxidant functional food. This study on the phenol substances within barley grains is helpful to improve the evaluation system of antioxidant quality and to screen varieties with excellent antioxidant propeties.
  • ZHANG Hongchao, XUE Zhangzhi, XU Xiaorong, DING Yuan, LI Hesheng, JIN Yang, WANG Hongfei, XU Feng
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(1): 131-138. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.01.0131
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    In order to explore the influence mechanism of protein oxidation on the intermolecular interaction between proteins during storage, the hydroxyl free radical oxidation system was established to simulate the protein oxidation process of sepia esculenta in vitro during freezing storage, the changes of intermolecular forces and protein structures were investigated. The results showed that the balance of intermolecular force between the myofibrillar protein was broken with the increase of H2O2 concentration in the hydroxyl radical oxidation system, the content of ionic bond and hydrogen bond significantly reduced (P<0.05), while the hydrophobic interaction force, disulfide bond and non-disulfide covalent bond increased (P<0.05). As well as the surface hydrophobicity of myofibrillar protein (P<0.05). Both sulfhydryl and reactive thiol content decreased significantly (P<0.05). The changes of the secondary structures of myofibrillar protein were analyzed by Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), which indicated that the amino acid side chain and the peptide chain were attacked by hydroxyl radicals. The spectral band shifted to different wavelength regularly along with the increase of H2O2 concentration, the content of α-helix and β-sheet decreased, while the β-turn and random curl content tended to increase. Paraffin section showed that the higher of oxidation degree, the structure of myofibrils protein tended to be loose, the gap increased continually, and the muscle filament became thinner and tended to fracture and curl seriously. This study provided theoretical evidence for exploring the mechanism of protein oxidation in sepia esculenta, and built the foundation for prolonging the shelf life, improving economic efficiency and eating quality.
  • YIN Chaomin, FAN Xiuzhi, LIU Chunyou, CHEN Zheya, MA Kun, SHI Defang, CHENG Wei, GAO Hong
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(1): 139-146. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.01.0139
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    In order to improve the yield of lovastatin production in Pleurotus ostreatus strain P380 by liquid fermentation, the composition of the fermentation medium was optimized using orthogonal experiment design based on single factor experiments. The optimized fermentation medium composition were as follows (g·L-1): lactose 24.0, cornmeal 2.5, ammonium chloride 2.5, potassium dihydrogen phosphate 5.0, magnesium sulfate 2.5, and initial pH 6.0. After optimization of the fermentation medium composition, the lovastatin content and biomass increased by 3.15 times and 1.78 times respectively compared to the original fermentation medium. This study provides some technique support for the comprehensive utilization and the development of functional nutritious from P. ostreatus.
  • Isotope Tracer Technique·Ecology & Environment·Physiology
  • JIANG Peng, XU Fuxian, XIONG Hong, ZHANG Lin, ZHU Yongchuan, GUO Xiaoyi, CHEN Lin, MING Jing
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(1): 147-156. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.01.0147
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    The objective of this study is to explore the effect of reducing nitrogen (N) application on grain yield and N use efficiency of hybrid mid-season rice under different yield levels, field experiments were conducted at Luzhou City and Deyang City, Sichuan Province in China in 2016 and 2017. In each year, a hybrid mid-season rice Rongyou1015 was grown under four N treatments (conventional N application rate, 195 kg·hm-2, a 23% reduction in N rate, a 46% reduction in N rate and no N application, named as NCK, N-23%, N-46% and N0, respectively). Grain yield, N uptake, N harvest index, N use efficiency were measured for each N treatment. The results showed that grain yield of hybrid mid-season rice was significantly affected by experiment sites. The average grain yield of hybrid mid-season rice at Luzhou and Deyang was 8.54 (medium yield level) and 11.60 t·hm-2(high yield level), respectively. Grain yield and N use efficiency responses of hybrid mid-season rice to reduce N application rate varied with rice yield levels. Grain yield of hybrid mid-season rice under a 46% reduction in N rate and NCK treatment was equal, while a 46% reduction in N rate treatment can increase agronomic efficiency of apply N (AEN) by 93.4%, partial factor productivity of apply N (PFPN) by 87.5%, physiological efficiency of apply N (PEN) by 123.4% and N harvest index (NHI) by 6.8 percent over NCK at medium-yielding site. N uptake in straw, total N uptake and N requirement for producing per unit grain yield under N-46% treatment was 32.1% and 20.6% lower than those under NCK treatment. Consequently, N-46% treatment had 21.4% lower in N requirement for producing per unit grain yield than NCK treatment. Although reducing N rate by 46% (N-46%) treatment resulted in higher N use efficiency than NCK treatment in high-yielding level site, there were about 7.3% lower grain yield in N-46% treatment than in NCK treatment. Compared to NCK treatment, N-23% treatment had higher grain yield, AEN, PFPN, REN, PEN and NHI by 1.3%, 36.1%, 31.7%, 4.4 percent, 21.0% and 3.2 percent, respectively. N-23% treatment had 12.8%, 5.6% and 6.4% lower in N uptake in straw, total N uptake and N requirement for producing per unit grain yield than NCK treatment, respectively. The higher N use efficiency of reducing N application treatment mainly due to the contribution of lower N uptake in straw and higher N harvest index at maturity. Meanwhile, the correlation analysis showed that N requirement for producing per unit grain yield were positively related to N uptake in straw and total N uptake, but negatively to NHI. Our results suggest that rational reducing N application could achieve higher yielding coordinately with higher nitrogen use efficiency, but reduction in N rate was determined according to yield levels. The findings could provide a scientific basis for reducing nitrogen application under different yield levels in hybrid mid-season rice production.
  • JIANG Mingjin, WANG Haiyue, HE Yan, WANG Chunyu, LI Na, YANG Zhiyuan, SUN Yongjian, MA Jun
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(1): 157-168. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.01.0157
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    In order to further study the effects of nitrogen managements on the culm lodging of direct-seeded rice, based on the optimum seeding rate and nitrogen application method clarified in our previous study, two field experiments were conducted with hybrid rice F you 498 and the new-selected hybrid rice De you 4923 as the materials. Five nitrogen levels (90, 120, 150, 180 and 210 kg·hm-2, the ratio of basal fertilizer: tillering fertilizer: earing fertilizer was 3∶3∶4) in experiment 1; and four nitrogen application treatments based on the nitrogen level was 150 kg·hm-2 (the ratio of basal fertilizer: tillering fertilizer: earing fertilizer was 10∶0∶0, 4∶4∶2, 3∶3∶4 and 2∶2∶6, respectively) in the second experiment were set up to study the difference in culm morphology, mechanical index, chemical composition of the culm and its relationship with lodging resistance of direct-seeded rice under different nitrogen levels and nitrogen application methods. The results showed that the bending moment of the whole plant, section modulus, bending stress, culm diameter, and the carbohydrates content and K content of the fourth internode were decreased with the increasing nitrogen level or the rate of earing fertilizer. The increase of nitrogen level was accompanied by the elongation of the internodes, the increase of the plant height and the height of the gravity center, which resulted in the increase of lodging index and the higher lodging risk. Hybrid rice cultivars F you 498 and De you 4923 could have the higher grain yield and lodging resistance of culm in direct-seeded rice at 150 kg·hm-2nitrogen level combined with the ratio of basal fertilizer: tillering fertilizer: earing fertilizer was 3∶3∶4 and 4∶4∶2, respectively. Moreover, the bending moment at breaking, the outer diameter of the major axis, hemicellulose content, and N content play a vital role in the lodging resistance of culm in direct-seeded rice. This study provides a theoretical basis for the rational management of nitrogen fertilizers in the development of direct-seeded rice technology.

  • Isotope Tracer Technique·Ecology & Environment·Physiology
  • WANG Yong, XIAN Jingping, WANG Hailong, QUAN Yongbiao, LIU Lu, MA Huiling
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(1): 169-176. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.01.0169
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    To explore the optimal and effective SNP concentration for alleviating cadmium stress in Poa pratensis. The growth and physiological indexes were measured of Breed ’ pretreated with different concentrations of sodium nitroprusside SNP as an exogenous NO donor. The results showed that the growth of Poa pratensis was severely inhibited when the cadmium ion concentration is 200 μmol·L-1.The application of SNP (concentration less than 100 μmol·L-1) promoted the germination and increase the chlorophyll content of Poa pratensis seedlings, promote leaf dry matter accumulation and increase relative leaf water content, the activity of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase, and reduced the contents of malondialdehyde and proline. The low concentration(less than 100 μmol·L-1) of NO could effectively alleviate the damage of Cadmium stress to Poa pratensis seedlings. However, high concentration of SNP (above 100 μmol·L-1) exhibited inhibitory effects on the metabolism of Poa pratensis seedlings. This study provides a theoretical basis for the restoration of cadmium-contaminated soil by Poa pratensis.
  • WANG Tao, LEI Jingui, HUANG Yuyan, CHEN Yongkuai, LIAO Shuilan, WU Baoyi
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(1): 177-185. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.01.0177
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    In order to reduce the risk of potential agricultural non-point source pollution caused by Sparassis crispa residue waste, and to explore the feasibility of its resource utilization. In this experiment, Sparassis crispa residue was mixed with peat and perlite to study the difference of physical and chemical properties of different composite matrix, the growth of cucumber seedlings, physiological and biochemical characteristics and the difference of yield after seedling cultivation, and to explore the effect of different matrix formulations on the quality of cucumber seedlings.The results showed that the physicochemical properties of the compound matrix of Sparassis crispa residue were in the range suitable for cucumber growth; compared with the control (CK, peat: perlite=2:1), the root-shoot ratio, soluble sugar and chlorophyII of the formulation (Sparassis crispa residue∶peat∶perlite=1∶1∶1) increased by 9.84%, 25.89% and 56.67% respectively; and the root vigor was 1.79 times of CK; and the fruit number and yield of per plant cucumber increased by 17.82% and 10.80% respectively. The optimum use ratio of Sparassis crispa residue is 33%. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for the resource utilization of Sparassis crispa residue.
  • LONG Congying, DENG Huiming, SU Mingjie, LIAO Yuanlin, CAI Shizhen
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(1): 186-194. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.01.0186
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    In order to investigate the physiological responses of Melia azedarach L. to Cd and acid rain under single and combined stresses,effects of the single and combined treatment with the different concentrations of Cd2+(0,30,60,90,120,150 and 180 mg·kg-1) and three types of simulated acid rain(pH value 5.6,4.5 and 3.5) on the seedling aboveground and belowground biomass,contention of Cd, the activity of protective enzymes(SOD,POD and CAT)as well as AsA-GSH circulatory system Melia azedarach seedings were studied by pot experiments. The results showed that under Cd and acid rain single or combined treatments, the biomass of aboveground and underground was lower than that of CK except for low concentration of Cd (≤30 mg·kg-1) and combined with pH value 4.5 acid rain. The combined treatments showed more obvious influence than single treatments.In single Cd treatment, the contents of Cd in roots,stems and leaves increased with the increase of Cd concentrations,the roots was larger than that of stems and leaves,combined treatment inhibited the accumulation of plant to Cd, and the inhibitory effect on leaves was the strongest. The activities of SOD,CAT and POD were stimulated by single and compound treatment of Cd and acid rain,which thresholds appeared at 60 mg·kg-1 Cd and pH value 5.6 treatment,60 mg·kg-1Cd and pH value 4.5 treatment,90 mg·kg-1Cd and pH value 4.5 respectively. In the AsA-GSH, the AsA,GSH contents and APX,GR activities increased first and then decreased with the increase of single Cd stress, but the four showed different trends with the change of acid rain. However,under the combined treatment of Cd≤60 mg·kg-1 and pH≥4.5,the four substances maintained high content and activity,and showed a threshold with the deepening stress. In summary, Melia azedarach had certain tolerance to Cd and acid rain, and can normally grow in the the double polluted area of Cd concentration ≤60 mg·kg-1and acid rain pH ≥4.5.The study provides a theoretical basis and reference for screening plants for acid rain area contaminated by cadmium.
  • RUAN Yanan, HAN Yang, XING Xiaolin, CUI Zhixin, MENG Jing
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(1): 195-202. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.01.0195
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    To investigate effect of ionic liquid 1-propyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([C3mim]BF4) on seed germination, seedling growth and physiological and biochemical characteristics of plants, hydroponic method was used to detect the changes of growth, level of active oxygen, activities of antioxidant system and antioxidant enzymes gene expression in pakchoi seedlings with different concentrations of [C3mim]BF4 (0,100,200,300,400 and 500 mg·L-1). The results showed that the seed germination was inhibited significantly in the level of [C3mim]BF4 above the concentration of 400 mg·L-1, and the rate of seedling growth declined obviously in 500 mg·L-1. The treatment of [C3mim]BF4 increased the levels of active oxygen($\mathop{{O}}_{2}^{{\mathop{}_{\ ·}^{-}}}$、H2O2) and the content of malonaldehyde (MDA) and proline (Pro) in leaves of pakchoi, and gradually increased with the increase of ionic liquid concentration. [C3mim]BF4 increased the glutathione reductase (GR) activity significantly in leaves of pakchoi. The lower concentration (≤300 mg·L-1) of [C3mim]BF4 could promote the formation of catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX). [C3mim]BF4 above 500 mg·L-1 inhibited the CAT activity significantly, while treatment about 400 mg·L-1 inhibited the APX activity significantly. [C3mim]BF4 reduced the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity significantly in pakchoi leaves between 100500 mg·L-1. The expression of Cu/Zn-SOD and APX genes increased with the treatment of 400 mg·L-1 [C3mim]BF4 for 0~3 h, while the treatment for 13 d were significantly lower than those of the control. The expression of CAT gene was up-regulated in the treatment of [C3mim]BF4 at 400 mg·L-1 for 0-12 h, while the expression was down-regulated after treated for 24 h. These results provided a theoretical basis for revealing the toxicity mechanism of ionic liquid.
  • LIU Zhigao, SHAO Weili, SHEN Yamei, JI Mengcheng, YE Ying
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(1): 203-213. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.01.0203
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    In order to explore effects of high temperature in summer on physiology and biochemistry of Clematis cultivars, select heat-tolerant varieties and establish a heat-tolerant evaluation system, 10 physiological and biochemical indexes such as HII, REC and WD of 20 Clematis varieties were measured under high temperature stress in May to August 2015. Principal component analysis, membership function, cluster analysis and stepwise regression method were used to evaluate the heat resistance of 20 test samples comprehensively. The results showed that the 20 cultivars of Clematis were classified into 4 types, which were heat tolerance line, moderately heat tolerance line,heat susceptible line,and moderately susceptible line. Romantika, Rooguchi and the Vagabond were the top three with heat-resistance properties. Semi-lethal high temperature could be used as an index for heat tolerance evaluating. The heat resistance evaluation model was established through stepwise regression method based on 6 variables which were HII, REC, chlorophyll content (CC), methane dicarboxylic aldehyde (MDA) content, superoxide dismutase activity (SOD), and ascorbate peroxidase activity (APX). The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for the evaluation of the adaptability of Clematis cultivars and the breeding of heat resistant Clematis varieties.
  • TIAN Liwen, QI Yongchun, DAI Lu, CUI Jianping, GUO Rensong, XU Haijiang, LIN Tao, ZHANG Na
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(1): 214-223. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.01.0214
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    To explore the soil nutrient content and distribution characteristics of cultivated land in south Xinjiang after years of cultivating since the second national land survey in 1982, the Aksu prefecture of xinjiang cotton producing area with typical natural ecological conditions in southern Xinjiang was taken as a representative in our research. Field investigation and laboratory analysis were used to measure the soil major element content of organic matter, total nitrogen, available nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium and microelement content of available copper, iron, zinc, manganese, then the determination results were analyzed by combining with relevant indices of soil nutrient grading in Xinjiang. The results showed that compared with 1982, soil nutrient content in the cultivated land was greatly improved. The average organic matter content of the whole region was 13.56 g·kg-1; total nitrogen alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium were 680, 62.30, 13.90 and 145.00 mg·kg-1, respectively. Among them, the organic matter content in Aksu Prefecture was the same as that of in 1982, while the available potassium content was decreased at rate of 2.20 mg·kg-1 annually , and the content of available nitrogen and available phosphorus were higher 74.50% and 385.86% than that of in 1982, respectively. The overall result was as follows: that the content of phosphorus and potassium was abundant, the organic matter was in the middle level, except for the effective manganese content in the lower-middle level; the content of effective copper, available iron and zinc were in different degree of abundant state, and the content of nitrogen was low. In summary, it was recommended to strengthen the implementation of the balanced fertilization program for the current nutrient content levels and trends of soil, and to improve the content of soluble fertilizers such as nitrogen through reasonable irrigation, and prevent soil salinization. Thus, this research provided a theoretical basis for the future agricultural production of soil fertility and scientific fertilization in Aksu prefecture.