10 January 2023, Volume 37 Issue 1
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2023, 37(1): 1-7. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2023.01.0001
The purpose of this experiment is to determine the optimal concentration and time of EMS treatment of grain sorghum， and to create new germplasm of grain sorghum. In this study， the parental lines 2055B and 10125 of grain sorghum were treated with ethyl methanesulfonate （EMS） with different times and concentrations， and investigated the effects of EMS mutagenesis on agronomic traits such as seedling emergence， leaf color， leaf shape， panicle shape， fertility and growth period. The results showed that the emergence rate， seedling survival rate and seed setting rate of the two grain sorghum parent lines decreased with the increase of treatment time and concentration， while the mutation rate increased with the increase of treatment time and concentration.The same level of treatment had different inhibitory effects on the two parents， and the inhibitory effects of the restorer line 10125 on the emergence rate， seedling rate and seed setting rate were lower than those of the maintainer line 2055B. Considering the emergence rate， seed setting rate and mutation rate， the optimal mutagenesis treatment time and concentration of 2055B were 14 h and 0.25%， and the optimal mutagenesis treatment time and concentration of 10125 were 14 h and 0.3%. We obtained mutant material by observing， identifying and screening M2 phenotypes， such as early maturity， dwarf， tiller， and etc. And a mutant library of grain sorghum was preliminary constructed， which can provide new germplasm and basic materials for sorghum breeding and functional gene mapping.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2023, 37(1): 8-16. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2023.01.0008
Phytoene Synthase 1 （SlPSY1）， a key rate-limiting enzyme of carotenoid synthesis， directly affects the accumulation of carotenoids in tomato fruit. We constructed and transformed the bait vector pSlPSY1pro-AbAi into the yeast cell to explore the transcriptional regulation of SlPSY1. Then， the AP2/ERF family transcription factor SlJERF1 and 10 other proteins were screened by yeast-one-hybrid experiment using the yeast hybrid cDNA library built by mixed tissue of tomato. Subsequently， the sequence of SlJERF1 gene was cloned and the recombinant vector pGADT7-SlJERF1 was
constructed. The molecular interaction between SlJERF1 and SlPSY1 promoter was varified through yeast-one-hybrid point-to-point test. The results showed that the yeast in the control group could not grow normally under 150 ng·mL-1 Aureobasidin A （AbA）， while the yeast transformed with SlJERF1 could grow normally， indicating the interaction between SlJERF1 and the promoter of SlPSY1 gene. This result provides an important theoretical basis for the regulatory network of carotenoid synthesis， and confers new ideas for further study in the future. -
Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2023, 37(1): 17-26. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2023.01.0017
To analyze gene distribution in wheat lines involved in 2019—2020 Shandong regional trial， one hundred and twenty-six wheat lines were tested with 64 Kompetitive Allele Specific polymerase chain reaction （KASP） markers which were specific to 55 genetic loci. The markers are related to yield， quality， resistance， flower time and etc. Over 90% KASP markers give acceptable genotyping， which provides an efficient technology for gene identification. Favorable allele frequencies of 20 genes are above 80%， including Vrn-A1， Vrn-B1， Vrn-D1， Ppd-A1， Ppd-B1， Ppd-D1， Psy-D1， Glu-A3g， Rht-D1， Pinb-D1， TaCwi-A1-1， TaGW2-6B， TaSus1-7B， TaGASR7-A1， 1-feh-w3， TaDreb-B1， PRR-A1， PRR-B1， TaFT3-B1 and TaMOT1-D1. Favorable allele frequencies of 26 genes are below 30%， including Vp1-B1， Ppo-D1， TaPds-B1， Zds-A1， TEF-7A， Lr46， Glu-B3g， TaGS5-A1， TaCwi-4A， 1B/1R， Rht-B1， Lr68， TaELF3-B1， Pina-D1， Sbwm1， TaPHS1， Pm21， COMT-3B， TaCKX-D1， TaSdr-B1， Pch1， Lr34， Yr15， Fhb1， TaMoc-7A and TaGS-D1， notably，
favorable alleles of TaMoc-7A， Lr34， Fhb1， Pch1， Yr15， and TaSdr-B1 are not detected. Favorable allele frequencies of 9 genes are between 30% and 80%， including Pinb2-V， TaPod-A1， Lox-B1， Glu-A1， Glu-D1， TaGS2-B1， TaGW2-6A， TaSus1-7A， and Lr14a. Favorable allele frequencies of 55 genes show polarization trend. Among all tested lines， JinongCH03， CG086， and JinongCH01 are the only one possessing favorable alleles of TaCKX-D1， Pm21， and COMT-3B， which could be used as gene donors for kernel weight， powdery mildew resistance， and stem lignin content improvement and breeding. In this study， genotypes of 55 genes in 126 wheat lines are clarified， allelic distribution of important agronomic genes in wheat lines attending the Shandong regional trial was basically clarified， which will serve as the foundation for marker assistant selection breeding. -
Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2023, 37(1): 27-41. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2023.01.0027
In order to explore the biological function of the FaGI gene in tall fescue. In this study， yeast two-hybrid， bimolecular fluorescence complementation and co-immunoprecipitation were used to explore the proteins interacting with FaGI， and the overexpression vector p1300-FaGI was transformed into Arabidopsis thaliana by an Agrobacterium-mediated method， and the FaGI transgenic Arabidopsis lines were obtained. The wild type Col-0， overexpression FaGI gene lines and gi mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana were used for transcriptome sequencing and observing flowering performance. The results showed that the FaCO protein interacting with FaGI was screened by yeast two-hybrid method， and the interaction between FaGI and FaCO in vivo and in vitro was proved by bimolecular fluorescence complementation and co-immunoprecipitation. The flowering time of Arabidopsis plants overexpressing the FaGI gene was about 1.24 days earlier than that of wild-type Col-0. Differentially expressed genes （DEGs） of 1 963 and 92 were screened by comparing FaGI-OE and gi with WT， respectively. Compared with wild-type plants， the differentially expressed genes of overexpression FaGI lines were enriched in biological processes and metabolic pathways related to growth and development， photoperiod pathway， hormone synthesis and signal transduction， and carbon metabolism. In conclusion， FaGI affects the expression of photoperiod pathway-related genes， and overexpression of FaGI promotes flowering in Arabidopsis under long-day light conditions. At the same time， the function of FaGI are diverse and complex， which can be used as target genes for molecular breeding of tall fescue. The results of this study laid the foundation for revealing the function of FaGI gene and its regulatory network.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2023, 37(1): 42-50. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2023.01.0042
Stress associated proteins （SAPs） are a group of A20/AN1 zinc-finger domain-containing proteins which are mainly involved in response to abiotic stresses in plants. In order to explore the function of TaSAP12-D in response to salt stress， a stress associated protein gene designated TaSAP12-D was cloned from wheat （Trticum aestivum L.） cultivar Hanxuan 10. The TaSAP12-D：：GFP fusion protein construct was transferred into tobacco leaves
through Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated transfromation for subcellular localization. Quantitative real-time PCR was performed to analyze the expression patterns consisting of different tissues and leaves with NaCl treatment. To identify and analysis of salt-tolerance of TaSAP12-D， transgenic Arabidopsis plants were generated by floral infiltration. The results indicated that the full-length sequence of TaSAP12-D gene was 519 bp， encoding a 172-amino acid protein. The predicted relative molecular weight of the protein was 18.41 kDa and the isoelectric point was 9.21. Subcellular localization showed that TaSAP12-D was located in the nucleus and cytoplasm in tobacco leaf cells. The expression of TaSAP12-D was detected in different tissues， including plumule， root and leaf at the germination and seedling stages， and the highest expression occurred in the leaf tissues at the seedling stage. Furthermore， the transcript levels of TaSAP12-D were inducible by salt stress. Under treatment of 150 mmol·L-1 NaCl， the survival rate of transgenic Arabidopsis plants was significantly higher than that of control. Overexpression of TaSAP12-D in Arabidopsis results in enhanced salt tolerance. In addition， the expression of salt stress-related genes （AtP5CS1， AtRD29A， AtLEA， AtSOS1， AtNHX1 and AtHKT） was significantly upregulated in transgenic Arabidopsis plants. It is speculated that TaSAP12-D can improve tolerance to salt stress by regulating the expression of salt stress-related genes. The results explored the molecular modulation mechanism of TaSAP12-D in response to salt stress， and provided candidate gene for improving salt tolerance in crops. -
Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2023, 37(1): 51-59. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2023.01.0051
To investigate the effect of inhibin A （INHA） on FSH and LH binding receptors in yak follicular granulosa cells. The distribution of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Receptor （FSHR） and Luteinizing Hormone Receptor （LHR） in yak granulosa cells cultured in vitro are detected by Immunofluorescence （IF）. After treatment with exogenous INHA at different concentrations （0， 1.25， 2.5， 5， 10， 20 ng·mL-1） for 12 h， the expressions of FSHβ， LHβ， FSHR and LHR in granulosa cells are detected by Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR （qRT-PCR）， and the contents of FSH and LH in and outside the cells are detected by Enzyme Linked Immunoassay （ELISA）. These results show that both FSHR and LHR are expressed in the cytoplasm and nucleus of granulosa cells. The expressions of FSHβ and LHβ genes in granulosa cells are decreased at the first instance and then increased with increasing INHA concentration. The expression of FSHβ is the lowest when INHA concentration is close to 5 ng·mL-1， and the expression of LHβ is lowest when INHA concentration is close to 10 ng·mL-1. Expressions of FSHR and LHR genes are negatively correlated with INHA concentration. When INHA concentration is close to 5 ng·mL-1， the content of FSH in and out of granulosa cells is the lowest， and when INHA concentration is close to 10 ng·mL-1， the content of LH in and out of granulosa cells is also the lowest. Under other INHA concentrations， the content of FSH and LH in granulosa cells is decreased， but that in the cell supernatant is increased. It is concluded that INHA inhibit the expression of FSHR and LHR genes in granulosa cells， suggesting that INHA inhibit the binding of FSH and LH to their receptors in yak follicular granulosa cells. Meanwhile， INHA plays an important role in regulating the content of FSH and LH in and outside granulosa cells. This study provides a theoretical basis to further explore the effects of inhibin on reproductive regulation in female yaks.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2023, 37(1): 60-68. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2023.01.0060
In order to evaluate the traits’ performance， stability and adaptability of national tested buckwheat varieties （lines） in different ecological regions of Shanxi， in this study， six varieties （lines） from the national buckwheat regional test from 2019 to 2020 were used as experimental materials and planted in three ecological regions of Yuci （E1）， Xinzhou （E2） and Datong （E3）. Nine main traits， i.?e. grain yield， plant number per hectare， plant height， number of main stem branches， number of main stem nodes， grain number per plant， grain weight per plant， 1000-grain weight and the growth period， were investigated. Additive main effects and multiplicative interaction （AMMI） model analysis and double-plot analysis were used to analyze yield stability， adaptability and site discrimination. And the variability and genetic correlation of yield-related traits were also analyzed. The results showed， among the six tested varieties （lines）， Baiqiao 3 and Pingqiao 2 had better productivity， stability and adaptability. The three regional test sites are all suitable for buckwheat variety identification. However， compared with Yuci District and Datong， Xinzhou had the highest variety discrimination. The yield and yield-related characters of three varieties in three regional test sites varied greatly in different test years. The variation of 9 characters among six varieties was ranged 8.71%～35.80%， and the average coefficient of variation was 19.34%. Among them， the largest variations was found in the number of main stem branches， the followings are the plant number per hectare， grain number per plant and grain weight per plant， the plant height and growth period were both smaller. Genetic correlation analysis of yield-related traits also showed that plant height and main stem branching， grain number per plant and grain weight per plant， grain number per plant and grain yield， grain weight per plant and grain yield were all positively correlated， while grain number per plant and 1000-grain weight was negatively correlated. The result of heritability analysis showed that the heritability of plant height and node number of main stem were higher. Therefore， the relationship among yield characters should be well coordinated in the production of common buckwheat. The identification of high plant， more grain number and bigger grain weight per plant should be emphasized in the resource innovation and the selection of new varieties （lines）， and the excavation of related genes should be strengthened. The study provided a theoretical basis for variety identification and selection of common buckwheat.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2023, 37(1): 69-77. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2023.01.0069
To clarify the effects of storage time and low storage temperature on the nutrition quality of rapeseed stem， two oil-vegetable rapeseed cultivars Zheyou 51 and Zheyouza 108 were used as materials. 3 storage times （stored at 4 ℃ for 1， 2， 3 d） and 3 storage temperatures （stored at -20， -40， -80 ℃ for 10 d） were set， and the contents of sugars， vitamins， cellulose and lignin during storage were analyzed. The results showed that vitamin C and vitamin B1 showed a rising trend first and then falling in two varieties， while vitamin B6， fructose， sucrose and cellulose showed an upward trend with the extension of storage time under 4 ℃. Vitamin E were raised in Zheyouza 108， while it increased first and then decreased in Zheyou 51. The starch content gradually decreased in two varieties. Paraffin section staining results showed that the cellulose area in Zheyou 51 and lignification area in Zheyouza 108 were increased with the extension of storage time. Under different storage temperatures， the content of all the nutrition except cellulose were the highest in fresh sample， while cellulose contents reached the highest in -20 ℃. Fructose， sucrose and cellulose contents can match the fresh level at -80 ℃ in two varieties， while the content of vitamin B1 and E were better under -40 ℃ in Zheyou 51. In conclusion， the appropriate shelf life of rapeseed stem should be within 2 d when storing at 4 ℃. For low storage temperature， -40 ℃ and -80 ℃ were better than -20 ℃. The results of this research provides a theoretical basis for daily storage and consumption of rapeseed stem and the multi-functional utilization of rapeseed.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2023, 37(1): 78-87. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2023.01.0078
Mango peel is rich in bioactive compounds such as dietary fiber and carotenoids， which are not fully utilized yet in food industry. To achieve whole fruit utilization of mango resources， freeze-dried restructured mango cubes with different peel/pulp ratios were prepared， the glass transition temperature （Tg ）， texture， microstructure， carotenoids content and other qualities of the cubes were investigated， and the effects of peel/pulp ratios on the physicochemical， textural， nutritional and sensory qualities of the cubes were comprehensively analyzed. The results showed that the hardness of mango cubes added mango peel were increased slightly by 2.65%～24.07%， while the crispness exhibited a declining trend by 1.91%～73.49% when the proportion of peel was above 20%. In addition， the content of total polyphenols， carotenoids and dietary fiber of the cubes containing mango peel substantially increased by 60.96%～336.75%， 11.17%～112.48% and 28.61%～166.36%， respectively. Sensory evaluation showed that the comprehensive quality score of the cubes with mango peel proportion less than 40% was higher. In conclusion， the addition of 20% mango peel could not only significantly improve the nutrition， function qualities and texture stability of cubes， but also had better comprehensive sensory qualities. The results of this study indicated that the use of restructured combined vacuum freeze-dried technology to make mango pulp and peel into crisp cubes would provide a feasible method for the efficient utilization of mango peel resources， which provide a theoretical basis for the utilization and the selection of the addition amount in production.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2023, 37(1): 88-97. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2023.01.0088
Whitmania pigra is a traditional Chinese medicine with anticoagulation and thrombolysis. However， its pharmacological functions were affected by the extraction process. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the extracts from different processes， and finally screen the appropriate extraction process. The water extraction， acid extraction， degreasing and enzymatic hydrolysis was applied to prepare 14 extracts， in which the anticoagulant activity， fibrinolytic activity and in vitro thrombolytic activity were determined. The results showed that the degreasing pepsin hydrolysate had better parameters with antithrombin activity， fibrinolytic activity and in vitro thrombolytic activity. The biomimetic enzymatic hydrolysate had relatively high antithrombin activity and strong in vitro thrombolytic activity. Degreasing bionic enzyme hydrolysate had better fibrinolytic activity and in vitro thrombolytic activity. Degreasing heated water extraction extract had stronger fibrinolytic activity and in vitro thrombolytic activity. Degreasing pepsin hydrolysate played an anticoagulant fibrinolytic effect and the main components were the peptides with molecular weight less than 3 kDa. In addition， it was found that the three extracts from the water extraction， the extracts of biomimetic enzymatic hydrolysis， the degreasing biomimetic enzymatic hydrolysis and the crude enzymatic hydrolysis had a dissolving effect on the α peptide chain of fibrinogen. In conclusion， the different extracts all had pharmacological effects of anticoagulant and thrombolytic. The enzymatic hydrolysis was better than water and acid extractions. Degreasing was beneficial to the extraction of the anticoagulant thrombolytic active substance. The pepsin hydrolysis was the best. The substance with low molecular weight had the best anticoagulant and fibrinolytic activities from the degreasing pepsin hydrolysate. The results of the present study set a theoretical basis for further developing pharmacological functions of Whitmania pigra.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2023, 37(1): 98-106. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2023.01.0098
In order to improve the comprehensive utilization of by-products which generating from sweet potato starch processing， six kinds of lactic acid bacteria， including Lactobacillus plantarum （Lp）， Lactobacillus casei （Lc）， Lactobacillus bulgaricus （Lb）， Pediococcus pentosaceus （Pp）， Streptococcus thermophilus （St）， and Lactobacillus plantarum （SZ） were used to ferment sweet potato residues. pH， total acid， and nutritional functional components of fermented products were systematically analyzed. The grey weighted correlation degree was employed to evaluate the comprehensive nutrition to choose the suitable lactic acid bacteria. The results showed that the above lactic acid bacteria exhibited different fermentation capacity. Products fermented by Lb and Lc exhibited the lowest pH value （3.15） and the highest total acid （27.90）， respectively. Moreover， products fermented by Lb， SZ， Lb， and St showed the highest lactic acid （11.60 mg·mL-1）， acetic acid （66.99 μg·mL-1）， soluble dietary fiber （0.74 g·100 mL-1）， and total polyphenol （146.87 μg GAE·mL-1）， respectively. Free amino acids contents in Lc fermented products improved by 3.71 time in contrast with those unfermented residues. In addition， the contents of Mg， Ca， Fe， Zn， and Se in the all fermentation products were significantly increased than those of unfermented sweet potato residue. Overall， the grey weighted correlation analysis showed that the comprehensive nutritional value of sweet potato residue products fermented by Lb and Lc was the highest. The results of this study could provide a theoretical basis for the application of fermentation technology in the preparation of functional foods from sweet potato residues using lactic acid bacteria.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2023, 37(1): 107-117. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2023.01.0107
To explore the decolorization process and its effect on the flavor of the prepared squid skin collagen peptide， the decolorization effects and the optimal technology of different activated carbons and resins on the enzymatic hydrolysate of squid skin were studied. The changes of the flavor of the decolorized and non- decolorized squid skin hydrolysates were analyzed by the electronic tongue， electronic nose and amino acids were also researched. The results showed that the decolorization effect of powdered activated carbon was the best， and its optimal decolorization process was pH 2.0， 0.1% （m/v） activated carbon additive amount， temperature at 30℃， and time of 30 min. Under this condition， the decolorization rate and protein loss rate of squid skin hydrolysate were 82.91% and 24.81% respectively. The molecular weight and free amino acid analysis showed that the molecularweight distribution of the decolorized and non-decolorized squid skin hydrolysates had little difference. Compared with non-decolorized squid skin hydrolysate， the contents of free amino acids and bitter amino acids of decolorized squid skin hydrolysate decreased， whereas the proportion of umami amino acids increased. In addition， there were significant differences in the taste and aroma between decolorized and non-decolorized squid skin hydrolysates through further analysis of electronic tongue， electronic nose and sensory evaluation， the flavor of the decolorized squid skin hydrolysate was significantly improved， and its bitterness decreased， whereas the freshness， acidity and saltiness increased. The results provide a theoretical basis for the development of high value-added products for squid skin and the application of collagen peptide.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2023, 37(1): 118-127. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2023.01.0118
3-Monochloropropane-1，2-diol esters （3-MCPDE） is a new pollutant in oil production and processing， and its pollution problem is worthy of attention in oil processing industry. In order to control the accumulation of 3-MCPDE in the process of fish oil refining and processing， activated white clay and by-products of shuttle crab shell were fired at 1∶5 （w∶w） to obtain the biochar-clay adsorbent （CBW） for adsorption of 3-MCPDE. The physical and chemical properties of the composite materials were analyzed by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area （BET）， Scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and Fourier infrared spectroscopy （FT-IR）. The effects of solid-liquid ratio， adsorption temperature and adsorption time on 3-MCPDE in fish oil were studied， and its adsorption mechanism was discussed by adsorption kinetics. The results showed that the adsorption performance of CBW was significantly improved compared with a single adsorbent. The specific surface area and average pore size of CBW were increased， and new functional groups were loaded. When the optimal adsorption temperature was 80 ℃， the ratio of solid to liquid was 1∶25（w∶w）， and the adsorption time was 50 min， the adsorption effect of 3-MCPDE in fish oil was the best， and the adsorption rate reached to 55.32±1.3%， and CBW has better regeneration adsorption performance. As regards the adsorption behaviour of 3-MCPDE in fish oil， the CBW better corresponded to the quasi-level 2 kinetic model and the Freundlich isothermal adsorption model， which indicate the presence of physical and chemical adsorption. This study provided a new adsorption material for 3-MCPDE in the fish oil， and provided support for the risk prevention and control of 3-MCPDE in fish oil production and the quality improvement of fish oil products.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2023, 37(1): 128-139. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2023.01.0128
Cadmium（Cd） mainly pollutes the water environment， which is ranked as the top among the 12 hazardous chemicals of global significance proposed by the United Nations Environment Programme. Unlike organic pollutants， cadmium in water environment cannot be degraded by aquatic organisms， and will accumulate in aquatic organisms and gradually enrich through the food chain， which will then cause many problems such as aquatic products quality and safety hazards， water environment pollution and human health. Therefore， the pollution and harm of cadmium to water environment and aquatic organisms has caused wide attention throughout the world. In this paper， the research progress on accumulation status and enrichment rule of cadmium in crustacean aquatic organisms was cleared up and induced， and the difference of cadmium accumulation in different tissues of crustacean aquatic organisms was also discussed around two typical cadmium-accumulating crustacean aquatic organisms Portunus trituberculatus and Squilla oratoria. In addition， the related research and development of the extraction methods， qualitative analysis and toxicological effects of cadmium form were reviewed， analyzed and prospected， which would provide reference for the speciation and quantitative analysis of cadmium in crustaceans and toxicological study of different forms of cadmium.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2023, 37(1): 140-147. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2023.01.0140
This study was aimed to explore the reason that nitrogen use efficiency increased by the usage of bag controlled-release fertilizer from the perspective of apple new born root growth and development， so as to provide theoretical basis for apple rational fertilization. In field grow condition， five-years old apple trees （Malus domesica Borkh） of the cv. Red Fuji were taken as experimental materials. New born root growth dynamics of apple trees were determined using the minirhizotron technique for three consecutive years. At the same time， effects of bag controlled-release fertilizer on nitrogen utilization of apple were studied by 15N isotope tracer method. The results showed that the soil ammonium and nitrate nitrogen concentration of bag controlled-release fertilizer treatment maintained higher than 12.46 mg · kg-1 and the coefficient of variation was less than 27.4%. The number of new born roots was increased by 34.2% of bag controlled-release fertilizer treatment than fertilizer spread application treatment. New born roots in the fertilizer spread application and unfertilized control treatments took 34 and 41 d to become pigmented， and the bag controlled-release fertilizer treatment took 58 d to become pigmented. The median lifespan of new born roots was 224， 182 and 142 d for bag controlled-release fertilizer， fertilizer spread application and three unfertilized controls， respectively. The new born roots turnover rate of the bag controlled-release fertilizer treatment was markedly lower than that of the fertilizer spread application and unfertilized control treatments but the new root exsiting was significantly higher than that of the fertilizer spread application and unfertilized control trertments. At the end of August， the root activity of bag controlled-release fertilizer treatment was up to 82.54 mg · g-1 · h-1， which was significantly higher than that of fertilizer spread application treatment and unfertilized control treatments. The nitrogen derived from fertilizer of bag controlled-release fertilization treatment was significantly higher than that of fertilizer spreading application treatment. The nitrogen utilization rate （23.00%）of bag controlled-release fertilization treatment was significantly higher than fertilizer spread application treatment of 17.08%. The reasons why bag controlled-release fertilizer increased nitrogen utilization rate could be largely accounted for influencing soil nutrient supply and new born root growth and development.In summary， the findings were of great significance for the further promotion of bag controlled-release fertilization in apple production and green development of apple production.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2023, 37(1): 148-158. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2023.01.0148
In order to explore effects of sowing depth and amount on seedling growth and yield of direct-seeding rice in Ningxia， the main rice variety Fuyuan No.4 was used as the test material. The two-factor split-plot design was adopted， with four sowing depths of 1， 2， 3 and 4 cm and four sowing rates of 112.5， 187.5， 262.5 and 337.5 kg·hm-2， to study the effects of different sowing depths and sowing rates on the seedling quality and yield of direct-seeding rice. The results showed that there was a significant interaction effect between sowing depth and sowing rate on the emergence rate of rice， among which the emergence rate of four combinations with sowing depth of 1～2 cm and sowing amount of 112.5～187.5 kg·hm-2 increased significantly compared with other combinations. In seedling quality， the four indexes of seedling height， stem base width， plumpness and strong seedling index were superior to other combinations coupled with sowing depth of 2 cm and sowing amount of 262.5 kg·hm-2. The rooting ability of two combinations of sowing depth of 2～3 cm and sowing amount of 187.5 kg·hm-2 was superior to other combinations， and the uniformity of seedlings was better than others with sowing depth of 3 cm and sowing amount of 262.5 kg·hm-2. Among the indexes of seedling quality， the effects of sowing depth multipled sowing amount on plumpness and strong seedling index have extremely significant interaction effects. As for root physiological indexes， the root vigor， total absorption area and active absorption area of root system in three combinations with sowing depth of 2 cm， sowing amount of 187.5～262.5 kg·hm-2， and sowing depth of 3 cm and sowing amount of 187.5 kg·hm-2 were better than other combinations， and there was a significant interaction effect between sowing depth and sowing amount on the above three indexes. Further， the membership function combined with weight analysis method was used to comprehensively evaluate （D value） 12 seedling quality related indexes under different sowing depth and sowing rate combinations， while four better combinations with sowing depth of 2～3 cm and sowing amount of 187.5～262.5 kg·hm-2 were selected. The results of yield analysis showed that the two combinations with sowing depth of 3 cm and the sowing amount of 187.5～262.5 kg·hm-2 increased the yield obviously， and the yield increase rate reached 4.29%～17.10%. To sum up， the suitable combination of sowing depth and sowing rate （sowing depth of 3 cm， sowing amount of 187.5～262.5 kg·hm-2） can promote the growth of direct-seeding rice seedlings by improving rooting ability， seedling uniformity and root absorption area， and improve the population quality of direct-seeding rice， thus increasing the yield of direct-seeding rice. The results of this study laid a theoretical foundation for the construction of direct seeding cultivation techniques of rice covered with soil in Ningxia.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2023, 37(1): 159-168. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2023.01.0159
The objective of this study is to determine the optimum nitrogen application rate for wheat plantation in low- and medium-yield fields of the Jianghan Plain. The effects of different pure nitrogen application rates （0， 135， 180， and 225 kg·hm-2） on the grain yield， yield composition， nitrogen use efficiency， and some agronomic traits of two wheat cultivars， namely Zhengmai 9023 and Yangmai 23， were studied. The two cultivars were selected owing to their suitability for planting in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. The results showed that the partial productivity and the agronomic use efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer gradually decreased but the SPAD value of wheat flag leaf， panicle number， grain number and biomass gradually increased with increasing nitrogen application rate from 0 to 225 kg·hm-2. Meanwhile， grain yield was the highest at the nitrogen application rate of 225 kg·hm-2， despite being insignificant compared with nitrogen application rate of 180 kg·hm-2. Dry matter accumulation， nitrogen accumulation， and harvest index significantly increased with increasing nitrogen application rate from 0 to 180 kg·hm-2. However， the application rate of 225 kg·hm-2 did not significantly increase wheat dry matter compared with 180 kg·hm-2 in each growth period. Compared with Zhengmai 9023， Yangmai 23 produced a 19.8% higher yield on average under different nitrogen application rates， presenting marked yield stability with high effective grain number per spike number， stable panicle number， 1 000-grain weight， nitrogen absorption and utilization efficiency， and harvest index. Additionally， the results of redundancy analysis showed that apparent nitrogen use efficiency， nitrogen agronomic use efficiency， and nitrogen partial productivity were positively （P<0.01） correlated with wheat grain yield. Therefore， considering both yield and input， the optimum nitrogen application rate for wheat plantation in low- and medium-yield fields of the Jianghan Plain is 180 kg·hm-2， which is accompanied by higher nitrogen absorption and utilization efficiency. The results from this research provide a technical reference for increasing wheat productivity in low- and medium-yield fields in the Jianghan Plain and the efficiency of applying nitrogen fertilizers.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2023, 37(1): 169-179. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2023.01.0169
5-Aminolevulinic acid （ALA）， a precursor of porphyrin compounds biosynthesis， such as chlorophyll. In higher plants， ALA plays an important role in promoting plant growth， enhancing stress resistance and improving crop yield. The overall objective of this research was to explore the effects of exogenous ALA on the quality and mineral element contents of tomato fruit during ripening. Tomato（Solanum lycopersicum cv. Yuanwei No.1） fruits were applied with different concentrations of ALA （0， 50， 100， 200 and 300 mg·L-1） on the surface at the mature green fruit stage， and the optimal ALA concentration which improved the quality of the facility cultivated tomato fruit was selected. Moreover， the firmness， soluble solids and mineral elements changes during the ripening of tomato fruit were further studied. The results indicated that exogenous ALA treatments promoted fruit ripening by reducing fruit firmness， and improved fruit quality by increasing the content of soluble solid of tomato fruit. In addition， at 40th day after fruit setting， the contents of K， Ca and Fe increased by 21.82%， 56.25% and 12.86% under 200 mg·L-1 ALA treatment compared with control， respectively. But the contents of P， Mg and Cu were reduced by 9.92%， 21.74% and 25.00%， respectively. The results of correlation analysis showed that soluble solid content had significantly positive correlation with K content， but had significantly negative correlation with Cu content， and firmness had significantly negative correlation with K content. P content was positively correlated with Cu content， and negatively correlated with contents of Mn， K and Ca in tomato fruits at maturity. K content was positively correlated with contents of Ca and Zn. Mg content was negatively correlated with Zn content. The results of principal component analysis showed that K and Mg were the characteristic elements in tomato fruit after ALA treatment. In conclusion， applying an appropriate concentration of exogenous ALA（200 mg·L-1）during ripening of tomato fruit not only decreased the fruit firmness and enhanced soluble solid content of the fruit， but also regulated the absorption and accumulation of mineral elements. These results provide theoretical reference for mechanism of ALA regulating the mineral nutrients absorption of tomato fruit， and new ideas for the cultivation technology of high-quality tomato.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2023, 37(1): 180-187. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2023.01.0180
To accelerate the degradation rate of straw cellulose during composting， strains that efficiently degrade cellulose were screened from corn straw compost by the Congo red staining method. The carboxymethyl cellulase （CMCase） activity， filter paper degradation effects， and compatibility of isolates were detected to screen the excellent strains that used to construct composite strains. Moreover， the degradation performances of composite strains were evaluated. The results showed that a total of 29 strains were isolated， among which the excellent strains were selected to construct six composite strains. The filter paper enzyme activities of compound strains were significantly higher than that of the single strain （P<0.05）， except for community F. Especially， communities B （xw1， xw3， xw8）and D （xw16， xw21， xw31） had the highest enzyme activity of 22.8 and 20.4 U·mL-1， respectively， which were 58.3% and 68.6% higher than those of strains xw3 and xw21. And their enzymes were resistant to high temperature （40~55℃）. The communities B and D could disintegrate the filter paper strip into paste after 5 d of fermentation， and they degraded 24.5% and 21.9% of corn straw after 10 d of fermentation， which were 9.4 and 4.7 percentage points higher than those of strains xw8 and xw31.16S rDNA identification showed that community B consisted of Microbacterium sp. and Paenibacillus sp.， while community D consisted of Paenibacillus sp. and Bacillus sp. The study further enriches the resources of cellulose-degrading strains and provides reference for the development of compost inoculants.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2023, 37(1): 188-195. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2023.01.0188
To investigate the effects of soil Cu content in paddy soils on grain yield and grain filling properties， differences in grain yield under 24.32 （control， CK）， 100 （Cu100）， and 200 mg·kg-1 （Cu200） soil Cu content in paddy soils were analyzed by pot experiments in 2019 and 2021. And the differences between grain filling parameters were compared by fitting the Richards equation to investigate the effects of Cu content on grain filling properties at different grain positions. The results showed that the Cu200 treatment reduced grain yield by 31.18% and 39.50% compared with CK in 2019 and 2021 （P<0.05），respectively. However， the rice yield of Cu100 treatment decreased by 12.94% （P<0.05） and increased by 10.07% （P>0.05）， respectively. The characteristics of grain filling under different soil Cu contents indicated that the Cu100 treatment of superior grains increased by the prolonged active filling stage （D） and the time of reaching the maximum filling rate （Tmax），thus the final growth volume （A value） increased in Cu100 treatment when compared with the control； whereas， the inferior grains showed a decreased A value as a result of the reduced D and Tmax value. What’s more， the A values of superior and inferior grains were both significantly decreased caused by the lower D and Tmax value of superior and inferior grains in Cu200 treatment. In general， the effect of different treatments on the filling of inferior grains was greater than that of superior grains. Further analysis of yield variation with different soil Cu contents was conducted. Compared with the control， the yield increase of Cu100 treatment was due to the increase of superior grains weight and the number of effective panicles， which partly offset the negative impact of insufficient filling of inferior grains. However， the significant decrease in yield of Cu200 treatment was due to the significant decrease in effective panicles and 1 000-grain weight caused by insufficient grain filling of superior and inferior grains. The results of this study can provide a theoretical basis for further rational utilization of copper-contaminated soil.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2023, 37(1): 196-206. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2023.01.0196
The hybrid rice Xiangliangyou 900 and cultivated rice Huanghuazhan were used as the materials to investigate the effects of two seed initiators， choline chloride （CC） and indole-3-butyric acid potassium salt （IBAK）， on the growth and physiological characteristics of rice seedlings under salt stress. In this study， the growth， photosynthetic characteristics， antioxidant metabolism， and osmotic regulation of rice seedlings under salt stress with different concentrations of the initiators were completely analyzed. The results showed that salt stress inhibited the growth of rice seedlings. The priming optimum concentrations for alleviating the growth inhibition of rice seedlings under salt stress were 3.0 mg·L-1 CC and 1.0 mg·L-1 IBAK. With the addition of initiator CC， the dry weight of Xiangliangyou 900 roots was significantly increased by 9.64%. Adding CC and IBAK significantly increased the total root length， leaf area， shoot dry weight， root dry weight， and seedling index of Huanghuazhan by 24.78% and 14.39%， 43.06% and 36.33%， 11.45% and 7.43%， 34.60% and 28.62%， 41.89% and 33.55%， respectively. Moreover， application of the initiator CC and IBAK drastically increased the net photosynthetic rate （Pn）， stomatal conductance （Gs）， transpiration rate （Tr）， and chlorophyll content of the leaves of the two rice varieties under salt stress， and also significantly activated the activities of superoxide dismutase （SOD）， peroxidase （POD）， catalase （CAT）， and ascorbate peroxidase （APX）. Adding CC and IBAK could also increase the content of ascorbic acid （AsA）， glutathione （GSH）， soluble protein， and proline， while inhibit the accumulation of reactive oxygen species， and reduce the level of malondialdehyde （MDA） and relative conductivity （REC） of two rice seedlings compared to the NaCl treatment alone. There was a typical interaction between salt and initiator treatments on the antioxidant indexes of the two rice varieties， while the interaction on morphological indexes or photosynthetic parameters of the two rice varieties was more significant in Huanghuazhan. In conclusion， the initiators CC and IBAK can improve the salt tolerance of rice seedlings mainly by enhancing the activity of the antioxidant system， increasing the potential of osmotic regulation， and reducing the damage of reactive oxygen species. This study provided a theoretical basis for the application of initiators to alleviate the damage of salt stress on rice seedlings．
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2023, 37(1): 207-215. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2023.01.0207
Uranium is a highly toxic radionuclide. Uranium mining， nuclear accident leakage and improper disposal of nuclear waste lead to radioactive pollution of uranium to soil. After being absorbed by plants， uranium enters human body through food chain， resulting in harm to human health. Domestic and foreign scholars have carried out a series of studies on phytoremediation technology of uranium-contaminated soil. This paper systematically summarized the advances in the stress effects of uranium on plants， including the effects of uranium on plant growth and development， physiology and biochemistry， gene toxicity， water metabolism and nutrient metabolism. Based on the current research status， the future research direction was prospected. It will provide reference for further studies on the transfer mechanism of uranium in hyper-accumulator plants and the theoretical basis for phytoremediation of uranium contaminated soil， which is of great significance for monitoring uranium contaminated soil and ecological environment protection.
