Abscisic acid （ABA）， a pivotal phytohormone in plants， plays a crucial role in the response to abiotic stress. ABA mediates stress responses by activating various signal transduction pathways， including calcium ion signaling， reactive oxygen species （ROS） homeostasis， and phosphorylation/dephosphorylation cascades， thereby inducing the expression of stress-responsive genes. The induced pathways facilitate the synthesis of osmotic regulators， heat shock proteins， and cold-responsive proteins， collectively enhancing plant adaptation to environmental stress. Within plant cells， ABA is perceived by its receptors， ABAR/RCAR， that are located either on the membrane or in the cytoplasm， thereby triggering downstream signaling cascades. Additionally， ABA regulates abiotic stress responses through multiple mechanisms including G-protein signaling， SnRK2 kinases activation， transcription factors modulation， and ROS homeostasis maintenance. This review focuses on recent advances in ABA research concerning plant response to abiotic stresses， particularly drought， salinity， and low-temperature stress. The aim is to provide insights that could facilitate targeted breeding approaches or the development of economically important plants species with enhanced tolerance to drought， low temperature， and salinity stresses.

Allene oxide cyclase （AOC）， a key enzyme in jasmonic acid biosynthesis， regulates plant growth， development， and stress responses. In order to preliminarily identify and analyze the function and expression pattern of AOC gene family in the genome of A. villosum， in this study， three candidate AvAOC genes were identified from A. villosum. Their functions were characterized using bio-informatics approaches and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）， and their tissue-specific expression patterns were analyzed. Results revealed that A. villosum harbors three AOC candidate genes. The candidate AvAOC proteins are unstable， hydrophilic， and non-secretory， sharing conserved motifs. AvAOC₁ and AvAOC₃ were predicted to localize in chloroplasts. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the three candidate AvAOC genes clustered into a clade with those orthologs of monocotyledonous plants Zea mays and Oryza sativa. The genes were unevenly distributed across different chromosomal regions. Heterologous expression of the three candidate AvAOC genes in Pichia pastoris was performed， and ELISA confirmed that the recombinant proteins could bind to purified plant AOC antibodies. The quantitative real-time PCR （qRT-PCR） analysis confirmed the transient expression of the three candidate AvAOC genes in tobacco. These findings indicate that the three candidate AvAOC genes belong to theAOC gene family. RNA-seq expression profiling revealed that the three AvAOC genes were expressed in various tissues of A. villosum， including leaves， stolons， pericarps， seed clusters， and flowers. Notably， AvAOC₂ expression was strongly induced in leaves upon infection by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. This study provides a foundation for further exploration of AOC gene functions in A. villosum.

To investigate the impact of enzyme hydrolysis on Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua rhizome （PC）， this study analyzed the effects of six enzymes （cellulase， papain， pectinase， β-dextranase， xylanase， and hemicellulase） on PC’s total polysaccharides， total saponins， total phenols， and phenolic composition to establish an optimal multi-enzyme combination. Subsequently， the biological activity of PC’s alcohol extract was measured， and correlation analysis was conducted with the main differential substances. The results showed that， papain， β- dextranase， and xylanase notably enhanced the release of phenols and saponins in PC. Furthermore， the antioxidant activity and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of PC’s alcohol extract were significantly improved by the treatment with the multi-enzyme hydrolysis （papain∶β-dextranase∶xylanase=3∶2∶1，P<0.001）. Thirteen phenols and one saponin were closely associated with the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of PC and increased significantly following multi-enzyme hydrolysis （P<0.05）. These findings confirmed that enzyme hydrolysis was an effective method to enhance the release of components and improve the biological activity of PC， which can provide a method reference for the optimization of PC’s extract.

To investigate plant growth-promoting effects of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic （ACC） deaminase-producing strains on crops under saline-alkali stress， three ACC deaminase-producing strains， including Bacillus arachidis E1-6， Enterobacterpseudoroggenkampii. E1-8， and Bacillus cereus j2-4 were used to investigate the effects of inoculation on the growth of maize. The strains were previously isolated from the plants rhizosphere in saline-alkaline areas of southern Xinjiang. The results showed that compared to neutral conditions， treatment with alkaline salt containing Na⁺ （pH values were 8.23 and 9.15， respectively） for 28 d had no significant effects on plant height， aboveground dry weight， and underground dry weight， but significantly inhibited stem diameter of maize （P<0.05）. Compared to the neutral condition， no significant changes were observed in aboveground and underground dry weight and root system architecture of potted maize of different saline-alkali stresses. However， under high saline-alkali stress at pH 9.15， plant height and stem diameter were significantly decreased， while malondialdehyde （MDA） content was increased. After inoculation treatment， all tested conditions enhanced plant height， stem diameter， and aboveground and underground dry weight of potted maize. Notably， under high saline-alkali stress at pH 9.15， inoculation with strain E1-8 improved root morphology and enhanced peroxidase activity. The results demonstrated that inoculation with ACC deaminase-producing growth-promoting rhizobacteria alleviated the inhibitory effects of saline-alkali stress on maize， highlighting their potential for development as microbial fertilizers. This study expands the resource of salt-alkali tolerant and plant growth-promoting bacteria and provides an efficient microbial remediation strategy for stress-resistant cultivation of crops in saline-alkali soils.

To explore the molecular mechanisms underlying gray mold disease resistance in Panax notoginseng leaves， ultra performance liquid chromatography was utilized to monitor the dynamic changes in the content of ginsenosides Rd， Rb₁， Rc and Rb₃ in Panax notoginseng leaves inoculated with Botrytis cinerea. Moreover， transcriptome sequencing technology was further used to analyze the differentially expressed genes. The results showed that the contents of the four ginsenosides in Panax notoginseng leaves increased by 39.02% to 86.56% after 12 hours of inoculation compared to the control. However， their contents decreased after 24 hours of infection， with a reduction rate ranging from 0.31% to 62.51%. Transcriptome sequencing further indicated that compared to the non-inoculated control， the differentially expressed genes in inoculated leaves at both 12 and 24 hours were significantly enriched in the triterpenoid biosynthesis pathway. Specifically， the expressions of phosphomevalonate kinase （PMVK） and hydroxymethylbutene-4-phosphate synthase （HDS）， which were involved in the biosynthesis pathway of ginsenosides in Panax notoginseng leaves， were upregulated at 12 hours post-inoculation with Botrytis cinerea， leading to an increase in ginsenoside content. However， the elevated expression level of the HDS gene was not maintained after 24 hours of inoculation， potentially explaining the subsequent decrease in ginsenoside content. Our finding identified PMVK and HDS as two key enzyme genes that may play important roles in the chemical response of Panax notoginseng leaves to Botrytis cinerea infection. These results provide a basis for a deeper understanding of the interaction between Panax notoginseng and Botrytis cinerea， and reinforce the efforts towards the molecular breeding of Panax notoginseng resistant varieties.

In order to investigate the molecular regulatory mechanisms of apomictic embryo development in walnuts， the apomictic embryo（CL） and fertilized embryo （CK） of Xinxin 2 walnut were used as experimental materials in this study. The transcriptome and metabolome data were used to analyze the differentially expressed genes and differentially accumulated metabolites between CL and CK. The results indicated that a total of 227 differentially expressed genes and 22 differentially accumulated metabolites were identified in the CL and CK. Transcriptome-metabolome integrative analysis showed that the differentially expressed genes and metabolites were majorly enriched in pathways associated with metabolism， the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites and plant hormone signal transduction. Among them， the content of differential metabolites such as indole-3-acetic acid， jasmonic acid， and jasmonic acid-isoleucine were significantly higher in CL compared to CK. Moreover， genes such as （s）-genistein-9-o-methyltransferase （SMT）， Chitinase （CHIT）， Fumarylacetoacetase （FAH）， Moxilactone-A synthase （MAS）， Phospholipase A1 （DAD1）， Auxin response factor （ARF） and Phytochrome interaction factor 3 （PIF3） were found to positively regulate these differential metabolites. On the other hands， genes including Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase （MEE）， Caffeic acid 3-O-methyltransferase （COMT）， β-glucosidase （BGLU）， Fatty acid α-dioxygenase （DOX）， SAUR family protein （SAUR）， Auxin response GH3 gene family （GH3）， Ethylene receptor （ETR） and Transcription factor MYC2 （MYC2） negatively regulated these metabolites. Eight genes that related to differentially metabolites were verified by quantitative real-time PCR （qRT-PCR）， and the results were consistent with the transcriptome analysis. ARF， GH3， SAUR， DAD1 and MYC2 were involved in regulating apomictic embryo development in walnut by regulating plant hormone signal transduction， such as auxin and jasmonic acid pathway. These results can provide scientific guidance for understanding apomictic embryo development in walnuts.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of different sowing dates on the growth， yield， and quality of foxtail millet （Setaria italica）. Three cultivars—Liulenggu （B44）， Wild Foxtail Millet （B111）， and Xiaoshengbaigu （B112）—were selected and subjected to three sowing dates. The change in the growth stages， yield and quality of foxtail millet under different sowing dates were systematically analyzed. The results showed that delayed sowing prolonged the sowing-to-emergence period， shortened both the overall growth period and the emergence-to-heading period， and maintained a relatively stable duration from heading to maturity. From 2021 to 2023， the coefficients of variation （CV） for the overall growth period of B44， B111， and B112 across different sowing dates ranged from 11.86% to 14.60%， 11.91% to 15.05%， and 7.94% to 17.07%， respectively. The sowing dates had a significant effect on both the yield and quality of the foxtail millet. With a delayed sowing date， there were decreases in panicle weight， grain weight per panicle， 1 000-grain weight， head millet rate， amylose content， and overall yield， while protein content， fat content， flavonoid content， and gel consistency increased. Notably， the CVs for panicle weight and grain weight per panicle exceeded 10%. Additionally， the amino acid content was significantly affected by sowing date， with particularly high CVs observed for glutamic acid content in B44， B111， and B112. This study provides valuable insights for identifying the optimal sowing date to enhance the yield and quality of foxtail millet.

To investigate the effects of α-arbutin treatment on post-harvest browning of longan pericarp and its regulatory role in reactive oxygen metabolism， different concentrations of α-arbutin （0.1， 0.5 and 1 g·L^-1） were applied to Shixia longan fruit， with water serving as the control （CK）. Samples were collected every 2 days to determine the inner epidermal coloration， cell membrane permeability， browning index in the longan fruit pericarp， and the breakdown index in the pulp， as well as physiological indicators related to reactive oxygen metabolism in the pericarp. The results showed that α-arbutin at the concentration of 1 g·L^-1 was the optimal treatment. This treatment significantly enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase （SOD）， catalase （CAT）， ascorbic acid peroxidase （APX） and glutathione reductase （GR） in the pericarp， maintained high levels of ascorbic acid （ASA） and glutathione （GSH）， and reduced the content of malondialdehyde （MDA）， hydrogen peroxide （H₂O₂）， and the production rate of superoxide anion radical （O₂{}^{\overline{·}}）. These findings suggested that 1 g·L^-1 α‍-arbutin can sustain the balance of reactive oxygen metabolism and the integrity of cell membrane in the pericarp of post-harvest longan fruit， thereby delaying browning. The results of this work provides theoretical supports for the application of α-arbutin in the preservation of post-harvest longan fruit.

To explore the difference of volatile compounds between the watercore and normal tissue of Qianxuan No.3 apple， and to elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying the formation of characteristic aroma substances in apple watercore， gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry （GC-MS/MS） and Illumina HiSeq^TM high-throughput sequencing techniques were conducted to obtain the metabolome and transcriptome data of the watercore and normal tissue of Qianxuan No.3. Transcriptomics analysis revealed 1 795 differentially expressed genes （DEGs）， including 671 down-regulated genes and 1 124 up-regulated genes. Additionally， 7 genes related to fatty acid synthesis pathway and 8 genes related to alcohol dehydrogenase were explored. In this study， 353 metabolites were detected through widely targeted metabolomics， identifying 20 differential accumulated metabolites， including 8 up-regulated metabolites and 12 down-regulated metabolites. Notably， the relative contents of ethyl hexanoate and nonanal in the apple watercore tissue were significantly higher than those in the normal tissue. The transcriptome-metabolomics association analysis illustrated that 11 DEGs were positively correlated with ethyl hexanoate and nonanal， while 2 DEGs were negatively correlated with ethyl hexanoate within fatty acid synthesis pathway and the alcohol dehydrogenase family. MdFAD6， MdADH2， MdADH3， and MdADH4 were found to be expressed exclusively in watercore tissues. Quantitative real-time PCR （qRT-PCR） results showed that the relative expression levels of these genes in watercore tissues were significantly up-regulated compared to those in normal tissues， suggesting that these genes may play a crucial role in the synthesis pathway of volatile compounds in watercore apples. The differential metabolites and genes identified in this study will not only provide preliminary insights into the biological basis of flavor changes in watercore tissues， but also provide reference information for the quality improvement of watercore apples.

Marine-sourced agricultural products serve as an important part of the human diet， but seafood fraud incidents are widespread in the world. Thus， the traceability of marine-sourced agricultural products has become a key issue in the food safety field， which has attracted consumer’s concern. Stable isotope ratio analysis plays an important role in the traceability of marine-sourced agricultural products. This paper systematically reviewed the application of δ¹³C， δ¹⁵N， δ²H， δ¹⁸O， δ³⁴S， ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and ɛ_Nd on traceability of marine-sourced agricultural products， such as fish， mollusks， crustaceans and sea cucumbers in recent years. Furthermore， this paper discussed the characteristics and advantages of using different isotopes in different marine species and therefore pointed out the current challenges and the future development prospects， aiming to promote the establishment and development of a marine-sourced agricultural product traceability system.

To identify the key fungal pathogens associated with passion fruit stem base rot in Guangxi and to screen germplasm source resistant to passion fruit stem base rot， conventional pathogen isolation methods were employed to isolate and identify the pathogens responsible for passion fruit stem base rot collected from 6 cities in Guangxi， including Nanning， Yulin， and Guigang， and the pathogenicity of the isolates was assessed. The resistance to stem base rot were screened and ifentified in 34 passion fruit germplasm sources. A total of 23 pathogenic fungal isolates were characterized through ITS sequence analysis and confirmed through Koch’s postulates. Morphological characteristics and the sequencing of the tef1-α and tub2 genes confirmed that Lasiodiplodia theobromae was predominant in all the studied regions of Guangxi with the exception of Yulin， indicating its widespread distribution throughout the province. Notably， strain BXG 2-2 exhibited the shortest incubation period of 4.00 days， with a 100% incidence rate while recording a disease index of 100， highlighting its aggressive virulence. Furthermore， an assessment conducted on 34 passion fruit germplasm sources revealed varyingresistance that 1 germplasm source was immune， 3 were highly resistant， 8 were moderately resistant， 10 were susceptible， and 12 were highly susceptible. Notably， no significant difference in resistance was observed between the yellow fruit and purple fruit germplasm source. In conclusion， L. theobromae was the primary pathogen responsible for passion fruit stem base rot in Guangxi. The JTN， Hua J， Lvpi， and Qinzhouzhenmu No.1 have been identified as dominant resistant germplasm sources for managing this disease within passion fruit cultivation areas across Guangxi. The results of this study provide a theoretical foundation for scientific prevention and breeding passion fruit against stem base rot in Guangxi.

A disease suspected to be gray mold has been identified in a cigar cultivation area in Kunming， Yunnan province. The primary symptoms observed included an extensive typical gray mold layer on the stem base， leaves， and flower buds of the cigar plants. To identify the pathogen responsible for this candition， this study successfully isolated it from the stem base， leaves， and flower buds of affected tobacco plants. The pathogen was confirmed as Botrytis cinerea through pathogenicity assessment， morphological observation， and molecular biological techniques. Furthermore， to explore effective biological control methods， biocontrol strains capable of inhibiting gray mold were screened and isolated from healthy cigar fields. Through tissue isolation from roots， stems， and leaves followed by plate culture tests， eight biocontrol strains demonstrating significant efficacy were ultimately selected. Among these strains， XHns8 was identified as Bacillus subtilis with a bacteriostatic effect of 82.26% against gray mold affecting cigars. The results of this study provide valuable biocontrol bacterial resources for scientifically managing gray mold in cigars and hold potential for development into biocontrol products.

In order to improve the bioaccessibility of quercetin （Que）， a cyclodextrin （β-CD）/cellulose co-stabilized Pickering emulsions （PEs） with high loading efficiency for Que was constructed in this study. Additionally， the influences of the cellulose addition level on the stability of the PEs and the bioaccessibility of Que in an in vitro digestion model were investigated. The β-CD/cationic cellulose （C-CNC）-Que complex solution loaded with Que was prepared by antisolvent method. A mixed solution of the β-CD/C-CNC-Que complex and bacterial cellulose at different concentrations were used as the aqueous phase， and medium chain triglycerides were used as the oil phase to prepare the PEs. Then， the effects of bacterial cellulose concentration on the apparent stability， thermal stability， physical properties of PEs， and bioaccessibility of Que during in vitro simulated digestion were analyzed. Compared to dissolving Que in the oil phase， β-CD/C-CNC-Que complex can increase the efficient loading of Que in the PEs， achieving a Que content of 0.43 mg·mL^-1 in the PEs. The addition of bacterial cellulose increased the absolute value of zeta potential， viscosity， and viscoelastic modulus of the PEs， which contributed to the improved stability of the PEs and further enhanced the bioaccessibility of Que during in vitro simulated digestion. The PEs developed in this study effectively improved the loading efficiency and in vitro bioaccessibility of Que， providing a theoretical basis and technical guidance for subsequent research on the in vivo bioavailability of Que.

In order to confirm the pathogen of anthracnose in Qinan Aquilaria sinensis， and characterize its biological characteristics while screening effective agents against to anthracnose， the pathogen was isolated through tissue separation method and its pathogenicity was determined with Koch postulates. Combining morphological and molecular biological analysis， BMXYB1 was identified as Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Biological characteristics revealed that the optimum temperature for mycelial growth was 28 ℃， the optimum pH value was 6.0， the optimum medium was potato dextrose agar medium （PDA）. The optimal nitrogen source for pathogen growth was potassium nitrate and the optimal carbon source was glucose. The results of fungicide virulence showed that 430 g·L^-1 tebuconazole and 250 g·L^-1 propiconazole had strong inhibitory effects on the fungal， with the EC₅₀ of 0.773 ‍1 and 0.451 ‍2 ‍mg·L^-1， respectively. This study provides scientific basis for effective prevention and control of anthracnose.

Class ‍Ⅱ transcription factor subfamily of TCP plays important roles in plant leaf and flower development as well as branch formation. This subfamily can be further divided into CYC/TB1 and CIN subclasses， with the CIN subclass being particularly crucial for regulating plant floral organ development. To investigate the function of these genes in the flower color and development of Phalaenopsis orchid， this study analyzed the expression profiling of CIN subclasses genes in different organs of Phalaenopsis orchid and PeCIN7 was identified as a candidate gene potentially regulating flower development and flower color. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that PeCIN7 was most closely related to AtTCP3 and AtTCP4 in Arabidopsis and had a conservative bHLH （basic helix-loop-helix） domain structure. Subcellular localization showed that PeCIN7 was localized in the nucleus. Virus-induced gene silencing （VIGS） experiments revealed that PeCIN7- silenced lines exhibited significantly lighter flower color， and had a near-circular morphology characterized by a markedly decreased length-width ratio. These findings provide a theoretical basis for the development of new Phalaenopsis varieties.

‍In order to improve the quality of low sugar blueberry jam， fresh blueberries were used as raw materials and the proportions of sodium alginate， pectin， sucrose， and calcium ions in low sugar blueberry jam were optimized using response surface methodology. The changes in physicochemical properties， nutritional functional substances， microorganisms， and other qualities of low sugar blueberry jam during storage （68 days at 4 ℃ and 14 days at 25 ℃） under pasteurization and high hydrostatic pressure （HHP） processes were studied. The results showed that the optimal formula for low sugar blueberry jam was a low methoxyl pectin and sodium alginate mass ratio of 7 and 3 g·kg^-1， respectively， with a sucrose addition of 160 g·kg^-1 and a CaCO₃ addition of 6 g·kg^-1. With the increase of storage days， compared with the storage of 1 d， there was no significant change in the physicochemical properties such as pH value and soluble solids content of all samples， while the content of nutritional components such as vitamin C （VC）， total phenols， total flavonoids， and total anthocyanins decreased. Among them， the retention rate of nutritional functional substances in the HHP treated group was significantly higher than that of other groups. After storage at 4 ℃ for 68 days， the content of VC， total phenols， total flavonoids， and anthocyanins in the HHP treated group jam were 14.17， 1.15， 4.77 and 0.45 mg·mL^-1， respectively. In conclusion， the non thermal processing technology based on pectin compound gel and HHP treatment can be used to prepare high-quality， healthy and low-sugar blueberry jam. The results of this study provide scientific reference for improving the quality of traditional jam.

In order to clarify the population structure and distribution characteristics of pathogens of maize Fusarium stalk rot in Shanxi Province， 438 suspected stalk rot samples were collected from 47 counties （cities， districts） in 11 regions of Shanxi Province from 2022 to 2023. A total of 573 single spore isolates were obtained， and the pathogens were classified and identified through the combination of morphology and molecular biology. The results indicated that 505 （88.13%） isolates belonged to Fusarium， including 10 Fusarium species， namely F. equiseti， F. boothii， F. graminearum， F. verticillioides， F. proliferatum， F. subglutinans， F. incarnatum， F. sporotrichioides， F. asiaticum and F. brachygibbosum， with the isolation frequency of 40.79%， 15.25%， 14.85%， 14.65%， 7.33%， 5.54%， 0.79%， 0.40%， 0.20% and 0.20%， respectively. F. equiseti was distributed within all geographical regions of Shanxi Province （North Shanxi， Central Shanxi， South Shanxi and Southeast Shanxi）， and the isolation frequency was higher than other Fusarium species. Three isolates from each of the six highly isolated Fusarium species were selected for pathogenicity test at the seedling stage. The results showed that F. graminearum exhibited the strongest pathogenicity， with the pathogenicity rate reaching up to 86.67% and the disease index of 51.33， while the pathogenicity rate and disease index of F. boothii and F. equiseti were 76.67%， 44.00 and 73.33%， 42.67， respectively. In conclusion， the main pathogen causing maize stalk rot in Shanxi Province was Fusarium species， among which F. equiseti was the dominant pathogen with wide distribution， the highest isolation frequency and strong pathogenicity. The results of this study can provide a theoretical basis for the comprehensive prevention and control of maize stalk rot in Shanxi Province.

To investigate the genetic characteristics of fruit quality formation in grafted Lingwuchangzao （Ziziphus jujuba Mill cv. Lingwuchangzao） using different rootstocks， this study investigated 3-year-old grafted Lingwuchangzao on wild jujube （Ziziphus jujuba Mill. var. spinosa） and Yunnan spiny jujube （Ziziphus mauritiana Lam）. The growth and fruit quality traits of the two grafted Lingwuchangzao were measured. Using transcriptomic analysis combined with weighted gene co-expression network analysis （WGCNA）， we analyzed fruit quality， constructed a gene co-expression network related to fruit size and soluble sugar content， and identified key genes regulating fruit quality. The results indicated that Lingwuchangzao grafted onto the Yunnan spiny jujube rootstock exhibited greater growth potential， but had significantly inferior fruit quality compared to those grafted onto the wild jujube rootstock. Transcriptome sequencing and WGCNA identified the 'honeydew1' module， which was highly associated with fruit quality indicators. Gene Ontology （GO） enrichment analysis revealed 1 004 differentially expressed genes， including 512 upregulated and 492 downregulated genes. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes （KEGG） indicated that the differentially expressed genes were primarily enriched in plant hormone signal transduction， starch and sucrose metabolism， and phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathways. The most significant enrichments were observed in taurine and hypotaurine metabolism. Key differentially expressed genes， including FRK5， HK2， 4CL， COMT， and BBE were identified as regulators of sugar and organic acid metabolism and lignin metabolism. In conclusion， the two rootstocks affected the growth and fruit quality of the scions by altering the expression of Lingwuchangzao scion genes. This study provides a theoretical basis for improving the growth and fruit quality of Lingwuchangzao trees.

To investigate the regulatory effects of different straw returning methods on wheat root growth and stem lodging resistance under wide and narrow row planting， this study was based on the previously screened advantageous combination of 30 cm+15 cm wide and narrow rows， with straw not returning as control （CK）， and four different straw returning and tillage methods were established： whole field straw rotary tillage returning （M1）， stubble mulching in wide rows （M2）， rotary tillage with stubble return in wide rows （M3）， stubble mulching in wide rows combined with whole-field straw mulching （M4）. The differences in soil water temperature， root system characteristics， stem lodging resistance， and yield of wheat under different straw returning methods were analyzed. The results showed that compared with CK， M2 and M4 had significant warming effects in various growth stages and in the 0-30 cm soil， especially during the wintering stage， and could increase the average soil moisture content from wintering stage to anthesis stage and in the 0-20 cm soil. The yield under M2 and M3 significantly increased by 11.56% and 8.75%， respectively， compared to M1， and there was a trend of increasing yield compared to CK. Compared with M1 and M4， M2 and M3 improved root morphology， with varying degrees of increase in root length， root volume， root diameter， and root dry weight density. M2 significantly enhanced root vitality. Compared with CK， M2 reduced the length of the second internode at the base of wheat， increased stem diameter and stem wall thickness. At the same time， M2 showed varying degrees of increase in the number of large and small vascular bundles， mechanical tissue layers， and mechanical tissue thickness compared to other straw returning treatments， and significantly increased cellulose and lignin content， resulted in a significant increase in snapping resistance and lodging resistance index. In summary， stubble mulching in wide rows （M2） is beneficial for improving soil environment， promoting wheat root growth， enhancing plant root vitality and lodging resistance， and achieving the goals of robust roots， strong stems， and increasing yield and efficiency of wheat. This study provides technical support for the safe， in-situ rice straw returning and the establishment of high-yield and high-quality wheat populations.

To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying Lilium lancifolium resistant to bulb rot disease， bulbs of L. lancifolium were inoculated with the pathogen Fusarium proliferatum. The activity of catalase （CAT）， superoxide dismutase （SOD）， peroxidase （POD）， and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase （PAL） were analyzed. Additionally， transcriptome sequencing was employed to analyze the dynamic response of L. lancifolium to F. proliferatum infection. The results demonstrated that F. proliferatum infection significantly enhanced CAT activity in bulbs， peaking at 24 h post-inoculation. Transcriptome analysis identified 810 and 827 differentially expressed genes （DEGs） at 12 h and 24 h respectively， primarily enriched in translation， ribosome， ribosomal structure， photosynthesis， and photosystem. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes （KEGG） analysis revealed significant activation of pathways including ribosome assembly， porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism， zeatin biosynthesis， and photosynthesis. Protein-protein interaction network analysis further revealed that Ribosomal Protein Large subunit 3 （RP-L3e）， Ribosomal Protein Large subunit 12 （RP-L12e）， Ribosomal Protein Large subunit 26 （RP-L26e）， and Ribosomal Protein Small subunit 5 （RP-S5e） play crucial roles during early pathogen infection. These findings provide fundamental insights into the molecular mechanisms of Lilium lancifolium resistance to bulb rot disease and offer valuable candidate genes for breeding disease-resistant medicinal lilies.