In order to investigate the volatile components in the petals of Camellia varieties Scented Sun， High Fragrance and Chidan at different flowering stages， HS-SPME and GC-MS techniques were employed in conjunction with relative odor activity values （ROAVs） to identify key aroma components. By using transcriptome sequencing technology， floral fragrance biosynthesis pathways and genes related to the floral fragrance were explored. The results showed that the main floral aroma components of three varieties consisted of monoterpenes and benzenoids/phenylpropanoids， with the highest concentration of monoterpenes and significant differences in composition and content among the varieties. A total of 16 characteristic aroma components were identified， with linalool being the key aroma component that plays a dominant role in the overall aroma profile of Camellia. Seven structural genes from the mevalonate pathway and eight structural genes from the methylerythritol phosphate pathway were screened from transcriptome data， among these， CaDXS2 and CaDXS3 are key structural genes involved in monoterpene synthesis. Screening of key enzyme genes CaLIS/NES1 and CaLIS/NES2 in the terpenoid synthesis pathway， as well as CaPAR and CaSAMT in the benzenering/phenylpropanoid compound synthesis pathway， suggests that these genes play a crucial role in the synthesis of key components in floral fragrance， such as linalool， 2-phenylethanol， and methyl salicylate. The results of qRT-PCR and RNA-seq validation of differentially expressed genes showed a high degree of correlation， indicating that RNA-seq sequencing results have high accuracy. These research results provide a basis for further study on the mechanisms involved in the formation of flower fragrance in Camellia.

In order to explore the effects of different lactic acid bacteria fermentation on the nutritional quality and flavor of blueberry mulberry juice， blueberry-mulberry juice was fermented by Lactobacillus bulgaricus， Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus plantarum， respectively， in this study. The electronic nose and headspace microextraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry were employed to investigate the functional nutrients and flavor of the fermented juice. Results showed that there were significant differences in nutritional quality and antioxidant capacity among the three fermentation groups. The sample fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum contained the highest total acid （1.52 g·L^-1）， the lowest total sugar content （789.59 mg·L^-1）， the highest total anthocyanin content （6.04 g·L^-1）， and the strongest antioxidant capacity， respectively. Results from electronic nose significantly distinguished the flavor of the samples fermented by different lactic acid bacteria. A total of 51 volatile components were detected in fermented samples by GC-MS， including 6 alcohols， 14 acids， 9 aldehydes， 7 ketones， 8 esters， and 7 other substances. The content of 2-nonanone was higher in L. plantarum fermentation group， which resulting in the fruity and floral aroma of sample. Overall， the fermentation sample of L. plantarum had a better improvement in nutrients， odor and flavor substances， therefore， it is suitable for the fermentation of blueberry-mulberry juice，contributing to the development of prebiotic blueberry pulp with antioxidant properties. This study can provide some reference for the deep processing of blueberry and mulberry.

To explore the effects of melatonin， spermidine and salicylic acid on the growth and development of tomato seedlings under high temperature stress， tomato Zhongza No.9 was used as the experimental material. Under high temperature stress （37 ℃/27 ℃）， different concentrations of exogenous melatonin （0.05， 0.15， 0.2， 0.3 mmol·L^-1）， spermidine （0.2， 0.5， 1.0， 1.5 mmol·L^-1） and salicylic acid （0.1， 0.3， 0.4， 0.6 mmol·L^-1） were sprayed on leaf surface. On the 21^st day of treatment （after the end of flower bud differentiation）， the plant height， stem diameter， fresh and dry weight of the aboveground part and underground part， chlorophyll content， root length， root diameter， root surface area， number of branches， flower bud size， and flower bud number of tomato seedlings were measured， and the rate of flower bud differentiation was analyzed. The results showed that， compared with control， high temperature stress significantly reduced the plant height， stem diameter， fresh and dry weight of the aboveground and underground parts， root length and root surface area， as well as the chlorophyll content of tomato seedlings. Meanwhile， the high temperature stress advanced flower bud differentiation， prolonged the process of flower bud differentiation， reduced the size of flower buds， and decreased the number of flower buds. The application of 0.5 mmol·L^-1 spermidine significantly increased the stem diameter， root length， root surface area， root diameter， and number of root tips of tomato seedlings under high temperature stress， restoring them to the level of the normal temperature with the optimal seedling vigor index. The application of 1.0 mmol·L^-1 spermidine and 0.3 mmol·L^-1 salicylic acid restored the flower bud size， flower bud differentiation time， and flower bud differentiation rate of tomato seedlings under high temperature stress to the level of the normal temperature. However， there was no significant effects of melatonin treatments at various concentrations on the growth and development of tomato seedlings under high temperature stress. Therefore， it can be concluded that the exogenous application of suitable concentrations of spermidine and salicylic acid alleviated the damage to tomato seedlings causing by high temperature to varying degrees， enabling normal growth and development of tomato seedlings. This study provides a technical reference for high temperature resistance production of tomato seedlings.

To explore the molecular mechanisms underlying gray mold disease resistance in Panax notoginseng leaves， ultra performance liquid chromatography was utilized to monitor the dynamic changes in the content of ginsenosides Rd， Rb₁， Rc and Rb₃ in Panax notoginseng leaves inoculated with Botrytis cinerea. Moreover， transcriptome sequencing technology was further used to analyze the differentially expressed genes. The results showed that the contents of the four ginsenosides in Panax notoginseng leaves increased by 39.02% to 86.56% after 12 hours of inoculation compared to the control. However， their contents decreased after 24 hours of infection， with a reduction rate ranging from 0.31% to 62.51%. Transcriptome sequencing further indicated that compared to the non-inoculated control， the differentially expressed genes in inoculated leaves at both 12 and 24 hours were significantly enriched in the triterpenoid biosynthesis pathway. Specifically， the expressions of phosphomevalonate kinase （PMVK） and hydroxymethylbutene-4-phosphate synthase （HDS）， which were involved in the biosynthesis pathway of ginsenosides in Panax notoginseng leaves， were upregulated at 12 hours post-inoculation with Botrytis cinerea， leading to an increase in ginsenoside content. However， the elevated expression level of the HDS gene was not maintained after 24 hours of inoculation， potentially explaining the subsequent decrease in ginsenoside content. Our finding identified PMVK and HDS as two key enzyme genes that may play important roles in the chemical response of Panax notoginseng leaves to Botrytis cinerea infection. These results provide a basis for a deeper understanding of the interaction between Panax notoginseng and Botrytis cinerea， and reinforce the efforts towards the molecular breeding of Panax notoginseng resistant varieties.

To investigate the impact of enzyme hydrolysis on Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua rhizome （PC）， this study analyzed the effects of six enzymes （cellulase， papain， pectinase， β-dextranase， xylanase， and hemicellulase） on PC’s total polysaccharides， total saponins， total phenols， and phenolic composition to establish an optimal multi-enzyme combination. Subsequently， the biological activity of PC’s alcohol extract was measured， and correlation analysis was conducted with the main differential substances. The results showed that， papain， β- dextranase， and xylanase notably enhanced the release of phenols and saponins in PC. Furthermore， the antioxidant activity and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of PC’s alcohol extract were significantly improved by the treatment with the multi-enzyme hydrolysis （papain∶β-dextranase∶xylanase=3∶2∶1，P<0.001）. Thirteen phenols and one saponin were closely associated with the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of PC and increased significantly following multi-enzyme hydrolysis （P<0.05）. These findings confirmed that enzyme hydrolysis was an effective method to enhance the release of components and improve the biological activity of PC， which can provide a method reference for the optimization of PC’s extract.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of different sowing dates on the growth， yield， and quality of foxtail millet （Setaria italica）. Three cultivars—Liulenggu （B44）， Wild Foxtail Millet （B111）， and Xiaoshengbaigu （B112）—were selected and subjected to three sowing dates. The change in the growth stages， yield and quality of foxtail millet under different sowing dates were systematically analyzed. The results showed that delayed sowing prolonged the sowing-to-emergence period， shortened both the overall growth period and the emergence-to-heading period， and maintained a relatively stable duration from heading to maturity. From 2021 to 2023， the coefficients of variation （CV） for the overall growth period of B44， B111， and B112 across different sowing dates ranged from 11.86% to 14.60%， 11.91% to 15.05%， and 7.94% to 17.07%， respectively. The sowing dates had a significant effect on both the yield and quality of the foxtail millet. With a delayed sowing date， there were decreases in panicle weight， grain weight per panicle， 1 000-grain weight， head millet rate， amylose content， and overall yield， while protein content， fat content， flavonoid content， and gel consistency increased. Notably， the CVs for panicle weight and grain weight per panicle exceeded 10%. Additionally， the amino acid content was significantly affected by sowing date， with particularly high CVs observed for glutamic acid content in B44， B111， and B112. This study provides valuable insights for identifying the optimal sowing date to enhance the yield and quality of foxtail millet.

Abscisic acid （ABA）， a pivotal phytohormone in plants， plays a crucial role in the response to abiotic stress. ABA mediates stress responses by activating various signal transduction pathways， including calcium ion signaling， reactive oxygen species （ROS） homeostasis， and phosphorylation/dephosphorylation cascades， thereby inducing the expression of stress-responsive genes. The induced pathways facilitate the synthesis of osmotic regulators， heat shock proteins， and cold-responsive proteins， collectively enhancing plant adaptation to environmental stress. Within plant cells， ABA is perceived by its receptors， ABAR/RCAR， that are located either on the membrane or in the cytoplasm， thereby triggering downstream signaling cascades. Additionally， ABA regulates abiotic stress responses through multiple mechanisms including G-protein signaling， SnRK2 kinases activation， transcription factors modulation， and ROS homeostasis maintenance. This review focuses on recent advances in ABA research concerning plant response to abiotic stresses， particularly drought， salinity， and low-temperature stress. The aim is to provide insights that could facilitate targeted breeding approaches or the development of economically important plants species with enhanced tolerance to drought， low temperature， and salinity stresses.

Ergothioneine is a naturally accuring active substance found in edible fungi， known for its antioxidant and metal chelating functions. In order to further explore and improve the yield of ergothioneine produced through biological fermentation， this study used ultraviolet mutagenesis （UV）， ethyl methylsulfonate mutagenesis （EMS） and space mutagenesis （SFM） to mutate strains of the Pleurotus Citrinopileatus. The mycelial growth rate and liquid fermentation yield of ergothioneine were used as evaluation indicators to select high-yield straits of Pleurotus Citrinopileatus. The results showed that 46， 40 and 48 mutant strains were obtained through UV， EMS and SFM mutagenesis， respectively. The positive mutation rate for UV mutagenesis was 43.48%. UV， EMS and SFM mutagenesis resulted in 8， 3 and 1 strain of liquid-fermented ergothioneine， respectively， with significantly higher yields than the original strain （P<0.01）. Among the 12 high-yielding ergothioneine mutagenic strains， the yield of the UV-30 strain was the highest， at 2.16 times that of the original strain， while the growth rate of the UV-13 strain was the fastest， at 1.02 times that of the original strain. Genetic distance analysis showed that the mutation degree of the SFM mutant strain was higher than that of the UV mutant strain， and both strains exhibited a higher mutation degree of both strains the EMS mutant strain. The results of this study contribute valuable material for the fundamental research of the ergothioneine biosynthesis pathway and provide a reference for the mutagenesis and breeding of the high yield ergothioneine strain of Pleurotus Citrinopileatus.

In order to investigate the molecular regulatory mechanisms of apomictic embryo development in walnuts， the apomictic embryo（CL） and fertilized embryo （CK） of Xinxin 2 walnut were used as experimental materials in this study. The transcriptome and metabolome data were used to analyze the differentially expressed genes and differentially accumulated metabolites between CL and CK. The results indicated that a total of 227 differentially expressed genes and 22 differentially accumulated metabolites were identified in the CL and CK. Transcriptome-metabolome integrative analysis showed that the differentially expressed genes and metabolites were majorly enriched in pathways associated with metabolism， the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites and plant hormone signal transduction. Among them， the content of differential metabolites such as indole-3-acetic acid， jasmonic acid， and jasmonic acid-isoleucine were significantly higher in CL compared to CK. Moreover， genes such as （s）-genistein-9-o-methyltransferase （SMT）， Chitinase （CHIT）， Fumarylacetoacetase （FAH）， Moxilactone-A synthase （MAS）， Phospholipase A1 （DAD1）， Auxin response factor （ARF） and Phytochrome interaction factor 3 （PIF3） were found to positively regulate these differential metabolites. On the other hands， genes including Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase （MEE）， Caffeic acid 3-O-methyltransferase （COMT）， β-glucosidase （BGLU）， Fatty acid α-dioxygenase （DOX）， SAUR family protein （SAUR）， Auxin response GH3 gene family （GH3）， Ethylene receptor （ETR） and Transcription factor MYC2 （MYC2） negatively regulated these metabolites. Eight genes that related to differentially metabolites were verified by quantitative real-time PCR （qRT-PCR）， and the results were consistent with the transcriptome analysis. ARF， GH3， SAUR， DAD1 and MYC2 were involved in regulating apomictic embryo development in walnut by regulating plant hormone signal transduction， such as auxin and jasmonic acid pathway. These results can provide scientific guidance for understanding apomictic embryo development in walnuts.

In order to confirm the pathogen of anthracnose in Qinan Aquilaria sinensis， and characterize its biological characteristics while screening effective agents against to anthracnose， the pathogen was isolated through tissue separation method and its pathogenicity was determined with Koch postulates. Combining morphological and molecular biological analysis， BMXYB1 was identified as Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Biological characteristics revealed that the optimum temperature for mycelial growth was 28 ℃， the optimum pH value was 6.0， the optimum medium was potato dextrose agar medium （PDA）. The optimal nitrogen source for pathogen growth was potassium nitrate and the optimal carbon source was glucose. The results of fungicide virulence showed that 430 g·L^-1 tebuconazole and 250 g·L^-1 propiconazole had strong inhibitory effects on the fungal， with the EC₅₀ of 0.773 ‍1 and 0.451 ‍2 ‍mg·L^-1， respectively. This study provides scientific basis for effective prevention and control of anthracnose.

To investigate the effects of α-arbutin treatment on post-harvest browning of longan pericarp and its regulatory role in reactive oxygen metabolism， different concentrations of α-arbutin （0.1， 0.5 and 1 g·L^-1） were applied to Shixia longan fruit， with water serving as the control （CK）. Samples were collected every 2 days to determine the inner epidermal coloration， cell membrane permeability， browning index in the longan fruit pericarp， and the breakdown index in the pulp， as well as physiological indicators related to reactive oxygen metabolism in the pericarp. The results showed that α-arbutin at the concentration of 1 g·L^-1 was the optimal treatment. This treatment significantly enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase （SOD）， catalase （CAT）， ascorbic acid peroxidase （APX） and glutathione reductase （GR） in the pericarp， maintained high levels of ascorbic acid （ASA） and glutathione （GSH）， and reduced the content of malondialdehyde （MDA）， hydrogen peroxide （H₂O₂）， and the production rate of superoxide anion radical （O₂{}^{\overline{·}}）. These findings suggested that 1 g·L^-1 α‍-arbutin can sustain the balance of reactive oxygen metabolism and the integrity of cell membrane in the pericarp of post-harvest longan fruit， thereby delaying browning. The results of this work provides theoretical supports for the application of α-arbutin in the preservation of post-harvest longan fruit.

Marine-sourced agricultural products serve as an important part of the human diet， but seafood fraud incidents are widespread in the world. Thus， the traceability of marine-sourced agricultural products has become a key issue in the food safety field， which has attracted consumer’s concern. Stable isotope ratio analysis plays an important role in the traceability of marine-sourced agricultural products. This paper systematically reviewed the application of δ¹³C， δ¹⁵N， δ²H， δ¹⁸O， δ³⁴S， ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and ɛ_Nd on traceability of marine-sourced agricultural products， such as fish， mollusks， crustaceans and sea cucumbers in recent years. Furthermore， this paper discussed the characteristics and advantages of using different isotopes in different marine species and therefore pointed out the current challenges and the future development prospects， aiming to promote the establishment and development of a marine-sourced agricultural product traceability system.

To clarify the effect of different plants on saline soil improvement， a field experiment was used to study the effects of salt-tolerant plants on soil physicochemical properties and soil salinization degree. The nine salt-tolerant plants were Halogeton glomeratus， Suaeda salsa， Puccinellia chinampoensis， alfalfa （Medicago sativa L.）， Vicia villosa， Vicia sativa， sweet sorghum （Sorghum bicolor cv. Dochn）， barley （Hordeum vulgare L.） and oat（Avena sativa L.）， and bare soil as the control （CK）. The results showed that， compared with CK， the salt-tolerant plants reduced bulk density of topsoil by 9.15%-21.87%， increased total soil porosity and non-capillary porosity by 3.58-9.85 and 6.27-13.37 percentage point respectively. Planting S. salsa had thegreatest reduction of soil bulk density and planting sweet sorghum had the greatest increase of soil porosity. Compared with CK， the nine planting treatments effectively reduced soil salt content and sodium adsorption ratio （SAR） by 0.45-0.52 percentage point and 80.99-90.56%， respectively， and planting V. villosa had the greatest effect on soil salinity and alkalinity reduction， which reduced total salt， electrical conductivity， SAR and pH value by 0.52 percentage point， 26.84%， 84.50%， and 0.35 unit， respectively. After salt-tolerant plant harvested， compared with CK， the alkaline nitrogen content of topsoil increased by 3.43%-151.90%， while the available phosphorus and potassium had no significant change. In summary， planting salt-tolerant plants improved topsoil permeability and reduced its salinization degree， the improvement effect of each tested plant on saline soil was H. glomeratus > alfalfa > S. salsa > barley > V. villosa > sweet sorghum > oat > V. sativa > P. chinampoensis.The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for plant improvement and rational development and utilization of saline soil.

To study the influence of drought and alkali stress on yield and quality of wheat， the yield， thousand kernel weight， bulk density， flour yield， protein content， wet gluten content and farinogenic parameters of 7 wheat varieties planted in alkaline soil and non-alkaline soil were compared. The results showed that under the influence of drought and alkali stress， the average yield， thousand-kernel weight， bulk density， and dough weakening degree of the varieties decreased by 27.32%， 9.21%， 2.82%， and 38.27%， respectively. Meanwhile， the average dry gluten content， dough development time， stability time， and farinograph quality index increased by 9.21%， 48.39%， 479.31%， and 68.00%， respectively. The average flour yield and water absorption rate decreased by 4.89 and 2.02 percentage， respectively， while the average protein and wet gluten content increased by 2.30 and 2.64 percentage， respectively. The results showed that the yield and water absorption of wheat flour were decreased， but the protein content， gluten content， dough formation time， stability time and flour quality were increased. This study can provide data basis for the application and improvement of wheat varieties in arid-alkali soil.

In order to clarify the population structure and distribution characteristics of pathogens of maize Fusarium stalk rot in Shanxi Province， 438 suspected stalk rot samples were collected from 47 counties （cities， districts） in 11 regions of Shanxi Province from 2022 to 2023. A total of 573 single spore isolates were obtained， and the pathogens were classified and identified through the combination of morphology and molecular biology. The results indicated that 505 （88.13%） isolates belonged to Fusarium， including 10 Fusarium species， namely F. equiseti， F. boothii， F. graminearum， F. verticillioides， F. proliferatum， F. subglutinans， F. incarnatum， F. sporotrichioides， F. asiaticum and F. brachygibbosum， with the isolation frequency of 40.79%， 15.25%， 14.85%， 14.65%， 7.33%， 5.54%， 0.79%， 0.40%， 0.20% and 0.20%， respectively. F. equiseti was distributed within all geographical regions of Shanxi Province （North Shanxi， Central Shanxi， South Shanxi and Southeast Shanxi）， and the isolation frequency was higher than other Fusarium species. Three isolates from each of the six highly isolated Fusarium species were selected for pathogenicity test at the seedling stage. The results showed that F. graminearum exhibited the strongest pathogenicity， with the pathogenicity rate reaching up to 86.67% and the disease index of 51.33， while the pathogenicity rate and disease index of F. boothii and F. equiseti were 76.67%， 44.00 and 73.33%， 42.67， respectively. In conclusion， the main pathogen causing maize stalk rot in Shanxi Province was Fusarium species， among which F. equiseti was the dominant pathogen with wide distribution， the highest isolation frequency and strong pathogenicity. The results of this study can provide a theoretical basis for the comprehensive prevention and control of maize stalk rot in Shanxi Province.

‍In order to improve the quality of low sugar blueberry jam， fresh blueberries were used as raw materials and the proportions of sodium alginate， pectin， sucrose， and calcium ions in low sugar blueberry jam were optimized using response surface methodology. The changes in physicochemical properties， nutritional functional substances， microorganisms， and other qualities of low sugar blueberry jam during storage （68 days at 4 ℃ and 14 days at 25 ℃） under pasteurization and high hydrostatic pressure （HHP） processes were studied. The results showed that the optimal formula for low sugar blueberry jam was a low methoxyl pectin and sodium alginate mass ratio of 7 and 3 g·kg^-1， respectively， with a sucrose addition of 160 g·kg^-1 and a CaCO₃ addition of 6 g·kg^-1. With the increase of storage days， compared with the storage of 1 d， there was no significant change in the physicochemical properties such as pH value and soluble solids content of all samples， while the content of nutritional components such as vitamin C （VC）， total phenols， total flavonoids， and total anthocyanins decreased. Among them， the retention rate of nutritional functional substances in the HHP treated group was significantly higher than that of other groups. After storage at 4 ℃ for 68 days， the content of VC， total phenols， total flavonoids， and anthocyanins in the HHP treated group jam were 14.17， 1.15， 4.77 and 0.45 mg·mL^-1， respectively. In conclusion， the non thermal processing technology based on pectin compound gel and HHP treatment can be used to prepare high-quality， healthy and low-sugar blueberry jam. The results of this study provide scientific reference for improving the quality of traditional jam.

In order to protect and manage the resources of A. longiligulare， the genetic diversity and differentiation of 118 germplasm samples from 12 geographic populations of A. longiligulare were analyzed with techniques such as Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat （ISSR） and Internal Transcribed Spacer （ITS） using software such as NTSYS， POPGENE， BioEdit， and Clustalx. The results showed that 25 highly polymorphic ISSR primers were screened， resulting in the amplification of 132 loci， of which 93 were polymorphic， with a polymorphism rate of 70.45%. The average values of observed number of alleles （Na）， effective number of alleles （Ne）， Nei’s genetic diversity （H）， Shannon diversityinformation index （I） and gene flow （Nm） were 1.164， 1.103， 0.059， 0.087 and 0.271， respectively. Based on ITS sequence alignment information for A. longiligulare， 11 haplotypes were detected， but their distribution was uneven across different populations， with only one haplotype detected in several populations. These findings indicate a limited genetic exchange between different geographic populations of A. longiligulare and significant genetic differentiation. The genetic variation among populations is the source of overall genetic diversity， while as the genetic diversity within populations tends to be low. The lack of gene flow between populations has led to inbreeding depression within A. longiligulare populations. This study provides a scientific basis for the conservation， utilization， and sustainable development of A. longiligulare germplasm resources.

To explore the difference of volatile compounds between the watercore and normal tissue of Qianxuan No.3 apple， and to elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying the formation of characteristic aroma substances in apple watercore， gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry （GC-MS/MS） and Illumina HiSeq^TM high-throughput sequencing techniques were conducted to obtain the metabolome and transcriptome data of the watercore and normal tissue of Qianxuan No.3. Transcriptomics analysis revealed 1 795 differentially expressed genes （DEGs）， including 671 down-regulated genes and 1 124 up-regulated genes. Additionally， 7 genes related to fatty acid synthesis pathway and 8 genes related to alcohol dehydrogenase were explored. In this study， 353 metabolites were detected through widely targeted metabolomics， identifying 20 differential accumulated metabolites， including 8 up-regulated metabolites and 12 down-regulated metabolites. Notably， the relative contents of ethyl hexanoate and nonanal in the apple watercore tissue were significantly higher than those in the normal tissue. The transcriptome-metabolomics association analysis illustrated that 11 DEGs were positively correlated with ethyl hexanoate and nonanal， while 2 DEGs were negatively correlated with ethyl hexanoate within fatty acid synthesis pathway and the alcohol dehydrogenase family. MdFAD6， MdADH2， MdADH3， and MdADH4 were found to be expressed exclusively in watercore tissues. Quantitative real-time PCR （qRT-PCR） results showed that the relative expression levels of these genes in watercore tissues were significantly up-regulated compared to those in normal tissues， suggesting that these genes may play a crucial role in the synthesis pathway of volatile compounds in watercore apples. The differential metabolites and genes identified in this study will not only provide preliminary insights into the biological basis of flavor changes in watercore tissues， but also provide reference information for the quality improvement of watercore apples.

To elucidate the biocontrol mechanisms of microsporidia against Spodoptera frugiperda larvae， quantitative real-time PCR （qRT-PCR） and histopathological sectioning were utilized to investigate the concentration of microsporidia and tissue pathological changes in various tissues such as the midgut of 3rd-instar S. frugiperda larvae after being infected with microsporidia. The larvae of S. frugiperda did not ingest microsporidia was used as the control group to analyze the effect of microsporidia on the hemolymph enzymes activity in S. frugiperda larvae. The qRT-PCR results showed that microsporidia could be detected in the midgut tissue at the early stage of infection， microsporidia spread outside the midgut around on 4^th day， the concentration in midgut reached the first peak on the 6^th day， with a value of 2.05×10¹² copies·µL^-1， and the concentration outside the midgut reached 8.97×10¹² copies·µL^-1 on the 9^th day. The paraffin section results indicated that pathological changes such as enlargement of circular muscles， increased vacuoles， deformed and elongated cells， reduced and shed goblet cells， and cell disintegration occurred in the midgut intestinal wall cells. With the increase of infection time， the microsporidia broke through the intestinal wall cells and spread outwards， resulting in corresponding pathological changes in markov tubules， silk glands and adipoid body successively. The results of enzyme activity in S.fragiperda larvae showed that， compared with the control group， microsporidia infection impacted on the activities of acetylcholinesterase and glutathione S-transferase in the hemolymph of larvae， specifically manifested as increased acetylcholinesterase activity and decreased glutathione S-transferase activity. However， it had no significant effect on the activity of carboxylesterase. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for the development of microsporidian infection technology and its expanded application in the field of biological control technology for S. frugiperda.

The flag leaf is an important photosynthetic organ of qingke， and its area significantly influences the plant’s structure and photosynthetic capacity. This characteristic is closely associated with grain filling and yield. To investigate the quantitative trait locus （QTL） controlling flag leaf area （FLA） of qingke， a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population consisting of 117 lines was developed from a cross between Dazhangzi （DZZ） and Kunlun 10 （KL10）. With reduced-representation genome sequencing （RRGS） in conjuction with the developed molecular markers， a high-density genetic linkage map was constructed to identify the QTLs related to flag leaf area （FLA） in the RIL population across multiple environments. The result indicated that the genetic map consisted of seven linkage groups with an overall length of 1 140.621 cM. A total of 35 QTLs related to FLA were detected， which were widely distributed on seven chromosomes of qingke， which explained 2.48%-37.25% of the phenotypic variation （PVE）. Major QTLs qFLA-1H-4， qFLA-2H-5， qFLA-2H-7， qFLA-2H-10， qFLA-4H-2， qFLA-7H-2 and qFLA-7H-3 explained 10.13% to 37.25% PVE. QTLs CqFLA-2H， CqFLA-6H， CqFLA-7H-1 and CqFLA-7H-2 were multi-environment co-location loci. Co-location QTL CqFLA-7H-1 which explained 17.52% PVE. To further verify the effective stability of the major QTL CqFLA-7H-1， its residual heterozygous lines （RHL） in the RIL population were identified， and linkage markers within the CqFLA-7H-1 confidence interval were developed. Finally， Major QTL CqFLA-7H-1 was mapped to approximately 17.16 Mb on chromosome 7H. These results provide a theoretical basis for genetic improvement and map-based cloning of major QTL of FLA in qingke.