Abscisic acid （ABA）， a pivotal phytohormone in plants， plays a crucial role in the response to abiotic stress. ABA mediates stress responses by activating various signal transduction pathways， including calcium ion signaling， reactive oxygen species （ROS） homeostasis， and phosphorylation/dephosphorylation cascades， thereby inducing the expression of stress-responsive genes. The induced pathways facilitate the synthesis of osmotic regulators， heat shock proteins， and cold-responsive proteins， collectively enhancing plant adaptation to environmental stress. Within plant cells， ABA is perceived by its receptors， ABAR/RCAR， that are located either on the membrane or in the cytoplasm， thereby triggering downstream signaling cascades. Additionally， ABA regulates abiotic stress responses through multiple mechanisms including G-protein signaling， SnRK2 kinases activation， transcription factors modulation， and ROS homeostasis maintenance. This review focuses on recent advances in ABA research concerning plant response to abiotic stresses， particularly drought， salinity， and low-temperature stress. The aim is to provide insights that could facilitate targeted breeding approaches or the development of economically important plants species with enhanced tolerance to drought， low temperature， and salinity stresses.

Allene oxide cyclase （AOC）， a key enzyme in jasmonic acid biosynthesis， regulates plant growth， development， and stress responses. In order to preliminarily identify and analyze the function and expression pattern of AOC gene family in the genome of A. villosum， in this study， three candidate AvAOC genes were identified from A. villosum. Their functions were characterized using bio-informatics approaches and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）， and their tissue-specific expression patterns were analyzed. Results revealed that A. villosum harbors three AOC candidate genes. The candidate AvAOC proteins are unstable， hydrophilic， and non-secretory， sharing conserved motifs. AvAOC₁ and AvAOC₃ were predicted to localize in chloroplasts. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the three candidate AvAOC genes clustered into a clade with those orthologs of monocotyledonous plants Zea mays and Oryza sativa. The genes were unevenly distributed across different chromosomal regions. Heterologous expression of the three candidate AvAOC genes in Pichia pastoris was performed， and ELISA confirmed that the recombinant proteins could bind to purified plant AOC antibodies. The quantitative real-time PCR （qRT-PCR） analysis confirmed the transient expression of the three candidate AvAOC genes in tobacco. These findings indicate that the three candidate AvAOC genes belong to theAOC gene family. RNA-seq expression profiling revealed that the three AvAOC genes were expressed in various tissues of A. villosum， including leaves， stolons， pericarps， seed clusters， and flowers. Notably， AvAOC₂ expression was strongly induced in leaves upon infection by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. This study provides a foundation for further exploration of AOC gene functions in A. villosum.

In order to improve the bioaccessibility of quercetin （Que）， a cyclodextrin （β-CD）/cellulose co-stabilized Pickering emulsions （PEs） with high loading efficiency for Que was constructed in this study. Additionally， the influences of the cellulose addition level on the stability of the PEs and the bioaccessibility of Que in an in vitro digestion model were investigated. The β-CD/cationic cellulose （C-CNC）-Que complex solution loaded with Que was prepared by antisolvent method. A mixed solution of the β-CD/C-CNC-Que complex and bacterial cellulose at different concentrations were used as the aqueous phase， and medium chain triglycerides were used as the oil phase to prepare the PEs. Then， the effects of bacterial cellulose concentration on the apparent stability， thermal stability， physical properties of PEs， and bioaccessibility of Que during in vitro simulated digestion were analyzed. Compared to dissolving Que in the oil phase， β-CD/C-CNC-Que complex can increase the efficient loading of Que in the PEs， achieving a Que content of 0.43 mg·mL^-1 in the PEs. The addition of bacterial cellulose increased the absolute value of zeta potential， viscosity， and viscoelastic modulus of the PEs， which contributed to the improved stability of the PEs and further enhanced the bioaccessibility of Que during in vitro simulated digestion. The PEs developed in this study effectively improved the loading efficiency and in vitro bioaccessibility of Que， providing a theoretical basis and technical guidance for subsequent research on the in vivo bioavailability of Que.

To investigate plant growth-promoting effects of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic （ACC） deaminase-producing strains on crops under saline-alkali stress， three ACC deaminase-producing strains， including Bacillus arachidis E1-6， Enterobacterpseudoroggenkampii. E1-8， and Bacillus cereus j2-4 were used to investigate the effects of inoculation on the growth of maize. The strains were previously isolated from the plants rhizosphere in saline-alkaline areas of southern Xinjiang. The results showed that compared to neutral conditions， treatment with alkaline salt containing Na⁺ （pH values were 8.23 and 9.15， respectively） for 28 d had no significant effects on plant height， aboveground dry weight， and underground dry weight， but significantly inhibited stem diameter of maize （P<0.05）. Compared to the neutral condition， no significant changes were observed in aboveground and underground dry weight and root system architecture of potted maize of different saline-alkali stresses. However， under high saline-alkali stress at pH 9.15， plant height and stem diameter were significantly decreased， while malondialdehyde （MDA） content was increased. After inoculation treatment， all tested conditions enhanced plant height， stem diameter， and aboveground and underground dry weight of potted maize. Notably， under high saline-alkali stress at pH 9.15， inoculation with strain E1-8 improved root morphology and enhanced peroxidase activity. The results demonstrated that inoculation with ACC deaminase-producing growth-promoting rhizobacteria alleviated the inhibitory effects of saline-alkali stress on maize， highlighting their potential for development as microbial fertilizers. This study expands the resource of salt-alkali tolerant and plant growth-promoting bacteria and provides an efficient microbial remediation strategy for stress-resistant cultivation of crops in saline-alkali soils.

To investigate the protective effects of Bupleurum chinense leaf extract （BCLE） against acetaminophen （APAP）-induced hepatotoxicity， this study employed liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry （LC-MS）， network pharmacology， molecular docking， and murine models to elucidate BCLE’s therapeutic efficacy and underlying mechanism. Network pharmacology analysis identified 19 bioactive compounds in BCLE and revealed 244 shared targets between BCLE and drug-induced liver injury （DILI）， with 44 core targets highly enriched in the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase （PI3K）， protein kinase B （AKT） signaling pathway. Molecular docking confirmed strong binding affinities between BCLE’s active components and key nodes within the PI3K-AKT pathway.In vivo experiments demonstrated that BCLE significantly attenuated APAP-induced liver injury by reducing serum levels of alanine aminotransferase （ALT） and aspartate aminotransferase （AST）， alleviating hepatocellular necrosis， and decreasing hepatic accumulation of the toxic metabolite N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine （NAPQI）. BCLE treatment also enhanced antioxidant capacity， as evidenced by elevated glutathione （GSH） content and superoxide dismutase （SOD） activity， alongside reduced malondialdehyde （MDA） and hydrogen peroxide （H₂O₂） levels. Mechanistically， BCLE upregulated the expression of phosphorylated PI3K （p-PI3K） and phosphorylated AKT （p-AKT） in APAP-damaged livers， indicating activation of the PI3K-AKT pathway. Integrated findings suggest that BCLE mitigates APAP hepatotoxicity by modulating oxidative stress， enhancing cellular antioxidant defenses， and activating the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway to promote hepatocyte survival. This study provides critical theoretical and experimental evidence for leveraging Bupleurum chinense in developing novel therapeutics against APAP-induced liver injury.

Marine-sourced agricultural products serve as an important part of the human diet， but seafood fraud incidents are widespread in the world. Thus， the traceability of marine-sourced agricultural products has become a key issue in the food safety field， which has attracted consumer’s concern. Stable isotope ratio analysis plays an important role in the traceability of marine-sourced agricultural products. This paper systematically reviewed the application of δ¹³C， δ¹⁵N， δ²H， δ¹⁸O， δ³⁴S， ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and ɛ_Nd on traceability of marine-sourced agricultural products， such as fish， mollusks， crustaceans and sea cucumbers in recent years. Furthermore， this paper discussed the characteristics and advantages of using different isotopes in different marine species and therefore pointed out the current challenges and the future development prospects， aiming to promote the establishment and development of a marine-sourced agricultural product traceability system.

To investigate the regulatory effects of different straw returning methods on wheat root growth and stem lodging resistance under wide and narrow row planting， this study was based on the previously screened advantageous combination of 30 cm+15 cm wide and narrow rows， with straw not returning as control （CK）， and four different straw returning and tillage methods were established： whole field straw rotary tillage returning （M1）， stubble mulching in wide rows （M2）， rotary tillage with stubble return in wide rows （M3）， stubble mulching in wide rows combined with whole-field straw mulching （M4）. The differences in soil water temperature， root system characteristics， stem lodging resistance， and yield of wheat under different straw returning methods were analyzed. The results showed that compared with CK， M2 and M4 had significant warming effects in various growth stages and in the 0-30 cm soil， especially during the wintering stage， and could increase the average soil moisture content from wintering stage to anthesis stage and in the 0-20 cm soil. The yield under M2 and M3 significantly increased by 11.56% and 8.75%， respectively， compared to M1， and there was a trend of increasing yield compared to CK. Compared with M1 and M4， M2 and M3 improved root morphology， with varying degrees of increase in root length， root volume， root diameter， and root dry weight density. M2 significantly enhanced root vitality. Compared with CK， M2 reduced the length of the second internode at the base of wheat， increased stem diameter and stem wall thickness. At the same time， M2 showed varying degrees of increase in the number of large and small vascular bundles， mechanical tissue layers， and mechanical tissue thickness compared to other straw returning treatments， and significantly increased cellulose and lignin content， resulted in a significant increase in snapping resistance and lodging resistance index. In summary， stubble mulching in wide rows （M2） is beneficial for improving soil environment， promoting wheat root growth， enhancing plant root vitality and lodging resistance， and achieving the goals of robust roots， strong stems， and increasing yield and efficiency of wheat. This study provides technical support for the safe， in-situ rice straw returning and the establishment of high-yield and high-quality wheat populations.

To identify the key fungal pathogens associated with passion fruit stem base rot in Guangxi and to screen germplasm source resistant to passion fruit stem base rot， conventional pathogen isolation methods were employed to isolate and identify the pathogens responsible for passion fruit stem base rot collected from 6 cities in Guangxi， including Nanning， Yulin， and Guigang， and the pathogenicity of the isolates was assessed. The resistance to stem base rot were screened and ifentified in 34 passion fruit germplasm sources. A total of 23 pathogenic fungal isolates were characterized through ITS sequence analysis and confirmed through Koch’s postulates. Morphological characteristics and the sequencing of the tef1-α and tub2 genes confirmed that Lasiodiplodia theobromae was predominant in all the studied regions of Guangxi with the exception of Yulin， indicating its widespread distribution throughout the province. Notably， strain BXG 2-2 exhibited the shortest incubation period of 4.00 days， with a 100% incidence rate while recording a disease index of 100， highlighting its aggressive virulence. Furthermore， an assessment conducted on 34 passion fruit germplasm sources revealed varyingresistance that 1 germplasm source was immune， 3 were highly resistant， 8 were moderately resistant， 10 were susceptible， and 12 were highly susceptible. Notably， no significant difference in resistance was observed between the yellow fruit and purple fruit germplasm source. In conclusion， L. theobromae was the primary pathogen responsible for passion fruit stem base rot in Guangxi. The JTN， Hua J， Lvpi， and Qinzhouzhenmu No.1 have been identified as dominant resistant germplasm sources for managing this disease within passion fruit cultivation areas across Guangxi. The results of this study provide a theoretical foundation for scientific prevention and breeding passion fruit against stem base rot in Guangxi.

To study the feasibility of Polygonatum sibiricum Red. fermented broth as a functional raw material for cosmetics， Lactic acid bacteria， yeast， bacillus subtilis， and mixed bacteria were used to carry out liquid fermentation of Polygonatum sibiricum Red.， respectively. The contents of polysaccharides， total saponins， total polyphenols， and total flavonoids in the Polygonatum sibiricum Red. fermentation broth were quantified by spectrophotometry. The antioxidant， anti-inflammatory， whitening and safety properties of the fermentation broth were evaluated by measuring the ability to scavenge 1，1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl （DPPH）， 2，2'- azinobis-（3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate） （ABTS）， and hydroxyl radicals， the toxicity of fementation to human immortalized keratinocytes （HaCaT） cells， the effect on the levels of inflammatory factors tumor necrosis factor-alpha （TNF-α） and interleukin 6 （IL-6）in HaCaT cells， and the effect on tyrosinase activity in intracellularly and extracellularly. The results indicated that the levels of polyphenols and flavonoids in the fermentation broth of Polygonatum sibiricum Red. were significantly higher than that of unfermented samples. Notably， the samples fermented with mixed bacteria exhibited the highest concents of these two types of active compounds， which increased by 33.21% and 57.94%， respectively. The scavenging capabilities of the Polygonatum sibiricum Red. fermentation broth against DPPH and ABTS free radicals were stronger than that of the unfermented Polygonatum sibiricum Red. extract. The scavenging rates of DPPH and ABTS free radicals by mixed bacteria fermentation broth were 87.65% and 72.5%， respectively. Polygonatum sibiricum Red. fermentation broth was superior to unfermented broth in terms of safety and inhibition of intracellular inflammatory factors TNF-α and IL-6on HaCaT. The Polygonatum sibiricum Red. fermentation broth with mixed bacteria showed good inhibitory effect on tyrosinase， achieving the inhibition rate of 92.39% in vitro and an intracellular inhibition rate of 65.50% at a concentration of 100 mg·mL^-1. In conclusion， Polygonatum sibiricum Red. fermentation broth has good antioxidant， anti-inflammatory and whitening， which provides experimental basis for its application as a functional raw material in cosmetics.

Berries are prone to postharvest issues such as reactive oxygen species accumulation， contamination by pathogenic microorganisms， increased activity of cell wall-degrading enzymes， and accelerated respiration rates， which could lead to quality deterioration and potential food safety risks. Irradiation technology， with its unique advantages of simplicity， high efficiency， no chemical residues， strong applicability， and ‘cold’ sterilization， shows great potential in extending the shelf life of berries. Based on recent domestic and international research advances， this review explained the principles of irradiation preservation technology and its advantages in food preservation. It focused on the effects of irradiation on the postharvest maturation process， nutritional components， and sensory quality of berries such as strawberries， blueberries， raspberries， tomatoes， and kiwifruit， as well as its role in influencing postharvest microorganisms and storage safety quality. This review provides a theoretical basis and practical guidance for ensuring the safety and quality stability of the berry supply chain.

Class ‍Ⅱ transcription factor subfamily of TCP plays important roles in plant leaf and flower development as well as branch formation. This subfamily can be further divided into CYC/TB1 and CIN subclasses， with the CIN subclass being particularly crucial for regulating plant floral organ development. To investigate the function of these genes in the flower color and development of Phalaenopsis orchid， this study analyzed the expression profiling of CIN subclasses genes in different organs of Phalaenopsis orchid and PeCIN7 was identified as a candidate gene potentially regulating flower development and flower color. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that PeCIN7 was most closely related to AtTCP3 and AtTCP4 in Arabidopsis and had a conservative bHLH （basic helix-loop-helix） domain structure. Subcellular localization showed that PeCIN7 was localized in the nucleus. Virus-induced gene silencing （VIGS） experiments revealed that PeCIN7- silenced lines exhibited significantly lighter flower color， and had a near-circular morphology characterized by a markedly decreased length-width ratio. These findings provide a theoretical basis for the development of new Phalaenopsis varieties.

For the identification and analysis of the MYB transcription factor family in blue alpine flowers Meconopsis betonicifolia， full-length transcriptome sequencing data and bioinformatics method was used， the members of M. betonicifolia MYB transcription factor family were identified， and their physicochemical properties， phylogenetic evolution， conservative motif and domain were analyzed. Using RT-PCR technology， MbMYB22 gene related to flower color was cloned from the petals of M. betonicifolia， and the expression of MbMYB22 gene in various tissues of M. betonicifolia was verified through qRT-PCR technology. The relationship between the total flavonoids content in different tissues and the total amount of cyanidin in petals at different periods and the expression of MbMYB22 gene were analyzed to verify its role in flower color regulation. A total of 69 MbMYB transcription factors were identified in the full-length transcriptome of M. betonicifolia， including 32 1R-MYB， 34 R2R3-MYB and 3 3R-MYB transcription factors. The molecular masses of the deduced proteins ranged from 14 467.7 to 20 509 595.1 Da， and all identified proteins were hydrophilic. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the R2R3-MYB transcription factors from M. betonicifolia and A. thaliana were grouped into 35 subgroups in the combined phylogenetic tree， seven of which contained M. betonicifolia members and corresponded to previously classified subgroups in A. thaliana. Among them， MbMYB22 clustered with the flower color-related S6 subgroup and showed the closest phylogenetic relationship to PsMYB. The expression pattern of MbMYB22 is significantly positively correlated with the accumulation pattern of both total flavonoids content and total cyanidins content. The cloning of MbMYB22 gene， qRT-PCR analysis， and quantification of total flavonoids in different tissues and cyanidin in petals at different periods were carried out suggested the involvement of the MbMYB22 gene in flower color regulation. This study provides a theoretical basis for further investigations into the regulatory mechanisms of flower coloration regulated by the MYB transcription factor family in M. betonicifolia.

To investigate the effects of nitrogen （N） reduction combined with humic acid application on ammonia （NH₃） volatilization and N leaching in wheat-maize rotation systems， field experiment with five treatments were set up： no nitrogen fertilizer （CK）， conventional farmer’s fertilization （270 kg·hm^-2， CF）， optimized fertilization （225 kg·hm^-2， OF）， conventional farmer’s fertilization combined with humic acid （CFH， 3 000 kg·hm^-2， humic acid） and optimized fertilization combined with humic acid （OFH， 3 000 kg·hm^-2， humic acid）. The NH₃ emissions， nitrate leaching， and crop yields were measured to systematically analyze the regulatory effects of reduced N with humic acid on NH₃ volatilization and N leaching. The results showed that there were no significant differences in wheat yield among different nitrogen application treatments. In the maize season， no significant yield differences were observed between humic acid-amended treatments （CFH and OFH） compared to CF. However， OFH significantly increased maize yield by 5.4%-7.9% compared with OF. Compared with CF， OF， CFH and OFH treatments significantly reduced NH₃ volatilization and N leaching， with the OFH demonstrating the most pronounced effect. NH₃ volatilization in the wheat and maize seasons decreased by 33.8% and 26.6%， while N leaching decreased by 44.9% and 40.7%， respectively. Compared with CFH， OFH significantly reduced NH₃ volatilization by 17.8% and 13.5%， and N leaching by 30.4% and 24.3% in the wheat and maize seasons， respectively. Correlation analysis revealed a significant positive relationship between N application rate and NH₃ volatilization. In summary， under the premise of ensuring wheat and maize yield security， N reduction combined with humic acid application can effectively reduce NH₃ volatilization and N leaching. The findings of this study provide scientific support for sustainable humic acid utilization in fluvo-aquic soils of the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain.

To investigate the physicochemical properties and flavor quality of persimmons （Diospyros kaki Thunb.） after irradiation， four desiccation methods were employed in this study： vacuum after irradiation， irradiation after vacuum， vacuum desiccation， and alcohol desiccation. The non-irradiated groups （comprising vacuum and alcohol desiccation） were served as the control. A combination of sensory evaluation， texture analysis using a texture analyzer， electronic tongue， electronic nose， and gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry （GC-IMS） were utilized for analysis. The results indicated that the different desiccation methods had no significant effect on the pH value， soluble solids， or titratable acidity of the persimmons. However， irradiation treatment significantly reduced the firmness of the persimmons， with hardness values for the irradiated group ranging between 760.26 and 786.95 g， while the non-irradiated group exhibited hardness values ranging from 946.54 to 1 086.88 g. Electronic tongue analysis revealed no significant change in the taste profile of the irradiated persimmons， while the electronic nose effectively distinguished the aroma components between irradiated and non-irradiated persimmons. Using GC-IMS， a total of 34 signal peaks and 25 volatile flavor compounds were detected across the four desiccation methods， including 8 alcohols， 9 aldehydes， 1 acid， 4 ketones， and 2 esters. The study found that irradiation treatment significantly increased the content of alcohols and aldehydes in the persimmons， while the levels of acids， ketones， and esters decreased. Partial least squares discriminant analysis （PLS-DA） of all volatile components indicated that ethyl acetate （VIP > 1） effectively differentiated between the various samples. In summary， electron beam irradiation， as a novel de-astringency method， demonstrated superior de-astringency effects while effectively preserving the appearance， texture， and flavor quality of persimmons. The findings of this research offer crucial theoretical insights and practical guidance for refining persimmon processing techniques， elevating their sensory attributes， and bolstering their competitive edge in the marketplace.

To investigate the effects of different ⁶⁰Co-γ irradiation doses on the traits， chemical composition and antioxidant activity of Ermiao Pills， the non-irradiated group （0 kGy） and 10， 20， 50 and 100 kGy irradiation dose groups were set up in this experiment. The colorimeter and electronic nose were used to compare the characteristics of each group of samples. The physical structures were characterized by scanning electron microscopy， fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction. Non-volatile and volatile components were analysed by high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）， ultra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry （UPLC-Q/TOF-MS） and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GC-MS）. Antioxidant activity of the samples from each group was compared by 1，1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl （DPPH） radical scavenging method. The results of characteristic observation showed that compared with the unirradiated samples， the yellowness value of Ermiao Pills increased after irradiation， and the concentration of sulfides， terpenes and aromatic substances decreased； irradiation will damage the surface and internal structure of Ermiao Pills. The contents of berberine hydrochloride and atractylodin in Ermiao Pills after irradiation were higher than that of unirradiated samples. After being irradiated at 50 and 100 kGy， the content of phellodendrine hydrochloride decreased compared to the unirradiated samples. There was no significant change in the content of palmatine hydrochloride before and after irradiation. Irradiation could lead to a decrease in the content of terpenes in Ermiao Pills. The antioxidant activity of Ermiao Pills in the 100 kGy irradiation dose group was higher than that in the non-irradiation group， and no radiolysis products of Ermiao Pills were found in all irradiation groups. This study provides a scientific basis for the quality control of irradiation sterilization Ermiao Pills， and also provides ideas and methods for the establishment of irradiation sterilization standards for other traditional Chinese medicine preparations.

To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying Lilium lancifolium resistant to bulb rot disease， bulbs of L. lancifolium were inoculated with the pathogen Fusarium proliferatum. The activity of catalase （CAT）， superoxide dismutase （SOD）， peroxidase （POD）， and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase （PAL） were analyzed. Additionally， transcriptome sequencing was employed to analyze the dynamic response of L. lancifolium to F. proliferatum infection. The results demonstrated that F. proliferatum infection significantly enhanced CAT activity in bulbs， peaking at 24 h post-inoculation. Transcriptome analysis identified 810 and 827 differentially expressed genes （DEGs） at 12 h and 24 h respectively， primarily enriched in translation， ribosome， ribosomal structure， photosynthesis， and photosystem. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes （KEGG） analysis revealed significant activation of pathways including ribosome assembly， porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism， zeatin biosynthesis， and photosynthesis. Protein-protein interaction network analysis further revealed that Ribosomal Protein Large subunit 3 （RP-L3e）， Ribosomal Protein Large subunit 12 （RP-L12e）， Ribosomal Protein Large subunit 26 （RP-L26e）， and Ribosomal Protein Small subunit 5 （RP-S5e） play crucial roles during early pathogen infection. These findings provide fundamental insights into the molecular mechanisms of Lilium lancifolium resistance to bulb rot disease and offer valuable candidate genes for breeding disease-resistant medicinal lilies.

In order to screen for Neopyropia yezoensis with excellent growth and reproductive traits， this study analyzed the growth and reproductive traits of shell-boring conchocelis and thallus across 13 cultivated strains of N. yezoensis. The results showed that there were differences in the same trait among different strains. Among them， the length growth rate of shell-boring conchocelis （CLGR） exhibited the smallest coefficient of variation of 21.62%， and the daily release of conchospores （DAR） showed the largest coefficient of variation of 172.69%. Correlation analysis of traits across two generations of N. yezoensis demonstrated a significant positive correlation among DAR， thallus length growth rate （TLGR）， and width growth rate （TWGR）. Cluster analysis identified three strains （Y-9904， Y-2301， and Y-2201） of shell-boring conchocelis and one strain （Y-9904） of thallus with fast growth rate and strong reproductive ability. The consistency of traits between generations within the same strain was evaluated by comprehensive D value assessment. The Y-9904 strain exhibited fast growth and strong reproductive ability in both generations， with TLGR， TWGR， length-to-width growth rate （TL/WGR） and DAR exceeding those of other strains. This study establishes a comprehensive method for assessing the growth and reproductive traits of N. yezoensis， which can provide a theoretical basis for breeding high-quality N. yezoensis varieties.

Cyclic nucleotide-gated channels （CNGCs） play crucial roles in regulating plant growth， development， and responses to abiotic and biotic stress serving as Ca²⁺ channels. To identify the CNGC gene family in foxtail millet， the biological functions of CNGC gene family were firstly investigated. Using bioinformatics technologies， the physicochemical properties， gene localization pattern， family subclasses， conserved motifs， cis-acting elements， expression patterns， subcellular localization， protein channel structures， and Ca²⁺-binding residues of CNGC family proteins from foxtail millet were analyzed. A total of 23 family members were identified， which were classified into 5 subclasses， along with 15 conserved motifs. Transcriptome analysis revealed that Seita.2G305500， Seita.3G18810 and Seita.7G259800 showed significant induction in leaves and panicle following Sclerospora graminicola infection. Quantitative real-time PCR （qRT-PCR） further demonstrated that Seita.3G188100 exhibited 6.6-fold and 8.6-fold higher expression levels to the control at 36 and 48 h postinfection， respectively. Structural prediction of Ca²⁺-binding signatures indicated that these three genes could form a Ca²⁺ channel， with specific binding residues at Ser361， Thr397 and Gln427 respectively. Subcellular localization assays in tobacco cells confirmed their plasma membrane localization. This study provides a reference for further exploring the functions of CNGC family genes and lays a foundation for genetic improvement of disease resistance in foxtail millet.

Cultivars of Ophiopogon japonicus face several challenges including cultivar aging， low yield， prolonged growth cycles， and reduced genetic diversity resulting from prolonged asexual propagation. To promote germplasm innovation in Ophiopogon japonicus， ⁶⁰Co-γ radiation breeding experiments were conducted using varying doses of 0， 30， 60， 90， 120， and 150 Gy. Morphological， physiological， and biochemical indicators， combined with inter-simple sequence repeats （ISSR） molecular marker analysis were employed to determine the optimal irradiation dose. The results show that survival rates gradually decreased with radiation doses increased， reaching stability after 60 days. Irradiated plants displayed darker leaves， small stature， and notable growth stunting. CAT and MDA levels escalated with increasing radiation dose. The amount of Pro， soluble sugars， POD， and SOD activities initially increased but subsequently declined， with peak activity generally observed at 90 Gy. Leaves exhibited flaky detachment of wax layers， higher stomatal density， smaller stomatal area， and a predominance of closed stomata. Correlation and principal component analysis （PCA） indicated concomitant growth inhibition and enhanced antioxidant defense mechanisms. Ten ISSR molecular markers produced 84 amplified bands， of which 54 were polymorphic （64.3%）， with polymorphism rates ranging from 37.5% to 88.9%. Higher irradiation doses were correlated with increased genetic divergence relative to the control. Considering morphological adaptability， physiological tolerance， and genetic variation rates， 90 Gy was considered as the optimal dose for radiation-induced mutation breeding of Ophiopogon japonicus. These findings provide a theoretical basis for developing novel cultivars of Ophiopogon japonicus.

Leaves are photosynthetic organs and key factors in shaping ideal plant architecture. Developing sweet corn varieties with moderate leaf rolling is crucial for enhancing population yield. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying leaf rolling regulation in sweet corn， two lines with extreme leaf rolling phenotypes were selected from a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population， and an F₂ segregating population were generated by crossing leaf-rolling and normal-leaf lines from the RIL population. Extreme phenotypic bulks were constructed for bulked segregant analysis （BSA） using gene chip resequencing. Subsequently， specific primers were designed， and the leaf rolling quantitative trait loci （QTL） were mapped to a 21.5-28.36 Mb interval on chromosome 1， which contains 158 genes. At the small flare and big flare stages， leaf samples were collected from individual plants exhibiting leaf rolling and normal leaf phenotypes for RNA-seq analysis. A total of 188 and 366 differentially expressed genes （DEGs） were identified at the respective stages. KEGG pathway analyses of DEGs revealed significant enrichment in photosynthesis-related pathways， and nicotinate/nicotinamide metabolism during the small flare stage， and terpenoid biosynthesis and photosynthesis pathways during the big flare stage. Gene Ontology （GO） analysis indicated that DEGs at the small flare stage were significantly enriched in pathways such as photosynthesis and transmembrane transport， while DEGs at the big flare stage were notably related to processes involving biological interactions and responses to external stimuli. Moreover， integrative analysis of genetic mapping and transcriptomic data identified eight commonly DEGs within the QTL region on chromosome 1， from which three potential candidate genes were selected through sequence variation analysis. These findings provide theoretical basis for future cloning and functional exploration of leaf rolling genes in sweet corn.