10 July 2019, Volume 33 Issue 7
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(7): 1265-1272. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.07.1265The difficulty of in vitro regeneration and genetic transformation of foxtail millet (Setaria italica) greatly limits its application as a model plant in functional genomics research and genetic improvement. To obtain high efficient in vitro regeneration genotypes, 90 domestic and foreign germplasm resources of foxtail millet were selected, and their mature embryos were used as explants for in vitro regeneration analysis. The results showed that the callus formation rate, budding rate and regeneration rate of different genotypes of millet were significantly different: the callus formation rate was 17.67%~93.67%, bud differentiation rate was 0%~78.89% and regeneration rate was 0%~40.00%. Three germplasm resources with high efficient in vitro regeneration rate, Y41, Y176 and Y145, were screened. The in vitro regeneration rates were 40.00%, 37.33% and 36.00%, respectively. The callus formation rate of the three germplasm resources on CIM3 was the highest, and the callus quality was also better. The components of CIM3 were 4.43 g·L-1MS + 30 g·L-1sucrose + 4 g·L-1phytagel + 2 mg·L-12,4-D + 0.5 mg·L-1KT. This study not only lays a theoretical foundation for in vitro regeneration and genetic transformation of foxtail millet, but also promotes foxtail millet as a model plant of C4 cereals.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(7): 1273-1281. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.07.1273To reveal the influences of endogenous hormones on main stem morphogenesis and plant architecture formation millet, Jingu 21 (DJG21) and its autotetraploid mutagenesis strain (TJG21) as the experimental materials, and high performance liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry (HPLC - MS) was carrired out to detect the dynamic differences of endogenous hormones in stem, including IAA, GAs, ABA, SA, JA, and its influence on main stem morphogenesis between two millet strains with different ploidy in elongation stage. The results showed that DJG21 and TJG21 have equal internodes, both were 15. It took 67 d for DJG21 stem to finish jointing, while TJG21 was 75 d. The main stem of TJG21 growed faster than that of DJG21 in early elongation stage. But there was no significant difference between them in later stage. The contents of ABA, JA and SA in the main stem of TJG21 increased obviously after chromosomes of DJG21 was mutated and doubled. The elongation hysteresis of TJG21 main stem and slow growth of its internodes were closely related to the increase of ABA content and the decrease of (IAA+GAs)/ABA value. As a whole, the contents of SA and JA in the main stem of TJG21 were higher than those in DJG21, and the increase of JA was more obvious in the early stage, while SA was more obvious in the later stage. The differences of endogenous hormone content and regulation between DJG21 and TJG21 during elongating stage leaded to different growth and development processes of millet with different ploidy, which is aprocess of morphogenesis involved with both genetic and environment factors. The results of this study not only provide a theoretical basis for the artificial construction of hormone balance to regulate the growth and development of millet, but also lay a foundation for transcriptional analysis of millet with different ploidy at jointing stage and identification of candidate genes.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(7): 1282-1290. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.07.1282For construction of expression vectors of sucrose non-fermenting protein kinase 2 (SnRK2) gene family, transfer-PCR (T-PCR) technique was applied instead of the usual ligation-dependent method, because of the unavailable multiclonal sites of the vector and their homology to the target genes. In order to avoid the interference of mis-ligated or un-ligated intermediates amplified in the first round of T-PCR on the second round of T-PCR with different annealing temperatures, the 3'- and 5'-end sequences of the adaptor primers, their annealing temperatures, the concentration of the primers, the template concentration of the donor and the target plasmids, and especially the temperature cycles were carefully designed and screened. The recombined vectors were transformed into competent cells of Escherichia coli. The positive clones were screened, and identified by bacterial PCR and sequencing. The results showed that the annealing temperature of the first round of T-PCR amplification should be lower than or close to the lower theoretical annealing temperature, in case the theoretical annealing temperatures of the 3'-end sequences of the two primers were not very different. However, the annealing temperature should be higher than the lower theoretical annealing temperature, in case the theoretical annealing temperatures of the two primers were different greatly. The annealing temperature of the second round of T-PCR amplification should be lower than the average of the theoretical annealing temperatures of the two primers. According to the optimized temperature cycle, the coding sequences of eight members of the ZmSnRK2 gene family were amplified from the donor plasmids pMD19-T, and successfully integrated into the specific site downstream of the promoter of the target vectors pHBT95 with recombination rate of more than 60%. The result indicated the practicability of T-PCR for vector construction without available multiclonal sites. The optimized temperature cycle provided reference for construction of expression or mutagenesis vectors.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(7): 1291-1302. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.07.1291Argonaute (AGO) proteins are the core element of RNA?induced silencing complex(RISC)which could stimulate RNA silencing reaction with the cooperation of sRNA and Dicer?like protein. In order to fully understand the function of AGO proteins in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench), this study used bioinformatics method to identify 15 SbAGOs at whole genome level of sorghum for the first time, which were located on seven chromosomes of sorghum and divided into three subfamilies according to the amino acid sequence. Among which, SbAGO7 and SbAGO3 belonging subfamilyⅢ had 3 exons and SbAGO4 and SbAGO6 in subfamily Ⅱ had 22 exons. The largest subfamily 19-24 extrons. Among them, genetic replication had occurred on SbAGO1-1 and SbAGO1-3, SbAGO1-3 and SbAGO1-4, SbAGO5-2 and SbAGO5-4 in subfamily Ⅰ, indicated there were functional redundancy. Through NCBI expression profiling database analysis, SbAGO1-1, SbAGO1-2, SbAGO1-3 and SbAGO4 were highly expressed in different tissues and organs and in different growth stage. Also, the expression period and the expression level of SbAGO1-1 and SbAGO1-2, SbAGO1-3 and SbAGO4 were similar. They may play a synergistic role in regulating the growth of sorghum. Through the data analysis of Chipgene expression profile under high temperature, drought and high temperature combine with drought stress, it was found that high temperature induced differential expression of five SbAGOs genes, and the changes of SbAGOs expression under drought stress was not obvious. Under combined stress, 7 SbAGO genes were differentially expressed; The common differentially expressed genes were SbAGO1-3,SbAGO1-1, SbAGO5-2 and SbAGO3 after two treatments and their expression changes were similar. SbAGO1-1, SbAGO1-2, SbAGO1-3 and SbAGO5-6 were down?regulated while SbAGO3, SbAGO5-2, SbAGO1-4 and SbAGO10 were up?regulated. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for revealing and exploring the function of SbAGO proteins and the targeted genetic resources of sorghum resistance breeding.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(7): 1303-1310. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.07.1303In order to identify proteins from Camellia reticulata nectar which may be responsible for regulating the composition of the nectar and discuss their related functions in nectar secretion, MALDI-TOF/MS analysis was applied to identify. Fructose -1, 6-Bisphosphate Aldolase (FBP2) was identified. Based on the amino acid sequence identified by MALDI-TOF/MS, a specific primer was designed and the full length cDNA of FBP2 gene was amplified using SMART RACE. This gene was named as CRFBPase (GenBank accession No. MG764086). The sequence analysis revealed that cDNA of CRFBPase was 1 077 bp in length, encoding 358 amino acid residues with an estimated molecular mass of 38 428.13 Da and a calculated isoelectric point(pI)of 7.56. CRFBPase gene shared a similarity of 98.8% with the Camellia oleifera clone (JX914588). The FBP2 activity in Camellia reticulata nectar increased along with the nectar accumulation. The results of quantitative real-time PCR showed that CRFBPase was expressed in leaf, nectary, petal, stamen, and pistil, and the expression level in nectary was the highest in nectary. Moreover, the mRNA expression level of CRFBPase gene was significantly higher in nectary tissue on the fifth day after anthesis than that in nectary tissue on the bud stage. The results of this study provide theoretical foundation for the research on the regulation mechanisms of FBP2 protein in the nectar generation, secretion and components regulation.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(7): 1311-1317. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.07.1311In order to analyze the genetic similarity of 44 Pueraria germplasm resources in Guangxi, the DNA of the germplasm resources was amplified by SCoT primers.The results showed that, 25 SCoT primers produced 233 bands, among which 194 bands were polymorphic, the percentage of polymorphic rate was up to 86.99%, and the average polymorphic number was 7.76 per primer. The cluster analysis showed that the range of genetic similarity(GS)was 0.587 to 0.982 among 44 Pueraria samples,the samples could be divided into 2 groups at the GS of 0.65, the 37th germplasm alone was clustered into one group, and the rest accessions was clustered into another group. All of the accessions could be clustered into six groups at the GS of 0.74. The result revealed that SCoT molecular markers are suitable for the analysis of genetic diversity of the Pueraria germplasm resources, and will lay a foundation for the evaluation and selection of the germplasm resources of Pueraria in Guangxi.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(7): 1318-1329. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.07.1318In order to investigate genomic information and develop molecular markers of Houpoëa officinalis, Illumina-Solexa Genome sequencing platform was used to analyze different tissues of velamen, stem bark and leaf of 9 individuals to get a large number of Unigenes, and to develop abundant SSR markers on the basis of the transcription sequencing data. The results showed that a total of 109 526 Unigenes with an average length of 1 023 bp were produced, among which 60 361, 39 942, 65 535, 51 351 and 27 310 were annotated in NR, Swiss-Prot, GO, KEGG and KOG database, respectively. A total of 25 949 sequences with 27 721 SSRs were detected through transcription of H. officinalis, SSR sites occurred with a frequency of 23.67%. Among the total of 374 identified EST-SSRs, CT/GA (31.8%) and AG/TC (27.90%) were the dominant di-nucleotide repeat motifs, AGA/TCT and AAG/TTC were the dominant tri-nucleotide repeat motifs. A total of 180 SSR markers were randomly selected for validation, among these, 104 produced reproducible amplicons and 21 were polymorphic which showed that EST-SSRs of H. officinalis were polymorphic. The results of this study laid a good foundation for genetic analysis, map construction and comparative genome of H. officinalis and related species.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(7): 1330-1339. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.07.1330To explore the adaptation mechanism of alpine potato in Huaiyushan under high altitude habitats, transcriptional analysis was carried out with the tubers of alpine potato and local farm potato in Huaiyushan in this study. The results showed that there were 3 218 differentially expressed genes, among which 956 genes were up-regulated, 2 262 genes were down-regulated genes. GO terms associated with chlorophyll binding, photosystem Ⅰ, photosynthesis and light harvesting, photosystem Ⅱ, heme binding and oxidoreductase activity in alpine potato and local farm potato in Huaiyushan were significantly enriched. Pathways associated with photosynthesis-antenna protein, propane synthesis, photosynthesis, phenylalanine metabolism alpine potato and local farm potato in Huaiyushan were also significantly enriched, which indicated that in high altitude habitats, the differential expressed genes between alpine potato and local farm potato in Huaiyushan are mainly those related to photosynthesis genes. The results can provide reference for mining and application of the genes related to adaption to high altitude habitats in alpine potato in Huaiyushan.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(7): 1340-1348. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.07.1340The genetic map of jujube is a vital tool in marker assisted selection. High-density genetic map of jujube is beneficial for analysis of genetic evolution and QTLs. In order to study map-based cloning of genes important agronomic traits and accelerate breeding of jujube. The research progress of genetic map of jujube in China and abroad is summarised in this paper, including the design of parents combination, identification of real filial generation, construction of mapping population, construction of genetic map and QTLs, Additionally, we analyzed the problems encountered by previous workers and proposed improved strategies. It will lay a foundation for prediction candidate genes of agronomic trais and molecular assisted selection breeding of jujube.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(7): 1349-1355. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.07.1349In order to investigate the effect of irradiation on the changes of structural and antigenic properties of Ara h 2, the separated peanut allergen Ara h 2 was irradiated by 60Co-γ rays at different doses. The structures were characterized by ultraviolet absorption spectrum, circular dichroism (CD), and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), respectively. The antigenicity of the irradiated Ara h 2 was evaluated by Western blotting and indirect ELISA. Results showed that the conformation of Ara h 2 was significantly changed after 60Co-γ irradiation treatment, which caused denaturation and aggregation of Ara h 2. The IgG binding capacity of Ara h 2 was reduced with the increasing irradiation doses, which correlated well with the rise of UV absorption intensity and a loss of α-helix content. Moreover, the structure and antigenicity of Ara h 2 were almost completely destroyed when the irradiation dose was up to 10 kGy. It indicated that 60Co-γ irradiation can effectively reduce the allergenicity of Ara h 2, which may provide a new method on peanut desensitization technology.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(7): 1356-1361. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.07.1356In order to develop a new method for the determination of amantadine (AMD), Berberine hydrochloride/hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (BRH/HP-β-CD) was used as a fluorescent probe, HP-β-CD was interacted with BRH and amantadine, respectively. The interaction of AMD, BRH/ HP-β-CD was determined and the applicability of the fluorescence spectrophotometry was verified. The results showed that HP-β-CD and BRH formed a 1∶1 inclusion complex and the fluorescence intensity increased significantly. The fluorescence intensity of the berberine / hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex gradually decreased, after adding amantadine to the solution, which can help to establish a new method for the detection of amantadine with BRH/HP-β-CD as fluorescent probe. When the concentration of amantadine solution was within the range of 0.05~4.5 mg·L-1, it had a linear relationship with the relative fluorescence intensity. The correlation coefficient was 0.9893, and the detection limit (S / N = 3) was 0.03 mg·L-1. Both pH value and common pharmaceutical excipients had little effect of the results. The recovery of this method ranged from 92% to 101% with relative standard deviations less than 1%, indicating that this method can be successfully applied to the determination of amantadine. This study provided a theoretical basis for the determination of amantadine drugs using supramolecular inclusion complex as fluorescent probe.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(7): 1362-1370. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.07.1362To delay the quality deterioration of Portunus trituberculatus and prolong its shelf life, the effects of controlled freezing-point storage, ice storage and cold storage on the volatile flavor, contents of ATP-related compounds and free amino acid in crab meat were studied, and the taste active value (TAV) and equivalent umami concentration (EUC) of the taste substances were determined. The results showed that there was no significant change in the volatile flavor of crab meat during the first six days of controlled freezing-point storage, while obvious changes occurred after two or four days under cold or ice storage, respectively. As with the TAV of AMP and IMP, EUC and total amount of free amino acids, the percentages of umami, sweet and sweet-bitter amino acids in total free amino acids of crab meat with controlled freezing-point storage were higher than those of ice or cold storage group in the same period. Controlled freezing-point storage can effectively preserve the good flavor and alleviate the flavor deterioration of crab meat. The results provide a theoretical basis for the application of controlled freezing-point storage technology in the preservation of crab.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(7): 1371-1376. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.07.1371The effects of three hydrocolloids (guar gum, konjac gum and artemisia gum) with different additive amount on the gel quality of hairtail surimi were studied and gel strength, texture profile analysis (TPA) parameters (hardness, cohesiveness, springiness, chewiness), whiteness, water-holding capacity and solubility of surimi gel were used as the indicators of gel quality. The three hydrocolloids could increase the gel strength of surimi, while the effect of guar gum was not obvious. The improvement effect of konjac gum on the gel strength was better than that of artemisia and guar gum with the same addition. The influences of three hydrocolloids on the TPA indicators of surimi gel were different, and konjac gum could significantly improve the texture properties, while the guar gum with low additive amount had no obvious effect. However, the hardness, cohesiveness, springiness and chewiness of surimi gel were lower than those of the control group when the addition amount of guar gum was 2.0%. The artemisia gum had significant effect on increasing the cohesiveness, chewiness and hardness of surimi gel but decreasing the springiness when the added amount of artemisia gum was 1.5% or 2.0%. Three hydrocolloids could improve the water-holding capacity and reduce the whiteness, solubility of surimi gel, but there was no significant effect on the colour. Compared with the control group, the network structure of surimi gel with 1.5% konjac gum was more orderly and dense using scanning electron microscopy. Therefore, adding 1.5% konjac gum could effectively improve the gel quality of hairtail surimi. The results can provide a theoretical basis for the production of high-quality surimi products.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(7): 1377-1385. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.07.1377This study investigated the effectiveness bacteriostatic of Rhizopus stolonifer with ACS solution on postharvest of peach, to investigated the cell membrane permeability, cell wall degradation enzyme, respiratory related enzyme activity and incidence of peach cased by R. stolonifer under in vitro and in vivo conditions. The results showed that the ACS solution with different diluted concentration had vaired antibacterial effects on R. stolonifer, ACS-10-3 group turned out to be the most effective antibacterial one. At 120 min, the cell membrane permeability of the ACS-10-3 group was 52.76%, which was 39.72% higher than that of the control group. When the Rhizopus stolonifer was cultured for 9 days in medicated medium containing 50% ACS dilution, cell wall degrading enzyme activities such as polygalacturonase, polymethylgalacturonase, cellulose and β-Glucosidase in the ACS-10-3 group were inhibited, which were 38.41%, 41.96%, 59.31% and 35.52% lower than those in the control group, respectively, which also significantly inhibited the increase of enzyme activity in the respiratory energy metabolism system. On the ninth day of culture, the succinate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase and isocitrate dehydrogenase activities of Rhizopus stolonifer were 0.02±0.01, 0.68±0.12 and 106.13±3.54 nmol·min-1·g-1, respectively, which were significantly lower than the control group (P<0.05). Meanwhile, the dilution of ACS can effectively reduce the lesion area and incidence of peach fruit damaged by inoculation with R. stolonifer. Compared with the control group, the lesion area and the incidence of peach fruit in the ACS-10-3 group were reduced by 99.61% and 73.33%, respectively. The results of this study provide a potencial basis for the application of ACS solution in the prevention and controlling of postharvest diseases of peaches and fruits. Therefore, a suitable dilution ratio of ACS solution can effectively inhibit the decay of the honey peaches caused by the infection of R. stolonifer.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(7): 1386-1392. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.07.1386In order to develop natural degradable and edible packaging materials, kafirin was used as raw material, eugenol/kafirin composite films was made by a blending method was prepared by solution blending with sorghum gliadin, and the effects of different concentration of eugenol on the physical properties and microstructures of edible sorghum gliadin memb ranes were analyzed, as well as the changing mechanism. The results showed that the 4% eugenol would optimize the mechanical properties of the protein films, improve tensile strength (TS) and elongation at break (EAB); the addition of eugenol did not affect water vapor permeability of the films, but slightly increased the solubility. 4% eugenol increased the absorbance of the films to ultraviolet light and visible light, that is, the barrier properties to light of the films increased. The results of DSC showed that eugenol reduced the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the protein films, indicating that the eugenol increased the ductility of the protein films; FTIR analysis showed that eugenol led to the secondary structure transition, from α-helix and random coil to β-sheet and β-turn, indicating that the eugenol could effectively improve the mechanical properties of the composite films. SEM also showed that 4% concentration of eugenol had good solubility with kafirin, the films section of that was smooth and firm, which can be appeared regular lines. The results showed that the eugenol had good compatibility with kafirin, and the concentration of eugenol had a significant effect on the performance of kafirin films. This study would provide a theoretical reference for the research and application of new degradable and edible film materials.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(7): 1393-1398. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.07.1393This study aimed to explore the preventive effects of goose liver hydrolysate (GLH) on the alcoholic fatty liver (AFL) disease in rats. 6-week-old SD rats were randomly divided into 4 groups with different supplements in Lieber-DeCarli liquid basal diet: control group (normal saline), model group (normal saline + ethanol), GLH-H (600 mg·kg-1 BW GLH + ethanol) and GLH-L (200 mg·kg-1 BW GLH + ethanol). The experiment period lasted for 5 weeks. And then for each rat, the body weight, liver index, serum urea nitrogen, total cholesterol, triglyceride and inflammatory factors were measured, the composition of the intestinal microflora was analyzed, and the liver pathological section was prepared and observed. The results showed that GLH treatment improved the degree of hepatic steatosis and significantly reduced the liver index, serum nitrogen, total cholesterol, triglyceride and serum inflammation levels in GLH-H and GLH-L rats, compared to AM rats (P<0.05). At the same time, high-throughput sequencing revealed that GLH could also ameliorate the disorder of intestinal microflora caused by AFL. The results indicate that GLH has preventive effects on the occurrence of AFL disease. This this study would provide new ideas for the exploration of drugs for AFL disease.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(7): 1399-1407. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.07.1399To seek more efficient and practical biological detoxification strain to improve the application scope, we collected samples from acid and high temperature environment. One strain of bacteria named Y-33, was isolated for efficient detoxification zearalenone (ZEN),. Y-33 strain was incubated at 50℃ and pH value 5.0 for 36 hours, after which the degradation rate of bacterial solution to 2 μg·mL-1 ZEN was as high as 93.79%, and up to 82.40% to 20 μg·mL-1 ZEN. The strain Y-33 was initially identified as Bacillus subtilis with the analysis of its morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics and 16S rDNA sequences. The degradation rate in fermentation supernatant of the strain's was 62.02% at 28℃. Metal ion Mn2+ could significanty enhance the degradation ability of strain Y-33 culture supernatant to ZEN with the degradation rate being 81.17%, while Zn2+ severely inhibited the degradation capability of ZEN by Y-33 culture supernatant to only 5.42%. The results of this study lay the theoretical foundation for the development and application of ZEN detoxifying microbes.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(7): 1408-1414. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.07.1408Cadmium is a chemical pollutant, which could do harm to the internal organs and physiological systems of human’s body by long?term exposure. Cadmium pollution is increasing seriously in shellfish with the development of industry and agriculture. This review covers the current status and toxicity of cadmium, cadmium contamination and bioaccumulation in shellfish, the commonly?used methods for the detection of cadmium. Meanwhile, the security problems of cadmium residue in shellfish were also discussed and the risk of cadmium in shellfish was analyzed and evaluated by the method of risk assessment, which would provide technological references for future studies on the quality and safety of shellfish.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(7): 1415-1422. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.07.1415In this study, in order to reveal the photosynthetic tolerance and accumulation characteristics of Malva pusilla Smith, a pot experiment was conducted to observe and analyse the growth parameters, photosynthetic gas exchange parameters, photosynthetic pigment content, antioxidant enzyme (SOD, CAT, POD, APX) activity of Malva pusilla Smith and enrichment characteristics of Cd in different concentrations of Cd [0(CK), 5, 15, 30, 60, 100 mg·kg-1]. The research results showed that 5-100 mg·kg-1 treatments promoted the growth of Malva pusilla Smith, and its biomass reached the maximum when the Cd concentration was 30 mg·kg-1. With Cd concentrations increasing, the tendency of the photosynthetic rate (Pn) and transpiration rate (Tr) increased first and then decreased, Pn and Tr were significantly higher than controls when the treatment was 5-60 mg·kg-1, but Pn and Tr was significantly lower than control when the treatment was 100 mg·kg-1. The content of chlorophyll a increased under cadmium treatment, while chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and carotenoid content increased first and then decreased, reaching the maximum at 5 mg·kg-1 and 30 mg·kg-1, respectively. The content of photosynthetic pigments under Cd treatment was significantly higher than that of CK. Stomatal factors and non-stomatal factors including leafy area, photosynthetic pigment and antioxidant enzymes affected the photosynthesis when the treatment was 5-60 mg·kg-1, and stomatal factors affected the photosynthesis when the treatment was 100 mg·kg-1. With the increasing concentration of Cd, the bioconcentration factor (BCF) and transfer factor (TF) were both greater than 1.0, and the BCF values reached a maximum with 5 mg·kg-1 treatment indicating the plant had a strong ability to accumulate Cd. The TF value increased significantly at 100 mg·kg-1 and reached a maximum of 7.37, indicating the plant had a strong transport capacity. The concentration of cadmium in the tissues exceeded 100 mg·kg-1 when the treatment of Cd arriving 100 mg·kg-1. The results showed that the Malva pusilla Smith had strong ability of photosynthetic tolerance and hyperaccumulation under cadmium treatment, indicating Malva pusilla Smith was a potentially hyperaccumulator. This study provided a theoretical basis for identifying new phytoremediation materials.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(7): 1423-1431. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.07.1423In order to explore the flower bud differentiation and its structure characteristics of Zanthoxylum armatum DC., the cultivated Z. armatum DC. were used as experimental materials, and the frozen section method and observation method were used to study the characteristics of flower bud differentiation. This paper explored the characteristics of flower bud differentiation. The results showed that the differentiation process was divided into seven periods according to the features of Z. armatum DC.'s flower bud differentiation, Undifferentiated stage (before July 20th), Flower bud differentiation phase (July 30th to September 10th), Inflorescence primordium differentiation stage (September 10 to October 20th), blossom bud differention (October 20th to December 7th), Sepals differentiation (November 1th to February 1th of the following year), Ovary differentiation (February 1th to March 5th), and column differentiation (March 5th to March 15th). The period of Z. armatum DC.'s flower bud differentiation lasted more than 7 months (227 days). The flower bud differentiation process presented the characteristics of slow-fast-slow-fast. Flower bud of Z. armatum DC. belonged to mixed bud, all of the flower bud and leaf bud were naked bud. The buds of Z. armatum DC. were encased by 6 to 9 young leaves, the leaves were soft and succulent. This study showed that the inflorescence axis of Z. armatum DC. was differentiating at early September, this period determined the size of the inflorescence, which was the critical stage for irrigation, fertilization of cultivation. In late October, flower bud entered the stage of blossom bud differentiation, and blossom bud can be distinguished clearly from leaf bud at this moment. The findings improved its basic biological characteristics, and provided a theoretical basis for the cultivation and management of Z. armatum DC. in Sichuan and other places.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(7): 1432-1439. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.07.1432In this study, a pot experiment was carried out to explore effect of leaf?cutting on the plant characters, grain yield and quality of different wheat varieties in different soil. Under the condition of black soil with high soil fertility and alluvial soil with low soil fertility, the strong gluten spring wheat variety Jinqiang 8 and medium gluten spring wheat variety Nongmai 5 were used as the tested varieties. When the flag leaf of wheat was unfolded, different leaf positions were treated with leaf cutting. The results showed that when other treatments were similar, the plant height, ear length, 1000?grain weight and grain yield of wheat under black soil condition were significantly better than those under alluvial soil conditions (P<0.05), and the yield was increased by 44.8%, indicating that soil fertility had an important effect on the plant characters and yield of wheat. The grain number per ear, 1000?grain weight and yield of leaf?cutting treatment were all lower than those of non?leaf?cutting treatment (CK), among them the yield of cut flag leaves was 25.4% lower than CK, and the yield of two leaves clipped was 21.8% lower than CK (P<0.05), which indicates that leaf?cutting had adverse effects on yield characters of wheat. The contents of total protein, globulin and gliadin in black soil were higher than those in alluvial soil by 1.88 %, 0.34% and 1.06 %, respectively, which showed that soil fertility had an important effect on wheat quality (P<0.05). The contents of total protein, globulin, gliadin and glutenin of Jinqiang 8 were higher than those of Nongmai 5, among which the content of Glutenin was significantly higher by 1.38% (P<0.05); while the albumin of Nongmai 5 was significantly higher than that of Jinqiang 8 by 0.68% (P<0.05), The results showed that strong gluten wheat varieties were not superior to medium gluten wheat varieties in terms of each quality index. The findings of this study provide a theoretical basis for further research on high-quality and high-yield cultivation of wheat.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(7): 1440-1447. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.07.1440In order to compare the difference of cadmium (Cd) enrichment characteristics among maize (Zea mays L.) types and their genotypes, and screen out the maize cultivars with low accumulation potential of cadium, three types of maize (normal maize, sweet maize and waxy maize) with six genotypes (Yedan-13, Zhengdan-958, Suyunuo-2, Huyunuo-2, Jinzhumichaotian and Shentian-1) were used as the experiment materials. A pot experiment were conducted to investigate the effect of Cd stress on plant growth, cadmium absorption and distribution of different maize types and genotypes under cadium moderate pollution stress (3 mg·kg-1 Cd) and light poluction stress (1 mg·kg-1 Cd). The results showed that mild soil cadmium stress (Cd1) significantly promoted the growth of all maize genotypes, but moderate cadmium stress (Cd3) reduced the biomass of Yedan-13, Suyunuo-2 and Huyunuo-2 genotypes, the biomass of three maize types followed the order of normal maize>sweet maize>waxy maize at the same Cd level. With the increase of soil Cd content, the distribution of Cd in normal maize root was remarkably higher than those in sweet maize and waxy maize, however, Cd contents in stem, leave and seed of normal maize were significantly lower than those in sweet maize and waxy maize at the same Cd level. The normal maize of Zhengdan-958 genotype had the least Cd bio-concentration factor and transport capacity of cadmium among the six maize genotypes. According to the maximum permissible concentration standard (GB2762-2017 and GB13078-2017) of the National Standard Agency in China, only grain of Zhendan-958 genotype (0.083 mg·kg-1 Cd) can be consumed safely as food (≤0.1 mg·kg-1) when soil is mildly contaminated by cadmium (Cd1), but the grain of 2 normal and 2 sweet genotypes can be used safely as feeds according to the hygienical standard (≤0.5 mg·kg-1) when soil is moderately (Cd3) or mildly (Cd1) contaminated by cadmium. The results provide a theoretical basis for the safe production of maize in moderate and mild cadmium polluted farmland.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(7): 1448-1456. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.07.1448To determine the optimal application scheme of nitrogen, calcium and sulfur fertilizer for good quality and high yield of peanuts in Shajiang black soilarea, the effects of nitrogen(N), calcium(Ca) and sulfur(S) fertilizers on the yield and quality of Yuhua 22 peanut cultivar were studied using the three-factor secondary saturation D-optimal design method. The model analysis results showed that the yield and quality of peanut were significantly affected by N, Ca and S fertilizer. There were significant interactive effects between medium-upper N fertilizer and higher Ca fertilizer in the yield effect equation, and between medium Ca fertilizers and medium S fertilizers in the quality effect equation. Compared with the values of partial regression coefficients, we found that the yield was the largest affect by N fertilizer, followed by Ca fertilizer, and then S fertilizer; while the order of the influence of these three fertilizer on peanut kernel quality was: N > Ca > S. The single-factor effect analysis showed that the relationships between the yield or quality of peanuts and the N, Ca and S fertilizer application rates had a “parabolic” trend. The application rates of N, CaO and S fertilizer for the good quality and high yield of peanut were 104.08~111.81, 234.36~282.21 and 25.15~40.88 kg·hm-2. The combination of optimal application rates of N, Ca and S for achievingmaximal economic benefit (36 682.82 Yuan·hm-2) were 107.62, 243.15 and 22.91 kg·hm-2, and the ratio was 1∶2.26∶0.21. In conclusion, the constructed model could be better for simulating the relationship between three kinds of fertilizers and peanut yield or quality; and we founded that the yield and quality were affected by the interaction of N, Ca and S fertilizer, but these three fertilizer application rates were different for achieving good quality and highest yield of peanuts. Our findings can provide scientific guidance for reasonable fertilization in the black soil area of southern Henan province.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(7): 1457-1464. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.07.1457
To evaluate the effect of self-made biochar-based fertilizer on the yields, quality, fertilizer utilization efficiency, and economic performance of hot pepper in Guizhou, a field experiment was carried out with five contrasting application rates (i.e., including 1 758 kg·hm-2 (BCF1), 2 167.5 kg·hm-2 (BCF2), 2 550 kg·hm-2 (BCF3), 2 932.5 kg·hm-2 (BCF4), and 3 315 kg·hm-2 (BCF5)). The results showed that, compared with FP treatment, the application of biochar-based fertilizers significantly increased the yield, in which fresh pepper increased yield by 12.0% to 32.8%, and dried pepper increased yield by 12.6% to 31.6%, respectively. BCF2 treatment was the best among five treatments, and the yield was significantly higher than others. Biochar-based fertilizer also considerably affected the nitrate and Vc content of hot pepper. The nitrate content decreased by 3.9%~14.4% and the Vc content increased by 1.0%~19.3%, but had no effect on reducing sugar and free amino acid content. Compared with FP treatment, biochar-based fertilizer treatments increased the agronomic efficiency of the N and P fertilizer by 4.97~13.93 and 8.49~26.41 kg·kg-1, the agronomic efficiency of K fertiliaer of BCF1, BCF2 and BCF3 increased by 3.12~8.32 kg·kg-1, among which the BCF1 treatment was the highest. The N, P and K fertilizer apparent utilization rate was increased by 24.11~43.90%, 2.63~7.76% and 7.50~44.60%, respectively. The REN and REK of BCF2 treatment were highest, which were 55.0% and 74.1%, respectively, and the REP of BCF1 and BCF2 treatment was both the highest 10.3%. The application of biochar-based fertilizer improved pure income by 22.1%~74.8% compared with FP treatment, with highest being situated in BCF2 treatment. Compared with FP treatment, the net income of hot pepper after application of biochar-based fertilizer increased by 19.4% to 74.8%, and BCF2 was the best. In conclusion, 2 167.5 kg·hm-2 was the optimal applied rate of biochar-based fertilizer, of which the treatment obtained the best biological effects and economic benefits and could be recommended in the production of hot pepper in Guizhou. The results of this study provided a theoretical basis for the application of biochar-based fertilizer in the high-yielding cultivation of hot pepper in yellow soil of Guizhou province.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(7): 1465-1471. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.07.1465In order to explore the effects of oligoagars (OA) as a foliar fertilizer, okar (Abelmoschus moschatus) was tested in this study. Compound fertilizer as the basic fertilizer (control group), 0.2‰ OA and seaweed fertilizer (SF) were applied as the experimental groups, and the growth indexes, fruit parameters and nutritional qualities of okra were measured for each group. The results showed that 0.2‰ OA significantly promoted the plant growth and improved fruit yield and nutritional quality (P<0.05). Compared with the control groups, the yield of okra in the 0.2‰ OA group increased by 41.56%, the content of nutrients such as flavone, fructose, pectin, free amino acid, soluble sugar, and Vc increased by 0.39 percentage points, 29.33%, 93.28%, 36.09%, 19.75%, and 18.14%, respectively. Although the promotion effect of seaweed fertilizer was slightly lower than that of 0.2‰ OA, it was still significantly improved compared with the control group (P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the yield of okra in the SF groups increased by 14.74%, the content of nutrient such as flavone, pectin, free amino acid, soluble sugar, and Vc increased by 0.31 percentage points, 27.67%, 13.26%, 6.00% and 5.07%, respectively. In summary, oligoagars had great potential to improve the yield and quality of vegetables, which could be popularized in the high-quality agricultural production. The results provided a theoretical basis for the application of oligoagars in high-quality agricultural production.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(7): 1472-1479. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.07.1472In order to study the effect of different straw decomposition materials on the micro-ecological environment of cowpea continuous cropping soil and the physiological indexes of cowpea seedlings, cowpea was chosen as experimental material. Three treatments were set as follows: the decomposition of mustard stalks (T1), the decomposition of garlic stalks (T2) and control check (soils of continuous cropping cowpea without any plant stalks, CK). Microbial number, enzyme activity, pH and electrical conductivity in soils of continuous cropping cowpea field were investigated under different treatments. In addition, the growth character, chlorophyll content and antioxidant enzyme activities of cowpea were measured. The results showed that compared with CK, both T2 and T1 treatments significantly increased the number of soil bacteria by 50.02% and 111.71%, actinomycetes by 46.22% and 17.53%, and fungi by 45.08% and 33.80% respectively. Moreover, the soil enzyme activities could be improved by both treatments. The activity of urease, polyphenol oxidase and sucrose in soil treated with T1 were the highest, which were significantly increased by 10.74%, 93.02% and 283.83%, respectively, compared with CK, while the activity of acid phosphatase in T2 treatment was the highest increased by 175.80%. Furthermore, the pH value in soils of continuous cropping cowpea was significantly improved, and soil electrical conductivity was reduced in both treatments. After planting cowpea, T1 treatment significantly increased the plant height, stem diameter, fresh weight, dry weight and seedling index of cowpea seedlings, which were increased by 34.73%, 9.33%, 87.11%, 100% and 108.77% respectively, compared with CK. However, there was no significant difference in growth index of cowpea treated with T2 compared with CK. In addition, both T2 and T1 treatments significantly improved the chlorophyll content and reduced the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) of cowpea leaves. The T1 treatment could improve the activity of CAT, POD and SOD of cowpea seedlings, increased by 16.32%, 19.21% and 10.92%, respectively, when compared with CK. To sum up, straw decomposed substances could provide different carbon sources and energies for soil organisms, maintaining the diversity of soil microbial community, improving the property of soil physical and chemical and promoting cowpea roots to absorb more nutrients. Therefore, the chlorophyll content and antioxidant capacity of cowpea seedlings were increased, which was beneficial to the growth and development of cowpea seedlings and alleviated the continuous cropping obstacle of cowpea. The results provided a theoretical basis for the sustainable development of cowpea production.
