10 October 2020, Volume 34 Issue 10
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(10): 2125-2132. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.10.2125To investigate the biological effects of 60Co-γ rays on water lily, tubers of two water lily cultivars, Nymphaea Virginia and N. Almost black, were irradiated at different doses by 60Co-γ rays. Results showed that the survival rates of two water lily varieties decreased with the irradiation dose increased, and the semi-lethal doses were 24.342 Gy and 27.671 Gy, respectively. Besides, 5-10 Gy 60Co-γ radiation treatment significantly increased leaf area and number of floating leaves, while 20-40 Gy 60Co-γ radiation treatment significantly reduced leaf area and number of floating leaves. Although the flowering time of the two cultivars was delayed with the increase of irradiation dose, the whole flowering length did not change significantly. 10-40 Gy 60Co-γ irradiation significantly reduced the diameter of water lily, yet had no significant effect on the flowering rate. Irradiation treatment resulted in red-brown patches, sawtooth, shrinkage, pore, curl and yellowish leaves of two water lily varieties. The area of red-brown patches increased with the increase of irradiation dose. Irradiation treatment resulted in a general fading of black-red flower cultivar Almost black, but no variation of white flower cultivar Virginia. In addition, flower pattern variations were observed in both cultivars. The present study laid a foundation for breeding new water lily varieties with the application of radiation mutagenesis technology.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(10): 2133-2142. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.10.2133In order to clarify the genome composition of wheat-Aegilops comosa hybrid progenies and their application value in wheat breeding, molecular markers, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), disease resistance evaluation by inoculating physiological races of wheat main diseases, and agronomical trait investigations were conducted in this study. Molecular markers and FISH data showed that the material identified herein were wheat-Ae. comosa 2M addition, 2M(2D) substitution, 2AS-2ML.2MS translocation line and 2DS-2ML.2MS translocation line, respectively. Disease resistance evaluation indicated that the lines containing chromosome 2M were highly resistant to stripe rust, while the control wheat were susceptible, suggesting that chromosome 2M of Aegilops comosa harbor a stripe rust resistance gene. Agronomical traits investigation indicated that the introduction of 2M chromosome of Aegilops comosa into wheat background affected the yield traits such as spikelet number, grain number per spike, and grain weight per spike. Therefore, agronomical characters mentioned above should be investigated, and the current major wheat cultivars should be used for backcross improvement during the creation and utilization of stripe rust resistant wheat-Ae. comosa chromosome small fragment translocation lines that 2M involved. The stripe rust resistant wheat-Ae. comosa chromosome lines that 2M involved identified in this study enriched the wheat disease resistance gene pool and provided a new source of resistance for wheat breeding.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(10): 2143-2151. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.10.2143To understand heterosis and major gene effect, inheritance and major gene plus polygene mixed genetic model analysis were carried out for six branching traits of standard cut-chrysanthemum based on 97 F1 population of cross combination Ⅰ derived from QD3-71 (female parent) and Sei No Issei (male parent), and 147 F1 population of cross combination Ⅱ derived from Qinhuaichunxue (female parent) and Jinba (male parent). i.e. total number of lateral buds, number of upper primary branches, primary branch diameter, primary branch angle, primary branch length and total number of lateral buds/number of leaf nodes. The results indicated that the six branching traits were continuously distributed, with coefficient of variation (CV) ranging from 10.23% to 39.92%. Branching traits of the two combinations had varying degrees of mid-parent heterosis, and the phenomenon of over-parent individuals widely existed. Partial maternal inheritance was observed for total number of lateral buds and number of upper primary branches in the two combinations. In addition, primary branch length of cross combination Ⅰ showed over-parent heterosis. The mixed inheritance analysis indicated that total number of lateral buds/number of leaf nodes in cross combination Ⅰ was fitting B-3 model with additive effect of two pairs of major gene, and the heritability of major gene was 98.84%. In cross combination Ⅱ, number of upper primary branches was fitting B-1 model with additive-dominant-epistatic effect of two pairs of major gene, and the heritability of major gene was 93.04%. Meanwhile, primary branch length and total number of lateral buds/number of leaf nodes in cross combination Ⅱ were fitting A-1 model with additive-dominant effect of one pair of major gene, and the heritability of major gene was 36.84% and 52.11%, respectively. However, total number of lateral buds was fitting A-1 model with additive-dominant effect of one pair of major gene in two combinations, and the heritability of major gene was 57.39% and 46.73%, respectively. Primary branch diameter and primary branch angle were fitting A-0 model in two combinations with no major gene detected. The results indicated that the major gene effects of standard cut-chrysanthemum branching traits were different in different genetic backgrounds, but the discovery of these major gene effects provided references for QTL mapping research and was of great value in standard cut-chrysanthemum breeding of plant architecture.
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Study on the Abiotic Stress Response Characteristics of MDH Gene in Foxtail Millet (Setaria italica)Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(10): 2152-2160. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.10.2152In order to reveal the response of foxtail millet MDH gene to stress, two malate dehydrogenase genes (SiMDH1 and SiMDH2) were obtained from the foxtail millet by sequence alignment. The protein characteristics, gene structure, function, evolution and other traits of SiMDH1 and SiMDH2 were systematically analyzed and predicted. The expression of SiMDH1 and SiMDH2 under different stresses at seedling stage and key growth stages under drought stress and different light intensities were detectedby fluorescence real-time quantitative PCR. The characteristic parameters and sequence analysis indicated that SiMDH1 and SiMDH2 protein were very similar and the sequences were very conservative. Both of them contained the NAD binding domain and C-terminal domain of malate dehydrogenase, which are the typical characteristic domain of MDH gene. Subcellular localization showed that SiMDH1 and SiMDH2 were localized in chloroplast, cytoplasmic, and mitochondria. Promoter analysis identified a variety of light, hormonal, and other growth-related cis-elements in the SiMDH1 and SiMDH2 promoter sequences. The qPCR expression profiles showed that SiMDH1 and SiMDH2 were induced by ABA, PEG, high salt and low temperature at seedling stage, indicating that SiMDH1 and SiMDH2 were involved in abiotic signaling pathway at the seedling stage. Subsequent expression analysis showed that SiMDH1 and SiMDH2 were involved in drought stress pathway at jointing, heading and filling stages. Further analysis of light intensity showed that light intensity seriously affected the expression of SiMDH1 and SiMDH2 at different growth stages. This study provided experimental date and theoretical support for further analysis on stress responses mechanism of SiMDH and improvement of crop stress resistance and yield using genetic engineering methods.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(10): 2161-2167. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.10.2161In order to explore the function of apple cystatin gene MpCYS4 in response to Diplocarpon mali infection, we used apple dwarf rootstock M26 wild type and MpCYS4 transgenic lines #1, #3 and #4 as the experimental materials, and monitored MpCYS4 expression in apple leaves after the infection of Diplocarpon mali by quantitative real-time PCR. Meanwhile, the disease resistance of MpCYS4 transgenic apple leaves was tested, the MpCYS4 fusion protein was induced and purified, and the in vitro antibacterial activity was analyzed. The results showed that the expression of MpCYS4 gene was induced by Diplocarpon mali, and overexpression of MpCYS4 significantly improved the resistance of apple leaves to Diplocarpon mali infection. Moreover, MpCYS4 protein purified in vitro can effectively inhibit the spore germination and mycelial growth of Diplocarpon mali, showing significant antibacterial activity. These results provide a theoretical reference for further research on the biological function of apple cystatin gene MpCYS4 and the relationship between cystatin and plant disease resistance.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(10): 2168-2177. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.10.2168JAZ1 is one of the genes encoding JAZs protein of TIFY family. In order to clone SbJA2 gene from Sorghum and to study its expression characteristics under stress treatment, in this study, the total RNA was extracted from sorghum BTx623, and cDNA of SbJAZ1 was amplified by reverse transcription. Subsequently, bioinformatics analysis was conducted to characterize SbJAZ1 and the prokaryotic system was employed to express SbJAZ1 protein. The results showed that the full length of SbJAZ1 gene was 606 bp, encoding 201 amino acids, the isoelectric point of predicted protein was 7.70, and the molecular weight was 21.15 kDa. SbJAZ1 is a hydrophilic protein with high homology to maize JAZ1. In secondary structure, alpha helix accounted for 25.37%, elongation chain 9.95%, β angle 4.98%, and irregular curl 59.70%. qRT-PCR analysis demonstrated that SbJAZ1 could express in sorghum root, stalk, shoot and leaves, but mainly expressed in stalk. The expression level of SbJAZ1 was induced at 1 hour after plant hormone jasmonic acid (JA) treatment. Besides, PEG-6000 and plant hormone indole acetic acid (IAA) also enhance the expression of SbJAZ1. In order to obtain the soluble expression protein of SbJAZ1, the prokaryotic expression vector of SbJAZ1 gene was constructed and the expressed strains, induction temperatures and concentrations of IPTG (isopropyl-β-D-thiopyranogalactoside) were optimized. The results demonstrated that SbJAZ1 was highly expressed in Rosetta (DE3) strain at 30℃ with 0.8 mmol·L-1IPTG. This study provides a basis understanding for the functional study of SbJAZ1.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(10): 2178-2189. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.10.2178In order to explore the coloring mechanism of red flower in Cymbidium hybrids, the hybrid Huangjinmei with red flowers between C.georigingii with green flowers and C.hybridum with yellow flowers was selected as the experimental material. The key structural genes and the regulatory genes affecting the color were selected based on the transcription sequencing data of the petals at little flower bud and initial bloom stages. The differentially expressed unigenes (DEGs) was verified by qPCR, and the contents of the pigments (carotenoid, chlorophyll a,chlorophyll b,anthocyanin,total flavonoids) in the petals were detected by the spectrophotometer. The results showed that a total of 113 780 Unigenes was obtained by transcriptome sequencing, the ratio of Unigenes with length of 200-300 bp was 42.68%, among which 44 088 Unigenes were annotated. Compared to the little flower bud stage, there were 1 855 DEGs were up-regulated and 2 494 were down-regulated at initial bloom stage. DEGs were assigned into 47 gene ontology (GO) terms, and 1 219 DEGs were assigned into 166 kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathways. According to the KEGG pathway and the gene annotations, 54 key structural genes and 21 transcriptional regulatory genes associated with the flower color were screened. The expression levels of DFR, ANS, 3,5GT genes and Zm1, Hv1, MYB305 transcription factors of anthocyanin biosynthesis was up-regulated at initial bloom stage. Blasting to the homology genes in the NCBI, DFR、ANS、3GT genes were found having the highest homology with the genes of Cymbidium hybrid cultivar, 5,3GT、3,5GT、Zm1 genes having the highest homology with the genes of Phalaenopsis equestris and Dendrobium catenatum, and the transcription factors Hv1、MYB305 having the highest homology with the genes of C.ensifolium. The qPCR results showed that the expressions of genes were consistent with the resulting transcription sequencing. The contents of total flavonoids in the petals were higher than the contents of carotenoid and chlorophyll at different stages, and the contents of anthocyanin went up at initial bloom stage. The results of this study provide a reference for the study of the function analysis of flower color genes in Cymbidium hybrids.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(10): 2190-2198. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.10.2190A quantitative real-time PCR assay was established for analyzing and identifing three cod species (Gadus morhua, G. macrocephalus, and Melanogrammus aeglefinus). 16S rDNA gene was used to design primers for distinguishing the Gadidae and non-Gadidae species, and the mitochondrial Cytb gene was selected for discriminating three cod species. The results showed that the RT-PCR assay systems with either 16S rDNA or species-specific gene performed well. Using the standard curves constructed for each gene, the content of target cod species could be quantitatively detected in single or mixed samples. And the relative detection limit reached 0.01% in simulated mixture samples. Through the detection of 13 commercial cod products, the qPCR system could detect the cod species in raw materials and deep-processed products. In conclusion, the methods developed in this study have strong practicability could meet the needs of routine testing, and have the possibility to be adopted as a routine method for cod market management in future.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(10): 2199-2208. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.10.2199In order to investigate the effects of low temperature on ripening, softening and starch degradation of postharvest fruits, the changes of fruit firmness, soluble solids, ethylene, starch content and starch enzyme related genes during low temperature storage in Hongyang kiwifruit (Actinidia chinesis) were investigated. The results showed that low temperature could significantly inhibit the ripening and softening of kiwifruit fruit after harvest, delay the degradation of starch, increase the content of soluble solids, and maintain the high hardness of the fruit during storage. Low temperature also inhibited the expressions of AcACO1 and AcACS1 and ethylene synthesis. In addition, low temperature decreased the expression of the starch degradation related genes AcAMY1, AcBAM1/3, AcISA3, AcLDA1, AcDPE1. In the late stage of cryopreservation, the expression of amylase-related genes AcAMY1, AcBAM1/3, AcLDA1 and AcDPE1 was related to the amount of ethylene released. These results suggest that, low temperature delaying the postharvest ripening and softening process of kiwifruit is closely related to starch degradation, which may affect the ethylene degradation by inhibiting ethylene synthesis, and ultimately delayed the fruit softening process. These results provide a theoretical basis for postharvest storage of kiwifruit.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(10): 2209-2218. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.10.2209To establish an efficient and stable induction system of adventitious buds from Neofinetia falcata and select the most suitable regeneration protocol. Mono-factorial experiment was conducted to select the dominant growth regulator and their optimal concentrations using protocorm-like bodies and callus obtained from non-symbiotic germination and modified basal MS medium with various plant hormone and natural additives. Furthermore, complete combination test and orthogonal experiment were used to investigate the impacts on callus induction and proliferation, growth of adventitious buds and plant regeneration by various plant hormones with different concentration and natural additives. The results indicated that the most suitable modified medium for non-symbiotic germination was MS medium with 0.5 g·L-1active carbon, with which lots of protocorm-like bodies were obtained from the seeds of Neofinetia falcate after culturing for 75 d. A mass of calluses was inducted from protocorm-like bodies in the modified MS medium with 0.5 mg·L-16-BA, 0.5 mg·L-1 NAA, 30 g·L-1 mashed apple and 0.5 g·L-1active carbon after 70 d. Hereafer, lots of adventitious buds differentiated from protocorm-like bodies, the proliferation coefficient of callus was 6.84 and the differentiation rate was 98.06%. The adventitious buds were proliferated as a pattern of “buds to buds” when sub-cultured on the same medium as differentiation and the proliferation coefficient reached up to 4.36. The sterile seedlings were 100% rooted when cultured on the modified MS medium with 1.0 mg·L-1 NAA, 0.5 g·L-1 active carbon and 70 g·L-1 mashed apple. The survival rate of these rooted seedlings was 100% after transplanted into sterile pine bark fragment for 90 d with suitable temperature and humidity. Our study establishes an efficient regeneration system of N. falcata in vitro, which provides a technology reference and theoretical basis for its artificial breeding and cultivation. Our results also provide a technology reference of rapid propagation in vitro for other Orchidaceae plants.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(10): 2219-2225. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.10.2219Rhizoctonia solani has the characteristics of strong saprophyticity and wide range of hosts,it is mainly harmful to more than 260 kinds of plants in 43 families including Gramineae, Solanaceae, Leguminosae and Cruciferae,resulting in severe reduction in yield and quality in rice, corn and potato. However, high levels of resistance gene have not been found in the genebank, so it is impossible to cultivate new materials resistant to Rhizoctonia solani by gene transformation. The main pathogenic factors of Rhizoctonia solani are toxin and cell wall degrading enzymes. Based on the interaction between pathogens and plants, this review focuses on the production, component identification, biological activity and pathogenic mechanism of Rhizoctonia solani, which aimed is provide a theoretical basis for the in-depth study of Rhizoctonia solani and the effective prevention and treatment of related diseases.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(10): 2226-2234. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.10.2226In order to explore the functional modification of starch-based edible films by tea polyphenols (TP), potato starch and sodium alginate (blending at 7:3, m:m) were used as film forming substances by incorporating TP as a bioactive compound to prepare composite films via a solution blending and casting method. The effects of TP addtion on the physical, mechanical, water barrier properties, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the films were systematically investigated. Based on the measurement results, potato starch/sodium alginate composite films with 5% of TP showed good overall performance, whose indexes were significantly higher than the control group. The tensile strength, elongation at break, water vapor permeability, thickness, total phenol content and DPPH free radical scavenging rate were 20.78 MPa, 24.33%, 2.3×10-12 g·cm-1·s-1·Pa-1, 117.67 μm, 7.95 mg GAE·g-1 and 84.47%, respectively. Meanwhile, the composite film exhibited a profound inhibition of 502.15 mm2 against Staphylococcus aureus. The results of this study can provide a theoretical basis and experimental reference for the functionalization of tea polyphenols in starch-based edible film and its application in food packaging.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(10): 2235-2243. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.10.2235In order to investigate the effect of ultrasound pretreatment on the drying efficiency and dried product quality of chive petiole, the Box-Behnken response surface method was used to optimize the condition of ultrasound pretreatment for chive petiole. By measuring the drying rate, rehydration ratio, L value, thiosulfinate and alliin retention rate of dried product, a normalization method was used to perform comprehensive scoring. Results showed that the optimized parameters of ultrasonic pretreatment were ultrasonic power 697.66 W, ultrasonic frequency 46.23 kHz and ultrasound pretreatment time 5.78 min. Under this condition, the overall score was 0.84. The verification tests showed that the comprehensive score under the optimized condition was 0.82 and the error was 2.38%, indicating the optimization result was reasonable. The optimized ultrasound pretreatment process could improve the drying efficiency of petiole and improve its drying quality. The result of this study will be of great significance to the development of the chive petiole drying industry in the future.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(10): 2244-2253. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.10.2244In order to optimize the preparation process of alginic acid monosaccharide by degrading alginic acid, alginic acid is used as the raw material, and it is degraded by high temperature degradation and H2O2 oxidative degradation. Based on the single factor experiment, the optimal conditions for the degradation of alginic acid to produce alginic acid monosaccharide were determined by an orthogonal test. The degraded alginic acid monosaccharide was combined with the shell powder calcium to form alginic acid monosaccharide calcium, and the product was characterized by infrared spectroscopy and thin layer chromatography. Finally, the calcium supplementation effect of alginic acid monosaccharide calcium was verified by animal experiments.The Orthogonal results showed that the optimum degradation conditions were: 130℃, 180 min and 1:25 (ratio of alginic acid to water) for high-temperature degradation; 92.5℃, 150 min, and 1:5 (the ration of alginic acid to 30% H2O2) for oxidative degradation. Under this condition, the degradation rate of alginic acid was 80.68%. Synthesis conditions for monosaccharide calcium were: 1:8 (the ratio of alginic acid monosaccharide to water), 40℃ (the binding temperature), 12 h (the reaction time). The binding rate under this condition was 88.42%,and the calcium content was 10.10%. In addition, the results of thin-layer chromatography and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis indicated that the basic structure of alginic acid monosaccharide did not change due to high temperature and oxidation degradation. It was proved by the later animal experiments that the alginic acid monosaccharide calcium had a significant effect on increasing the bone density in rats compared with the low calcium model group (P<0.05). The results of this study provides the basic data for the potential of alginic acid monosaccharide calcium to be utilized as a functional food, and also provide a new method for the high value utilization of shell resources.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(10): 2254-2260. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.10.2254To screen out the suitable drying temperature for different peanuts, HY22 (large-size), HY20 (medium-size) and NH16 (small-size) were used to evaluate the quality and germination parameters at different drying temperatures. The results showed that the quality of HY22, HY20 and NH16 were decreased due to the increased acid value and peroxide value with the increased temperature, but no effect on the content of protein, oleic acid, linoleic acid and amino acid. When the drying temperature was 40℃, the electrical conductivity of HY22, HY20 and NH16 were 2.57, 1.85 and 3.38-fold compared to the controls after soaking of 12 hours, respectively. There were no significant differences in HY22, HY20 and NH16 of germination potential, germination rate, germ length, and germ weight. When the drying temperature was 50℃, the electrical conductivity of HY22, HY20 and NH16 were 2.4, 1.61 and 3.12-fold after soaking of 12 hours, respectively. The germination potential and rate of HY22 were significantly decreased by 24.30 and 6.25 percentage points, and, germ length and weight were significantly decreased by 25.21% and 24.62%. The germination potential of NH16 was significantly by 16.25 percentage points, and germ weight was significantly decreased by 22.14%. But there was no significant change in HY20. When the drying temperature was higher than 50℃, the germination rates of HY22, HY20 and NH16 were significantly decreased. These results showed that high-temperature drying could decrease the quality and germination performance of peanuts. This results study could provide a theoretical basis for the rapid drying technology of peanuts after harvest.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(10): 2261-2270. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.10.2261To investigate the effects of tea polyphenols on fresh noodles quality and antioxidant properties. The effects of addition of 0.0, 0.1%, 0.5% and 1.0% tea polyphenols on the texture characteristics, microstructure, sensory quality, storage quality and antioxidant properties of fresh noodles using a texture analyzer, scanning electron microscopy(SEM), sensory evaluation and antioxidant model, respectively. The results demonstrated that the hardness, elasticity and chewiness of noodles increased with the addition of tea polyphenols. After the addition of polyphenols into noodles, the gluten network structure of the sample became dense and uniform, and the internal structure was obviously improved. The addition of tea polyphenols can effectively inhibit the growth of microorganisms. It has been found that when 0.5% tea polyphenol was added into the sample, total sensory evaluation score was the highest, and the DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging rates were 1.5 times higher than those of the control group, which indicated that 0.5% tea polyphenol addition to the noodles can produce a fresh noodle product with certain physiological functions. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for the processing of functional fresh noodles.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(10): 2271-2279. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.10.2271In order to improve the aroma quality of Italian Riesling dry white wine, the volatile aroma compounds in fermented wine samples treated by maceration processes(JZ) and maceration combined with clarification processes(JC) respectively were detected by HS-SPME/GC-MS in comparison with the fermentation process of clarified juice(CQ). The results showed that maceration treatment could significantly increase the content of aroma compounds in wine. Compared with the control, JZ and JC treatments had significant effects on the content of aroma compounds (P<0.05), the concentration of terpenes in wine treated by JZ and JC increased by 1.86 and 1.01 times respectively, and the contents of alcohol and ester compounds in wine treated by JC were up to 4 799.38 μg·L-1 and 5 013.28 μg·L-1 respectively. Principal component analysis combined with sensory evaluation showed that JZ and JC treatments led to the flower fragrance characteristics of wine samples similar, and the aroma of tropical fruits and bouquet characteristics of wine samples treated by JC were more obvious. Compared with CQ treatment, the wine samples treated by JC had elegant, pure aroma and balanced taste. Comprehensive analysis showed that maceration combined with clarification process (JC) was more conducive to the improvement of aroma quality of Italian Riesling dry white wine in Hexi region of Gansu Province。The research results can provide the technical support for aroma enhancement fermentation technology of dry white wine.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(10): 2280-2289. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.10.2280The explore the optimun condition for rice bran fermented with Rhizopus oryzae, rice bran was first stabilized by superheated steam, and then fermented with Rhizopus oryzae. The yield of soluble dietary fiber (SDF) was used as an indicator to explore the optimal conditions of Rhizopus oryzae fermenting rice bran. The optimum fermentation conditions for higher yield of SDF were obtained and the probiotic activities of rice bran affected by fermentation were determined. The results showed that the optimal superheated steam condition was at 160°C for 2 min, in which the rate of inactivation of lipase increased to 88.01%; Under this condition, the maximum yield of SDF can reach 5.83% after fermentation by sweet-flavored Rhizopus oryzae at 35°C for 24 h and inoculation quantity with a solid-to-solvent ratio of 1:2.25, which was improved by 48.72% compared with the unfermented rice bran. The rice bran fermented by sweet-flavored Rhizopus oryzae, which stimulated the proliferation of bifidobacteria (6.85 log copies·mL-1) and lactobacillus (5.23 log copies·mL-1) and the content of total short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) increased by 37.30%, with higher probiotic activities in comparison with the unfermented rice bran(P<0.05). The results of this study can be used to improve the functional properties of rice bran using fermentation.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(10): 2290-2298. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.10.2290The aim of this study was to indicate the population and characteristics of Cronobacter spp. in powdered infant formula (PIF) collected in Guizhou province. A total of 350 PIF samples were used as research objectes to isolate and identify the Cronobacter strains. The biochemical phenotypes and genotypes of isolates were performed by API 20E system, 16S rRNAsequencing and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) methods. Finally, the antibiotic susceptibility of isolates was evaluated using Kirby-Bauer diffusion method. The results indicated that 21 Cronobacter strains were isolated from 350 PIF samples, with a contamination rate of 6%. These isolates were divided into 6 biochemical phenotypes, 3 groups and 11 sequence types (STs). Among them, ST193 and ST157 were the dominant STs of Cronobacter isolated from commercially available PIF in Guizhou. The results of antibiotic susceptibility showed that 21 isolates were highly resistant to tetracycline and vancomycin, while, sensitive to smpicillin, gentamicin, and chloramphenicol. Our findings provided a theoretical basis for the prevention and control of Cronobacter in commercially available PIF collected from Guizhou.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(10): 2299-2306. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.10.2299
In order to determine the optimum amount of potassium fertilizer of sweetpotato in barren land. The high-starch cultivar Jishu25 was studied to explore effects of amount of potassium fertilizer on yield and potassium utilization efficiency by sweetpotato. Three treatments were designed: CK (no potassium fertilizer)、K1 (K2O: 150 kg·hm-2)、K2 (K2O: 300 kg·hm-2). The results showed that, potassium application significantly improved fresh yield and dry yield. K1 treatment had the highest increase, while the fresh yield and dry yield of which increased by 22.84% and 32.13%, respectively, followed by K2 treatment, increased by 11.39% and 20.30% respectively. Potassium promoted root tuber thickening. The thickening rate of root tuber of K1 and K2 treatments were higher than CK, while the T/R value were lower. In addition, potassium promotes dry matter accumulation of sweetpotato. The dry weight of leaf, petiole, stem, fibrous root, and total biomass of K1 and K2 treatments were higher than CK. K1 treatment was better than K2 treatment. Potassium application significantly increased potassium accumulation in organs. The more potassium application rate, the higher potassium accumulation. The utilization efficiency of potassium decreased with the increase of potassium application rate. Tuber root production efficiency, dry matter production efficiency, absorption and utilization efficiency, agronomic efficiency, and partial productivity of potassium of K1 treatment were higher than those of K2 treatment. The optimum amount of potassium fertilizer of sweetpotato in barren land was 150 kg·hm-2. The study provides a theoretical basis for fertilization in barren land of sweetpotato, and achieved the purpose of cost saving and efficiency increasing.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(10): 2307-2315. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.10.2307The paper aimed to scientifically evaluate the allelopathic effects of two phenolic acids with significant accumulation characteristics of continuous cropping tobacco soil and enrich the existing continuous cropping barrier mechanism. In this study, flue-cured tobacco variety K326 was used as test material, and based on the previous field test results, different concentration gradients (phloroglucinol: 0.02, 0.10, 0.50 mg·kg-1, p-hydroxybenzoic acid: 0.02, 0.10, 0.50 mg·kg-1) was applied in a pot experiment. The results showed that two phenolic acids both significantly inhibited the germination of flue-cured tobacco seeds. The phloroglucin inhibited the growth of the seedling roots, and the higher the concentration, the stronger the inhibition level, while the effect of p-hydroxybenzoic acid on the root growth of the seedlings showed a concentration effect of “low promotion and high inhibition”. With the increase of phloroglucin, the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were enhunced, while the activity of peroxidase (POD) was reduced. Beside, with the increase of the concentration of p-hydroxybenzoic acid, the activity of SOD, CAT and POD increased first and then decreased. In addition, the two phenolic acids reduced chlorophyll content and increased leaf malondialdehyde (MDA) content. With the increase of treatment time, the stress effect showed the same trend. In conclusion, phloroglucin and p-hydroxybenzoic acid inhibit the growth of flue-cured tobacco seedlings to different degrees, and there exists a concentration effect. Among them, phloroglucin showed inhibition, and the higher the concentration, the stronger the inhibition; when the concentration of p-hydroxybenzoic acid was lower than 0.10 mg·kg-1, it showed a promoting effect, and when greater than 0.10 mg·kg-1, an inhibitory effect happened. P-hydroxybenzoic acid has stronger biological toxicity than phloroglucinol. This study can enrich the theory of relieving continuous cropping obstacle of tobacco plantation soil, and give support for continuous cropping obstacles adjustment.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(10): 2316-2325. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.10.2316To fully utilize the saline-alkali land resources and clarify the saline-alkali tolerance mechanism of wild soybeans, the tolerance of saline-alkali stress of 349 wild soybean germplasm resources collected in the east of Hebei Province were identified. In the present study, we estimated the malondialdehyde and proline, soluble sugar contents and electrolyte leakage rate of wild soybean materials 2010-12, 2012-34 and 2012-49 under 0, 100 mmol·L-1and 200 mmol·L-1saline-alkali stress. We also detected the expression levels of pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (GmP5CS), Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase (GmP5CR), proline dehydrogenase (GmPDH) and glutathione S-transferases (GsGST19) genes. The results showed that two wild soybean germplasms were tolerance grade 1 (Yong 2 and 2010-12); 22 wild soybean germplasms were tolerance grade 2; 80 wild soybean germplasms were tolerance grade 3; 77 wild soybean germplasms were tolerance grade 4 and 161 wild soybean germplasms were tolerance grade 5. Under saline-alkali stress, compared with the control, the contents of proline and soluble sugar in high-saline-alkali tolerant wild soybean materials increased significantly, while the contents of malondialdehyde and electrolyte leakage rate decreased significantly. The expression levels of GmP5CS, GmP5CR and GsGST19 were up-regulated in high-saline-alkali tolerant materials, and the expression levels of GmPDH were down-regulated in high-saline-alkali tolerant materials. These findings showed that proline synthesis pathway was activated and proline content was increased in high-saline-alkali tolerant wild soybean materials with salt alkali stress, indicating that proline played an important role in the resistance of wild soybean to saline-alkali stress. In conclusion, the wild soybean germplasms with high tolerance to saline-alkali stress can be used as the tolerant source for soybean breeding programs.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(10): 2326-2334. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.10.2326In order to explore the adaptability of pecan seedlings to drought stress, annual potted pecan seedlings were used as materials, adopting potted water control experiments. Four water treatment gradients including normal water supply (CK), mild drought stress (LD), moderate drought stress (MD) and severe drought stress (SD) were set, and the relevant physiological and biochemical indexes were determined and the ultrastructure of leaves was analyzed. The results showed that the content of chlorophyll a decreased with the drought degree after 50 days of drought stress, and the chlorophyll a of CK was 1.22 times and 1.35 times of LD and MD, respectively; the stomata of leaves were mostly closed in MD, and the density of closure was 236 mm-2; the net photosynthetic rate (Pn) decreased by 17.16% and 58.42% in LD and MD respectively, compared with CK. In addition, the content of osmotic adjustment substances increased significantly under drought stress, and the content of soluble protein in LD and MD increased by 141.68% and 204.17%, respectively, compared with CK. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of MD seedling peaked at 367.93 U·mg-1prot under drought stress at 50 days later, while the activities of peroxidase (POD) decreased compared with 20 d. After treatment with different water gradients, the seedlings had the best growth under LD; under the MD, the chloroplast structure of the leaves was seriously damaged, and the granules were ambiguous; the SD seedlings died. Therefore, in order to meet growth of the seedlings, the soil moisture content of the planting land should be guaranteed to reach more than 35% of the field capacity, and this provides a theoretical basis for the selection of the pecan planting area and the expansion of pecan planting area.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(10): 2335-2342. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.10.2335The selenium (Se) can alleviate the toxicity of cadmium (Cd) on plants. In order to investigate the effects of the interaction between Se and Cd on plants, a sand culture experiment was conducted to study the interactive effects of different concentration of selenium (0.5, 2.0 and 4.0mg·L-1) and cadmium (0.2, 0.4 and 0.6mg·kg-1) on the growth, antioxidative enzymes, Cd and Se content in pumpkin seedlings. The results indicated that exposure to increasing Cd concentrations promoted the growth and the activity of antioxidant enzymes of pumpkin seedlings. The interactive effect of Se and Cd on growth and the activity of antioxidative enzymes for pumpkin seedlings mainly depended on the concentration of Se and Cd. When Cd treatment level was 0.2 and 0.4 0.4mg·kg-1, Se (0.5, 2.0 and 4.0mg·L-1) could significantly increase seedling height, fresh weight and dry weight of pumpkin seedlings. However, with Cd level reaching 0.6 mg·kg-1, the addition of Se resulted in decreasing biomass of pumpkin seedlings. Compared with single Cd stress, the combination treatment of Se (0.5, 2.0 and 4.0mg·L-1) and Cd level at 0.2 mg·kg-1 significantly enhanced, the activity of SOD and POD; Se (0.5, 2.0 and 4.0mg·L-1) inhibited the activity of SOD and POD when Cd levels were 0.4 and 0.6 mg·kg-1, furthermore, the higher the concentration of Cd was the more serious the inhibition was. There were the inhibitory effects of Se-Cd interaction on growth and activity of antioxidant enzyme in pumpkin seedlings under stress of Cd with 0.6 mg·kg-1. The exogenous Se reduced Cd concentration and increased the Se concentration in zucchini seedlings under Cd stress. Se with lower levels could effectively alleviate Cd toxicity in zucchini seedlings.The optimum Se concentration is 2.0 mg·L-1 for Se-Cd interactions to promote the growth and antioxidant enzyme activity under Cd stress with low concentration. This study suggested that the Cd pollution degree and concentration of exogenous Se should be considered when Se is used to alleviate Cd toxicity on plant, which provided a certain reference for Cd pollution control.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(10): 2343-2351. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.10.2343In order to explore the effect of straw returning combined with decomposition agents on soil improvement and maize yield increase in Yanghuang irrigation area of Ningxia, taking the treatment of straw returning with no decomposition agent as the control (CK), a field experiment was conducted to investigate effects of three different decomposition agents [rapid decay agent for biological straw (SR+BS), straw decomposition agent for EM bacteria (SR+RJ), and organic waste fermentation starter (SR+OW)] under the condition of straw returning on biomass weight loss rate, physicochemical properties of sandy soil, growth and yield of maize. The results showed that all the decomposition agents could effectively promote the maize straw decomposition, and the SR+RJ treatment showed the best effect on the maize straw-decomposition. The weightlessness rate of maize straw with SR+RJ was over 49.9% after burying 130 d, followed by the SR+OW and SR+BS, significantly increased by 7.1, 5.7, 5.2 percentage point, respectively, comparing with CK. The SR+RJ had the best effect on improving soil bulk density at 0-40 cm layer, and the treatment was significantly decreased by 4.2% when compared with CK. Meanwhile, the contents of organic matter and available nutrients (0-40 cm) and the soil water storage capacity (0-100 cm) with SR+RJ in the middle and later growth stages of maize were significantly improved, followed by the SR+OW and SR+BS. The application of straw-decomposition agent could obviously promote the plant growing in the middle and late growth stage of maize, and the SR+RJ was the most significant. SR+RJ and SR+OW had the most obvious effect on increasing maize yield and income. Compared with CK, the maize yield and income with SR+RJ and SR+OW was significantly increased by 26.9%, 23.4%, and 28.8%, 23.4%, respectively. Therefore, straw returning combined with decomposition agent could effectively promote the decomposition of maize straw, improve the soil physical and chemical properties, promote the maize growth and development, significantly increase maize yield and economic benefit, and the straw decomposition agent for EM bacteria had the best effect. This study provided technical references for promoting the straw decomposition, improving sandy soil fertility, and realizing high yield of maize in Yanghuang irrigation area of Ningxia.
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Study on Screening for Physiological and Biochemical Indexes of Heat Stress of Hu Sheep (Ovis aires)Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(10): 2352-2359. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.10.2352To clarify the effects of heat stress on physiological and biochemical indexes of Hu sheep, Hu sheep were raised under conditions of heat stress (in August 2017) and no heat stress (in December 2017), and to measure physiological and biochemical indexes, T3 and T4 contents. The results showed that heat stress caused significant and extremely significant changed in the physiological and biochemical indexes of Hu sheep, such as respiratory rate, mean corpuscular volume, hematokrit, mean platelet volume, aspartate aminotransferase content, alkaline phosphatase content, glutamyl transpeptidase content and high-density lipoprotein content. Moreover, the T3 and T4 contents were significantly lower than the control group in Hu sheep subjected to heat stress. This indicates that changes in these indexes could be used as references for the evaluation of heat stress in Hu sheep. This finding lays a theoretical foundation for Hu sheep production.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(10): 2360-2367. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.10.2360In order to investigate the response of chloroplast and photosynthetic fluorescence characteristics of soybean leaves to the shading under the maize-soybean intercropping model, Nandou 12 and Guixia 3 were chosen as experiment materials in this study, setting soybean monocropping (CK), single row of maize intercropping (A1) and two rows of maize ribbons intercropping (A2) three treatments to analyze the chloroplast ultrastructure and photosynthetic fluorescence parameters of soybean leaves. The results showed that the chloroplast basal thickness, granule area/chloroplast area compared with CK, starch granule area and starch granule area/chloroplast area compared with CK soybean leaves increased under shading of intercropping maize, Not only that the basal grain thickness and starch granule area/chloroplast area under shading of Nandou 12 were higher than Guixia 3 under the shading, but the number of chloroplast granules varied significantly between varieties, with Nandou 12 increasing and Guixia 3 decreasing. The thicknesses of the leaf, palisade tissue and sponge tissue were significantly reduced under the shading compared with CK. The leaf thickness, upper epidermis thickness, lower epidermis thickness and palisade thickness of Nandou 12 in A1 and A2 were all higher than Guixia 3. In addition, under the shading, the potential activity of PSⅡ (Fv/Fo) and the maximal PSⅡ quantum yield in the dark (Fv/Fm) of soybean leaves were significantly increased, and the stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (Tr), net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and actual photochemical efficiency (Fq'/Fm') were significantly reduced. Moreover, Pn and Fq'/Fm' of Nandou 12 under A1 and A2 were both higher than Guixia 3. Therefore, the intercropping of maize shading directly affects the structural characteristics and photosynthetic fluorescence characteristics of soybean leaves, but there is a significant difference in response between varieties. This study can provides a theoretical reference for the breeding of shade-tolerant intercropped soybean varieties.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(10): 2368-2375. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.10.2368In order to investigate effect of exogenous ascorbic acid (AsA) on the antioxidant damage of rice under aluminum stress, the Dian Superior 35 (Hybrid, Japonica) was used as the hydroponic test material to study the influence of exogenous AsA on the physiological and biochemical indicators such as the content of H2O2 and the activity of the antioxidant enzyme, etc. in the rice root tips under aluminum stress 0, 50, 100, 200, and 400 μmol·L-1, respectively. The results showed that the oxidative damage of rice roots was aggravated with the increase of aluminum concentration, meanwhile the content of H2O2 and MDA in the root tips increased by 1.53 and 3.16 folds, as well as the content of free proline, the activities of SOD, POD, CAT and APX increased by 1.73, 1.39, 1.42, 1.76 and 1.56 under 400 μmol·L-1 aluminum stress, respectively. The content of endogenous AsA reduced by 53%. Compared to the control, the exogenous AsA treatment might result in the content of H2O2 and MDA in root tips only increased by1.04 and 2.69 folds, and the content of endogenous AsA reduced by 46%, while the content of free proline increased by 1.96 folds. The activities of SOD, POD, CAT and APX increased by 1.48, 1.63, 1.90 and 1.89 folds, respectively. The above results indicated that exogenous AsA could maintain the integrity of plasma membrane structure by enhancing the contents of osmoregulation substances, reduce the accumulation of H2O2 and the oxidation degree of plasma membrane by increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes and content of endogenous AsA in roots, which could promote the growth of rice under aluminum stress. This result may provide a theoretical basis for further exploring the mechanism of exogenous AsA to alleviate aluminum toxicity in rice.
