10 August 2020, Volume 34 Issue 8
-
Select all|
-
Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(8): 1621-1630. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.08.1621In order to cultivate Clematis chinensis species, the seeds of Clematis chinensis were used as experimental materials to conduct radiation treatment with different dose (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 Gy) of 137Cs-γ rays the influence of radiation on seed germination and seedling growth of Clematis chinensis were studied. The results showed that 50 Gy could promote seed germination and seedling formation. The LD50 of Clematis chinensis was found to be 109.5 Gy. After radiation treatment, 7 kinds of mutation in leaf shapes were appeared including the heart shape, among which 50 and 100 Gy treatment induced the most mutation, with five and four types respectively. Seedling height, tiller number, ground diameter and internode length decreased with the increase of radiation doses. With the increase of radiation doses, relative chlorophyll content decreased, Fv/Fm, Fv/Fo and ETR overall increased first and then decreased, reaching the maximum value at 50 Gy. Higher radiation doses inhibited the activity of the photosynthetic system. qPincreased with the increase of radiation doses. Both of ETR and NPQ showed a downward trend with the increase of radiation doses, dectreased to the lowest at the treatment of 100 Gy. Experiments showed that, the seedlings irradiated by 50-100 Gy rays have rich variations in morphology, proportion of variation, high quality growth and well-performed photosynthetic system. Considering LD50of Clematis chinensis, the appropriate doses range of 137Cs-γ irradiation for Clematis chinensis breeding is 50-109.5Gy. The result provided a scientific basis for radiation breeding in Clematis. L.
-
Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(8): 1631-1644. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.08.1631In order to make better use of nucleo-cytoplasmic interaction wheat male sterile lines and analyze the effects of interaction of different karyotypes and alloplasmic cytoplasms in nucleo-cytoplasmic interaction wheat male sterile lines on the characteristics of anther tapetum cells and nuclear division in pollen grains. The main agronomic traits (plant height, ear length, internode length below spike, and tiller number) of two sets of nucleo (Yanshi 9 and 90-110)-cytoplasmic (K, B, S, Ⅴ, and Ven) interaction male sterile lines and their maintainers (Yanshi 9 and 90-110 maintainers; the nucleus of Yanshi 9 belonged to 1B/1R type; the nucleus of 90-110 belonged to the non-1B/1R type) were investigated in this study. Additionally, the characteristics of pollen grain nuclear division and anther tapetum degradation at four stages were evaluated by using 1.5% aceto-carmine staining and paraffin sections of anthers, as well as the pollen abortion type was determined by iodine staining. The results indicated that when the nucleus of nucleo-cytoplasmic interaction male sterile lines were derived from 1B/1R or non-1B/1R type, the agronomic traits (plant height, ear length, internode length below spike, and tiller number) were affected by the cytoplasmic type (K, B, S, Ⅴ, and Ven), and varying degrees of differences were observed. Anomalour nuclear division of S-Yanshi 9 pollen grain occurred at the early uninucleate stage, indicating a typical abortion type. Anomalour nuclear division of Ven-Yanshi 9 pollen grain occurred at the late uninucleate stage, indicating a typical-staining hybrid abortion type; K-Yanshi 9 and Ⅴ-Yanshi 9 pollen grain nuclear divided anomaly occurred at the binucleate stage, indicating a staining abortion type; B-Yanshi 9 pollen grain nuclear divided anomaly occurred at the trinucleate stage, indicating a staining abortion type. The abnormal nuclear division of pollen grains of K-90-110 and S-90-110 occurred at the late uninucleate stage, and belonged to staining and spherical abortion type, respectively. The abnormal pollen grain nuclear division of V-90-110 and Ven-90-110 occurred at the binucleate stage, in which V-90-110 exhibited the staining abortion type, while Ven-90-110 demonstrated typical-staining hybrid abortion type. The abnormal nuclear division of pollen grains of B-90-110 occurred at the trinucleate stage, indicating staining abortion type. Abnormal degradation anther tapetum cells of Ⅴ-Yanshi 9 and Ven-Yanshi 9 occurred at the early uninucleate stage, while that of K-Yanshi 9 and B-Yanshi 9 occurred at the binucleate stage. And the abnormal degradation of anther tapetum cells of S-Yanshi 9 occurred at the trinucleate stage. Contrastingly, the abnormal degradation of anther tapetum cells of B-90-110, S-90-110, and Ven-90-110 occurred at the early uninucleate stage, and that of K-90-110 and V-90-110 occurred at the late uninucleate stage. The above results indicated that the interaction patterns of the alloplasmic cytoplasms with the 1B/1R and non-1B/1R karyotype were respectively different, so that the agronomic traits of nucleo-cytoplasmic interaction male sterile lines were affected at different degrees, and also triggered different metabolic abnormalities in anther tapetum cells. That eventually leaded to abnormal nuclear division of pollen gain and production of different abortion types. This study provides a solid theoretical basis for further revealing the mechanism of nucleo-cytoplasmic interaction in wheat male sterile lines and better utilization of alloplasmic cytoplasms.
-
Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(8): 1645-1654. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.08.1645In order to evaluate the eggplant germplasms scientifically, 135 representative materials were selected for the identification of phenotypic traits and the analysis of verticillium wilt resistance. The results showed that there were abundant phenotypic variations among the tested germplasms. The variation coefficients of 21 phenotypic traits ranged from 15.71% to 89.86% with a mean value of 40.09%. The genetic diversity index ranged from 0.322 to 2.135 with a mean value of 1.348. Principal component analysis showed that 21 phenotypic traits were classified into 6 main factors, including fruit shape, color, fruit weight, growth potential, plant type and fruit commodity. The cumulative contribution rate of 6 main factors reached 72.84%. The results of cluster analysis based on phenotypic data showed that when the Pearson correlation coefficient was 0.061, 135 germplasms could be divided into four groups: included cultivated varieties and wild relatives of germplasms, were all wild relatives of germplasms, contained large fruit-type of cultivated varieties and group iv were long strip purple germplasms). The results of verticillium wilt resistance identification showed that there were nine resistant materials, six medium-resistant materials and eleven tolerant materials, which accounted for 19.26% of the tested materials. Of 11 resistant materials, only three were cultivated varieties, and the rest were wild relatives. This study provided a theoretical reference for the discovery and effective utilization of the elite eggplant germplasms.
-
Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(8): 1655-1665. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.08.1655In order to establish an accurate and efficient identification system for Dendrobium officinale, 101 Dendrobium and Phalaenopsis plants were used as experimental materials. ITS was screened as the most suitable DNA barcoding sequence for this study by comparing the identification ability of ITS, psbA-trnH, matK and rbcL genes in Dendrobium plants. The specific primers and probes were designed for Dendrobium officinale and Dendrobium plants. A new multiplex real-time fluorescent PCR detecting system of Dendrobium officinale was established by real-time fluorescence quantitative TaqMan technique. The results showed that 25 samples of Dendrobium officinale could be accurately identified by verification of specificity, sensitivity and actual samples. Compared with other identification methods, the method has the advantages of strong specificity, high sensitivity (100 times than ordinary PCR), good repeatability, high efficiency and economy. It plays a positive role in the protection and utilization of Dendrobium officinale resources.
-
Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(8): 1666-1673. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.08.1666In order to establish a method for identification of resistance to F. oxysporum, to understand the difference in resistance of tea germplasm resources to F. oxysporum, and screen resistant germplasm for disease resistance breeding. In this study, with pathogen isolate, morphology and fungal 18S rDNA/ITS identification and pathogenicity studies of F. oxysporum, inoculation identification of chrysanthemum for tea resources in seedling stage was screened out excellent disease-resistant germplasm. Two strains of F. oxysporum pathogens were isolated from the pathogenic fubaiju, which named M15 and M16. Pathogenicity test found that M15 is a stronger pathogenic strain. With identification of resistance to F. oxysporum, we screened out one high-resistance variety Qiyuebaibai, nine resistant varieties such as Hangbaiju, Suju NO.7, seventeen medium-resistant varieties such as Chuju and Boju, three susceptible varieties such as Fubaiju and Suju NO.6, and one high-sensitivity variety Huangju. This study established an efficient method for the identification of resistance to F. oxysporum in chrysanthemum for tea varieties, which laid the foundation for the improvement of resistance to F. oxysporum.
-
Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(8): 1674-1680. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.08.1674To study the enhanced effect of potato sucrose non-fermenting-1-related protein kinase 1 gene (StSnRK1) on regulating plant salt tolerance, StSnRK1-overexpressing tobacco and wild-type (WT) tobacco plants were used to study the effect of StSnRK1 on the growth of tobacco plants under salt stress. Salt tolerance identification indicated that overexpression of StSnRK1 significantly improved salt tolerance of tobacco plants. Real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis indicated that StSnRK1 gene significantly up-regulated proline biosynthesis related gene (pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase NtP5CS), late embryogenesis abundant protein gene (NtLEA5) and reactive oxygen scavenging (ROS) system related genes (superoxide dismutase NtSOD and peroxidase NtPOD) under salt stress. Meanwhile, the activities of SOD and POD and the content of proline in transgenic tobacco were significantly higher than that in wild-type tobacco plants, while the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was significantly lower than that in wild-type tobacco plants. These results indicate that StSnRK1 gene plays an important role in improving salt tolerance of plants, providing a basis for salt-tolerant biotechnology breeding of potato.
-
Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(8): 1681-1689. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.08.1681To clarify the function of pectate lyases in peaches, we identified all PL genes in the peach genome by using bioinformatics analysis; moreover, we analyzed the differential expression of these genes during the ripening and softening of melting flesh and stony hard peaches. The analysis revealed 20 PpPL candidate genes in the peach genome. All PpPL proteins contained the Pec-lyase-C domain, but only 4 PpPL proteins (PpPL7, PpPL8, PpPL12, and PpPL17) contained the Pec-lyase-N domain. That indicate that Pec-lyase-C of PL may be the necessary functional domain for pectin cleavage. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these PpPL family genes could be divided into 5 groups: types Ⅰ~Ⅴ. Expression analysis showed that 6 PL genes were highly expressed during fruit ripening, and the expression of PpPL1 in melting flesh peaches (Yumyeong) was considerably higher than that in stony hard peaches (Golden Honey 3). Through sequence alignment and cluster analysis, we observed that PpPL1 and tomato softening-related SLPL were highly homologous. Using melting flesh peaches (Hujing Milu) and stony hard peaches (Xia Zhimeng) as test materials, we observed that PpPL1 exhibited higher expression during postharvest storage of Hujingmilu. These results suggest that PpPL1 is a candidate gene involved in peach softening. This study thus provides a foundation for further exploration of the molecular mechanism of PL genes in peach fruit softening.
-
Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(8): 1690-1697. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.08.1690The glycosylation-dependent cell adhesion molecule (GlyCAM-1) is a member of the mucin glycoprotein family and is an important component of milk fat globule membrane protein (MFGMPs) synthesized by mammary epithelial cells. GlyCAM-1 plays an important role in mammary gland development and lactation. To explore the sequence characteristics, nucleotide sequence variation and expression characteristics of GlyCAM-1 gene, the mammary gland tissue of high-lactating small-tailed Han sheep (lacking peak and empty period) and low lactation Gansu alpine fine-wool sheep (the peak of lactation) were used to study. The coding region of sheep GlyCAM-1 gene was cloned by cloning sequencing. The physicochemical properties and structure of GlyCAM-1 protein were analyzed by bioinformatics and the tissue expression characteristics of the GlyCAM-1 gene were detected by RT-qPCR. The results showed that the CDS of GlyCAM-1 gene in sheep was 465 bp in length and encoded 154 amino acids. The sequencing results showed that 7 SNPs were identified in the CDS region of the gene, of which 2 were synonymous mutations and 5 were missense mutations. The secondary structure of GlyCAM-1 is predominantly composed of α-helix and random coil, and the extended chain is dispersed throughout the protein structure. Results of String analysis indicated that GlyCAM-1 protein interacts with CD34 and MadCAM-1 as ligands of L-selectin. RT-qPCR results indicate that the expression of GlyCAM-1 gene is tissue-specific, breed-specific and space-time specific. Among the eight tissues of the mammary gland, heart, liver, lung, spleen, kidney, ovary and longissimus dorsi. GlyCAM-1 gene was only expressed in mammary gland and lung tissues, but not in the other six tissues. and the expression level in the mammary gland is higher. In the mammary gland at the peak of lactation, the expression of GlyCAM-1 level in the high-lactating small-tailed Han sheep was significantly higher than that in the Gansu alpine fine-wool sheep (P<0.05). In the mammary gland of Small Tail Han sheep, the expression at the peak of lactation was significantly higher than that in the empty period (P<0.01). The results of this study enriched the sheep genome data and provided basic data for further study on the lactation biological function and mechanism of GlyCAM-1 gene.
-
Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(8): 1698-1704. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.08.1698In order to screen new protease-producing strains with industrial application value, the casein medium was used to screen new strains. Then the physiological and biochemical experiments and 16S rDNA sequencing were used to identify the strains. Likewise, the protease activity was determined by biochemical methods. Our results showed that the protease-producing strain HSU-2 (GenBank accession number: MN315516) was Bacillus cereus. The enzyme activity parameters of the protease from strain HSU-2 showed that the optimal pH and temperature of the protease were 7.0 and 60 ?C, respectively, indicating that it is a high temperature resistant neutral protease. The protease can tolerate 5.0% hydrogen peroxide, 5.0% sodium dodecyl sulfonate, and 5.0% Triton x-100, while 5.0% Tween 80 significantly increases the enzyme activity of the protease. Meanwhile, the effects of metal ions on the activity of protease showed that Mg2+, Zn2+, K+, Ni2+, and Cu2+ significantly reduced the activity of protease, among which Zn2+had the strongest inhibitory effect. Conversely, Ca2+ could increase the activity of protease. Our results laid a theoretical foundation for the industrial application and large-scale production of the protease-producing strain HSU-2.
-
Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(8): 1705-1712. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.08.1705In order to clarify the relationship between fucoxanthin biosynthesis and photosynthesis, the effects of different concentrations of the photosynthesis inhibitor 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (DCMU) on cell density, fucoxanthin content, chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics, and expression of related key genes of Phaeodactylum tricornutum were studied. The results showed that different concentrations of DCMU inhibited cell growth, reduced fucoxanthin content in Phaeodactylum tricornutum, and increased chlorophyll content. When the concentration of DCMU was 1 mg·L-1, the content of fucoxanthin in Phaeodactylum tricornutum was the lowest, which was 26.98% lower than that of CK, and the chlorophyll content was the highest (3.16 mg·g-1). With the concentration of DCMU increases, the inhibition of electron transfer increases, and the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters Y(Ⅱ), rETR, NPQ, qP, and α were all significantly reduced. At 1 mg·L-1, electrons were even completely blocked. The results of quantitative PCR analysis showed that the expression level of key genes pds、lcyb in the fucoxanthin synthesis pathway showed the same trend as the fucoxanthin content trend. Correlation analysis showed that there was a significant positive correlation between the fucoxanthin content and Y(Ⅱ), qP and α(P<0.05), indicating that the biosynthesis of fucoxanthin from Phaeodactylum tricornutum is not only related to the expression of key genes for fucoxanthin synthesis, but also to photosynthesis. This study provides a reference for further investigation of the physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms of fucoxanthin accumulation in Phaeodactylum tricornutum.
-
Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(8): 1713-1721. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.08.1713To evaluate the effect of 60Co-γ ray and electron beam irradiation sterilization on the quality of pueraria extract, samples are treated with 60Co-γ ray irradiation(0, 2.8, 5.7, 8.3, and 10.6 kGy) and electron beam irradiation(0, 2.4, 5.1, 7.7, and 10.3 kGy) to investigate the microbe quantity, antioxidant activity and fingerprint. The result showed that both 60Co-γ ray and electron beam irradiation could effectively reduce the total aerobic bacteria count, the total yeast and mold count in pueraria extract. With the increase of absorbed dose, the inhibitory effect was enhancedand. The pueraria extract treated by the two kinds of irradiation methods both reached the microbial limits standard stipulated in the Chinese pharmacopoeia, and the total aerobic bacteria count is 103 CFU·g-1 and the total yeast and mold count is 102 CFU·g-1, when the absorbed dose of 60Co-γ ray and electron beam irradiation were 5.7 kGy and 5.1 kGy, respectively. While the absorbed dose were 8.3 kGy and 7.7 kGy, respectively, the total aerobic bacteria count and the total yeast and mold count were both reduced to below 10 CFU·g-1. In addition, the escherichia coli and salmonella were not detected. Neither of the two irradiation methods showed significant effects on DPPH free radical (DPPH·) scavenging rate, hydroxyl free radical(·OH) scavenging rate and total reducing ability of pueraria extract(P>0.05). The similarity of characteristic peak of pueraria extract irradiated by 60Co-γ ray and electron beam with different doses reaches 1.0, and the RSD of relative retention time was less than 0.5%, which shows that there were no significant difference in the influence of the two irradiation methods on the fingerprint of pueraria extract. In conclusion, 60Co-γ ray and electron beam irradiation both showed inhibitory effect on the microorganisms of pueraria extract, no significant effect on the antioxidant activity and fingerprint of pueraria extract, and could not affect the efficacy and quality stability of pueraria extract. This research provides scientific reference for the rational application of the two irradiation sterilization techniques, especially electron beam irradiation sterilization utilization in the Chinese medicinal materials, such as decoction pieces and proprietary Chinese medicine of Kudzuvine Root.
-
Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(8): 1722-1728. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.08.1722In order to meet the demand for geographical origin tracing of imported and exported food across the borders, 13C, 2H and 18O isotopic compositions of protein and fat in pulp of cherries from different regions were determined in this study. One-way analysis of variance, multiple comparative analysis, cluster analysis, Fisher linear discriminant analysis,stepwise discriminant analysis and leave-one-way cross-validation analysis were used to establish cherries origin assessment. The results showed that there were differences in δ13C、δ2H and δ18O of protein and fat in the pulp of cherries among Australia, America, Chile and Shandong(China), and significant differences were found in most cases. The origin discrimination efficiency of multiple isotopic indicators was significantly better than that of single isotope. The results of stepwise discriminant analysis showed that with the increase of parameters combined, both of the initial discriminant rate and cross-validation discriminant rate of origin were gradually increased, which kept stable after four parameters. Finally, a mathematical model was established by using the combination of protein δ2H, δ18O and fat δ2H in fruit pulp, which provided 100.0% and 93.8% of initial discriminant rate and the cross-validation discrimination rate, respectively. The results of this study provided a basis for origin the discrimination of imported and exported food.
-
Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(8): 1729-1736. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.08.1729In order to establish a dynamic model of quality changes during the shelf life, and realize the prediction for the shelf life of Hayward kiwifruit, kiwifruit processed with 0.5 μL·L-1 1-MCP (processing group) and unprocessed (control group) were stored at 0, 4, 15, and 25℃, and its firmness, soluble solids content, titrate acid content and VC content were measured. Based on Arrhenius theory to establish a shelf-life prediction model, which was verified by samples at 20 oC. The results showed that the kiwifruit processed with 1-MCP had a certain retardation effect on the reduction of the firmness, the increase of the titrate acid content, the Vc content and the soluble solid content of the Hayward kiwifruit under the temperature set in the experiment. At the same time, the firmness and Vc content were fitted, and the reaction rate constant k after being fitted was compared. It was found that the higher the temperature, the faster the Vc content and firmness changed. Comparing the zero-order reaction and the linear regression determination coefficient R2 of the first-order reaction could be known that the kinetic equation of Vc content in the control group and the processing group followed the first-order reaction kinetics with R2≥0.97 and R2≥0.94 for the control group and processing group, respectively. The kinetic equation of content of the firmness changes followed the zero-order reaction kinetics with R2≥0.96 and R2≥0.92 for the control group and processing group, respectively. The firmness of the control group decreased and the Vc content decreased by lnk and 1/T of R2>0.98. The firmness of the processing group decreased and the Vc content decreased by lnk and 1/T of R2>0.89. Compared the predicted value with the processing value, it was found that the relative error of the predicted value and the processing value of the kiwifruit in the control group were within ±10%. The shelf life of kiwifruit was predicted by the change of firmness. The operation was simple with relative low error. The results had good application value in the storage and sale of kiwifruit.
-
Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(8): 1737-1745. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.08.1737In order to study the inhibitory effect of flavonoids from Sedum aizoon L. on Penicillium italicum (P. italicum) and reveal the inhibitory mechanism. P. italicum was inoculated to citrus by injury inoculation method, the inhibition of flavoroids with the concentration of 0, 0.3, 0.6 and 1.2 mg·mL-1 on blue mold were observed, and the cell membrane permeability, release of cellular components, hyphal surface structure observation, malondialdehyde content and hydrogen peroxide content were investigated. The results showed that the flavonoids from Sedum aizoon L. significantly inhibited the mycelial growth, and the inhibition rates at the concentration of 1.75 mg·mL-1 and 7.00 mg·mL-1 were 75.82% and 100%, respectively. After the treatment of flavonoids, the membrane permeability of P. italicum was significantly increased, and intracellular substances such as sugars were released outside the cell. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the mycelium structure was destroyed, and the surface of the mycelium was wrinkled and collapsed. Meanwhile, flavonoids could cause the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and increase the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA). The disease incidence and lesion diameter were also decreased compared with the control citrus fruits. This result would provide theoretical basis for development of new natural fungicides and further study of the antifungal mechanism.
-
Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(8): 1746-1753. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.08.1746In order to establish a direct rapid read-out visualization detection and semi-quantitative method for malachite green by TLC analysis approach, nano-material was firstly prepared based on the sol-gel method and the potassium iodate/titanium dioxide nanocomposite was printed on the TLC band to form a self-visualization zone, where is corresponding to the specific shift value (Rf) of leucomalachite green. Furthermore, an acidic aqueous solution of potassium iodide was applied as a visualization supporting solution, and analysis was accomplished by the aid of Image J software. For the analysis of aquaculture water sample, the malachite green was firstly transformed into colorless leucomalachite green by using a reducing agent, then a serials of visualization detection steps were taken. It is concluded that there is a clear linear correlation between leucomalachite green concentration and coloration grey depth, so it is credible to use naked eye to judge, semi-quantitative direct read-out visualization detection of total malachite green in aquaculture water was realized. The linear range of the method was 2.5-160 μg·L-1, and the limit of detection was 1.6 μg·L-1. In addition, the detection results were verified by HPLC-MS method, which proved that the results were reliable. This paper provides a useful reference for the rapid detection of malachite green, which can also be used for developing direct read-out visualization c analysis of other triphenylmethane dyes.
-
Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(8): 1754-1762. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.08.1754In order to explore beneficial sterilization methods for the retaining of the original nutrition and flavor of bee pollen, three non-thermal sterilization treatments, irradiation sterilization (IS), ultra-high pressure (UHP) and voltage electrostatic field (HVEF) were used to treat bee pollen. The results showed that 7 kGy irradiation, 500 MPa ultra-high pressure and 30 kV high field intensity had inhibitory effects on microorganism in bee polle, and IS exhibited better inhibitory effects on bacteria, while UHP and HVEF had better inhibitory effects on fungi. After 500 MPa ultra-high pressure, there was a 23.3% increase in fat, the content of active phenolic acid ingredients increased, and the color and flavor was the closest to the untreated bee pollen; after 30 kV high field intensity the antioxidant activity decreased significantly, and the color was darker. After 7 kGy irradiation, obvious radiation smell could generate. In summary, UHP-treated bee pollen could achieve better sterilization effect and mostly maintain the original quality.The study provides theoretical basis for the application of non-thermal sterilization technology in bee pollen processing industry.
-
Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(8): 1763-1769. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.08.1763In order to study the mechanism of boron adsorption by cell wall polysaccharides of Gracilaria lemaneiformis and the interaction between functional groups, the boron adsorption experiment with cell wall polysaccharides of Gracilaria lemaneiformis was determined and characterized by inductively coupled plasma optical emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) and fourier transform infrared (FTIR) Spectrometer. The results showed that the adsorption capacity of boron decreased by 50.13% and 21.20% after the removal of agar and hemicellulose, respectively. The adsorption capacity of cellulose accounted for 28.67% of the total adsorption capacity of boron in the cell wall. The results of FTIR spectrum for different components of cell wall after boron removal and boron stress showed that hydroxyl, carboxyl and C-C in polysaccharide were the main binding sites of boron ions. The main functional groups of agar and hemicellulose were hydroxyl and carboxyl, and the main functional group of cellulose was the polysaccharide carbon chain. The results can provide a basis for the future study on the internal binding mechanism of polysaccharide and boron in Gracilaria lemaneiformis.
-
Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(8): 1770-1775. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.08.1770In order to utilize the fish bone effectively, effect of steam explosion treatment on enzymatic hydrolysis characteristics of fish bone was evaluated. Bighead carp bone was treated by steam explosion followed by enzymatic hydrolysis using alkaline protease. The effect of steam explosion on degree of hydrolysis (DH), protein recovery (PR), TCA soluble nitrogen were investigated. The results showed that steam explosion pretreatment could significantly improve the dissolution of bighead carp bone protein. After hydrolysis for 3.0 h, the DH, PR and TCA soluble nitrogen of the hydrolysates of the fish bone treated at 0.6 MPa for 2.0 min was 8.69%, 32.69%, and 28.79%, respectively. The relative molecular weight of the hydrolysates mainly distributed in the range of 200-1000 Da. The results of this study provide some technical support for the utilization of fish bone resources.
-
Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(8): 1776-1784. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.08.1776
To establish a simple and accurate analytical method for the determination of five benzimidazoles (albendazole, fenbendazole, oxfendazole, thiabendazole, phenylthiourethane) in milk and milk powder, solid phase extraction was used as a purification method. Acquity UPLC® BEH C18 (100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.7 μm) column for separation, and electrospray ion source (ESI+) for multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode detection. The results indicated that the five benzimidazoles were linearly correlated in the range of 1-500 μg·L-1 with the correlation coefficient (r) greater than 0.996. The recoveries and RSD were from 91.7%-97.8% and 1.4%-6.5%, respectively. The matrix effects were less than 15%. The LOD and LOQ were in the range of 0.1-3 μg·kg-1 and 0.5-10 μg·kg-1, respectively.The method was simple, rapid, sensitive and reproducible, and coulde be used for simultaneous determination of five benzimidazole in milk and milk powder.
-
Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(8): 1785-1795. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.08.1785To explore the spatial variation of cadmium (Cd) and mercury (Hg) in farmland soils in Poyang Lake Plain, and to investigate their potential ecological risks and risk impacting factors, geostatistics, potential ecological risk index method, Pearson correlation analysis and geographic detectors were used to investigate potential ecological risk assessment and influencing factors. The results showed that the Cd and Hg were all moderately mutated, and the spatial distribution differences were obvious. Cd concentrations were between the regional background level in Jiangxi province and national risk screening value in China. Hg concentrations gradually increased from south to north and exceeded the background value in Jiangxi Province, but did not reach the national risk screening value in China. The potential ecological risk level of Cd was predominantly low, while Hg is mainly moderate. In terms of comprehensive potential ecological risks, most areas were classified as low-risk areas, while the distribution of medium-risk areas was dispersed. The comprehensive potential ecological risk index of Cd and Hg was significantly correlated with soil pH, total phosphorous, elevation, slope, and distance from river or road (P values<0.05). The first significant factor of the comprehensive potential ecological risk index was total phosphorus, which was less than 0.4 g·kg-1 and followed by pH 5.5~6.0. This study has practical significance in monitoring and controlling heavy metal pollution in farmland soil in Poyang Lake plain, and maintaining ecological environment safety and human health.
-
Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(8): 1796-1804. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.08.1796To explore the effects of nitrogen fertilizer management on rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency in soda saline-alkali land, kenjing7 and kenjing8 were used as experimental materials to set up five nitrogen treatment, i.e., no nitrogen fertilizer(N0), conventional nitrogen application(N1, total amount of pure N was 150 kg·hm-2, and basal fertilizer:tillering fertilizer:panicle fertilizer=6:3:1), balanced nitrogen application(N2, total amount of pure N was 150 kg·hm-2, basal fertilizer:tillering fertilizer:panicle fertilizer=4:3:3), balanced nitrogen reduction fertilization(N3, total amount of pure N was 135 kg·hm-2, basal fertilizer:tillering fertilizer:panicle fertilizer=4:3:3); and nitrogen fertilizer move forward(N4, total amount of pure N 150 kg·hm-2, basal fertilizer:tillering fertilizer:panicle fertilizer=5:3:2); and N1 was used as the control to study the changes in yield, yield components, nitrogen content in the aboveground part of plants, nitrogen accumulation in panicles, and nitrogen use efficiency. The results showed that compared with N1, the actual yield of N2 and N3 increased by 11.45% and 5.71%, respectively; and the difference between N2 and N1 was significant, while the actual yield of N4 decreased by 10.43%. The nitrogen content and panicle nitrogen accumulation of N2 and N3 in the shoots were significantly increased, while N4 was significantly decreased. N2 and N3 significantly increased nitrogen use efficiency (NRE), nitrogen agronomic efficiency (NAE) and nitrogen partial productivity (NFP), and significantly reduced soil nitrogen dependency ratio (SNDR), and N2 NRE and NAE were higher than N3; NRE of N4 significantly decreased, while SNDR of N4 significantly improved. In summary, balanced nitrogen application and balanced nitrogen reduction fertilization can achieve high yield and high-efficient utilization of nitrogen in soda saline-alkali soil by adjusting the doze, ratio and period of nitrogen application. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for the operation and research of nitrogen fertilizer for rice in soda alkali area.
-
Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(8): 1805-1813. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.08.1805In order to study the ways of cultivating strong seedlings of wheat under the condition of rice straw returning, Yangfumai 4 was selected as the experimental material, and the years of rice straw returning and the methods of nitrogen fertilizer management were designed to study their effects on the quality and related physiological characteristics of wheat seedlings. The results showed that the emergence rate of wheat seedlings in the rice straw returning treatment was lower than that of no straw returning treatment by 5.4~10.6 percentage points (2017-2018, F=5.964**) and 4.9~8.6 percentage points (2018-2019, F=15.79**). Rice straw returning also had an effect on the growth of three-leaf stage wheat seedlings. The effects decreased slightly with the extension of rice straw returning years, but could not be completely eliminated. Rice straw returning lasting for different years and nitrogen fertilizer management had an impact on the quality of six-leaf stage wheat seedlings. Rice straw returning reduced the LAI value, the number of tillers, seedling height, and dry matter weight per plant of wheat seedlings at 6-leaf stage, in addition to affect the growth of wheat. However, with the years of straw returning increasing, the adverse influence on wheat seedling growth gradually decreased. The LAI value, the number of tillers, seedling height and dry matter weight per plant of wheat seedlings in the highest returning year treatment were 0.2~0.4, 0.2~0.4, 1.3~1.9 cm and 26.3~55.6 mg higher than those in the lowest returning year treatment, respectively. Under the condition of rice straw returning, appropriately increasing the application amount of strong fertilizer could increase the root activity of wheat, the chlorophyll content of leaves, the soluble sugar contents in leaf sheaths and leaves, and reduce the accumulation of MDA, which was beneficial to the growth of wheat seedlings, which was enhanced with the increasing years of straw returning. Rice straw returning for over four years, combined with nitrogen application mode (the ratio 5:2:2:1 of base fertilizer, strong tiller fertilizer, jointing fertilizer and booting fertilizer), was conducive to the cultivation of strong seedlings. The results of the study provide appropriate measures for rice-straw returning, so as to achieve strong seedlings and high yield.
-
Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(8): 1814-1825. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.08.1814To explore the effect of LED supplementary lighting on mineral nutrients absorption and distribution of greenhouse-grown sweet pepper (Capsium annuum L.), Aodaili was chosen as materials to investigate effects of different LED light quality and durations on accumulation and distribution of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Zn in sweet pepper plants. The light emitting diode (LED) as light sources were provided with three light qualities (the ratio of red and blue light 2:1, 2R1B; 4:1, 4R1B and 8:1, 8R1B), and three supplemental light durations (2 h, 18:00 - 20:00; 4h, 18:00 - 22:00; 8h, 18:00 - 02:00), and no supplemental light was taken as control (CK). The results showed that the accumulation and distribution of mineral nutrients in sweet pepper were significantly affected by light quality and light duration and interaction existed between them. Compared with CK, supplementary lighting significantly increased the accumulation of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Mn in whole sweet pepper plants. No differences were found in the N, P, K, Mg and Mn accumulation among 2R1B, 4R1B and 8R1B treatments in the whole sweet pepper plants. While the light durations affected the accumulation of mineral nutrients significantly, treatment of 8 h showed the highest accumulation in N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Mn which increased by 51.82%, 55.56%, 47.55%, 50.00%, 56.76% and 36.23% compared separately with CK, moreover, there were no significant differences existed in N, Ca, Mn accumulation between treatments of 4 and 8 h. In contrast with CK, sweet pepper treated for 2 h decreased N, P, Mg, Mn distribution ratio in fruits, while that treated for 4 h increased accumulation and distribution of N, P, K, Mg, and Mn in fruits. In conclusion,light quality had little effect on accumulation of the mineral elements in sweet pepper, but supplementary lighting of 4 h was optimal for regulating the accumulation and distribution of mineral nutrients in sweet pepper. These results provide theoretical reference for absorption mechanism of mineral nutrients for greenhouse-grown sweet pepper regulated by LED supplemental lighting.
-
Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(8): 1826-1833. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.08.1826In order to clarity effects of different nitrogen application levels on soybean yield and soil microflora after replanting in winter wheat. In this work, we set four nitrogen treatments of 0 kg·hm-2(N0)、225 kg·hm-2(N1)、375 kg·hm-2(N2)、525 kg·hm-2(N3) in wheat season set during 2017-2018. Additionally, we introduced dilution plate method and MPV dilution method so as to study the effects of different nitrogen application rates of summer-sowing soybean yield and soil microflora in winter wheat. The results demonstrated that nitrogen application in wheat season had significant effect on soybean yield and soil microflora. From the results, we can deduce that the summer-sowing soybean yield, the number of soil bacteria, fungus, actinomycetes, ammonia bacteria and aerobic azotobacter have also increased at first and then decreased as nitrogen application rate in winter wheat enhanced. The suitable nitrogen application rates of N1 and N2 in wheat season can promote the growth and reproduction of soil microbial population, which can also optimize the flora structure and improve the yield of soybean. The excessive nitrogen application (N3) could stimulate nitrification and increase the number of denitrifying bacteria and reduce the soybean yield, accelerate nitrogen loss in soil and thereby reduce nitrogen use efficiency. Taking fully the amount of nitrogen applied in winter wheat season is 225~375 kg hm-2 into consideration, the highest yield of summer-sowing soybeans reached an average of 2 988.93 kg·hm-2. Comparing with the CK two-year soybean production, the average yield increased by 24.05%. It is beneficial to improve the microbial flora of the soybean soil and regulate the soil ecological environment which also provide a theoretical basis for the rational application of nitrogen in the post-annual soybean.
-
Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(8): 1834-1839. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.08.1834In order to verify the optimum nitrogen application rate and plant density for high yield and quality of strong gluten wheat, the cultivar Zhenmai 12 was used as the tested material. The experiments were conducted to study the effects of plant density (225×104, 300×104and 375×104 seedlings·hm-2) and nitrogen application rate (90, 120, 150 and 180 kg·hm-2) on the grain yield and quality of Zhenmai 12. The results showed that the nitrogen application and plant density significantly affected on grain yield and its components of Zhenmai 12. The grain yield increased with increasing of nitrogen application, until the nitrogen level was in advance of 150 kg N·hm-2. However, the grain yield decreased when the plant density was over 225×104 seedlings·hm-2. The content of crude protein and wet gluten and the dough stable time were significantly increased with the improvement of nitrogen topdressing amount. Within a certain planting density, the content of crude protein and wet gluten in seeds enhanced slightly with the increase of plant density, but there were no apparent differences in grain water absorption and dough stable time. Under the conditions of this experiment, the optimal nitrogen topdressing amount and plant density to enhance the yield and quality of Zhenmai 12 were 150kg N·hm2 and 225×104seedlings·hm-2, respectively. The research provided a theoretical basis for the determination of suitable nitrogen amount and plant density in strong gluten wheat with different cultivars.
-
Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(8): 1840-1847. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.08.1840In order to clarify effect of salt concentration on the formation of rice quality and its mechanism, in this study, large-scale planting varieties of Nanjing 9108 and Yandao 12 in Jiangsu Province were used as experimental materials, planted in soil culture ponds, and salt water irrigation was used instead of fresh water irrigation during the whole growth period. The salt concentrations were set as 0.10%, 0.15%, 0.20%, 0.25%, 0.30%, and 0.35% salt concentration and fresh water (0% salt concentration) as the control (CK) to study the effects of different salt concentrations on the formation of rice grain quality. The results showed that compared with CK, the amylose content of rice decreased significantly under the low salt concentration (0.10%~0.15%), while the brown rice rate, precision rice rate and whole rice rate increased, at the same time, the peak viscosity, hot pulp viscosity, and final viscosity of RVA increased. The appearance, viscosity, balance degree and taste value of rice under 0.10% salt concentration were higher than those of the control, and the gel consistency of Nanjing 9108 and Yandao 12 was greater than that of the control (4.5and 3.5mm, respectively) under 0.10% salt concentration; Under the medium and high salt concentration (0.20%~0.35%), the processing quality, cooking taste quality and starch viscosity of rice (RVA) decreased significantly. The chalkiness rate and chalkiness degree of rice decreased with the increase of salt concentration. In conclusion, the quality of rice was improved under the low salt concentration (0.10%~0.15%), and the quality of rice was deteriorated under the high salt concentration (0.35%). By analyzing the quality of rice under different salt concentrations, this study provides a reference for high yield and quality optimization cultivation of rice in the beach.
-
Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(8): 1848-1854. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.08.1848In order to provide a basis for screening of seedlings in substrate culture with high density and short growth period, a comparative experiment was carried out between the treatment in substrate culture (named T1, a density of 25 plants·m-2 and the growth period of 60 days) and conventional field culture (named T2, a density of 5 plants·m-2and the growth period of 90 days) using 122 sweetpotato strains in this study. The yield traits of these strains were determined including root weight per plant and root number per plant, weight, diameter and length of the typical sampled root, as well as the quality traits of these strains were evaluated such as the contents of dry matter, carotene and anthocyanin of fresh sweetpotato root, soluble sugar content, reducing sugar content and the taste quality of steamed sweetpotato root, in addition to the effects of the substrate culture on the yield and quality traits of sweetpotato in correlation with those of conventional field culture. The results demonstrated that the yield and quality traits of root tubers in T1 decreased significantly compared with T2, except for the small differences in anthocyanin content. In terms of yield traits, there was a significant positive correlation between the two cultivation methods in root weight per plant and number of root per plant, and a weak positive correlation in root shape. In terms of quality traits, the contents of anthocyanin, carotene, dry matter, soluble sugar and reducing sugar, and taste of micro-root tuber in T1 displayed three types of quality changes including deterioration, stabilization and majorization compared with T2, however, there was an apparent positive correlation between the two culture methods. Therefore, the screening for traits of micro-root tubers such as flesh color, dry matter content and taste quality, as well as root weight per plant, root number per plant, weight and shape of the typical sampled root, and early maturity could be conducted in substrate culture with high density and short growth period, and provide a new method for screening of seedings in edible sweetpotato breeding with early maturity and high quality.
-
Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(8): 1855-1861. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.08.1855To study theeffects of phenanthrene on physiology and biochemistry of Salix viminalis, a hydroponic experiment was conducted with cutting seedlings under different concentrations of phenanthrene(0.2, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.2 mg·mL-1), and 1.0 mg·L-1 phenanthrene was treated for 16days to measure the changes of photosynthetic characteristics and osmotic regulatory substances. The results showed that high concentration of phenanthrene significantly inhibited the plant height and root vigor of Salix viminalis, and increased conductivity and membrane permeability.Under the stress of 1.0 mg·L-1 phenanthrene, photosynthesis was inhibited with photochemical quenching (qP) decreased significantly, and the light reaction was influenced;stomatal conductance (Gs), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), and rubisco enzyme activity decreased, resulting in reduced CO2 supply and assimilation, thereby suppressing dark reactions. The biggest photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) and PSⅡ potential activity (Fv/F0) of leaves did not change significantly,indicating that the ability of using solar power and potential activity of PSⅡwas not affected. Among the osmoregulatory substances, proline and soluble sugar were important regulatory substances for plant to resist phenanthrene stress. The results would provide the basis for revealing the toxicity mechanism of PAHs on Salix viminalis and strengthening the research on plant environmental restoration.
-
Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(8): 1862-1871. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.08.1862In order to screen rice germplasm resources suitable for planting in soda-saline-alkaline area, we established a comprehensive evaluation system of saline-alkaline tolerance related traits of northern japonica rice was established. In this study, 28 phenotypic indices of 50 northern japonica rice were determined under saline-alkaline stress. Taking saline-alkaline tolerance coefficient of each index as the basis, utilizing correlation analysis, principal component analysis and cluster analysis comprehensively evaluated the saline-alkaline resistance. By using principal component analysis, 28 single indexes could be transformed into eight independent comprehensive indexes, and the cumulative contribution rate was up to 80.665%. According to comprehensive evaluation of saline-alkaline tolerance, 50 rice germplasm resources could be clustered into four groups of strong, resistance, middle and sensitive saline-alkaline types. Among them, strong saline-alkaline tolerant varieties contains Song 98-131, SR-824-14, and Changbai 9. The D values were 0.68, 0.63, and 0.61, respectively. Regressive and correlation analysis demonstrated that seed setting rate, yield, biomass, economic coefficient, root diameter, leaf area, dry matter accumulation had significant effects on saline-alkaline resistance, which could be used as comprehensive evaluation of rice saline-alkaline tolerance. These results provide technical and germplasm resources support for saline-alkali resistant rice breeding.
