Allene oxide cyclase （AOC）， a key enzyme in jasmonic acid biosynthesis， regulates plant growth， development， and stress responses. In order to preliminarily identify and analyze the function and expression pattern of AOC gene family in the genome of A. villosum， in this study， three candidate AvAOC genes were identified from A. villosum. Their functions were characterized using bio-informatics approaches and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）， and their tissue-specific expression patterns were analyzed. Results revealed that A. villosum harbors three AOC candidate genes. The candidate AvAOC proteins are unstable， hydrophilic， and non-secretory， sharing conserved motifs. AvAOC₁ and AvAOC₃ were predicted to localize in chloroplasts. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the three candidate AvAOC genes clustered into a clade with those orthologs of monocotyledonous plants Zea mays and Oryza sativa. The genes were unevenly distributed across different chromosomal regions. Heterologous expression of the three candidate AvAOC genes in Pichia pastoris was performed， and ELISA confirmed that the recombinant proteins could bind to purified plant AOC antibodies. The quantitative real-time PCR （qRT-PCR） analysis confirmed the transient expression of the three candidate AvAOC genes in tobacco. These findings indicate that the three candidate AvAOC genes belong to theAOC gene family. RNA-seq expression profiling revealed that the three AvAOC genes were expressed in various tissues of A. villosum， including leaves， stolons， pericarps， seed clusters， and flowers. Notably， AvAOC₂ expression was strongly induced in leaves upon infection by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. This study provides a foundation for further exploration of AOC gene functions in A. villosum.

In order to improve the bioaccessibility of quercetin （Que）， a cyclodextrin （β-CD）/cellulose co-stabilized Pickering emulsions （PEs） with high loading efficiency for Que was constructed in this study. Additionally， the influences of the cellulose addition level on the stability of the PEs and the bioaccessibility of Que in an in vitro digestion model were investigated. The β-CD/cationic cellulose （C-CNC）-Que complex solution loaded with Que was prepared by antisolvent method. A mixed solution of the β-CD/C-CNC-Que complex and bacterial cellulose at different concentrations were used as the aqueous phase， and medium chain triglycerides were used as the oil phase to prepare the PEs. Then， the effects of bacterial cellulose concentration on the apparent stability， thermal stability， physical properties of PEs， and bioaccessibility of Que during in vitro simulated digestion were analyzed. Compared to dissolving Que in the oil phase， β-CD/C-CNC-Que complex can increase the efficient loading of Que in the PEs， achieving a Que content of 0.43 mg·mL^-1 in the PEs. The addition of bacterial cellulose increased the absolute value of zeta potential， viscosity， and viscoelastic modulus of the PEs， which contributed to the improved stability of the PEs and further enhanced the bioaccessibility of Que during in vitro simulated digestion. The PEs developed in this study effectively improved the loading efficiency and in vitro bioaccessibility of Que， providing a theoretical basis and technical guidance for subsequent research on the in vivo bioavailability of Que.

To investigate plant growth-promoting effects of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic （ACC） deaminase-producing strains on crops under saline-alkali stress， three ACC deaminase-producing strains， including Bacillus arachidis E1-6， Enterobacterpseudoroggenkampii. E1-8， and Bacillus cereus j2-4 were used to investigate the effects of inoculation on the growth of maize. The strains were previously isolated from the plants rhizosphere in saline-alkaline areas of southern Xinjiang. The results showed that compared to neutral conditions， treatment with alkaline salt containing Na⁺ （pH values were 8.23 and 9.15， respectively） for 28 d had no significant effects on plant height， aboveground dry weight， and underground dry weight， but significantly inhibited stem diameter of maize （P<0.05）. Compared to the neutral condition， no significant changes were observed in aboveground and underground dry weight and root system architecture of potted maize of different saline-alkali stresses. However， under high saline-alkali stress at pH 9.15， plant height and stem diameter were significantly decreased， while malondialdehyde （MDA） content was increased. After inoculation treatment， all tested conditions enhanced plant height， stem diameter， and aboveground and underground dry weight of potted maize. Notably， under high saline-alkali stress at pH 9.15， inoculation with strain E1-8 improved root morphology and enhanced peroxidase activity. The results demonstrated that inoculation with ACC deaminase-producing growth-promoting rhizobacteria alleviated the inhibitory effects of saline-alkali stress on maize， highlighting their potential for development as microbial fertilizers. This study expands the resource of salt-alkali tolerant and plant growth-promoting bacteria and provides an efficient microbial remediation strategy for stress-resistant cultivation of crops in saline-alkali soils.

Aldehyde dehydrogenases （ALDHs） serve as crucial detoxifying enzymes in plants， playing pivotal roles in mediating aldehyde metabolism and responding to adverse environmental stress. To investigate the biological roles of ALDHs in the medicinal and edible plant Rubus chingii Hu， this study conducted a systematic identification and bioinformatics analysis of the RcALDHgene family according to the high-quality genome assembly of R. chingii. Results identified a total of 17 RcALDHfamily members， which were classified into five groups through systematic evolutionary analysis. Collinearity analysis revealed only a single pair of tandemly duplicated genes （RcALDH13/RcALDH17）. Analysis of cis-acting elements in the promoter regions upstream of RcALDH genes demonstrated significant enrichment of stress-responsive elements， such as ABRE， GT1-motif， LTR， suggesting potential regulatory roles of RcALDHs in hormone signaling （such as abscisic acid and jasmonic acid） and low-temperature responses. The quantitative real-time PCR （qRT-PCR） analysis indicated RcALDH1 was highly expressed in fruits， suggesting its potential role in regulating terpenoid biosynthesis through aldehyde intermediate metabolism. RcALDH1 and RcALDH8 were significantly up-regulated， exhibiting expression levels 1.62- and 1.29-fold higher than those of the control check （CK）， respectively. While some RcALDH genes were down-regulated under methyl jasmonate （MeJA） induction， suggesting functional diversification within the ALDHfamily in response to jasmonate signaling. Collectively， these findings demonstrate the dual roles of the RcALDHgene family in regulating secondary metabolism and mediating stress response， providing important genetic resources for elucidating medicinal compound biosynthesis and a molecular framework for breeding applications.

To investigate the protective effects of Bupleurum chinense leaf extract （BCLE） against acetaminophen （APAP）-induced hepatotoxicity， this study employed liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry （LC-MS）， network pharmacology， molecular docking， and murine models to elucidate BCLE’s therapeutic efficacy and underlying mechanism. Network pharmacology analysis identified 19 bioactive compounds in BCLE and revealed 244 shared targets between BCLE and drug-induced liver injury （DILI）， with 44 core targets highly enriched in the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase （PI3K）， protein kinase B （AKT） signaling pathway. Molecular docking confirmed strong binding affinities between BCLE’s active components and key nodes within the PI3K-AKT pathway.In vivo experiments demonstrated that BCLE significantly attenuated APAP-induced liver injury by reducing serum levels of alanine aminotransferase （ALT） and aspartate aminotransferase （AST）， alleviating hepatocellular necrosis， and decreasing hepatic accumulation of the toxic metabolite N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine （NAPQI）. BCLE treatment also enhanced antioxidant capacity， as evidenced by elevated glutathione （GSH） content and superoxide dismutase （SOD） activity， alongside reduced malondialdehyde （MDA） and hydrogen peroxide （H₂O₂） levels. Mechanistically， BCLE upregulated the expression of phosphorylated PI3K （p-PI3K） and phosphorylated AKT （p-AKT） in APAP-damaged livers， indicating activation of the PI3K-AKT pathway. Integrated findings suggest that BCLE mitigates APAP hepatotoxicity by modulating oxidative stress， enhancing cellular antioxidant defenses， and activating the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway to promote hepatocyte survival. This study provides critical theoretical and experimental evidence for leveraging Bupleurum chinense in developing novel therapeutics against APAP-induced liver injury.

To investigate the regulatory effects of different straw returning methods on wheat root growth and stem lodging resistance under wide and narrow row planting， this study was based on the previously screened advantageous combination of 30 cm+15 cm wide and narrow rows， with straw not returning as control （CK）， and four different straw returning and tillage methods were established： whole field straw rotary tillage returning （M1）， stubble mulching in wide rows （M2）， rotary tillage with stubble return in wide rows （M3）， stubble mulching in wide rows combined with whole-field straw mulching （M4）. The differences in soil water temperature， root system characteristics， stem lodging resistance， and yield of wheat under different straw returning methods were analyzed. The results showed that compared with CK， M2 and M4 had significant warming effects in various growth stages and in the 0-30 cm soil， especially during the wintering stage， and could increase the average soil moisture content from wintering stage to anthesis stage and in the 0-20 cm soil. The yield under M2 and M3 significantly increased by 11.56% and 8.75%， respectively， compared to M1， and there was a trend of increasing yield compared to CK. Compared with M1 and M4， M2 and M3 improved root morphology， with varying degrees of increase in root length， root volume， root diameter， and root dry weight density. M2 significantly enhanced root vitality. Compared with CK， M2 reduced the length of the second internode at the base of wheat， increased stem diameter and stem wall thickness. At the same time， M2 showed varying degrees of increase in the number of large and small vascular bundles， mechanical tissue layers， and mechanical tissue thickness compared to other straw returning treatments， and significantly increased cellulose and lignin content， resulted in a significant increase in snapping resistance and lodging resistance index. In summary， stubble mulching in wide rows （M2） is beneficial for improving soil environment， promoting wheat root growth， enhancing plant root vitality and lodging resistance， and achieving the goals of robust roots， strong stems， and increasing yield and efficiency of wheat. This study provides technical support for the safe， in-situ rice straw returning and the establishment of high-yield and high-quality wheat populations.

Berries are prone to postharvest issues such as reactive oxygen species accumulation， contamination by pathogenic microorganisms， increased activity of cell wall-degrading enzymes， and accelerated respiration rates， which could lead to quality deterioration and potential food safety risks. Irradiation technology， with its unique advantages of simplicity， high efficiency， no chemical residues， strong applicability， and ‘cold’ sterilization， shows great potential in extending the shelf life of berries. Based on recent domestic and international research advances， this review explained the principles of irradiation preservation technology and its advantages in food preservation. It focused on the effects of irradiation on the postharvest maturation process， nutritional components， and sensory quality of berries such as strawberries， blueberries， raspberries， tomatoes， and kiwifruit， as well as its role in influencing postharvest microorganisms and storage safety quality. This review provides a theoretical basis and practical guidance for ensuring the safety and quality stability of the berry supply chain.

For the identification and analysis of the MYB transcription factor family in blue alpine flowers Meconopsis betonicifolia， full-length transcriptome sequencing data and bioinformatics method was used， the members of M. betonicifolia MYB transcription factor family were identified， and their physicochemical properties， phylogenetic evolution， conservative motif and domain were analyzed. Using RT-PCR technology， MbMYB22 gene related to flower color was cloned from the petals of M. betonicifolia， and the expression of MbMYB22 gene in various tissues of M. betonicifolia was verified through qRT-PCR technology. The relationship between the total flavonoids content in different tissues and the total amount of cyanidin in petals at different periods and the expression of MbMYB22 gene were analyzed to verify its role in flower color regulation. A total of 69 MbMYB transcription factors were identified in the full-length transcriptome of M. betonicifolia， including 32 1R-MYB， 34 R2R3-MYB and 3 3R-MYB transcription factors. The molecular masses of the deduced proteins ranged from 14 467.7 to 20 509 595.1 Da， and all identified proteins were hydrophilic. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the R2R3-MYB transcription factors from M. betonicifolia and A. thaliana were grouped into 35 subgroups in the combined phylogenetic tree， seven of which contained M. betonicifolia members and corresponded to previously classified subgroups in A. thaliana. Among them， MbMYB22 clustered with the flower color-related S6 subgroup and showed the closest phylogenetic relationship to PsMYB. The expression pattern of MbMYB22 is significantly positively correlated with the accumulation pattern of both total flavonoids content and total cyanidins content. The cloning of MbMYB22 gene， qRT-PCR analysis， and quantification of total flavonoids in different tissues and cyanidin in petals at different periods were carried out suggested the involvement of the MbMYB22 gene in flower color regulation. This study provides a theoretical basis for further investigations into the regulatory mechanisms of flower coloration regulated by the MYB transcription factor family in M. betonicifolia.

To investigate the effects of nitrogen （N） reduction combined with humic acid application on ammonia （NH₃） volatilization and N leaching in wheat-maize rotation systems， field experiment with five treatments were set up： no nitrogen fertilizer （CK）， conventional farmer’s fertilization （270 kg·hm^-2， CF）， optimized fertilization （225 kg·hm^-2， OF）， conventional farmer’s fertilization combined with humic acid （CFH， 3 000 kg·hm^-2， humic acid） and optimized fertilization combined with humic acid （OFH， 3 000 kg·hm^-2， humic acid）. The NH₃ emissions， nitrate leaching， and crop yields were measured to systematically analyze the regulatory effects of reduced N with humic acid on NH₃ volatilization and N leaching. The results showed that there were no significant differences in wheat yield among different nitrogen application treatments. In the maize season， no significant yield differences were observed between humic acid-amended treatments （CFH and OFH） compared to CF. However， OFH significantly increased maize yield by 5.4%-7.9% compared with OF. Compared with CF， OF， CFH and OFH treatments significantly reduced NH₃ volatilization and N leaching， with the OFH demonstrating the most pronounced effect. NH₃ volatilization in the wheat and maize seasons decreased by 33.8% and 26.6%， while N leaching decreased by 44.9% and 40.7%， respectively. Compared with CFH， OFH significantly reduced NH₃ volatilization by 17.8% and 13.5%， and N leaching by 30.4% and 24.3% in the wheat and maize seasons， respectively. Correlation analysis revealed a significant positive relationship between N application rate and NH₃ volatilization. In summary， under the premise of ensuring wheat and maize yield security， N reduction combined with humic acid application can effectively reduce NH₃ volatilization and N leaching. The findings of this study provide scientific support for sustainable humic acid utilization in fluvo-aquic soils of the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain.

To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying Lilium lancifolium resistant to bulb rot disease， bulbs of L. lancifolium were inoculated with the pathogen Fusarium proliferatum. The activity of catalase （CAT）， superoxide dismutase （SOD）， peroxidase （POD）， and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase （PAL） were analyzed. Additionally， transcriptome sequencing was employed to analyze the dynamic response of L. lancifolium to F. proliferatum infection. The results demonstrated that F. proliferatum infection significantly enhanced CAT activity in bulbs， peaking at 24 h post-inoculation. Transcriptome analysis identified 810 and 827 differentially expressed genes （DEGs） at 12 h and 24 h respectively， primarily enriched in translation， ribosome， ribosomal structure， photosynthesis， and photosystem. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes （KEGG） analysis revealed significant activation of pathways including ribosome assembly， porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism， zeatin biosynthesis， and photosynthesis. Protein-protein interaction network analysis further revealed that Ribosomal Protein Large subunit 3 （RP-L3e）， Ribosomal Protein Large subunit 12 （RP-L12e）， Ribosomal Protein Large subunit 26 （RP-L26e）， and Ribosomal Protein Small subunit 5 （RP-S5e） play crucial roles during early pathogen infection. These findings provide fundamental insights into the molecular mechanisms of Lilium lancifolium resistance to bulb rot disease and offer valuable candidate genes for breeding disease-resistant medicinal lilies.

Cyclic nucleotide-gated channels （CNGCs） play crucial roles in regulating plant growth， development， and responses to abiotic and biotic stress serving as Ca²⁺ channels. To identify the CNGC gene family in foxtail millet， the biological functions of CNGC gene family were firstly investigated. Using bioinformatics technologies， the physicochemical properties， gene localization pattern， family subclasses， conserved motifs， cis-acting elements， expression patterns， subcellular localization， protein channel structures， and Ca²⁺-binding residues of CNGC family proteins from foxtail millet were analyzed. A total of 23 family members were identified， which were classified into 5 subclasses， along with 15 conserved motifs. Transcriptome analysis revealed that Seita.2G305500， Seita.3G18810 and Seita.7G259800 showed significant induction in leaves and panicle following Sclerospora graminicola infection. Quantitative real-time PCR （qRT-PCR） further demonstrated that Seita.3G188100 exhibited 6.6-fold and 8.6-fold higher expression levels to the control at 36 and 48 h postinfection， respectively. Structural prediction of Ca²⁺-binding signatures indicated that these three genes could form a Ca²⁺ channel， with specific binding residues at Ser361， Thr397 and Gln427 respectively. Subcellular localization assays in tobacco cells confirmed their plasma membrane localization. This study provides a reference for further exploring the functions of CNGC family genes and lays a foundation for genetic improvement of disease resistance in foxtail millet.

To investigate the effects of different ⁶⁰Co-γ irradiation doses on the traits， chemical composition and antioxidant activity of Ermiao Pills， the non-irradiated group （0 kGy） and 10， 20， 50 and 100 kGy irradiation dose groups were set up in this experiment. The colorimeter and electronic nose were used to compare the characteristics of each group of samples. The physical structures were characterized by scanning electron microscopy， fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction. Non-volatile and volatile components were analysed by high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）， ultra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry （UPLC-Q/TOF-MS） and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GC-MS）. Antioxidant activity of the samples from each group was compared by 1，1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl （DPPH） radical scavenging method. The results of characteristic observation showed that compared with the unirradiated samples， the yellowness value of Ermiao Pills increased after irradiation， and the concentration of sulfides， terpenes and aromatic substances decreased； irradiation will damage the surface and internal structure of Ermiao Pills. The contents of berberine hydrochloride and atractylodin in Ermiao Pills after irradiation were higher than that of unirradiated samples. After being irradiated at 50 and 100 kGy， the content of phellodendrine hydrochloride decreased compared to the unirradiated samples. There was no significant change in the content of palmatine hydrochloride before and after irradiation. Irradiation could lead to a decrease in the content of terpenes in Ermiao Pills. The antioxidant activity of Ermiao Pills in the 100 kGy irradiation dose group was higher than that in the non-irradiation group， and no radiolysis products of Ermiao Pills were found in all irradiation groups. This study provides a scientific basis for the quality control of irradiation sterilization Ermiao Pills， and also provides ideas and methods for the establishment of irradiation sterilization standards for other traditional Chinese medicine preparations.

Soil salinization affects soybean emergence， chlorophyll synthesis and yield components. To comprehensive evaluation of salt tolerance and high-yield potential， this study assessed 73 soybeans varieties grown in saline-alkali soil throughout their whole growth cycle. Correlation and principal component analysis were employed to evaluate 18 saline-alkali tolerance related indicators and 6 yield components aiming to identify key traits associated with saline-alkali tolerance and yield performance. Membership function and cluster analysis were used to screen soynbean germplasm suitable for cultivation in the saline alkali soil of Xinjiang. The results showed that root fresh weight， transpiration rate， leaf area， leaf width， intercellular CO₂ concentration and plant height were effective indicators for evaluating saline-alkali tolerance. Yield per plant， pod dry weight and branch number could be served as indicators of yield composition. Soybean varieties were classified into four saline-alkali tolerance categories： highly tolerant （Class i， 3 varieties： Lvzuan， Tiedou 69， Liaoxin 1 and Tiedou 53）， moderately tolerant （Class ii， 54 varieties）， low tolerance （Class iii， 12 varieties）， and sensitive （Class iv， 3 varieties： Zhongdou 29， Zhongdou 39 and Nanchundou 51）. Based on yield composition， the soybean varieties were further categorized into high yield （Class Ⅰ， five varieties： Heinong 531， Beijiang 121， Liaoxin 1， Jiyu 96， and Hefeng 53）， moderate-yield （Class Ⅱ， 11 varieties）， and low-yield （Class Ⅲ， 57 varieties） groups. While saline-alkali tolerance influences yield， it is not the sole determinant of final yield. Notably， Liaoxin 1 exhibited both high salt tolerance and high yield potential. In summary， saline-alkali stress mainly affects the final yield by affecting soybean germination and emergence. Liaoxin 1 is a high-salt-tolerant and high-yield variety suitable for the northern slope of Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang. The results of this study provide a basis for high-yield soybean cultivation in saline-alkali soils.

Cultivars of Ophiopogon japonicus face several challenges including cultivar aging， low yield， prolonged growth cycles， and reduced genetic diversity resulting from prolonged asexual propagation. To promote germplasm innovation in Ophiopogon japonicus， ⁶⁰Co-γ radiation breeding experiments were conducted using varying doses of 0， 30， 60， 90， 120， and 150 Gy. Morphological， physiological， and biochemical indicators， combined with inter-simple sequence repeats （ISSR） molecular marker analysis were employed to determine the optimal irradiation dose. The results show that survival rates gradually decreased with radiation doses increased， reaching stability after 60 days. Irradiated plants displayed darker leaves， small stature， and notable growth stunting. CAT and MDA levels escalated with increasing radiation dose. The amount of Pro， soluble sugars， POD， and SOD activities initially increased but subsequently declined， with peak activity generally observed at 90 Gy. Leaves exhibited flaky detachment of wax layers， higher stomatal density， smaller stomatal area， and a predominance of closed stomata. Correlation and principal component analysis （PCA） indicated concomitant growth inhibition and enhanced antioxidant defense mechanisms. Ten ISSR molecular markers produced 84 amplified bands， of which 54 were polymorphic （64.3%）， with polymorphism rates ranging from 37.5% to 88.9%. Higher irradiation doses were correlated with increased genetic divergence relative to the control. Considering morphological adaptability， physiological tolerance， and genetic variation rates， 90 Gy was considered as the optimal dose for radiation-induced mutation breeding of Ophiopogon japonicus. These findings provide a theoretical basis for developing novel cultivars of Ophiopogon japonicus.

Superfine grinding technology， due to its fineness， efficiency， and versatility， has become an emerging processing technology for preparing powders from fruits， vegetables， and their by-products. The application of this technology could improve powder physicochemical properties， promote nutritional and functional compounds leaching， enhance the taste， and diversify product categories. This paper systematically reviews the research progress on the effects and mechanisms of superfine grinding technology on the powders from fruits， vegetables， and their by-products in three critical aspects： physicochemical properties， nutritional-functional quality， and flavor characteristics. Finally， existing problems and future research directions are critically discussed to provide a theoretical foundation for optimizing the application of superfine grinding technology in the processing of powders from fruits， vegetables， and their by-products.

Luyan 951 is a high-yielding wheat cultivar with wide adaptability， developed by the Crop Research Institute of Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Shandong Luyan Agricultural Co.， Ltd. It was derived from a cross between the female parent Luyuan 502 and the male parent Jimai 22 in 2010. The F₂ seeds were subjected to ⁶⁰Co-γ irradiation prior to sowing， followed by selection with the pedigree method. This cultivar demonstrates outstanding agronomic performance， including high yield potential， cold tolerance， lodging resistance， drought tolerance， and improved nitrogen use efficiency. Luyan 951 received national approval in May 2022 （Approval No.： Guo Shen Mai 20220088） from the National Crop Cultivar Approval Committee， and was subsequently approved in Tianjin in April 2024 （Approval No.： Jin Shen Mai 20240008）. By the 2024 autumn sowing season， the cumulative cultivation area had reached 118 700 hm². Moreover， it has been listed as a recommended cultivar in the 2025 National Crop Cultivar Promotion Catalog.

To explore the differences in yield， quality， and metabolites of upper leaves of flue-cured tobacco with different plant architecture， Yunyan 87 was used as material. A comprehensive analysis combing non-targeted metabolomics with chemical， sensory， and economic trait evaluation was conducted to compare the differences between umbrella-type and tube-type plants. The results showed that umbrella-type plants had lower plant height and fewer effective leaf number but larger stem circumference than tube-type plants. While tube-type plants exhibited 30.92%， 23.17%， and 18.71% higher densities of long-stalked glandular hairs， protective glandular hairs， and total glandular hairs respectively， compared to umbrella-type plants. Furthermore， tube-type plants demonstrated more balanced chemical composition and superior sensory quality score. Umbrella-type plants had a 3.43% higher yield， yet tube-type plants showed a higher output value by 22.13%， a higher proportion of high-grade tobacco by 10.72 percentage points， and higher average price by 21.50%. A total of 137 differential metabolites were identified between the two plant types. Among them， organic acids were the most abundant， including sinapic acid， guanidinosuccinic acid， phenylpyruvic acid， 2-pentanedioic acid， jasmonic acid， and palmitic acid； Amino acids included 2-oxoarginine， L-kynurenine， N-methyl-L-glutamic acid， gamma-aminobutyric acid， L-aspartic acid， tryptophanol， L-lysine， and leucine were also differentially expressed. Additionally， alkaloids like confertifolin， cytisine， L-carnitine， and resveratrol showed significant variations. The differential metabolites in mature leaves of the two plant types were mainly enriched in pathways such as alanine metabolism. In addition， the tricarboxylic acid （TCA） cycle and related metabolic pathways exhibited distinct metabolic profiles between umbrella-type tobacco plants and tube-type. In conclusion， tube-type Yunyan 87 plantsin the Nanyang region produce better quality and higher economic benefits than that of umbrella-type plants. These findings provide a theoretical basis for plant type improvement in Nanyang area.

To improve the efficiency and quality of postharvest drying of unhusked rice，the far-infrared radiation drying with heat pump drying （HPD） were combined in this study. The drying conditions were optimized， and the effects of the heat pump-far-infrared drying （HP-FIRD） method on the processing quality， edible quality， and surface microbial composition of unhusked rice were analyzed. Our results showed that the optimal parameters for the HP-FIRD method were temperature of 50 ℃， thickness of 2 cm， and far-infrared power of 800 W. The HP-FIRD method increased the average drying rate， brown rice rate， head rice rate， sensory score， and total phenolic content of rice， with reduced average energy consumption， broken rice rate， yellow rice rate， fatty acid value， malondialdehyde content， and conductivity compared with sun drying （SD） and HPD methods. Headspace gas chromatography ion mobility spectrometry （HS-GC-IMS） analysis identified a total of 36 volatile compounds in rice， mainly including aldehydes， alcohols， ketones， esters， pyrazines， and furans， wherein the ketone compound content in rice treated by the SD and HP-FIRD methods was significantly lower than that in rice treated by HPD method. 16S rDNA and internal transcribed spacer （ITS） high-throughput sequencing revealed that HP-FIRD method could significantly inhibit the proliferation of Fusarium， Staphylococcus， Burkholderia-Caballeronia-Paraburkholderia， Cladosporium_sp， and Burkholderia_glumae on the surface of unhusked rice compared with the SD and HPD methods. Hence， the rice treated by the HP-FIRD method had higher processing and edible quality， and the risks of harmful bacteria and fungal infections in unhusked rice were significantly （P<0.05） reduced compared with the SD and HPD methods. The research findings provide critical data that could help develop the HP-FIRD technology for grain drying.

The soluble sugar content in fresh kernels is one of the key indicators of sweet corn quality. To investigate the genetic variation of soluble sugar content in fresh kernels and gain deeper insights into its genetic mechanisms， this study evaluated the phenotypic data of soluble sugar content in fresh kernels from 167 sweet corn landraces across two environments. Using 34 201 high-quality SNP markers， a genome-wide association study （GWAS） was conducted with three models： mixed linear model （MLM， Q+K）， general linear model （GLM）， and the fixed and random model （FarmCPU）， to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms （SNPs） significantly associated with soluble sugar scontent. For each significant SNP， a candidate interval was defined by extending 5.6 kb on both sides based on the linkage disequilibrium （LD） decay distance. Within these candidate regions， five genes were identified through on functional annotation and may be involved in the regulation of soluble sugar content in sweet corn kernels. Among them， Zm00001d051143 and Zm00001d051145 are proposed as key candidate genes. The findings provide a scientific foundation for functionally validating of genes related to soluble sugar content in sweet corn， elucidating their molecular genetic mechanisms， and enabling molecular design breeding.

To establish a stable and reliable multidimensional evaluation system for chrysanthemum black spot resistance， twenty-two chrysanthemum germplasms were selected for field investigations under natural disease conditions in Chuzhou and Baima. Simultaneously， indoor resistance evaluations were used three artificial inoculation methods： in vivo spore inoculation， in vivo mycelium inoculation， and in vitro leaf inoculation. A comprehensive evaluation that strategy combines the Analytic Hierarchy Process （AHP） and K-means clustering was proposed. AHP was utilized to integrate and assign weights to field and artificial inoculation data， while K-means objectively classified resistance levels based on multidimensional data， ensuring scientific validity and stability of the evaluation results. The findings demonstrated that various identification methods exhibited high consistency in evaluating both highly resistant and susceptible materials； however， they displayed discrepancies in classifying moderately resistant and moderately susceptible materials. Environmental conditions significantly influenced the expression of resistance： the disease index at Chuzhou was decreased by 21.7% compared to Baima， likely because it avoided the high-humidity rainy season， Among the artificial inoculation methods， in vivo techniques demonstrated relatively stable results， whereas detached leaf inoculation yielded lower resistance scores， leading to decreased resistance classifications for some varieties. The AHP-K-means model classified the 22 germplasms into four resistance levels， identifying three highly resistant and stable core germplasms： Zhongshan wuji， Jinsi huangju， and Suju 6. The established multidimensional evaluation system significantly improved the reliability of resistance assessment. The selected highly resistant germplasms can be directly utilized in disease resistant breeding， and the proposed strategy provides a practical reference for resistance evaluation in other crops.