In order to explore the antioxidant properties of eucalyptus and citral camphor essential oils and hydrosols， the eucalyptus and citral camphor essential oils were extracted by steam distillation. ‍Chemical composition and relative content of extracted oils were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyzer （GC-MS）. A total number of 15 major compounds with a relative content of more than 0.1% was found in eucalyptus-type camphor essential oil， among which Eucalyptol had the highest content of 57.28%. At the essential oil concentration of 128 g·L^-1， the scavenging rate of essential oil to 1，1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical （DPPH·） was 82.60%， which was higher than that of the positive control（77.85%）. The half maximal inhibitory concentration （IC₅₀） with the strongest scavenging capacity for DPPH· and 2，2-Azinobis-（3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate） radical （ABTS·⁺） were 14.25 and 31.65 g·L^-1 respectively. There were 30 major compounds with a relative content more than 0.1% in citral-type camphor essential oil， among which citral （neral and geranial） had the highest content of 42.32%. The IC₅₀ with the strongest scavenging capacity for DPPH· and ABTS·⁺ were 44.45 and 34.46 g·L^-1 respectively. The hydrosols of essential oil had a certain scavenging effect on DPPH and ABTS， and the optimum antioxidant properties of eucalyptus-type hydrosols （DPPH·： 53.24%， ABTS·⁺： 10.50%） was higher than citral-type hydrosols （DPPH·： 10.58%， ABTS·⁺： 9.06%）. Both chemotypes of camphor essential oils and hrdrosols possessed antioxidant properties， and in a certain concentration range， the antioxidant properties of the essential oils were significantly stronger at higher concentration than the lower concentration. Essential oil of eucalyptus-type camphor had stronger antioxidant activity than citral-type. The research provide a theoretical basis for the development and utilization of camphor essential oil.

Ergothioneine is a naturally accuring active substance found in edible fungi， known for its antioxidant and metal chelating functions. In order to further explore and improve the yield of ergothioneine produced through biological fermentation， this study used ultraviolet mutagenesis （UV）， ethyl methylsulfonate mutagenesis （EMS） and space mutagenesis （SFM） to mutate strains of the Pleurotus Citrinopileatus. The mycelial growth rate and liquid fermentation yield of ergothioneine were used as evaluation indicators to select high-yield straits of Pleurotus Citrinopileatus. The results showed that 46， 40 and 48 mutant strains were obtained through UV， EMS and SFM mutagenesis， respectively. The positive mutation rate for UV mutagenesis was 43.48%. UV， EMS and SFM mutagenesis resulted in 8， 3 and 1 strain of liquid-fermented ergothioneine， respectively， with significantly higher yields than the original strain （P<0.01）. Among the 12 high-yielding ergothioneine mutagenic strains， the yield of the UV-30 strain was the highest， at 2.16 times that of the original strain， while the growth rate of the UV-13 strain was the fastest， at 1.02 times that of the original strain. Genetic distance analysis showed that the mutation degree of the SFM mutant strain was higher than that of the UV mutant strain， and both strains exhibited a higher mutation degree of both strains the EMS mutant strain. The results of this study contribute valuable material for the fundamental research of the ergothioneine biosynthesis pathway and provide a reference for the mutagenesis and breeding of the high yield ergothioneine strain of Pleurotus Citrinopileatus.

This study examined the appearance， total phenolic content， polyphenol oxidase （PPO） activity， malondialdehyde （MDA） content， and textural characteristics （including hardness， brittleness， elasticity， and chewiness） to investigate the effects of ice temperature and ice-water mixture on the post-peeling storage quality and braised quality of peeled lotus root. The results indicated that compared to ice temperature storage method， ice-water mixture storage was more effective in inhibiting browning and increasing the content of volatile flavor compounds in the lotus root. Compared with fresh lotus root， lotus root stored using ice-temperature and ice-water mixture methods showed less deterioration in texture， due to the extended storage time and high sensory scores for the braised product. The textural properties of braised lotus root stored at ice temperature remained more stable， while lotus root stored in the ice-water mixture had higher sensory scores in the short term and more stable flavor during storage after braising， although it lost the moisture more quickly. The above findings provided new insights for the selection of storage and preservation techniques for lotus root.

Plant root exudates refer to a variety of compounds released into the rhizosphere by plant roots， serving as a crucial medium for material exchange between the roots and their surrounding environment. Plant root exudates play an important role in plant growth， nutrient absorption， and disease resistance and so on. Under stress conditions， root exudates are involved in enhancing plant resource use efficiency and promoting interactions between plants and soil microorganisms. This paper reviews the composition and transport mechanisms of root exudates， as well as their application in promoting plant nutrient uptake. It focuses on the research progress in regulating the dynamic release of root exudates by plants under biotic and abiotic stresses. The paper also discusses the application of different root secretions， which produced by planting practices， to control pests and diseases. This review will provide theoretical guidance for a deeper understanding of the ecological functions and adaptive mechanisms of the plant root system.

This study used alkaline lipase for defatting to reduce the fishy odor and improve the texture of pre-made dried catfish. The optimal process was obtained via response surface methodology， as well as the enzymatic process on pre-made dried catfish. The results found that the highest degreasing efficiency （5.29% lipid content） was achieved at a pH of 8.8， an enzyme concentration of 27.6 U·mL^-1， and a liquid-to-solid ratio of 1∶2.9. Comparative analysis with the saponification defatting showed that the lipase method exhibited superior defatting efficacy， resulting in a minimal loss of nutritional components， a bright yellow color， and preserved the unique taste of pre-made dried catfish. This study provided a theoretical basis for the preparation of healthy and nutritious prepared dried catfish.

Wheat yellow mosaic disease is one of the important diseases affecting the yield of wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. In order to screen germplasm resources resistant to wheat yellow mosaic disease， the assessment of disease resistance of 279 wheat varieties from the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River， bred in the past 30 years， was conducted in a virus-contaminated nursery. The transmission process of resistant quantitative trait locus （QTL） in the varieties （lines） was analyzed using molecular markers linked to the major QTLs， QYm.nau-5A.1 and QYm.nau-2D， which were linked to the resistance to wheat yellow mosaic disease. Among 279 wheat varieties， 62.4% showing disease resistance， of which 30 and 98 materials contain QYm.nau-5A.1 and QYm.nau-2D respectively， 9 materials containing both QTLs and 37 materials having neither QTL. This result indicated the existence possibility of other disease resistant genes/QTLs. The proportion of susceptible materials is 37.6%， among which 6 and 25 materials containing only QYm.nau-5A.1 and QYm.nau-2D respectively， and 74 materials contain neither QTLs. Further analysis of the pedigree of wheat varieties （lines） showed that the QYm.nau-5A.1 was mainly derived from Xifeng and is transmitted through Ningmai 9， while QYm.nau-2D was mainly derived from Sumai 6， Yangfumai 9311 and Zhengmai 9023， among which the resistance QTL in Sumai 6 was mainly transmitted through Zhenmai 9. This study provides a theoretical support for the mining of new disease resistance genes and molecular breeding of wheat varieties resistant to wheat yellow mosaic disease in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.

ECT domain protein family， an important post-transcriptional regulator， participates in the regulation of m⁶A modification， and plays an important role in regulating the gene expression level of plants under normal and stress conditions and maintaining their normal growth and development. To investigate the function of ECT domain protein family in the growth and development of maize （Zea mays L.） under abiotic stress and stress response， in this study， 22 members of maize ECT family were identified by bioinformatics， and their sequences and structural characteristics， chromosome distribution， promoter cis-acting elements， GO enrichment， protein-protein interaction networks and phylogenetic evolution were analyzed. The expression patterns of maize ZmECTs were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR （qRT-PCR） under cold stress and different hormone treatments. Result showed that the members of maize ECT family were distributed on 10 chromosomes， the encoded proteins ranged from 119 to 748 aa， the relative molecular weight （MW） ranged from 13 412.17 to 81 823.70 Da， and the isoelectric point （pI） ranged from 5.43 to 8.82. Most of the proteins are localized in the nucleus. 10 motifs were identified in ZmECT family. The analysis of cis-acting elements showed that the promoters of ZmECT family members contained multiple response elements related to stresses， hormones， growth and development. GO enrichment analysis showed that ZmECT family members may participate in mRNA splicing and maintaining RNA stability. Protein-protein interaction networks predicted that ZmECT6 was the core member of this family proteins. The phylogenetic tree showed that the ZmECT family members were divided into 4 groups. qRT-PCR results showed that ZmECT family members presented complex response patterns after different hormone treatments. In addition， some ZmECT family members could respond to cold stress. The above results can provide reference for the subsequent functional analysis of maize ECT genes and the study of abiotic stress， and also provide available gene resources for breeding excellent resistant maize varieties.

‍To investigate the effect of different water samples on the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of millet porridge， fourteen water samples at eight types （tap water， ultra-pure water and pure water， mineral water， natural spring water， natural mineral water， soda water， gas-bearing mineral water） were used as cooking water for porridge preparation by Jingu 21 millet. The pH value， conductivity and mineral elements of the water samples were tested before and after boiling， and their effects on the color， viscosity， amino acids and sugars of millet porridge were investigated. Results found that the pH value and conductivity of water sample increased after boiling， and were significant positively correlated with the pH value and conductivity of millet porridge， with the correlation coefficients （r） of 0.95 and 0.87， respectively. Furthermore， a significant positive correlation was observed between the contents of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ in boiling water samples， as well as the color difference a^* values of millet porridge， with the correlation coefficients （r） of 0.542 and 0.538， respectively. Excessive conductivity was detrimental to the sensory quality and color of millet porridge， while a high pH value reduced its brightness. The physical and chemical components of various water samples influenced differently on the color， viscosity and amino acid components of millet porridge， mainly due to ions in the water quality. The Na⁺ could raise the total sugar content of millet porridge， making it sweet and leveled up of the histidine content. The high content of calcium and magnesium ions in the water sample induced the darkness of millet porridge. According to sensory evaluation， neutral water and appropriate amounts of mineral ions were the best for cooking millet porridge. The findings are relevant for selecting water for daily cooking of millet porridge and for millet porridge-related products in industry.

‍SVP， a member of the MADS-box transcription factor， acts as a central regulator in plant flowering control network. It is involved in bud development and plays a role in abiotic stresses and hormone pathways. In this study， a 2 000 bp segment of PheMADS47a gene promoter was cloned from Phyllostachys edulis. The full-length promoter and five 5′terminal truncations （P1： 1 949 bp， P2：825 bp， P3： 578 bp， P4： 493 bp， P5： 230 bp， P6： 79 bp） were fused with the GUS reporter gene to assess their activities by GUS staining in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana. The results revealed the presence of hormone response elements such as ABA， GA， IAA， MeJA， and SA， as well as cis-acting elements linked to abiotic stresses such as low temperature and drought， and many light response elements within the promoter of PheMADS47a gene. All promoters except for P4 exhibited activity at both 10-day and 15-day seedling stages， while P1-P3 displayed activity at 23-day and 33-day seedling stages. GUS gene driven by full-length promoter P1 was expressed in roots， stems， leaves， flowers and bases of siliques but not in siliques or lateral branches in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana. The promoter activity of PheMADS47a gene was notably promoted by MeJA and SA. Promoters with different lengths showed varying responses to ABA， GA and IAA， and could be inhibited by darkness， drought， NaCl and low temperature （4 ℃）. It is speculated that -578 to -493 bp region is key to the promoter activity. The promoter is a MeJA-inducible. This study provides a theoretical basis for the utilization of PheMADS47a gene promoter and further study on the regulation of PheMADS47a gene.

3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase （HMGR） is one of the most significant enzymes for the terpene biosynthesis in medicinal plants. To explicit the function of HMGR gene family in Rubus chingii Hu， the classification， gene structure， chromosomal distribution， and promoter information of RcHMGR members were systematically analyzed through bioinformatical methods. The expression levels were comparatively detected in different tissues， different stages of fruit development， and under the treatment of methyl jasmonate （MeJA）. The results demonstrated that a total of 7 RcHMGR members were mined， which were located on 7 chromosomes， encoding 444-601 aa protein sequences. RcHMGR were divided into four subfamilies， located in the endoplasmic reticulum， and harbored the highly conserved HMGR domains. Multiple cis-acting elements including hormone， light， and low-temperature responses were presented in the promoter regions of RcHMGR family genes. RcHMGR family genes were differentially expressed in different tissues （roots， stems， leaves， flowers， and fruits）， different fruit development stages （small green fruits， big green fruits， yellow fruits， and red fruits）， and treatment of MeJA. Among them， RcHMGR5 was highly expressed infruits of R. chingii， and induced by MeJA， which was coincided with the accumulation of carotenoids， suggesting that RcHMGR5 might be a critical enzyme involved in carotenoid biosynthesis. These results laid a foundation for in-depth study on the role of RcHMGR family genes in R. chingii.

In order to explore the effects of satellite carrying on the agronomic traits of wheat， high molecular weight glutenin subunits （HMW-GS） and molecular level variations， the SP₃ agronomic traits variation of Zhoumai 18， Zhoumai 22 and Wennong 14 dry seeds carried by the SJ-10 satellite were examined， and SDS-PAGE technology and simple sequence repeat （SSR） molecular marker technology were used to identify and analyze the polymorphism of HMW-GS and SSR molecular markers in the SP₅ mutant lines. The results showed that there were significant differences in the agronomic traits between the SP₃ generation and its wild type， and different wheat varieties had different sensitivities to the space environment. Space flight generated variations in HMW-GS and genomic DNA. The mutation frequencies of HMW-GS in three wheat varieties were 2.15%， 3.66% and 5.21%， respectively， with Wennong 14 having the highest mutation frequency. Polymorphic detection of 21 SSR molecular markers showed that the number of differential markers between the space-induced mutants of Zhoumai 18 and Zhoumai 22 and their wild-type was less than 2， whereas the number of differential markers between the space-induced mutants of Wennong 14 and their wild-type was greater， and the traits such as plant height and panicle type were genetically distinct. In summary， space mutation can induce variations in wheat genome and proteome， and the excellent mutants obtained can serve as valuable resources for the genetic improvement of wheat and for the research and utilization of functional genes.

‍To expand the utilization of Dendrobium officinale leaves and improve the quality of Hongqu Huangjiu， 5%， 15%， and 25% of D. officinale leaves was added in Hongqu Huangjiu， and then brewed. Their physicochemical properties， total phenolic and total flavonoid contents， the individual phenolic contents of caffeic acid， gallic acid， rutin and quercetin， antioxidant capacity， volatile components， γ-aminobutyric acid content， and sensory qualities were analyzed. The effects of D. officinale leaves on the growth and metabolism of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Monascus purpureus were also explored. The results showed that the addition of D. officinale leaves increased the total protein， amino nitrogen， total phenolics， total flavonoids and γ-aminobutyric acid contents in Huangjiu， and enhanced its antioxidant capacity. Compared with the control， volatile compounds （especially esters） increased in wines brewed with D. officinale leaves， and several components with fruity aromas occured， thereby enriching the Huangjiu flavor. However， the additon of D. officinale leaves exerted a certain inhibitory effect on the growth and metabolism of S. cerevisiae and M. purpureus. An excessive addition of D. officinale leaves led to a decreases in the reducing sugar and alcohol contents in the Huangjiu. Based on the sensory evaluation， functional component content and antioxidant activity， the addition of 15% D. officinale leaves is optimal for brewing Hongqu Huangjiu. These study results can provide a guidance for the production of Hongqu Huangjiu with D. officinale leaves.

‍In order to explore the molecular mechanism of chloroplast development in rice， phenotypic identification， gene mapping and functional analysis of rice wr20 （white turn green 20） mutant were performed in this study. By EMS （Ethyl methylsulfone） mutagenesis of japonica rice， a stable leaf color albino mutant wrg20 was obtained. Compared with the wild type （WT）， the mutant was completely white before the three-leaf stage when cultured at 30 ℃， while the albino leaves of the mutant partially turned green at 26 ℃. Genetic analysis showed that the mutant trait was controlled by a single recessive nuclear gene. By crossing the mutated with indica rice 93-11 to construct the F₂ isolate population for gene mapping， the gene was mapped in the 198 kb interval of chromosome 2. Sequencing revealed a single base substitution from G to A in LOC_Os02g33610， resulting in the conversion of the encoding aspartic acid to asparagine. This gene may be a candidate gene for OsWRG20 and was allelic with GRY79， a previously reported gene that regulates chloroplast development. Further analysis showed that the chloroplast RNA splicing efficiency of the mutant was reduced compared with the WT. These results suggest that OsWRG20 may be involved in the regulation of chloroplast development in seedling stage by regulating the splicing of chloroplast RNA. This study may provide a new theoretical basis for the research of the chloroplasts development in seedling rice.

To well understand of the formation mechanism of radish skin color and to develop related molecular markers for radish breeding， genetic populations were created by crossing the green-skinned radish G-2 with the white-skinned radish W-1， and the genetic rule of green skin was clarified. By combining bulked segregant analysis with RNA-seq technology （BSA-seq）， the chromosome that carrys the locus controlling green skin was identified， then the green skin gene was mapped using the developed molecular markers. The results showed that the taproots of F₁ plants derived from G-2 and W-1 exhibited an intermediate color （light green） compared to their parent plants. The F₂ population appeared taproots with green-skinned， intermediate color-skinned， and white-skinned， approximately in a ratio of 1∶2∶1 （χ²=3.21， P>0.05）， indicating that the green skin phenotype demonstrated incomplete dominance in the genetic offspring and was controlled by one single major locus， provisionally designated as GST1 （Green-Skinned Taproot 1）. BSA-seq results showed that 1 827 single nucleotide polymorphisms （SNPs） exhibited polymorphism between the green- and white-skinned radish bulks from the G-2 × W-1 F₂ population. Of these SNPs， 31.86% were located on chromosome R01， primarily distributed within the physical region of 0-5 Mb at the terminal of the short arm. Molecular markers were developed in proximity to this section， ultimately leading to the mapping of GST1 within the genetic interval between the flanking markers sxau30 and sxau34， with the genetic distances of 6.4 and 8.3 cM， respectively. This corresponds to the physical section R01： 2.93-8.99 Mbp of the reference genome for the radish variety Radicula. A total of 210 annotated high-confidence genes expressed in taproot skin were identified within this interval， of which 44 exhibited significantly different expression between the green-and white-skinned bulks. Quantitative real time-PCR （qRT-PCR） validation was performed on four candidate genes that may be involved in the chlorophyll synthesis or metabolism pathway， confirming that their expression levels aligh with the RNA-seq results. These results lay a foundation for elucidating the mechanisms behind radish green skin and provide new markers for molecular breeding of skin color.

‍Selenium （Se） is an essential trace element for the health of humans， animals， and microorganisms. In recent years， nano-selenium （SeNPs） have emerged as a research hotspot due to their remarkable biocompatibility， bioavailability， and low toxicity. SeNPs have been widely utilized in agriculture to enhance crop photosynthetic capacity， antioxidant activity， nutrient acquisition， as well as to mitigate heavy metal toxicity and stress damage in plants. With the increasing importance of nanotechnology， sustainable agriculture， and environmental issues， studies on the potential impacts of SeNPs on plant growth， development， and metabolism will continue to increase. This review provided a comparative analysis of three synthesis methods， the synthesis process， and the transportation mechanisms of SeNPs within plants. Furthermore， it comprehensively reviewed the roles of SeNPs in improving plant nutrient acquisition， yield and quality. The advantages of SeNPs application in enhancing plant resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses were highlighted. Moreover， factors that affected the efficacy of SeNPs were critically analyzed， and the trends for future development were discussed. The aim of this study was to provide novel insights and methodologies for understanding the molecular mechanisms of crop stress resistance and breeding strategies.

PYR/PYL/RCAR （PYL）proteins serve as direct receptors for abscisic acid （ABA） and play a crucial regulatory role in the ABA signaling pathway. To explore the phylogenetic relationships and expression patterns of PYL genes in tobacco， the complete genome of a common tobacco variety K326 was identified and analyzed with bioinformatics tools. The expression levels of each gene under drought stress conditions at 0， 1， 3， 6， 12， 24 and 48 h were determined by quantitative real-time PCR （qRT-PCR）. The results showed that 26 NtPYL genes were identified and categorized into three subfamilies（‍Ⅰ‍‍-‍Ⅲ‍） based on phylogenetic and structural features， with member counts of 9， 11 and 6， respectively. Physicochemical analysis of the proteins revealed that all tobaccoPYL proteins are hydrophilic， with amino acid lengths ranging form 173 to 586 aa， relative molecular weights between 16 763.26 and 65 709.39 Da， and isoelectric points （pI） between 4.73 and 9.05. Functional motif analysis identified MYB， NAC， WARKY， TCP， ZF-HD， and other stress-responsive elements in the promoter regions of tobacco PYL genes. Gene expression analysis demonstrated that the overall expression trend of tobacco PYL genes， with the exception of NtPYL8， NtPYL9， NtPYL17， and NtPYL21， was upregulated under drought stress. However， significant differences in gene expression were observed among members of different subfamilies. Notably， NtPYL1， NtPYL2， and NtPYL4 in subfamily Ⅱ， as well as NtPYL25 in subfamily Ⅲ， exhibited their highest expression levels at 6 to 12 hours after drought stress， showing a significant increase in relative expression compared to that at 0 h. These genes can be considered crucial candidates for drought stress response. This study lays a foundation for further investigation into the functional roles of candidate drought-resistant PYL genes in tobacco and their potential applications in breeding.

To investigate the mechanism of LRR-XI-a gene family in the immune system of Duli， LRR-XI-a family members of Duli were identified based on Pyrus betulaefolia genome data in GDR database， and members responding to Valsa canker signals were screened by evolutionary characteristics， gene duplication events， and expression pattern analysis. The functions of some members were preliminarily analyzed by combining the transient expression of fruits and resistance gene expression analysis. The results showed that a total of 91 LRR-XI-a genes were identified in the Duli genome， and LRR-XI-a genes were classified into 6 groups based on the phylogenetic evolutionary tree. Gene duplication analysis suggests that the rapid increase in Group Ⅰ membership in Duli may result from both tandem duplication （TD） and whole genome duplication （WGD）， while the increase in Group Ⅵ members is caused by WGD alone. Promoter cis-acting element analysis revealed that the LRR-XI-a Group Ⅱ and Ⅵ may be mainly involved in the response to abiotic adversity signals， while the remaining 4 groups simultaneously participate in the response to both biotic and abiotic stress signals. Expression analysis demonstrated that LRR-XI-4 and LRR-XI-5 was up-regulated after Valsa pyri infection， especially LRR-XI-5 was up-regulated more than 586-fold compared with the control. Furthermore， fruit transient expression analysis showed that the overexpression of LRR-XI-4 and LRR-XI-5 reduced the resistance to V. pyri， the expression levels of JA-related genes were lower than the control upon V. pyri infection， whereas the expression of HR-related genes were significantly induced. Overall， gene duplications lead to a rapid increase in LRR-XI-a family members in Duli， which respond to different biotic and abiotic stresses. LRR-XI-4 and LRR-XI-5 play negative roles in regulating the defense against V.pyri in pears by activating HR-related genes expression， which could be considered as candidate genes for further research on Valsa canker resistance. This research provides a foundational framework for further investigation into the underlying mechanisms of pear resistance to diseases and molecular breeding.

‍Glycosyl hydrolases family 17 （GH17） plays an important role in regulating plant growth and development， responding to biotic and abiotic stresses. In order to further identifyGH17 genes in foxtail millet and preliminarily investigate its functions in foxtail millet growth and development as well as stress response， in this study， the bioinformatics of 58 SiGH17s and the expression patterns of foxtail millet in response to S. graminicola infection， low nitrogen， low phosphorus and drought stress were analyzed. The results showed that the length of 58 SiGH17s encoded proteins was different， which had high structural and functional similarity with Oryza sativa and Arabidopsis thaliana. There are many cis-acting elements related to disease resistance in the promoter of this gene family. Collinear segment repeats of 9 pairs in foxtail millet were purified and selected. Totally 6 genes were differentially expressed to varying degrees after the foxtail millet was exposed to low nitrogen， low phosphorus， drought stress and the infection of S. graminicola. Combined with qRT-PCR， it was found that 4 differentially expressed genes （SiGH17_4， SiGH17_20， SiGH17_26， SiGH17_38） among the 6 genes were reregulated to varying degrees in foxtail millet growth and development and stress response. The results of this study provide theoretical basis for further analysis of SiGH17s function.

To explore the relationship between ploidy and fertility in Phalaenopsis germplasm resources， this study employed a combination of chromosome counting and flow cytometry to identify the ploidy levels of 33 varieties （species or variants） within the Phalaenopsis. Additionally， a series of complete diallel crosses were conducted to investigate the fertility of Phalaenopsis germplasm resources with different ploidy levels. The results of chromosome counting revealed that there were 5 diploid and 5 triploid Phalaenopsis， each accounting for 15.15%， while there were 10 tetraploid Phalaenopsis， constituting 30.30%. Furthermore， there were 13 aneuploid Phalaenopsis， making up 39.39%. Variations in chromosome size and constitution were observed among different varieties of Phalaenopsis. Flow cytometry results indicated that the estimated ploidy levels of 25 varieties （species or variants） of Phalaenopsis matched the chromosome counting results. The flow cytometry histograms of the tested materials all exhibited 3 to 4 peaks， with cycle values greater than 0.1. The results of hybrid fertility show that the tetraploid Phalaenopsis used as parents for hybridization has the highest fruit set and germination rate. Among the triploid and aneuploid Phalaenopsis， there is a large difference in fertility. The same variety used as a male or female parent for hybridization and self-fertilization also has a large difference in fertility. The above results suggest that the ploidy of most hybrid Phalaenopsis is polyploid or aneuploid， and the fertility of Phalaenopsis is related to its ploidy level and chromosome size and constitution. Flow cytometry ploidy estimation is suitable for Phalaenopsis hybrids with small and uniform chromosomes. All tested Phalaenopsis leaves exhibited endopolyploidization with significant variation in patterns among different ploidy Phalaenopsis leaves. This study provides valuable insights for the identification of Phalaenopsis germplasm resources， parental selection， genetic improvement， and polyploid breeding.

To identify the members of TIFY gene family in Rubus chingii Hu and elucidate their expression patterns in different tissues， during vavious growth stages of fruits， and under methyl jasmonate （MeJA） treatment. Bioinformatics were employed to identify the TIFY family members in the R. chingii genome. Their physicochemical properties， conserved motifs， gene structure， phylogenetic tree， chromosomal localization， and cis-acting elements were investigated. Additionally， their expression profiles in different tissues， at different developmental stages， and under treatment with methyl jasmonate （MeJA） were compared using transcriptome analysis and quantitative real-time fluorescence polymerase chain reaction. The results showed that a total of 16 TIFY family members were excavated， which were unevenly distributed on 7 chromosomes， encoding proteins ranging from 118 to 534 amino acids. These proteins were classified into four subfamilies and predominantly targeted to the nucleus. The gene structure， conserved motifs， and secondary structure of RcTIFY members within the same subfamily were similar. Numerous cis-acting elements， including hormone responsiveness and stress responsiveness， were found in the promoter regions of RcTIFY family genes. RcTIFY family genes were differentially expressed in various tissues （roots， stems， leaves， flowers， and fruits）， at different fruit development stages （small green fruits， big green fruits， yellow fruits， and red fruits）， and under the treatment of MeJA. Notably， RcJAZ2 was highly expressed in fruits of R. chingii， and induced by MeJA， suggesting its involvement in the accumulation of flavonoids. The results laid a foundation for in-depth study on the role of RcTIFY family genes in R. chingii.