10 March 2019, Volume 33 Issue 3
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(3): 421-431. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.03.0421Mapping and cloning of genes related to leaf morphology is essential for understanding the molecular mechanism of leaf morphogenesis. We identified a narrow leaf mutant zy103, from the F7 progeny of 9311 (Oryza sativa sup. indica)×Yujing 6 (O. sativa sup. japonica). With F2 and F3segregation populations derived from the cross between zy103 and 9311, the narrow leaf gene was finely mapped and the candidate genes were predicted. zy103 displayed narrow and semi-rolled leaves during the whole growing duration. Plant height and setting rate of zy103 were reduced, and the seeds were bended. Genetic analysis suggested that the phenotype of zy103 was controlled by one recessive nuclear gene, which was located within a 195.4 kb region on chromosome 12. There were 28 coding genes within this region. We further analyzed the candidate genes by sequencing. Eight nucleotides from 3 472 to 3 479 in the coding region of the OsCSLD4 (LOC_Os12g36890.1) gene were deleted, which caused a frameshift with concomitant loss of function the transmembrane domains of Ⅶ and Ⅷ. Therefore, OsCSLD4 is most likely to be the target gene of zy103. The results paved ways for further mechanism analysis and provided new variation for rice ideal-plant-type breeding.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(3): 432-439. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.03.0432In order to produce cucuber mutants. In this study,seeds of the high-generation inbred line 6457 was treated by ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) solution with different concentrations and times. The phenotypic variation characteristics of cucumber before and after mutagenesis were analyzed. Considering the germination rate and seedling rate, 1.5% EMS for 10 h was selected as the appropriate treatment condition. Then 2 500 seeds of 6457 were treated by 1.5% EMS for 10 h, and a cucumber mutant library contained 221 M2 families was constructed. Variations with abnormal appearance i.e. wrinkled leaf, variegated leaf, plant with multiple tendrils, dwarf, etiolation, albino, deformed and chimera fruit were observed in the M1 population with the mutation frequency of 18.9%. Numerous valuable mutants were isolated in the M2 population, including long fruit, short fruit, heart-shaped leaves, hermaphrodite flower, dwarfing plant and etc. The mutation frequency in the M2 population was 11.7%. The mutants obtained in this study enviched in germplasm resources, provide useful mutant materials for cucumber functional genomics research and breeding improvement.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(3): 440-445. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.03.0440In order to investigate the influences of different irradiation dosages on the germination of Populus euphratica seeds, and select the optimal radiation dosage for improving the salt resistance of Populus euphratica. P. euphratica seeds collected from Ganjia Lake in Xinjiang were used as material to study the germination indexes and rates at different doses with 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 Gy under different concentration of NaCl stress.The results indicated that the germination rate, germination potentiality and relative germination rate at 150 Gy radiation treatment were significantly higher than those with other treatments, and the relative salt damage rate was decreased. The germination rate at different doses showed significantly negative correlation with the salt concentration, the critical concentration of NaCl stress was 119-181 mmol·L-1 for seeds germination with 60Co-γ ray irradiation, 150 Gy was the optimal dose for improving the tolerance to the NaCl stress. The result provides a reference for the application of irradiation breeding in P. euphratica.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(3): 446-454. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.03.0446In this study, an incomplete diallel cross using five male sterile lines and eight restorer lines with 40(5×8) hybrid combinations was carried out to understand the genetic basis of combining ability of two-line hybrid foxtail millet. The heterosis and combining ability of 11 major agronomic traits were analyzed. The results showed that the heterosis over male parent widely existed in seven traits of two-line hybrid combinations, including ear length, spike width, 1000-grain weight, tiller, ear weight, grain weight per ear, yield. However, there were a few significant heterosis over male parent combinations in all characters except 1000-grain weight. Both ear weight and grain weight per ear showed significant correlation with yield and the correlation coefficient was high. Among thirteen parents, A2 and R3 showed better general combining ability (GCA), while A1 and A2 showed better GCA effects on the yield trait. Combinations including A1×R3, A2×R8, A3×R5, A3×R7 and A5×R1 had better special combining ability (SCA) effects. By analyzing the combining ability of yield, we found that at least one parent has high GCA or the combination has high SCA in strong heterosis combinations. This study would provide theory basis for future parent selection of hybrid foxtail millet in yield.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(3): 455-463. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.03.0455Isopentenyl transferase (IPT) is the first rate-limiting enzyme of the cytokinin synthesis pathway. Transgenic tobacco plants overexpressing MdIPT3a have a typical cytokinin-specific phenotype which could be a potential selectable marker when transfered MdIPT3a in apple cisgenesis. To elucidate the regulation of MdIPT3a native promoter on gene expression, in this study, the sequence of MdIPT3a native promoter was isolated from apple cultivar Fuji. Gene fusion constructs of the GUS driven by MdIPT3a native promoters with different lengths and CaMV35S promoter as control were generated and transformed in Nicotiana tobacum Wisconsin 38, respectively. The qualitative and quantitative analysis of GUS expressions in transgenic plants were conducted to study the function of the MdIPT3a native promoter. The results showed that GUS activity was detected in all tested tissues and organs in transformed tobacco plants, and the levels of GUS expression dirven by different promoter lengths of MdIPT3a were significantly lower than by 35S promoter. The MdIPT3a promoter with different lengths were able to drive GUS expression, and a short promoter fragment of 446 bp was sufficent to confer the gene expression. This study provides technical support for the implementing the apple cisgenesis with MdIPT3a.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(3): 464-472. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.03.0464In order to evaluate the feasibility that the elongation factor-1α (EF-1α) gene of castor (Ricinus communis L.), named as RcEF-1α, acts as internal reference gene for the relevant researchs, using the female flower of castor as the experimental material. The coding sequence (CDS) of RcEF-1α was isolated from mRNA of pistillate flowers from castor by RT-PCR with gene specific primers designed according to mRNA sequence of RcEF-1α published in GenBank (Accession number: XM_002518027.3). Furthermore, a prokaryotic expression vector pET32a(+)-RcEF-1α was constructed by double restriction-enzyme digestion and transformed into E. coli BL21 (DE3). The protein was purified and verified by Western blot. The results showed that Isopropyl-β-D-thiopyran galactoglyceride(IPTG) could induce a specific protein with a molecular weight of about 66 kD. RcEF-1α proteins purified were used to immunize adult rabbits following standard protocols. Consequently, it was found by using Western blot analysis that polyclonal immune serum against RcEF-1α had high specificity. The results of ELISA showed that the titer of polyclonal immune serum was 1:51 200. The expression of RcEF-1α protein were analyzed using the prepared polyclonal immune serum through Western blot in different tissues growing normally with the same spatio-temporal conditions, including roots, stems, leaves, female flowers, male flowers and fruits. It was found that RcEF-1α were significantly more expressed in female flowers and male flowers than other tissues. Meanwhile, The relative expression levels of RcEF-1α were determined by fluorescent RT- PCR in these tissues. Statistical analysis showed that there was no significant difference in the transcription level of RcEF-1α from castor. So RcEF-1α gene was suitable as an internal control at transcriptional level for analysis of functional genes from castor, but not suitable at translational level. Study on RcEF-1α expression facilitated the elucidation of its role in the analysis of the relative expression of functional genes from castor.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(3): 473-481. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.03.0473The present study aimed at selecting the stable reference genes to ensure the reliability and accuracy in gene expression analysis of wax gourd (Benincasa hispida Cogn.). By RT-PCR technology, combined with GeNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper and ReFinder analysis, we investigated the expression stability of seven candidate reference genes(28SrRNA、UBQ、RP Ⅱ、GAPDH、EF-1α、UBC21、TUA). The results showed that, in different tissues and with different stress treatment,the expression abundance and stability of these seven reference genes were different. The expression stability of EF-1α was the best under low temperature stress., UBQ and TUA showed the best expression stability under high temperature and drought stress, EF-1α was the best reference gene for different tissues. The results of this study can be used as a reference for the selection of internal reference genes in wax gourd.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(3): 482-489. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.03.0482WD40 protein is one of the most common transcription factor families in eukaryotes. It is widely involved in many biological processes and plays an important role in protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions. In order to systematically analyze the WD40 protein family members of Lycium ruthenicum Murr., the transcriptome sequencing data of the fruit in the green, colouring, black periods of L. ruthenicum Murr.. was analyzed with the Nr、Nt、Pfam、KOG/COG、Swiss-prot、KEGG and GO database and NCBI website to screen and annotate the encoding genes of WD40 protein in L. ruthenicum Murr. We have screened 77 members of WD40 protein family in L. ruthenicum Murr.. The structural domain of WD40 protein in L. ruthenicum Murr. is diverse, and which is highly conserved among different species. The results of the subcellular localization demonstrated WD40 protein family in L. ruthenicum Murr. was mostly located in the nucleus and cytoplasm. The phylogenetic trees of WD40 protein family of L. ruthenicum Murr. and Arabidopsis thaliana showed that WD40 protein family of L. ruthenicum Murr. contained five subfamilies. The expression WD40 genes of L. ruthenicum Murr. dependent furit development indicated that WD40 protein family members of L. ruthenicum Murr. may be involved in the regulation of anthocyanin in their fruit. This study systematically analyzed the members of WD40 protein family of L. ruthenicum Murr., which provide the basis for the study on the function and isolation of WD40 protein from Lycium barbarum Murr..
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(3): 490-497. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.03.0490
In order to investigate the effects of different doses of gamma ray and electron beam irradiation technique on the postharvest quality of fresh Lentinus edodes, changes in firmness, respiration, conductivity, sensory characteristics and cell structure and morphology of fresh Lentinus edodes after irradiation were measured. The results showed that with a 2 kGy60Co gamma ray irradiation treatment, a high level of firmness(37% reduction) was maintained, lower respiration(10.81 mg·kg-1·h-1) and relative conductivity(0.268%), compared to the other groups by 60Co gamma ray irradiation after storage for 16 d; while 38% reduction in firmness, 10.39 mg·kg-1·h-1 respiration and relative conductivity with a value of 0.241% than other electron bean groups were observed with 3 kGy electron bean irradiation treatment. Sensory analysis showed that the electron beam using 3 kGy, 60Co gamma ray with 2 kGy retards mushroom sensory deterioration and therefore has better preservation effect on fresh Lentinus edodes. Microscopic analysis showed that compared with 2 kGy60Co gamma ray, 3 kGy electron beam irradiation could keep the morphology of fresh Lentinus edodes well, delay its further degradation and prolong its storage period effectively. This paper explored the feasibility of irradiation in the preservation of fresh mushrooms, indicating that gamma-irradiation and electron-beam, might be a useful mushroom conservation technology.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(3): 498-508. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.03.0498Conventional ultraviolet radiation treatment can generate such byproducts as tachysterol along with the generation of natural VD2. To reduce the difficulty of later VD2purification, VD2conversion and subsequent heating and storage treatments were carried out with the samples of ergosterol standard solution and edible fungi ergosterol extracts, by the method of intense pulsed light (IPL) and short wave-length ultraviolet (UVC) irradiation. The results indicated that the optimum extraction conditions of Agaricus bisporus ergosterol were as follows: extraction time, 60 min; absolute ethanol; ratio of material to liquid, 1∶20 g·mL-1; temperature, 80℃; and the actual ergosterol yield was 3.59 mg·g-1. Using a standard sample solution, the group of IPL of 1.108 J·cm-2, VD2 yielded 7.34%, and the VD2 yield by 0.656 J·cm-2 UVC was 9.68%. While the byproducts were significantly lower in IPL group compared to UVC, ergosterol can be generated to VD2 precursor after the photochemical reaction, and transformed to VD2spontaneously at ambient temperature at a very slow speed. The conversion is almost completed after heating at 80℃ for 30 min and 24 h storage. The VD2 yield from the extracting solution of ergosterol of edible fungus was irradiated by the above two methods, was lower than that of the same concentration of ergosterol. Comparing to the standard product, the extraction solution might be more complex, and other non-ergosterols had a certain shielding effect on light. IPL radiation treatment can effectively reduce the generation of byproducts during the process of the conversion of ergosterol to VD2, which can meet the production requirement of acquiring large-scale VD2 by using edible fungi as raw materials.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(3): 509-517. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.03.0509In order to explore an effective control the off-odor formed in the ready-to-eat meat products during irradiation treatment, three natural antioxidants (Vitamin E, tea polyphenol and rosemary extract) were chosen and added, into the minced meat during pork ham sausage processing. An effective antioxidant was screened by evaluating the control effect of them on the off-odor intensity of pork ham sausage. A further response surface experiment was carried out to analyze the storage effect of pork ham sausages with a regulatory process of irradiation with less off-odor constructed. The results showed that the rosemary extract had the best control effect to decrease the irradiation off-odor among three antioxidants. The optimum controlling process for irradiation off-odor was rosemary extract added concentration 0.55%, irradiation dose 5.733 kGy and storage temperature 4oC. After 7 days of storage, the total bacterial count was just 1.253 log (CFU·g-1), which was decreased by 83% compared to the control samples. The sensory evaluation value of the irradiation off-flavor was 4.30, which can hardly be perceived by the consumers. This study provides support for the application of irradiation technology in the preservation of ready-to-eat meat products.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(3): 518-529. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.03.0518
In order to investigate the effects of different postharvest treatments on the preservation of Cuiguan pear, and screen out the fresh-keeping technology which is suitable for Cuiguan pear storage at room temperature, fruits of Cuiguan pear were treated with 0.25 μL·L-1 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), 2.0% calcium chloride and 1.5% chitosan, and the changes of different quality parameters during shelf life under ambient temperature were determined.The results indicated that: 0.25 μL·L-1 1-MCP treatment, 2.0% calcium chloride treatment and 1.5% chitosan coating treatment could reduce the rotten rate and weight loss rate, delay the appearance of respiratory peaks, and keep soluble sugar(TSC) content, titratable acid(TA) content and vitamin C(Vc) content at higher levels. In addition, browning of fruit color and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity were inhibited, membrane relative permeability and malondialdehyde(MDA) content were reduced, and the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) were delayed under the three post-treatments. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that 1.5% chitosan coating treatment had the supreme preservation effect on the shelf life of Cuiguan pear at room temperature, followed by 0.25 μL·L-1 1-MCP treatment and 2.0% calcium chloride treatment. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for the post-harvest treatment of the Cuiguan pear at room temperature.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(3): 530-537. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.03.0530To explore method for prolonging the storage period of sweet potato root tuber, common sprout inhibitor chlorpropham (CIPC), plant-derived material menthol (MEN) and carvone(CAR) were used to treat root tuber of easier sprouting line Mian 12-25-1 and purple fleshed variety Mianzishu 9 as materials, using to treat root tuber. As a result, the three kinds of reagents could inhibit the sprouting of root tuber, and the inhibition ability was CAR>MEN>CIPC. Sprouting inhibition reduced respiration consumption, which thus decreased the weight loss of root tuber, and the weight loss of CAR treatment was only 46.40% of the control weight loss after storage 150 d. Starch content in the dry matter of sweet potato root tuber showed a downward trend during storage, but the sprouting inhibition treatment could significantly keep starch content. At 150 d, the starch content of Mian 12-25-1 and Mianzishu 9 after CAR treatment was 34.57% and 24.82% higher than that of control, respectively. The consumption of soluble sugar and anthocyanin in sprouting inhibition treatment was delayed to reduce in different degrees and the ability of retarding was positively correlated with sprouting inhibiting ability. The anthocyanin content of CAR treatment in Mianzishu 9 root tuber was 22.06% higher than that of the control at 150 d. The sprout inhibition treatment had a weak effect on the α-amylase activity, but significantly stimulated the activity of POD related to stress resistance. The results demonstrated that, CAR as an environmentally friendly substance with the lower using content could effectively inhibit the sprouting of root tuber and maintain root tuber quality and had the potential to prolong the storage period of sweet potato.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(3): 538-544. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.03.0538To clarify the effects of heating methods on the quality changes of Penaeus vannamei, the rate of water loss, texture, colour and protein composition of Penaeus vannamei treated with microwave, steam, boiling water were analyzed. It turned out that the optimal heating method of Penaeus vannamei was boiling water for 90 s. Water loss rate of Penaeus vannamei treated by microwave was 1.55 times and 1.48 times compared to the treatments under steam or boiling water at 90 s respectively. The hardness of Penaeus vannamei treated by microwave and steam were significantly higher than that of the boiling water (P < 0.05), and the elasticity and chewiness value of Penaeus vannamei treated by microwave were significantly higher than that of the other two heating methods. There were no significant differences on cohesion among three heating methods. The colour specific values of Penaeus vannamei treated by microwave and boiling water were significantly higher than of steam (P < 0.05). The loss of salt-soluble protein of Penaeus vannamei treated by microwave heating was less than the two other heating methods, the loss of water-soluble protein of Penaeus vannamei treated by boiling water was lower than other heating methods, and alkali-soluble protein content of Penaeus vannamei treated by microwave was the highest, followed by boiling water. In summary,this study provided a technical guidance for the heat processing of Penaeus vannamei.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(3): 545-554. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.03.0545In order to study the suitable conditions for the fermentation of mead, the effects of heat treatment before alcohol fermentation on the aroma compounds of mead made from two batches of vitex honey (white and light amber) were studied. The mead was fermented by FX10. The results showed that a total of 77 kinds of volatile compounds were detected in mead, including 39 esters, 20 alcohols, 8 acids, 4 terpenes and 6 carbonyl compounds. Heat treatment could significantly increase the varieties and contents of aroma substances in mead. The main aroma compounds with relative high contents included ethyl acetate, phenyl acetate, isoamyl acetate, ethyl hexanoate, ethyl octanoate, ethyl decanoate, ethyl laurate, ethyl 9-decenoate, isoamyl alcohol, phenylethyl alcohol, octanoic acid and decanoic acid. Principal component analysis was performed to investigate the aroma of honey wine, which showed that the esters in mead samples with heat treatment plaed a major role, while the esters didn't play an important role in the samples of control group, and the alcohols were the main volatile components of control group. The results of this study would provide a theoretical basis for the production of mead.
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Drying Characteristics and Kinetics of Acetes chinensis by Infrared Radiation Hot Air Coupled DryingJournal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(3): 555-564. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.03.0555In order to study the effects of infrared radiation hot air coupled drying (IRHA) on Acetes chinensis drying characteristics, low field nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and hydrogen proton imaging (MRI) were used to analyze the combination form of dry matters and water, as well the drying characteristics under different drying temperature, radiation distances and material loads. The results showed that drying temperature had a major impact on the drying rate of acetes and the drying process entered the slowdown drying stage directly. Mathematical models were selected to fit the drying process, and the Two-term model (R2>0.999 8) was found to have the highest degree of fit to the drying process, which could be used to describe and predict the IRHA drying process. Moisture diffusivity is an important indicator of the internal moisture transfer during the drying process. The Fick’s second law of diffusion was employed to calculate the value of moisture effective diffusivity coefficient (Deff), which ranged from 4.47×10-10 m2·s-1 to 1.295×10-9 m2·s-1 with the temperature of 50~80℃. The activation energy determined with Arrhenius equation was 34.24 kJ·mol-1 for the drying of acetes by IRHA drying, which was in the reasonable range. The dry matter of acetes was combined more and more tightly with water during the drying process, and free and non-flowable water gradually disappeared. At the end of drying, only the combined water existed, and the amount of combined water increased, which might result from the conversion of the non-flowable water. This explained microscopically the reason for the decrease in drying rate in the late drying stage from microcosmic level. This research provided theoretical and technical foundation for IRHA drying of acetes.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(3): 565-573. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.03.0565To reveal the carbon and nitrogen storage allocation mechanism of the oat cultural grassland, the study investigated the effect of the varieties, fertilization level and legume mixture on the carbon and nitrogen storage allocation. Oats varieties, levels of nutrient addition and four legume mixture levels were designed to analysis the carbon and nitrogen stock and allocation characters under different soil depth. As the results showed, the factors of variety, fertilizer and mixture significantly affect the soil carbon and nitrogen storage, the effect of fertilizer and mixture are greater. Under the IM+OM treatment, the system carbon and nitrogen storage are greater than the other fertilizer treatments (184.45 t·hm-2and 12.51 kg·hm-2), the carbon and nitrogen storage under the legume mixture of 75 kg·hm-2 are much higher than the other mixture levels (182.76 t·hm-2 and 11.90 kg·hm-2). The distribution model of soil carbon and nitrogen sequestiation in different soil layers were 0~10 cm>10~20 cm>20~30 cm>30~40 cm>40~50 cm at the milk stage of oats. The carbon and nitrogen decreased as the soil depth increased, and the carbon allocation at the different soil layers is 27.35%, 24.50%, 21.39%, 14.38% and 11.08%, and the nitrogen allocation at the different soil layers is 28.62%, 24.43%, 17.95%, 15.47% and 12.49%, respectively. The carbon and nitrogen storage at the 0~50 cm soil layer took up 98.69% and 98.96%, while the plant only took up 1.31% and 1.04%, especially for plant stem, leaf, ear and root on take up 0.58%, 0.30%, 0.28% and 0.15% of carbon, and 0.28%, 0.42%, 0.29% and 0.06% of nitrogen, respectively. This finding provides a theoretical basis for studying the carbon and nitrogen storage allocation of the cultural grassland on Alpine Meodow.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(3): 574-582. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.03.0574Aimed to arrange direct seeding rice varieties and sowing date properly, a phased field experiment was conducted in paddy fields of Western Sichuan Plain, to evaluate the differences of photosynthetic characteristics, yield and its constituent factors of 3 representative hybrid rice varieties. The results showed that along with delayed sowing date, the net photosynthetic rate (Pn) of 3 rice varieties decreased generally. Meanwhile, the effective panicle number and seed setting rate of medium and late maturing varieties significantly decreased, leading to significant decline of their yield (P<0.05). Early or late sown conditions were not conducive to the coordinated development of the yield of early maturing variety. The yield of medium and late maturing varieties dramatically affected by the delayed sowing date. However, there were not significant differences in most selected sowing date of early maturing variety. The yield of 3 cultivars decreased by 11.8%, 33.0% and 45.4% from highest to lowest, respectively. Overall, to ensure stable and high yield of direct seeding rice in Western Sichuan Plain, the suitable sowing date of 3 varieties could be April 5thto 26th. Furthermore, the results suggested that the early maturing variety Nei5youyuxiangⅠ could be appropriate to postpone the sowing date, which was suitable for the application of local wheat-rice or rape-rice rotation systems. This study provided reference for the suitable sowing date and variety selection of direct seeding rice in paddy field of Western Sichuan Plain.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(3): 583-591. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.03.0583To evaluate the response of the grain yield and quality of double-cropped high-quality rice cultivars to climate warming, a free-air temperature increase experiment was conducted with Jinzao47 (Inbred Indica rice) and Liangyou287 (Hybrid Indica rice) as early rice cultivars, and Xiangyaxiangzhen (Inbred Indica rice), Wanxiangyouhuazhan (Hybrid Indica rice) and Yongyou5550 (Indica-Japonica Hybrid rice) as late rice cultivars. The results showed that post-anthesis warming with a canopy temperature increase of 1.29℃ and 1.73℃ in the early and late rice growing seasons respectively, had no significant effects on the grain yield of both early and late rice. Post-anthesis warming had no significant effects on the milling quality and chalky grain rate of early rice, but increased the chalkiness by an average of 16.0%. The brown rice rate, head rice rate, chalky grain rate, and chalkiness of late rice were increased by an average of 1.8%, 3.5%, 30.3%, and 27.2%, respectively. Protein content was increased by an average of 6.27% for both early and late rice under warming, whereas amylose content decreased by 3.53%, with an increase of 0.09μm in the average diameter of starch granules. The rice flour RVA characteristics showed a large variation with growing seasons and cultivars under post-anthesis warming. In conclusion, post-anthesis warming had no significant effects on the grain yield of double-cropped high-quality rice cultivars, while benefiting the milling and nutritional quality of rice grains but with a deterioration in the appearance quality. These results shed light on the production of the double-cropped rice for both high quality and high yield in face of climate warming.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(3): 592-599. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.03.0592To reveal effect of K deficiency on photosynthetic characteristics and PSⅡ performance, two maize inbred lines, 90-21-3 (tolerant to K deficiency) and D937 (sensitive to K deficiency) were used to analyze photosynthetic parameters, electron donors and receptors of PSⅡ, and reaction center of PSⅡ. The results showed that K content in leaf tissues of 90-21-3 and D937 significantly decreased under K deficiency stress, which induced a reduction in leaf area, Gs, and Pn, and increased Ci. It indicated that the decreased photosynthesis in 90-21-3 and D937 was attributed to non-stomatal factors under K deficiency stress. The parameters of Mo, Ⅴj and DIo/ABS in 90-21-3 were significantly increased by 64.76%, 18.84% and 37.19%, and significantly increased by 117.9%, 283.82% and 99.92% in D937 under K deficiency stress, respectively. However, RC/CSm ABS/RC and PIabs in 90-21-3 were significantly decreased by 30.15%, 70.56% and 62.81%, and significantly decreased by 51.32%, 164.97% and 97.67% in D937, respectively. These results indicated that the donor, receptor, and reaction centers of PSⅡ in 90-21-3 and D937 were restrained, which resulted in photoinhibition, especially from damaged oxygen-evolving complex (OEC). Compared with D937, the performance of PSⅡ in 90-21-3 was better than in D937 under K deficiency stress due to the slightly changed parameters and photoinhibition, helping to maintain a higher photosynthetic capacity. This study provides a theoretical basis for revealing physiological mechanism of K tolerance on photosynthesis.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(3): 600-606. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.03.0600The summer maize was adopted as test crop in this work to investigate suitable dissolved oxygen concentrations for the benefits of crop growth and nitrogen utilization. With the strategy of subsurface drip irrigation and the control treatment (CK) of groundwater irrigation, impacts of aerated irrigation on potted maize growth, yield and nitrogen utilization were analyzed by setting three dissolved oxygen concentrations in irrigation water as 10 (OA10), 20 (OA20) and 40 (OA40) mg·L-1. The results evidenced that the dissolved oxygen concentration in soil was significantly promoted by aerated subsurface drip irrigation. Compared to CK, the soil dissolved oxygen in OA10, OA20 and OA40 treatments increased by 14.83%, 9.71% and 8.00% on average, respectively, leading to remarkable improvements in crop growth, yield and nitrogen use efficiency (P<0.05). Specifically, the plant height, leaf fresh weight and leaf dry weight enlarged by 7.39%, 16.30% and 12.02% in OA10, the leaf dry weight and stem fresh weight elevated by 15.82% and 12.43% in OA40, the root fresh weight in OA10, OA20 and OA40 increased by 60.00%, 17.66% and 52.98%, and the root volume enhanced by 34.03%, 14.56% and 51.32%; the root activity in OA10 and OA20 boosted by 272.77% and 64.44%; the crop yield in OA10 and OA40 raised by 24.46% and 21.83%, the water utilization efficiency improved by 19.10% and 21.61%, the 100-seed weight progressed by 17.53% and 15.14%. The grain nitrogen uptake in OA10 and OA40 increased by 63.90% and 35.27%, and the grain nitrogen partitioning ratio and nitrogen uptake efficiency in OA10 grew by 21.57% and 33.33%. All differences above were statistically significant (P<0.05). Thereby, the aerated subsurface drip irrigation elevated the oxygen concentration in the root zone of the crop dramatically and hence facilitated the crop growth, yield and nitrogen uptake and usage. Herein, the optimist improvement was observed in OA10. This study provides a theoretical basis for applications of the aerated irrigation technique.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(3): 607-615. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.03.0607In order to develop the new elite flue-cured tobacco varieties with strong resistance to drought and to research on its mechanisms, flue-cured tobacco lines LY1306, zhongyan100 and Hongda varieties were used to research the changes of antioxidant enzyme activity, malonaldehyde(MDA) and proline contents in leaves under both 25% PEG-6000 and water shortage stress. Under 25%PEG-6000 treatment,the flue-cured tobacco line LY1306 could keep perfect leaf status, much higher superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and stronger capability of osmoregulation. Several leaves of zhongyan100 were wilted. The activities of SOD were lower than that in leaf of LY1306. Compared with the contrast treatment, the activities of POD and CAT in the leaf of zhongyan100 were decreased after drought stress while the accumulation of MDA increased. The leaves of Hongda were seriously wilted, the activity of CAT decreased significantly while the accumulation of proline increased. Under the water shortage stress treatment which could induce the repeated drought stress the LY1306 tobacco line could also keep higher catalase (CAT) activity, less accumulation of MDA, higher water use efficiency and lower transpiration rate to finally reduce the water loss through leaf. After repeated drought stress, the LY1306 line could also keep the normal morphology of chloroplasts without obvious decreasing of the number of chloroplasts in the leaf. The activity of POD and content of proline increased significantly in the leaf of Hongda but still accumulated more MDA and the number of chloroplasts decreased as well as the structure was damaged. Zhongyan 100 had higher activities of POD, more proline accumulation and good chloroplast structure. Results showed that the LY1306 line is a very good candidate tobacco variety which has a strong drought resistance and had the good ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species and osmotic adjustment capacity under drought conditions. Researches on the mechanisms of the resistance to drought of LY1306 line will provide clues for the development of drought resistant flue-cured tobacco varieties.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(3): 616-622. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.03.0616Effect of N, P and K on yield, quality of Erigeron breviscapus and fertilization effect were researched to recommend optimum fertilizer proportion and application amount. Through field plot experiments with ‘3414’ experiment plan, yield, contents and outputs per unit area of three main extracts (scutellarin, total flavonoid, total caffeate) of Erigeron breviscapus were measured and calculated, and application amount of N, P and K were simulated consequently using fertilizer effect function equation. The results showed that proper fertilization significantly increased yield, effect of N, P and K on yield of Erigeron breviscapus was interactive with order of NPK>NP>NK>PK. The interaction of N and P fertilizer was synergistic, while synergistic effect between N and P, P and K fertilizer was observed under a low amount of K application. Rational fertilization increased yield per unit area of the main components of Erigeron breviscapus. Reducing or not applying N fertilizer and applying medium level P and K were beneficial to improve quality of Erigeron breviscapus. The recommended application amounts on the optimal yield (13 807.2 kg · hm-2) were N of 151.4 kg · hm-2, P2O5 of 120.7 kg · hm-2 and K2O of 71.0 kg · hm-2 according to fertilizer effect function equation. Meanwhile, the recommended application amounts on the highest output per unit area of scutellarin (310.7 kg · hm-2) were N of 120.0 kg · hm-2, P2O5 of 92.1 kg · hm-2 and K2O of 113.6 kg · hm-2. The results of this study provided theoretical basis to guide and standardize fertilization technique of Erigeron breviscapus.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(3): 623-630. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.03.0623To investigate the toxic mechanism of BaP on carp (Cyprinus carpio), the antioxidases (SOD, CAT, GSH) activities, MDA content, and the activities of non-specific immunity enzymes (LZM, PO, AKP, ACP), NBT positive cells and organization structure in liver and kidney of carp exposed to different concentrations of BaP (0, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0 μg·L-1) for 30 days were studied. The results showed that after exposure for 30 days, SOD activity and MDA content in liver and kidney, CAT activity in liver, and GSH activity in kidney exposed to 1.0 μg·L-1 of BaP were significantly lower than those in the control group. The activities of LZM, AKP and PO in liver and kidney, and ACP activity in liver exposed to 1.0 μg·L-1 of BaP were significantly decreased compared with control group. The number of NBT positive cells decreased significantly compared with control group. The liver and kidney tissue were damaged to different degrees. Correlation analysis indicated that the BaP concentration was negatively correlated with SOD activities, was positively correlated with MDA content in liver and kidney, had a negative correlation with the activities of AKP, ACP, PO in liver and kidney, was negatively correlated with the number of NBT positive cells. All above indicated that exposure to BaP in water could negatively affect the antioxidant ability, non-specific immunity function and organization structure in liver and kidney of carp to some extent, which provided the important information for further study of the ecological toxicity of BaP.
