Abscisic acid （ABA）， a pivotal phytohormone in plants， plays a crucial role in the response to abiotic stress. ABA mediates stress responses by activating various signal transduction pathways， including calcium ion signaling， reactive oxygen species （ROS） homeostasis， and phosphorylation/dephosphorylation cascades， thereby inducing the expression of stress-responsive genes. The induced pathways facilitate the synthesis of osmotic regulators， heat shock proteins， and cold-responsive proteins， collectively enhancing plant adaptation to environmental stress. Within plant cells， ABA is perceived by its receptors， ABAR/RCAR， that are located either on the membrane or in the cytoplasm， thereby triggering downstream signaling cascades. Additionally， ABA regulates abiotic stress responses through multiple mechanisms including G-protein signaling， SnRK2 kinases activation， transcription factors modulation， and ROS homeostasis maintenance. This review focuses on recent advances in ABA research concerning plant response to abiotic stresses， particularly drought， salinity， and low-temperature stress. The aim is to provide insights that could facilitate targeted breeding approaches or the development of economically important plants species with enhanced tolerance to drought， low temperature， and salinity stresses.

Allene oxide cyclase （AOC）， a key enzyme in jasmonic acid biosynthesis， regulates plant growth， development， and stress responses. In order to preliminarily identify and analyze the function and expression pattern of AOC gene family in the genome of A. villosum， in this study， three candidate AvAOC genes were identified from A. villosum. Their functions were characterized using bio-informatics approaches and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）， and their tissue-specific expression patterns were analyzed. Results revealed that A. villosum harbors three AOC candidate genes. The candidate AvAOC proteins are unstable， hydrophilic， and non-secretory， sharing conserved motifs. AvAOC₁ and AvAOC₃ were predicted to localize in chloroplasts. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the three candidate AvAOC genes clustered into a clade with those orthologs of monocotyledonous plants Zea mays and Oryza sativa. The genes were unevenly distributed across different chromosomal regions. Heterologous expression of the three candidate AvAOC genes in Pichia pastoris was performed， and ELISA confirmed that the recombinant proteins could bind to purified plant AOC antibodies. The quantitative real-time PCR （qRT-PCR） analysis confirmed the transient expression of the three candidate AvAOC genes in tobacco. These findings indicate that the three candidate AvAOC genes belong to theAOC gene family. RNA-seq expression profiling revealed that the three AvAOC genes were expressed in various tissues of A. villosum， including leaves， stolons， pericarps， seed clusters， and flowers. Notably， AvAOC₂ expression was strongly induced in leaves upon infection by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. This study provides a foundation for further exploration of AOC gene functions in A. villosum.

To investigate plant growth-promoting effects of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic （ACC） deaminase-producing strains on crops under saline-alkali stress， three ACC deaminase-producing strains， including Bacillus arachidis E1-6， Enterobacterpseudoroggenkampii. E1-8， and Bacillus cereus j2-4 were used to investigate the effects of inoculation on the growth of maize. The strains were previously isolated from the plants rhizosphere in saline-alkaline areas of southern Xinjiang. The results showed that compared to neutral conditions， treatment with alkaline salt containing Na⁺ （pH values were 8.23 and 9.15， respectively） for 28 d had no significant effects on plant height， aboveground dry weight， and underground dry weight， but significantly inhibited stem diameter of maize （P<0.05）. Compared to the neutral condition， no significant changes were observed in aboveground and underground dry weight and root system architecture of potted maize of different saline-alkali stresses. However， under high saline-alkali stress at pH 9.15， plant height and stem diameter were significantly decreased， while malondialdehyde （MDA） content was increased. After inoculation treatment， all tested conditions enhanced plant height， stem diameter， and aboveground and underground dry weight of potted maize. Notably， under high saline-alkali stress at pH 9.15， inoculation with strain E1-8 improved root morphology and enhanced peroxidase activity. The results demonstrated that inoculation with ACC deaminase-producing growth-promoting rhizobacteria alleviated the inhibitory effects of saline-alkali stress on maize， highlighting their potential for development as microbial fertilizers. This study expands the resource of salt-alkali tolerant and plant growth-promoting bacteria and provides an efficient microbial remediation strategy for stress-resistant cultivation of crops in saline-alkali soils.

To explore the molecular mechanisms underlying gray mold disease resistance in Panax notoginseng leaves， ultra performance liquid chromatography was utilized to monitor the dynamic changes in the content of ginsenosides Rd， Rb₁， Rc and Rb₃ in Panax notoginseng leaves inoculated with Botrytis cinerea. Moreover， transcriptome sequencing technology was further used to analyze the differentially expressed genes. The results showed that the contents of the four ginsenosides in Panax notoginseng leaves increased by 39.02% to 86.56% after 12 hours of inoculation compared to the control. However， their contents decreased after 24 hours of infection， with a reduction rate ranging from 0.31% to 62.51%. Transcriptome sequencing further indicated that compared to the non-inoculated control， the differentially expressed genes in inoculated leaves at both 12 and 24 hours were significantly enriched in the triterpenoid biosynthesis pathway. Specifically， the expressions of phosphomevalonate kinase （PMVK） and hydroxymethylbutene-4-phosphate synthase （HDS）， which were involved in the biosynthesis pathway of ginsenosides in Panax notoginseng leaves， were upregulated at 12 hours post-inoculation with Botrytis cinerea， leading to an increase in ginsenoside content. However， the elevated expression level of the HDS gene was not maintained after 24 hours of inoculation， potentially explaining the subsequent decrease in ginsenoside content. Our finding identified PMVK and HDS as two key enzyme genes that may play important roles in the chemical response of Panax notoginseng leaves to Botrytis cinerea infection. These results provide a basis for a deeper understanding of the interaction between Panax notoginseng and Botrytis cinerea， and reinforce the efforts towards the molecular breeding of Panax notoginseng resistant varieties.

In order to investigate the molecular regulatory mechanisms of apomictic embryo development in walnuts， the apomictic embryo（CL） and fertilized embryo （CK） of Xinxin 2 walnut were used as experimental materials in this study. The transcriptome and metabolome data were used to analyze the differentially expressed genes and differentially accumulated metabolites between CL and CK. The results indicated that a total of 227 differentially expressed genes and 22 differentially accumulated metabolites were identified in the CL and CK. Transcriptome-metabolome integrative analysis showed that the differentially expressed genes and metabolites were majorly enriched in pathways associated with metabolism， the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites and plant hormone signal transduction. Among them， the content of differential metabolites such as indole-3-acetic acid， jasmonic acid， and jasmonic acid-isoleucine were significantly higher in CL compared to CK. Moreover， genes such as （s）-genistein-9-o-methyltransferase （SMT）， Chitinase （CHIT）， Fumarylacetoacetase （FAH）， Moxilactone-A synthase （MAS）， Phospholipase A1 （DAD1）， Auxin response factor （ARF） and Phytochrome interaction factor 3 （PIF3） were found to positively regulate these differential metabolites. On the other hands， genes including Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase （MEE）， Caffeic acid 3-O-methyltransferase （COMT）， β-glucosidase （BGLU）， Fatty acid α-dioxygenase （DOX）， SAUR family protein （SAUR）， Auxin response GH3 gene family （GH3）， Ethylene receptor （ETR） and Transcription factor MYC2 （MYC2） negatively regulated these metabolites. Eight genes that related to differentially metabolites were verified by quantitative real-time PCR （qRT-PCR）， and the results were consistent with the transcriptome analysis. ARF， GH3， SAUR， DAD1 and MYC2 were involved in regulating apomictic embryo development in walnut by regulating plant hormone signal transduction， such as auxin and jasmonic acid pathway. These results can provide scientific guidance for understanding apomictic embryo development in walnuts.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of different sowing dates on the growth， yield， and quality of foxtail millet （Setaria italica）. Three cultivars—Liulenggu （B44）， Wild Foxtail Millet （B111）， and Xiaoshengbaigu （B112）—were selected and subjected to three sowing dates. The change in the growth stages， yield and quality of foxtail millet under different sowing dates were systematically analyzed. The results showed that delayed sowing prolonged the sowing-to-emergence period， shortened both the overall growth period and the emergence-to-heading period， and maintained a relatively stable duration from heading to maturity. From 2021 to 2023， the coefficients of variation （CV） for the overall growth period of B44， B111， and B112 across different sowing dates ranged from 11.86% to 14.60%， 11.91% to 15.05%， and 7.94% to 17.07%， respectively. The sowing dates had a significant effect on both the yield and quality of the foxtail millet. With a delayed sowing date， there were decreases in panicle weight， grain weight per panicle， 1 000-grain weight， head millet rate， amylose content， and overall yield， while protein content， fat content， flavonoid content， and gel consistency increased. Notably， the CVs for panicle weight and grain weight per panicle exceeded 10%. Additionally， the amino acid content was significantly affected by sowing date， with particularly high CVs observed for glutamic acid content in B44， B111， and B112. This study provides valuable insights for identifying the optimal sowing date to enhance the yield and quality of foxtail millet.

To investigate the protective effects of Bupleurum chinense leaf extract （BCLE） against acetaminophen （APAP）-induced hepatotoxicity， this study employed liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry （LC-MS）， network pharmacology， molecular docking， and murine models to elucidate BCLE’s therapeutic efficacy and underlying mechanism. Network pharmacology analysis identified 19 bioactive compounds in BCLE and revealed 244 shared targets between BCLE and drug-induced liver injury （DILI）， with 44 core targets highly enriched in the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase （PI3K）， protein kinase B （AKT） signaling pathway. Molecular docking confirmed strong binding affinities between BCLE’s active components and key nodes within the PI3K-AKT pathway.In vivo experiments demonstrated that BCLE significantly attenuated APAP-induced liver injury by reducing serum levels of alanine aminotransferase （ALT） and aspartate aminotransferase （AST）， alleviating hepatocellular necrosis， and decreasing hepatic accumulation of the toxic metabolite N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine （NAPQI）. BCLE treatment also enhanced antioxidant capacity， as evidenced by elevated glutathione （GSH） content and superoxide dismutase （SOD） activity， alongside reduced malondialdehyde （MDA） and hydrogen peroxide （H₂O₂） levels. Mechanistically， BCLE upregulated the expression of phosphorylated PI3K （p-PI3K） and phosphorylated AKT （p-AKT） in APAP-damaged livers， indicating activation of the PI3K-AKT pathway. Integrated findings suggest that BCLE mitigates APAP hepatotoxicity by modulating oxidative stress， enhancing cellular antioxidant defenses， and activating the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway to promote hepatocyte survival. This study provides critical theoretical and experimental evidence for leveraging Bupleurum chinense in developing novel therapeutics against APAP-induced liver injury.

In order to improve the bioaccessibility of quercetin （Que）， a cyclodextrin （β-CD）/cellulose co-stabilized Pickering emulsions （PEs） with high loading efficiency for Que was constructed in this study. Additionally， the influences of the cellulose addition level on the stability of the PEs and the bioaccessibility of Que in an in vitro digestion model were investigated. The β-CD/cationic cellulose （C-CNC）-Que complex solution loaded with Que was prepared by antisolvent method. A mixed solution of the β-CD/C-CNC-Que complex and bacterial cellulose at different concentrations were used as the aqueous phase， and medium chain triglycerides were used as the oil phase to prepare the PEs. Then， the effects of bacterial cellulose concentration on the apparent stability， thermal stability， physical properties of PEs， and bioaccessibility of Que during in vitro simulated digestion were analyzed. Compared to dissolving Que in the oil phase， β-CD/C-CNC-Que complex can increase the efficient loading of Que in the PEs， achieving a Que content of 0.43 mg·mL^-1 in the PEs. The addition of bacterial cellulose increased the absolute value of zeta potential， viscosity， and viscoelastic modulus of the PEs， which contributed to the improved stability of the PEs and further enhanced the bioaccessibility of Que during in vitro simulated digestion. The PEs developed in this study effectively improved the loading efficiency and in vitro bioaccessibility of Que， providing a theoretical basis and technical guidance for subsequent research on the in vivo bioavailability of Que.

Marine-sourced agricultural products serve as an important part of the human diet， but seafood fraud incidents are widespread in the world. Thus， the traceability of marine-sourced agricultural products has become a key issue in the food safety field， which has attracted consumer’s concern. Stable isotope ratio analysis plays an important role in the traceability of marine-sourced agricultural products. This paper systematically reviewed the application of δ¹³C， δ¹⁵N， δ²H， δ¹⁸O， δ³⁴S， ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and ɛ_Nd on traceability of marine-sourced agricultural products， such as fish， mollusks， crustaceans and sea cucumbers in recent years. Furthermore， this paper discussed the characteristics and advantages of using different isotopes in different marine species and therefore pointed out the current challenges and the future development prospects， aiming to promote the establishment and development of a marine-sourced agricultural product traceability system.

To identify the key fungal pathogens associated with passion fruit stem base rot in Guangxi and to screen germplasm source resistant to passion fruit stem base rot， conventional pathogen isolation methods were employed to isolate and identify the pathogens responsible for passion fruit stem base rot collected from 6 cities in Guangxi， including Nanning， Yulin， and Guigang， and the pathogenicity of the isolates was assessed. The resistance to stem base rot were screened and ifentified in 34 passion fruit germplasm sources. A total of 23 pathogenic fungal isolates were characterized through ITS sequence analysis and confirmed through Koch’s postulates. Morphological characteristics and the sequencing of the tef1-α and tub2 genes confirmed that Lasiodiplodia theobromae was predominant in all the studied regions of Guangxi with the exception of Yulin， indicating its widespread distribution throughout the province. Notably， strain BXG 2-2 exhibited the shortest incubation period of 4.00 days， with a 100% incidence rate while recording a disease index of 100， highlighting its aggressive virulence. Furthermore， an assessment conducted on 34 passion fruit germplasm sources revealed varyingresistance that 1 germplasm source was immune， 3 were highly resistant， 8 were moderately resistant， 10 were susceptible， and 12 were highly susceptible. Notably， no significant difference in resistance was observed between the yellow fruit and purple fruit germplasm source. In conclusion， L. theobromae was the primary pathogen responsible for passion fruit stem base rot in Guangxi. The JTN， Hua J， Lvpi， and Qinzhouzhenmu No.1 have been identified as dominant resistant germplasm sources for managing this disease within passion fruit cultivation areas across Guangxi. The results of this study provide a theoretical foundation for scientific prevention and breeding passion fruit against stem base rot in Guangxi.

A disease suspected to be gray mold has been identified in a cigar cultivation area in Kunming， Yunnan province. The primary symptoms observed included an extensive typical gray mold layer on the stem base， leaves， and flower buds of the cigar plants. To identify the pathogen responsible for this candition， this study successfully isolated it from the stem base， leaves， and flower buds of affected tobacco plants. The pathogen was confirmed as Botrytis cinerea through pathogenicity assessment， morphological observation， and molecular biological techniques. Furthermore， to explore effective biological control methods， biocontrol strains capable of inhibiting gray mold were screened and isolated from healthy cigar fields. Through tissue isolation from roots， stems， and leaves followed by plate culture tests， eight biocontrol strains demonstrating significant efficacy were ultimately selected. Among these strains， XHns8 was identified as Bacillus subtilis with a bacteriostatic effect of 82.26% against gray mold affecting cigars. The results of this study provide valuable biocontrol bacterial resources for scientifically managing gray mold in cigars and hold potential for development into biocontrol products.

In order to confirm the pathogen of anthracnose in Qinan Aquilaria sinensis， and characterize its biological characteristics while screening effective agents against to anthracnose， the pathogen was isolated through tissue separation method and its pathogenicity was determined with Koch postulates. Combining morphological and molecular biological analysis， BMXYB1 was identified as Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Biological characteristics revealed that the optimum temperature for mycelial growth was 28 ℃， the optimum pH value was 6.0， the optimum medium was potato dextrose agar medium （PDA）. The optimal nitrogen source for pathogen growth was potassium nitrate and the optimal carbon source was glucose. The results of fungicide virulence showed that 430 g·L^-1 tebuconazole and 250 g·L^-1 propiconazole had strong inhibitory effects on the fungal， with the EC₅₀ of 0.773 ‍1 and 0.451 ‍2 ‍mg·L^-1， respectively. This study provides scientific basis for effective prevention and control of anthracnose.

To investigate the regulatory effects of different straw returning methods on wheat root growth and stem lodging resistance under wide and narrow row planting， this study was based on the previously screened advantageous combination of 30 cm+15 cm wide and narrow rows， with straw not returning as control （CK）， and four different straw returning and tillage methods were established： whole field straw rotary tillage returning （M1）， stubble mulching in wide rows （M2）， rotary tillage with stubble return in wide rows （M3）， stubble mulching in wide rows combined with whole-field straw mulching （M4）. The differences in soil water temperature， root system characteristics， stem lodging resistance， and yield of wheat under different straw returning methods were analyzed. The results showed that compared with CK， M2 and M4 had significant warming effects in various growth stages and in the 0-30 cm soil， especially during the wintering stage， and could increase the average soil moisture content from wintering stage to anthesis stage and in the 0-20 cm soil. The yield under M2 and M3 significantly increased by 11.56% and 8.75%， respectively， compared to M1， and there was a trend of increasing yield compared to CK. Compared with M1 and M4， M2 and M3 improved root morphology， with varying degrees of increase in root length， root volume， root diameter， and root dry weight density. M2 significantly enhanced root vitality. Compared with CK， M2 reduced the length of the second internode at the base of wheat， increased stem diameter and stem wall thickness. At the same time， M2 showed varying degrees of increase in the number of large and small vascular bundles， mechanical tissue layers， and mechanical tissue thickness compared to other straw returning treatments， and significantly increased cellulose and lignin content， resulted in a significant increase in snapping resistance and lodging resistance index. In summary， stubble mulching in wide rows （M2） is beneficial for improving soil environment， promoting wheat root growth， enhancing plant root vitality and lodging resistance， and achieving the goals of robust roots， strong stems， and increasing yield and efficiency of wheat. This study provides technical support for the safe， in-situ rice straw returning and the establishment of high-yield and high-quality wheat populations.

Class ‍Ⅱ transcription factor subfamily of TCP plays important roles in plant leaf and flower development as well as branch formation. This subfamily can be further divided into CYC/TB1 and CIN subclasses， with the CIN subclass being particularly crucial for regulating plant floral organ development. To investigate the function of these genes in the flower color and development of Phalaenopsis orchid， this study analyzed the expression profiling of CIN subclasses genes in different organs of Phalaenopsis orchid and PeCIN7 was identified as a candidate gene potentially regulating flower development and flower color. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that PeCIN7 was most closely related to AtTCP3 and AtTCP4 in Arabidopsis and had a conservative bHLH （basic helix-loop-helix） domain structure. Subcellular localization showed that PeCIN7 was localized in the nucleus. Virus-induced gene silencing （VIGS） experiments revealed that PeCIN7- silenced lines exhibited significantly lighter flower color， and had a near-circular morphology characterized by a markedly decreased length-width ratio. These findings provide a theoretical basis for the development of new Phalaenopsis varieties.

‍In order to improve the quality of low sugar blueberry jam， fresh blueberries were used as raw materials and the proportions of sodium alginate， pectin， sucrose， and calcium ions in low sugar blueberry jam were optimized using response surface methodology. The changes in physicochemical properties， nutritional functional substances， microorganisms， and other qualities of low sugar blueberry jam during storage （68 days at 4 ℃ and 14 days at 25 ℃） under pasteurization and high hydrostatic pressure （HHP） processes were studied. The results showed that the optimal formula for low sugar blueberry jam was a low methoxyl pectin and sodium alginate mass ratio of 7 and 3 g·kg^-1， respectively， with a sucrose addition of 160 g·kg^-1 and a CaCO₃ addition of 6 g·kg^-1. With the increase of storage days， compared with the storage of 1 d， there was no significant change in the physicochemical properties such as pH value and soluble solids content of all samples， while the content of nutritional components such as vitamin C （VC）， total phenols， total flavonoids， and total anthocyanins decreased. Among them， the retention rate of nutritional functional substances in the HHP treated group was significantly higher than that of other groups. After storage at 4 ℃ for 68 days， the content of VC， total phenols， total flavonoids， and anthocyanins in the HHP treated group jam were 14.17， 1.15， 4.77 and 0.45 mg·mL^-1， respectively. In conclusion， the non thermal processing technology based on pectin compound gel and HHP treatment can be used to prepare high-quality， healthy and low-sugar blueberry jam. The results of this study provide scientific reference for improving the quality of traditional jam.

In order to clarify the population structure and distribution characteristics of pathogens of maize Fusarium stalk rot in Shanxi Province， 438 suspected stalk rot samples were collected from 47 counties （cities， districts） in 11 regions of Shanxi Province from 2022 to 2023. A total of 573 single spore isolates were obtained， and the pathogens were classified and identified through the combination of morphology and molecular biology. The results indicated that 505 （88.13%） isolates belonged to Fusarium， including 10 Fusarium species， namely F. equiseti， F. boothii， F. graminearum， F. verticillioides， F. proliferatum， F. subglutinans， F. incarnatum， F. sporotrichioides， F. asiaticum and F. brachygibbosum， with the isolation frequency of 40.79%， 15.25%， 14.85%， 14.65%， 7.33%， 5.54%， 0.79%， 0.40%， 0.20% and 0.20%， respectively. F. equiseti was distributed within all geographical regions of Shanxi Province （North Shanxi， Central Shanxi， South Shanxi and Southeast Shanxi）， and the isolation frequency was higher than other Fusarium species. Three isolates from each of the six highly isolated Fusarium species were selected for pathogenicity test at the seedling stage. The results showed that F. graminearum exhibited the strongest pathogenicity， with the pathogenicity rate reaching up to 86.67% and the disease index of 51.33， while the pathogenicity rate and disease index of F. boothii and F. equiseti were 76.67%， 44.00 and 73.33%， 42.67， respectively. In conclusion， the main pathogen causing maize stalk rot in Shanxi Province was Fusarium species， among which F. equiseti was the dominant pathogen with wide distribution， the highest isolation frequency and strong pathogenicity. The results of this study can provide a theoretical basis for the comprehensive prevention and control of maize stalk rot in Shanxi Province.

To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying Lilium lancifolium resistant to bulb rot disease， bulbs of L. lancifolium were inoculated with the pathogen Fusarium proliferatum. The activity of catalase （CAT）， superoxide dismutase （SOD）， peroxidase （POD）， and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase （PAL） were analyzed. Additionally， transcriptome sequencing was employed to analyze the dynamic response of L. lancifolium to F. proliferatum infection. The results demonstrated that F. proliferatum infection significantly enhanced CAT activity in bulbs， peaking at 24 h post-inoculation. Transcriptome analysis identified 810 and 827 differentially expressed genes （DEGs） at 12 h and 24 h respectively， primarily enriched in translation， ribosome， ribosomal structure， photosynthesis， and photosystem. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes （KEGG） analysis revealed significant activation of pathways including ribosome assembly， porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism， zeatin biosynthesis， and photosynthesis. Protein-protein interaction network analysis further revealed that Ribosomal Protein Large subunit 3 （RP-L3e）， Ribosomal Protein Large subunit 12 （RP-L12e）， Ribosomal Protein Large subunit 26 （RP-L26e）， and Ribosomal Protein Small subunit 5 （RP-S5e） play crucial roles during early pathogen infection. These findings provide fundamental insights into the molecular mechanisms of Lilium lancifolium resistance to bulb rot disease and offer valuable candidate genes for breeding disease-resistant medicinal lilies.

The flag leaf is an important photosynthetic organ of qingke， and its area significantly influences the plant’s structure and photosynthetic capacity. This characteristic is closely associated with grain filling and yield. To investigate the quantitative trait locus （QTL） controlling flag leaf area （FLA） of qingke， a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population consisting of 117 lines was developed from a cross between Dazhangzi （DZZ） and Kunlun 10 （KL10）. With reduced-representation genome sequencing （RRGS） in conjuction with the developed molecular markers， a high-density genetic linkage map was constructed to identify the QTLs related to flag leaf area （FLA） in the RIL population across multiple environments. The result indicated that the genetic map consisted of seven linkage groups with an overall length of 1 140.621 cM. A total of 35 QTLs related to FLA were detected， which were widely distributed on seven chromosomes of qingke， which explained 2.48%-37.25% of the phenotypic variation （PVE）. Major QTLs qFLA-1H-4， qFLA-2H-5， qFLA-2H-7， qFLA-2H-10， qFLA-4H-2， qFLA-7H-2 and qFLA-7H-3 explained 10.13% to 37.25% PVE. QTLs CqFLA-2H， CqFLA-6H， CqFLA-7H-1 and CqFLA-7H-2 were multi-environment co-location loci. Co-location QTL CqFLA-7H-1 which explained 17.52% PVE. To further verify the effective stability of the major QTL CqFLA-7H-1， its residual heterozygous lines （RHL） in the RIL population were identified， and linkage markers within the CqFLA-7H-1 confidence interval were developed. Finally， Major QTL CqFLA-7H-1 was mapped to approximately 17.16 Mb on chromosome 7H. These results provide a theoretical basis for genetic improvement and map-based cloning of major QTL of FLA in qingke.

To investigate the physicochemical properties and flavor quality of persimmons （Diospyros kaki Thunb.） after irradiation， four desiccation methods were employed in this study： vacuum after irradiation， irradiation after vacuum， vacuum desiccation， and alcohol desiccation. The non-irradiated groups （comprising vacuum and alcohol desiccation） were served as the control. A combination of sensory evaluation， texture analysis using a texture analyzer， electronic tongue， electronic nose， and gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry （GC-IMS） were utilized for analysis. The results indicated that the different desiccation methods had no significant effect on the pH value， soluble solids， or titratable acidity of the persimmons. However， irradiation treatment significantly reduced the firmness of the persimmons， with hardness values for the irradiated group ranging between 760.26 and 786.95 g， while the non-irradiated group exhibited hardness values ranging from 946.54 to 1 086.88 g. Electronic tongue analysis revealed no significant change in the taste profile of the irradiated persimmons， while the electronic nose effectively distinguished the aroma components between irradiated and non-irradiated persimmons. Using GC-IMS， a total of 34 signal peaks and 25 volatile flavor compounds were detected across the four desiccation methods， including 8 alcohols， 9 aldehydes， 1 acid， 4 ketones， and 2 esters. The study found that irradiation treatment significantly increased the content of alcohols and aldehydes in the persimmons， while the levels of acids， ketones， and esters decreased. Partial least squares discriminant analysis （PLS-DA） of all volatile components indicated that ethyl acetate （VIP > 1） effectively differentiated between the various samples. In summary， electron beam irradiation， as a novel de-astringency method， demonstrated superior de-astringency effects while effectively preserving the appearance， texture， and flavor quality of persimmons. The findings of this research offer crucial theoretical insights and practical guidance for refining persimmon processing techniques， elevating their sensory attributes， and bolstering their competitive edge in the marketplace.

In order to protect and manage the resources of A. longiligulare， the genetic diversity and differentiation of 118 germplasm samples from 12 geographic populations of A. longiligulare were analyzed with techniques such as Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat （ISSR） and Internal Transcribed Spacer （ITS） using software such as NTSYS， POPGENE， BioEdit， and Clustalx. The results showed that 25 highly polymorphic ISSR primers were screened， resulting in the amplification of 132 loci， of which 93 were polymorphic， with a polymorphism rate of 70.45%. The average values of observed number of alleles （Na）， effective number of alleles （Ne）， Nei’s genetic diversity （H）， Shannon diversityinformation index （I） and gene flow （Nm） were 1.164， 1.103， 0.059， 0.087 and 0.271， respectively. Based on ITS sequence alignment information for A. longiligulare， 11 haplotypes were detected， but their distribution was uneven across different populations， with only one haplotype detected in several populations. These findings indicate a limited genetic exchange between different geographic populations of A. longiligulare and significant genetic differentiation. The genetic variation among populations is the source of overall genetic diversity， while as the genetic diversity within populations tends to be low. The lack of gene flow between populations has led to inbreeding depression within A. longiligulare populations. This study provides a scientific basis for the conservation， utilization， and sustainable development of A. longiligulare germplasm resources.