10 January 2019, Volume 33 Issue 1
    

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    Induced Mutations for Plant Breeding·Agricultural Biotechnology
  • GENG Jiefei, WANG Na, JIANG Hongbao, LIU Luxiang, XU Xitang, WEI Hongsheng, WANG Chengshe, XIE Yanzhou
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(1): 1-6. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.01.0001
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    In order to identify the authenticity of EMS mutation, SSR markers and 90 K SNP chip were used to detect Wheat Strain H261 and its EMS mutants. SSR analysis showed that the difference of SSR markers between H261 and LF2010 or LF2099 was 0, but the difference of SSR markers between H261 and LF2100 was 10, and the polymorphism rate was 47.62%. SNP chip analysis showed that the differences between H261 and LF2010 and LF2099 were 66 and 12, accounting for 0.0809% and 0.0147% of the total SNPS, respectively. The homozygous differences between the two mutants and H261 were 0, while the differences between H261 and LF2100 were 2 846, accounting for 3.487 9% of the total SNPS, and the homozygous differences between them were 784, accounting for the 0.960 8%. The results showed the genetic background of LF2010 and LF2099 were highly consistent with that of genetic background of parents H261, and were the mutated offspring of H261 mutated by EMS, while LF2100 was a “pseudomutant” produced by natural outcrossing or mechanical hybridization. This study laid a theoretical foundation for the better use of wheat mutants in genetic improvement and functional genome research.
  • ZHANG Yujun, WANG Puchang, ZHAO Lili, ZENG Qingfei, ZHANG Xiong, CHEN Chao, DONG Rui
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(1): 7-9. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.01.0007
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    DREBs play important roles in regulating the expression of downstream genes in response to a variety of abiotic stresses. In order to study the function and mechanism of DREB2 gene in Paspalum notatum and further enrich the database of Paspalum notatum genome, monoclonal technique was used to clone the CDS region of PnDREB2 gene (GenBank No. MH150946) from the genome of Paspalum notatum. The analysis of nucleotide sequence indicated that PnDREB2 gene contained a 774 bp intact open reading frame, which encoded a peptide of 257 amino acids, and the predicted molecular weight and isoelctric point of the polypeptide were 28.09 kD and 5.25, respectively. The amino acid sequence analysis indicated that the predicted protein contained a typical AP2 structural domain, belonging to the subtype 1 of Subgroup A-2 in transcription factors of DREB2. Evolution and clustering analysis revealed that PnDREB2 gene of Paspalum notatum has the closest genetic relationship with Sorghum bicolor, Saccharum spontaneum, Setaria italica, Hemarthria compressa and Zea mays, and the homologies up to 91.10%, 89.50%, 88.2%, 87.6% and 87.6%, respectively. The results of realtime quantitative PCR and bioinformatics analysis suggested that PnDREB2 gene was constitutively expressed in various tissues of Paspalum notatum with higher level in stem, and then in young ear, but lower in leaf. Its expression product was located in cytoplasm, with 26 phosphorylation sites, representing the structural and functional specificity. Meanwhile, the expression of PnDREB2 gene was induced by drought (PEG-6000, 20%) and high temperature (40℃), andalso induced by high-salt (NaCl, 300 mmol·L-1), low temperature (4℃), abscisic acid(ABA, 100 μmol·L-1) and gibberellic acid (GA, 100 μmol·L-1), with the increase of treatment time, the expression trend was first increasing and then decreasing. This work could lay a theoretical foundation for the study of resistance molecular mechanism of Paspalum notatum and for the develepment of genetically modified materials with enhanced stress resistance.
  • JIANG Ming, ZHANG Zhixian, ZHANG Huijuan, GUAN Ming, CHEN Xiaoshang, YIN Longfei, LIU Jie
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(1): 16-23. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.01.0016
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    Ethylene response sensor protein plays an important role in ethylene signal transduction. It acts as a negative regulator which inactivates downstream component CTR1, and triggers a series of reactions succedently. To investigate sequence chavacterristics and expression features of the broccoli ERS gene, our aim is to isolate an ethylene response sensor gene in broccoli and to obtain its expression pattern induced by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Plasmodiophora brassicae, thus provide a foundation for its role in disease resistance response. Results indicated that the genomic DNA of BoERS was 1 928 bp in length, containing a 68 bp intron. The full coding sequence was 1 860 bp encoding 619 amino acids, and the deduced protein contained four transmembrane domains, one GAF domain and one HisKA domain. Sequence comparison revealed BoERS showed little difference form ERSs of other Brassica plants, and they were grouped into the same clade, however, larger differences were observed between BoERS and ERSs from Raphanus, Thellungiella and Arabidopsis plants, and they clustered in different clades. Quantitative real-time PCR showed that the expression of BoERS was induced by S. sclerotiorum, and the highest expression level was observed at 36 h with a 3.53 fold increase. Isolation and expression analysis of BoERS laid a basis for gene function identification as well as its application in the future.
  • WANG Zhiwei, ZHANG Ziyang, LIN Liting, ZHANG Jinwen, LIU Mingjiu, QIAO Yan
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(1): 24-30. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.01.0024
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    Erucic acid is an important industrial raw material, which is acquied majorly from Brassica napus seeds. To regulate the content of erucic acid in Brassica napus seeds, the specific amiRNA is designed according to the key enzyme gene Bnfad2 in the erucic acid synthesis of Brassica napus L. The expression vector is constructed to transform the high erucic acid Brassica napus cultivar MY15 and low erucic acid Brassica napus cultivar LEA01, and the fatty acid of the transformed plant T0 generation seeds is analyzed. The erucic acid content in transformed erucic canola is up to 5.12% and the lowest is 2.11%; while in the transformed low erucic acid variety, the highest is 0.45%, the lowest is only 0.16%, and the erucic acid content in low acid material is less than 1%; Meanwhile, the content of oleic acid in the transformed seeds is significantly improved, and the lowest is 4.99%, the highest up to 10.71%. The reduction of linoleic acid is quite obvious, and the maximum drop is 17%. The results show that the amiRNA technology can effectively change the composition of fatty acids in the seeds, change their nutritional structure and further increase the added value of rape seeds by influencing the expression of specific genes in process of fatty acid synthesis. In summary, the effect of amiRNA technology is obviously on reduce the expression of FAD2 gene and improve the content of erucic acid in Brassica napus. The technology has great meaning when it's widely used in Brassica napus to adjust the fatty acids composition, change nutrition structure and raise economic value.
  • LAI Ruilian, FENG Xin, CHEN Jin, ZHONG Chunshui, CHEN Yiting, WU Rujian
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(1): 31-38. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.01.0031
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    To explore codon usage bias (CUB) pattern of Canarium album (Lour.) R., the transcriptome of Fulan-1 was used to analyze CUB parameters by codonW and EMBOSS, and the possible formative factors were discussed. The results showed that, the effective number of codon (ENc), GC content (GC) and GC content on the 3rd site (GC3s) is 51.80, 0.435 and 0.377 respectively, which indicate that CUB level of Canarium album (Lour.) R. is low, but it is biased towards the synonymous codons with A or T on the 3 rd site. The differences of relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) between high-expression and low-expression gene sample groups are not significant, but CGC, ATC, CTC and ACC are defined as the major preference codons of Canarium album (Lour.) R.. Based on composition analysis, neutrality plot, ENc-GC3s plot and PR2 plot, the CUB of Canarium album (Lour.) R. is mainly due to the effect of mutation pressure. In addition, Nicotiana sylvestris and Saccharomyces cerevisiae may be the suitable receptors for gene heterologous transgenosis of Canarium album (Lour.) R.. These results would provide scientific basis for further research of genetic background and molecular evolution of Canarium album (Lour.) R..
  • LIU Wenlin, ZHANG Hongji, SUN Yan, LIU Dongjun, YANG Shuping, ZHANG Rui, MENG Qinglin
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(1): 39-47. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.01.0039
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    To understand the composition and distribution of the powdery mildew resistance genes, a total of 123 spring wheat cultivars released in Heilongjiang province since the founding of new China were detected and analyzed with developed molecular markers, such as Pm2、Pm3bPm4、Pm8、Pm13 and Pm21. The results showed that there were four the powdery mildew resistance genes among 123 spring wheat cultivars.Pm2, Pm3 and Pm13 had the higher distribution freguency of 95.1%, 95.1% and 94.3%, respectively. Pm8 had the lower distribution frequency of 0.01% and Pm4 and Pm21 were not found in these spring wheat cultivars. There were seven combinations of powdery mildew resistance gene among Heilongjiang spring wheat cultivars. The combination of Pm2/Pm3b/Pm13(88.6%) had the highest frequency, followed by Pm2/Pm3b(3.3%), Pm2/Pm13(2.4%) and Pm3b/Pm13(2.4%), and both Pm2 and Pm2/Pm3b/Pm8/Pm13 showed low frequency (0.8%). The study defined the composition and distribution frequency of the powdery mildew resistance genes in Heilongjiang spring wheat cultivars since the founding of new China and provided theoretical guidance for developing efficiently powdery mildew resistance breeding in wheat.
  • ZHAO Yufeng, ZHOU Qingyuan, GAO Huanhuan, YE Sang, WANG Qian, CHENG Chuang, GUO Yanjun, CUI Cui
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(1): 48-59. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.01.0048
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    In order to study the drought tolerance of vegetable pea seeds during germination period, 31 vegetable pea varieties were used as experimental materials and were treated with 2.5% PEG-6000 solution to simulate drought stress. The seed germination energy (GE) and germination rate (GR) were counted, and fresh weight (FW), dry weight (DW), root length (RL), buds length (BL) and storage material transfer rate (STR) were measured. Then, correlation analysis, principal component analysis, cluster analysis, grey correlation analysis and stepwise regression analysis were used to identify drought tolerance and screen drought tolerance index of 31 vegetable pea varieties during seeds germination stage. The results showed that 2.5% PEG had significant effect on indexes measured during germination of vegetable pea. The germplasm were sorted according to the comprehensive drought resistance coefficient value (CDC), drought tolerance evaluation value (D) and weighted drought tolerance coefficient value (WDC). As a result, there were 4 varieties including 16110, 16055, 16140 and 16107 showed stronger drought tolerance while 3 varieties including 16106,16175 and 16177 showed drought sensitivity. By cluster analysis, 31 pea germplasm can be divided into 4 group at Euclidean distance D2=8.5, in which the first group includes 20 varieties such as 16054, 16142, 16138 and so on, the second group includes 16140, 16079 and 16055, the third group contains 6 varieties, such as 16175,16104 and etc, and the fourth group contains 16110 and 16107. Also, stepwise regression analysis showed that the indexes closely related to D value were germination index, vigor index, germination potential and root length, which could be used as indicators of drought tolerance of pea germplasm resources during germination period. The results provide a theoretical reference for further study on drought tolerance mechanism and drought mitigation mechanism of vegetable pea during germination, and laid a foundation for breeding and popularizing the drought-tolerant varieties of vegetable pea.
  • WANG Xiaole, CHI Tianhua, LIU Yingxin, WANG Haibin, ZHANG Fei, CHEN Fadi, FANG Weimin
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(1): 60-68. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.01.0060
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    In vitro techniques for conservation plant germplasm resources have unique advantages and important significance. To improve the conservation technology in chrysanthemum in vitro, four chrysanthemum cultivars with different growth potentials were as materials. The effects of osmotic substance mannitol and sucrose on chrysanthemum in vitro conversation were investigated at 7±2℃ in the present study. The survival rate and number of green leaves of plantlets treated with different concentrations of sucrose and mannitol were observed and counted at different stages. The histological structure, restoring growth ability and genetic stability of the leaf and stem segments were observed and identified. The results showed that MS medium with 15 g·L-1 mannitol had the best effects on Nannong Chengpingpang and Xiao yangju in vitro conservation with the survival rates of 86.67% and 93.33% after 12 months, respectively. The MS medium with 20 g·L-1 mannitol was the best for Monalisa Yellow and Anastasia Orange in vitro conservation, and the survival rate was 80.00% and 93.33%, respectively. The survival rate of Nannong Chengpingpang and Xiaoyangju were higher than 70% in MS medium with 60 g·L-1 sucrose, but the plantlets had less green leaves and were poor growth status compared with mannitol treatments. Supplement with high concentrations sucrose (45~90 g·L-1) in MS medium didn't work well for Monalisa Yellow and Anastasia Orange. The cell gap of leaves and stem segments of the 4 varieties, which Monalisa Yellow and Anastasia Orange treated by 20 g·L-1 mannitol and Xiao yangju and Nannong Chengpingpang treated by 15 g·L-1 mannitol, decreased and the cell density increased after 12 months in vitro conservation. The plantlets grew normally on normal condition after 45 days in vitro conservation. The regenerated plantlets height, number of leaf, stem diameter, internode length and SSR molecular marker profiles of vegenerated plantlets showed no significant difference from the control, indicated in vitro conservation kept the genetic stability. The results of this study provided a theoretical foundation and technical support for in vitro conservation of chrysanthemum.
  • SONG Zhiqing, DING Changjiang, LUAN Xinyu, CHEN Hao
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(1): 69-75. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.01.0069
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    High voltage corona electric field(HVCEF) is a new mutagenic technique. This technique causes obvious biological effect with simple device and environmental friendly. In this paper, the structure and composition of the HVCEF biotechnology device are reviewed. The biochemical effects of E. coli and other species on HVCEF and the physical and biological effects of HVCEF are analyzed. It provides reference for further application of HVCEF technology.
  • Food Irradiation·Food Science
  • FAN Chengkai, YING Nanjiao, FAN Kai, XU Ying, YANG Yong
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(1): 76-80. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.01.0076
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    To explore the practical application of pulse electric field in ethanol fermentation industry, S. cerevisiae was used as experimental material in this study. Electric field intensity was the only variable and other parameters such as pulse width, frequency, and action time were kept constant. PEF treatments were applied to the yeast cells at the electric field intensity of 1 kV·cm-1and 6 kV·cm-1. The fermentation capacity of S. cerevisiae was analyzed by measuring the yeast biomass, consumption of glucose and yield of ethanol in fermentation substrate. The results showed that at the end of fermentation(12 h), glucose consumption and ethanol yield in sample with PEF treatment at electric field intensity of 1 kV·cm-1 exceeded control sample by 10.18% and 11.05%, respectively. The glucose consumption and ethanol yield were both reduced at electric field strength of 6 kV·cm-1. The results of this study provide a new method to enhance fermentation capacity of S. cerevisiae.
  • CHEN Hongyu, BAO Dapeng, YANG Ruiheng, WANG Ying, GAO Yingnyu, LI Yan, WU Yingying
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(1): 81-87. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.01.0081
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    Exidia sp. is a rare edible fungus that has not been cultivated yet. To explore its nutrition value, the amino acid profile and protein quality were systematically investigated referring to the latest version of international amino acid reference patterns. Standard indicators, such as: amino acid score (AAS), IOM (Institute of Medicine) pattern score, chemical score (CS), ratio coefficient of amino acid (RC), score of ratio coefficient of amino acid (SRC) and essential amino acid index (EAAI) were analyzed. The results suggested that Exidia sp. contained 18 kinds of common amino acids, including all 8 essential amino acids. Its crude protein level was close to that of grain crops, the essential amino acids were sufficient (473.4 mg·g-1), and the leucine content was high (67.73 mg·g-1). Systematic assessment indicated that, in the Exidia sp. protein, individual EAAs (essential amino acids) were approximately balanced (RC=0.74~1.66, EAAI=129.11), which met the requirements of current international reference patterns (AAS values were higher than 98.75%, and IOM scores were higher than 100%). Exidia sp. protein was a relatively high-quality protein, though the contents and balance of essential amino acids were inferior to those of egg protein (CS=70.93%~128.30%). The study provides a scientific basis for further utilization of wild fungi resources.
  • CAO Fan, GAO Guitian, WANG Duo, LEI Yushan, ZHAO Wuqi
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(1): 88-95. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.01.0088
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    To kill the pathogenic bacteria of ulcer and maintain the shelf quality of kiwifruits, Pseudomonas syringae pv. Actinidiae (Psa) was used to infect Hayward kiwifruits, and sterilization of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) on Psa and effects on the shelf quality of the treated kiwifruits were investigated through single factor experiment and response surface analysis. The results showed that the optimal sterilization condition was with 115 mg·L-1 ClO2, 8 min of treatment time, and pH value of the ClO2 solution was 4. Under the condition, the maximum killing rate of Psa was expected to be nearly 100%, and the practical killing rate of Psa is 98.64%. Besides, ClO2 treatment can delay the decline of fruit hardness, maintain the contents of soluble solids, Vc and titratable acid, and thus prolong the shelf life of the fruits. In conclusion, ClO2 solution treatment exhibited excellent killing capability against Psa, and more important, it can also maintain the quality of kiwifruits during shelf life. The study could provide theoretical basis for controlling the propagation of Psa and maintaining the freshness of kiwifruit.
  • YIN Chaomin, FAN Xiuzhi, LIU Chunyou, SHI Defang, GAO Hong
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(1): 96-102. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.01.0096
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    In order to explore the main nutrient components in mycelia of Pleurotus mushroom which are commonly cultivated in Hubei province, we determined the contents of ash, crude protein, crude fat and total sugar using conventional methods, as well as the contents of lovastatin and ergothioneine using high-performance liquid chromatography method. The results showed the content of ash, crude protein, crude fat, and total sugar were 3.81%~6.65%, 11.18%~21.4%, 0.65%~3.45%, and 15.18%~24.70%, respectively. The content of lovastatin and ergothioneine were 12.94~42.10 μg·g-1and 13.59~61.25 μg·g-1, respectively. The highest contents of lovastatin (42.10 μg·g-1) and ergothioneine(51.70 μg·g-1) were found in mycelia of strain P380 which showed the P380 strain might be a high-yield strain for lovastatin and ergothioneine production. Our research will lay a foundation for enrichment medium screening and the rational development and utilization of bioactive substances from Pleurotus mushroom in future research.
  • ZHAO Jiali, YANG Yi, ZHAO Qian, ZHONG Qi, CHEN Juanjuan, YANG Rui, CHEN Haimin
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(1): 103-111. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.01.0103
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    In order to investigate the variation of floridoside and isofloridoside of Pyropia haitanensis under high temperature environment, P. haitanensis ME-05 was used as experimental material to understand the relationship between the contents fluctuant and the high temperature resistance. High performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry was used to analyze the variations of floridoside and isofloridoside of P. haitanensis under heat shock and recovery periods. The results showed that the contents of floridoside varied a little for P. haitanensis from different locations, but the same breed and age of P. haitanensis. When the heat shock temperature was set at 35℃, the contents of floridoside and isofloridoside were reduced by comparing to those of control group in all of P. haitanensis of different growth locations. When in the recovery period, the contents of them were gradually increased and exceeded the control group as the recovery time sustained to 3 h. The variation rates of floridoside and isofloridoside in different growth stages were shown as follows: Group Ⅲ(day 75 of growth)>Group Ⅳ(day 135 of growth)>Group Ⅱ(day 45 of growth)>Group Ⅰ(conchocelis). The variation of floridoside was more sensitive and regular than those of isofloridoside. It can be suggested that floridosides was related to growth and stress resistance of P. haitanensis, which can be used as a potential reference for the cultivation of P. haitanensis. The results of this study provide the basis for the further exploration of the physiological response under heat stress and healthy cultivation of P. haitanensis.
  • WANG Xiaofen, GAO Haiyan, WU Weijie, XU Feifei, WANG Shaojin, CHEN Hangjun, KOU Liping
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(1): 112-120. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.01.0112
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    The light-emitting diode (LED) blue light with an intensity of 14 μmol·m-2·s-1 (470 nm) was used to treat the fresh green pepper and red pepper at the temperature of 25℃ and 80% relative humidity after harvesting, with the group maintained in darkness as control. We investigated the effects of LED blue light on the appearance and quality of peppers, contents of chlorophyll, paprika red pigment, capsaicin, vitamin C, and expression of caspsanthin/capsorubin synthase (Ccs) gene during storage. Compared with the control groups, LED blue light treatment accelerated chlorophyll degradation at the 8th day of storage, resulting in a decrease of chlorophyll content 17% (P<0.01) of the original (0th day). However, LED blue light increased the content of capsanthinana capsaicin in peppers (P<0.01) at the 8th day of storage, resulting in the capsanthin content increased by 1.60 and 5.59 folds and the capsaicin content increased by 1.53 and 1.85 folds of the original (0th day) in the red and greenpeppers, respectively. Meanwhile, the expression of Ccs gene was increased 1.35 and 4.01 folds in red and green peppers, respectively. Moreover, the contents of Vc in red and green peppers were increased by 1.25 and 1.58 folds (P<0.01) at the 8th day, respectively. In summary, blue light irradiation accelerated chlorophyll’s degradation in green pepper, and promoted red color formation, increased the content of capsanthin, capsaicin and Vc, as well as the expression of Ccs gene during post-harvest storage. This study provided a novel way to the quality improvement of peppers, especially the color and capsanthin content.
  • TU Dan, ZHANG Yiqi, YE Fan, DAI Zhiyuan
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(1): 120-128. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.01.0120
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    Thermally hydrolyzed fish scale protein hydrolysates demonstrated noticeable angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity. In order to utilize the tilapia scale to obtain ACE inhibitory peptide more effectively, the enzymatic hydrolysis conditions of tilapia scale protein were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) after treated at 121℃ for 15 min. The results showed that alcalase was the more suitable enzyme for protein hydrolysis by comparing the degree of hydrolysis (DH) and ACE inhibition rate. Box-Behnken center-united experimental design was carried out based on single-factor experiments. The optimal parameters obtained were as follows, 2 h of hydrolysis time, 56.3℃ of hydrolysis temperature, 1.1% of enzyme-substrate ratio, and pH value 8.0. Under the optimal conditions, the theoretical value of ACE inhibition rate was 87.95%, while the actual value was 88.26%. The relative molecular mass of the hydrolyzate mainly ranged from 300 to 3000 Da. The results of this study provide a reference for the utilization use of fish scale protein to obtain hypotensive active peptide through enzymatic hydrolysis.
  • Isotope Tracer Technique·Ecology & Environment·Physiology
  • ZHOU Yanhui, ZHU Xinkai, GUO Wenshan, FENG Chaonian
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(1): 129-137. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.01.0129
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    In this study, the integrated analysis method was used to quantitatively analyze the range of wheat yield and yield factors after straw returning, and different straw returning conditions were discussed in order to study the effect of straw returning on wheat yield in China. Fifty-five data files of field experiments were sorted through literature retrieval and strict screening. Then a database of yield and yield factors for wheat was established. The integrated analysis was applied to analyze the effects of straw returning on wheat yield and yield factors as well as the suitable conditions of straw returning technology. On the whole, straw returning could significantly increase the yield and yield factors of wheat, but the growth rate was modest. The study found that the yield of straw returning technology in the soil types that are complex and difficult to use such as alluvial soil, loess soil, paddy soil etc. is better in the provinces between the Yellow River Valley and the Yangtze River Basin. Different tillage methods have different effects on straw returning and the technique of no tillage and tillage is better than rotary tillage. The yield was not remarkably raised when the amount of nitrogen was >300 kg·hm-2. 200~300 kg·hm-2 could be the optimum nitrogen application rate. Different straw types and returning amount had a great influence on the yield increase of wheat. The effect of wheat straw returning is generally good, and rice straw is good and half of the corn straw (6 000 kg·hm-2) is the best. Straw returning can increase wheat yield and yield factors in China. Half of the corn straw returning in Qinling Mountains and Huaihe with the implementation of no tillage and tillage and the nitrogen amount of 200~300 kg·hm-2 is the best condition for returning straw to field. This study can provide a theoretical reference for the application of straw returning in China.
  • ZHANG Wenping, YANG Zhen, WU Peijia, LI Yiyang, CHENG Xin, LI Kuntai
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(1): 138-147. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.01.0138
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    In order to investigate effect of exopolysaccharides(EPS) of lactic acid bacteria on the germination of rice seeds and physiological indexes of rice under acid and salt stress, different concentrations of EPS of lactic acid bacteria was applied to rice seed in their germination stage. The results indicated that the EPS can significantly increase seed germination potential, germination rate and germination index, root growth were also increased significantly. As the the EPS concentration increased, the trend of rice seed germination increased firstly and then decreased under different stress. The content of 200 mg·L-1 EPS significantly alleviated the damage caused by acid and salt stress. Specifically, germination potential, germination rate and germination index were increased by 178.2%, 38.7% and 114.4% under acid stress, respectively. Under salt (7 mg·L-1NaCl) stress, compared with without EPS, germination potential, germination rate and germination index were also increased by 152.9%, 73.8% and 103.0%, respectively. Their difference reached at a significant level(P<0.05). Further analysis showed that the process of soaking in EPS would reduce malondiadehyde(MDA)content and enhance the activity of antioxidant enzymes in varying degree such as catalase (CAT) activity, peroxidase (POD) activity, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of rice shoots, which could effectively alleviate the toxic effects of stress resistance. At the same time, EPS could also promote the growth of rice seedlings under stress. This study provides theoretical and practice foundation for improving crops stress resistance by microbe-derived.
  • DONG Rongrong, DENG Jiaoyan, GUO Jia, YU Xianchang, HE Chaoxing, LI Yansu
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(1): 148-157. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.01.0148
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    In order to alleviate the adverse effects of suboptimal temperature and light intensity on the growth of cucumber seedlings, cucumber (cv. Zhongnong 26) was used as test material to carry out the effects of different concentrations of exogenous ALA on growth and physiological characteristics of cucumber seedlings under suboptimal temperature and light intensity. The results showed that root application 5 mg·L-1 exogenous ALA could significantly increase the dry mass, vigorous seedling index and root activity under suboptimal temperature and light compared with the control. The dry mass of whole plant and vigorous seedling index of cucumber seedlings were significantly increased by 32.5% and 47.1%, respectively, and the root activity were significantly increased by 95.0% and the contents of total chlorophyll and ALA in leaves of seedlings were increased by 49.5% and 55.7%, respectively. Moreover, the net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance of cucumber seedlings increased by 22.9% and 42.2%, respectively, compared with the control. In addition, after treated with 5 mg·L-1 ALA, the activities of antioxidant enzymes were significantly increased, and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in leaf and roots decreased by 35.3% and 18.1%, respectively. Root application of ALA can regulate absorption and transport regulation of mineral elements, but there was no obvious regulation on the expression of related genes in chlorophyll synthesis. The results of this study provide a new method for alleviating the injury of cucumber seedlings under suboptimal temperature and light intensity, and offer technical support for ALA application in facility agriculture.
  • JIN Huiyong, LI Juan, ZHU Yi, QI Shaowu, LIANG Zhongzhe, DAN Junhao
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(1): 158-165. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.01.0158
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    In order to explore effect of soil conditioner on micro-ecological environmentin of flue-cured tobacco, a field experiment was conducted to investigate effects of 4 application levels (0,1 500,3 000 and 4 500 kg·hm-2) on root vigor and carbon metabolism characteristics of rhizosphere soil microorganisms in flue-cured tobacco. The results showed that 3 000 kg·hm-2 of soil conditioner was the best in increasing root vigor in the medium and latter stages of flue-cured tobacco growth, which were improved by 115.8% and 85.3% than those of control respectively at 60 and 90 days after transplanting. Amino acids and carboxylic acids were the main carbon source for rhizosphere soil microorganisms. There was no significant change in carboxylic acids by using soil conditioner. The 3 000 kg·hm-2 of soil conditioner not only improved the utility rate of amino acids and carboxylic acids, but also increased McIntosh index at 60 and 90 days afte transplanting. The main factor of diversity and carbon metabolism intensity was root vigor at 30 days after transplanting, but which was soil conditioner at 60 and 90 days after transplanting. In summary, soil conditioner could significantly enhance root vigor, and improve the functions of rhizosphere ecosystems. The proper dosage of soil conditioner was 3 000 kg·hm-2. This study provided a theoretical reference for the application of soil conditioner in tobacco production.
  • ZHOU Ying, ZHAO Yongjuan, HUANG Lijin, TANG Nanyu, TANG Xiaoqing, WANG Kangcai
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(1): 166-175. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.01.0166
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    In order to study the effects of salt stress on the physiology of Schizonepeta tenuifolia Briq., seedlings were transplanted into pots with quartz sands and then subjected to 0, 25, 50, 75, 100 mmol·L-1 NaCl. Changes of the growth, membrane stability, osmotic adjustment, antioxidant enzyme system and ion absorption and distribution of S. tenuifolia seedlings were then studied. The results showed that as salt concentration increased, salt injury index of S. tenuifolia seedlings rose gradually, increasing rate of plant height and specific leaf area decreased, but the dry weight and chlorophyll content increased initially and then reduced, in which both indexes were the highest at 25 mmol·L-1 NaCl. Malondialdehyde content and electrolyte leakage percentage were induced to increase significantly by salt treatment. Contents of soluble protein and proline increased and then decreased as concentration rose further, in which they were the highest at 50 and 75 mmol·L-1 NaCl, respectively, while a continuously rising trend in soluble sugar content was shown; the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were enhanced at 25 mmol·L-1 NaCl but then inhibited at higher concentrations, while that of peroxidase (POD) declined continuously. Under salt stress, accumulation of Na+ in root, stem and leaf was enhanced, especially in the aerial parts, but K+ and Ca2+ content, K+/Na+, Ca2+/Na+ decreased remarkably. In summary, S. tenuifolia seedlings were sensitive to salt stress, but could be tolerant of mild salt stress (25 mmol·L-1 NaCl). This study provides a theoretical basis for the standardized cultivation, stress resistance and domestication research ofS. tenuifolia.
  • XIAN Jingping, CHAI Shujie, WANG Yong, NIU Kuiju, DONG Wenke, MA Huiling, ZHANG Ran
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(1): 176-186. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.01.0176
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    The main purpose of this paper was to study the differences response in the growth and physiological of 10 Kentucky bluegrass materials under cadmium stress and to select the cadmium resistant materials and cadmium sensitive materials. A pot experiment was conducted under greenhouse condition to investigate the resistance of 10 Kentucky bluegrass materials. Through the determination and analysis of the dry matter content, relative water content and photosynthetic pigment content of the seedling, the cadmium resistance of materials was evaluated comprehensively using the membership function comprehensive evaluation method. To improve the accuracy of the test, the effect of cadmium on contents of malondialdehyde and proline on activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase were analyzed. The results showed that the dry matter content, leaf relative water content and the photosynthetic pigment content of Kentucky bluegrass were significantly lower under Cd treatment than the control and decreased gradually as Cd concentration increased. Cadmium resistant material No. 10 and cadmium sensitive material No. 8 were selected by the result of comprehensive evaluation. The concentration and accumulation of Cd in both shoots and roots increased with Cd dose. At the same level of Cd treatment, the highest shoot concentration of Cd was found in material No. 10, followed by material No.5, while the lowest shoot concentration of Cd was found in material No. 8. The highest root concentration of Cd was in material No. 10. Antioxidative enzyme activities of material No. 10 material were higher than other materials, however its contents of malondialdehyde were lower than other materials which indicated that No. 10 has stronger resistance to Cadmium contrary to material No. 8. The determination of cadmium resistance was consistent with the evaluation result of the membership. The conclusions of this study would provide reference for plants breeding on heavy metal pollution phytoremediation.
  • TONG Chunyan, MA Yi, YANG Zhenzhong, LIU Yichen, XU Qing
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(1): 187-198. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.01.0187
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    Leaf equivalent water thickness (EWT) is an important parameter to evaluate the growth state of rapeseed. To estimate EWT of rapeseed leaves quickly and accurately, 9 commonly used vegetation water indices (WI, PRI, NDVI, NDII, NDWI, MSI, PWI, GVMI, NDMI) are selected, and two kinds of angle ratio indices (SARI, NARI) are proposed based on the six existing angle indices (βSWIR1, SANI, SASI, ANIR, NANI, NASI). According to the hyperspectral characteristics of the water absorption valleys and peaks of rapeseed, 8 improved angle indices are brought forward based on water absorption valley at the wavelengths of 1450 nm and 1930 nm. The above 25 angel indices are used to estimate leaf EWT of rapeseed under different nitrogen levels at the seeding stage, bud stage and without distinguishing between seedling stage and bud stage. The results show that ANI1450, ASI1450, MSI, GVMI and NDII performed better at the seeding stage, and their R2 both achieved 0.81 or above. ANI1930, ASI1930, NASI, SANI, GVMI and SARI are the best at the bud stage as their R2 are all larger than 0.71. Improved angle indices ANI1450 and ASI1450 have the best effect, with their R2 at 0.832, which can be used to estimate the EWT of rapeseed leaves without distinguishing between seedling stage and bud stage, and the applicability is wider. The improved angle indices in this research can not only enrich the existing angle indices, but also improve the accuracy of rapeseed leaf EWT inversion. Moreover, the indices provide a new idea for estimation of rapeseed leaves EWT instantly and precisely.
  • XU Tingting, MA Jie, CHI Tianhua, YE Dan, GUAN Zhiyong, FANG Weimin, CHEN Fadi, ZHANG Fei
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(1): 199-207. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.01.0199
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    To make clear the genetic variation for cold tolerance and to dig associated elite alleles in cut chrysanthemum, the present study was set out to assess the cold tolerance in terms of semi-lethal temperature (LT50) in a panel of 83 cultivars at seedling stage using the relative electric conductivity and logistic equation. The favorable alleles responsible for cold tolerance were analyzed via association analysis. The results showed that LT50 varied between-10.99~1.86℃ with a variation coefficient of 79.81%, which indicated a high level of genetic variation for the cold tolerance in the investigated cut chrysanthemums. LT50-based cluster analysis grouped the 83 cut chrysanthemums into 4 types, including tolerant (21.67%), moderate tolerant (22.89%), low tolerant (32.53%) and cold-sensitive cultivars (22.89%). The mix linear model-based association analysis identified 11 SSR markers that were significantly associated with LT50 (P<0.01), with phenotypic effect in a range of -3.51~0.83 and individually explained phenotypic variation varying in 11.54%~18.83%. In the 11 significant alleles, 8 favorable alleles were helpful to enhance cold tolerance, particularly the E7M12-13 showed a significant level of phenotypic effect on LT50 at P<0.01, and 6 cold-tolerant cultivars, i.e., Nannong Jinningmeng, Qx097, QD028, Qx049, Qx153, and Qx008 that carry the favorable allele were finally screened out for future use. The findings of the present study add new understanding to the genetic variation of cold tolerance in cut chrysanthemum and will provide guidelines for genetic improvement and molecular marker assisted selection breeding for the target trait in future.