20 December 2007, Volume 21 Issue 06
-
Select all|
-
J4. 2007, 21(06): 537-540. https://doi.org/10.11869/hnxb.2007.06.0537
The dried seeds of pure Japonica rice,line c.v.U5,with compact type panicle were irradiated by 200Gy()~(60)Co γ-rays.Based on the observation and selection in the following generations,a mutant with umbrella type panicle was developed,and named as ET2.Compared with its parent U5,ET2 showed obvious difference in panicle type,the angle of its primary rachis-branchs was enlargeed to about 30°～40°;unripen grains,chalky grain rate and chalkiness degree decreased by 41.8%,39.8% and 59.1%,respectively,and yield increased by 4.15%.The analysis on traits of grains in different part of panicle showed that in the bottom grains improvement of unripen grains and chalkiness were much better than in the iddle ones,and much better than in the top ones within the panicle.Induction of ET2 might be an effective way for improving quality of grain in japonica rice varieties with compact panicle.
-
J4. 2007, 21(06): 541-544+556. https://doi.org/10.11869/hnxb.2007.06.0541
108 Dry seeds of Qingke(Hordeum vulgare linn.var.nudum Hook.f) were carried into space by recoverable satellite.After wards,the seeds were germinated into 108 seedlings at room temperature,and root tips were observed with light microscope,and results and normal mitotic division was found without microkernel at interphase or chromosome bridges at anaphase,which means that chromosomal structure change didn't occur in Qingke seeds during space flight.To investigate whether there were morphology variations taken place,the seedlings were transplanted into field and managed normal.All of plants grew as strong as normal Qingke plants(CK) by eye abservation.except two plants showed abnormal inflorescence morphology,which had two spikes on one tiller.21 SSR markers on 7 linkage groups were used to analysis the polymorphism of genomic DNA for these Qingke plants.No polymorphism was detected with 20 SSR markers among 63 plants investigated.But varied electrophoretic bands were tested in 10 plants using the marker HVM54 on chromosome 2H,and all the 10 plants showed uniform electrophoretypes.It was concluded that the DNA of the Qingke could be changed during space flight.
-
J4. 2007, 21(06): 545-549. https://doi.org/10.11869/hnxb.2007.06.0545
In order to identify QTLs associated with salt-tolerance in wheat,F_2 and F_(2:3) populations from the cross between the high yield variety Taikong 6 and salt tolerant variety Dekang 961 were produced.A total of 42 SSR markers were used to construct a linkage map,covering 704.5 cM of 8 wheat linkage groups,with an average distance of 16.8 cM.With the method of composite interval mapping(CIM),6 QTLs were detected.1 QTL for germination rate was detected on chromosome 5D,which could explain 7.68% of phenotypic variation and show additive effect,flanked by SSR markers cfd40 and gwm182.2 QTLs for seedling height were detected on chromosome 5D and 5A respectively,which could explain 9.30% and 8.14% of phenotypic variation and show dominant effects and partially dominant effects,flanked by SSR markers gwm182 and wmc215,barc141 and wmc415,respectively.2 QTLs for root length were detected on chromosome 5B,which could explain 8.74% and 8.40% of phenotypic variation and show partially dominant and super effects,flanked by SSR markers gwm234 and wmc326,barc140 and barc142,respectively.1 QTL for fresh weight was detected on chromosome 5D,which could explain 12.60% of phenotypic variation and show super dominant effects,flanked by SSR markers wmc215 and cfd29.The molecular markers identified in this study could be helpful for marker-assisted selections and pyramiding salt-tolerance genes in wheat breeding programs.
-
J4. 2007, 21(06): 550-556. https://doi.org/10.11869/hnxb.2007.06.0550
In order to analyze the corresponding relation between leaf appearance and spikelet primordium differentiation,and provide a theoretical guidance for coordinate development of vegetative organs and spikelet differentiation,for seedling diagnosis and cultivating health seedlings,sixteen wheat cultivars(Triticum aestivum L.) were used for investigating effects of sowing dates and vernalization treatments on corresponding relation between leaf appearance and double ridges stage,and glume stage of spike differentiation.Results showed that leaf age and remaining leaf primordium number were influenced by sowing dates and vernalization treatments significantly,whereas leaf number index of different sowing dates and vernalization treatments was relatively stable.Difference of leaf number,remaining leaf primordium number and leaf number index among cultivars was larger than that of different sowing dates and vernalization treatments.The results imply that corresponding relation between leaf number and spikelet primordium differentiation was markedly affected by ecological factors and cultivating conditions.However,leaf number is not a suitable index as healthy seedlings before winter. The investigation concludes that there is definitely corresponding relation between leaf number index and spikelet primordium differentiation.Leaf number index in double ridges stage of spring type cultivars and late single ridge stage or early double ridges stage of semi-winter type cultivars at the beginning of winter period as well as leaf number index in late double ridges stage at the end of winter period can be regarded as leaf standard of healthy seedlings.
-
J4. 2007, 21(06): 557-561. https://doi.org/10.11869/hnxb.2007.06.0557
Based on the statistical analysis system(SAS) software and mixed genetic model,the genetic basis of flat ear in maize(Zea mays) and its relation with other kernel-ear traits were studied using six generations(P_1,P_2,F_1,F_2,B_1,B_2).The value of Akaike's Information Criterion(AIC) and maximum likelihood function of 23 models were calculated.Genetic parameters of the model with minimum AIC value were calculated as well.The results were as following:(1) the trait of flat ear positively correlated to ear width and row number per ear at 1% level;(2) the flat ear of maize was a qualitative-quantitative trait,and was controlled by two pairs of major genes(gene a and gene b) and some minor genes.And the two major genes had the opposite effects on the trait,and gene b had more contribution to the phenotype of flat ear than gene a.Additionally,there was obvious epitasis between these two major genes,and the additive and dominant effects among the minor genes could redound to incarnate flat ear.
-
J4. 2007, 21(06): 562-566. https://doi.org/10.11869/hnxb.2007.06.0562
Physiological characteristics of pods and leaves between the normal soybean and its dwarf-mutant soybean HK808 were analyzed and compared.The mutant HK808 was induced from soybean dongnong 4 by NaN_3.The result showed that the total chlorophyll content of leaves in the mutant was less than that of the dongnong 4,but the ratio of chlorophyll-a/chlorophyll-b changed little,and the total chlorophyll content in pods was less than that in leaves of the same plant,but the cohlorophyll content in dongnong 4 plant was still higher than that in the mutant.After florescence and pods-growing,the protein content and the SOD activity of mutant leaves increased,however the praline content decreased,and both of them were less than that of original plant.The SOD activity in the mutant was stronger than that in the normal plant and the MDA content of the normal was increasing after grain-drumming period,indicated in mutant leaves,the ability of defending the injury of free radical was strengthened.Similar to the leaves in the mutant,content changing of protein and proline in pods performed the same trends,that protein content was increasing,proline content was decreasing,and both content of protein and praline in pods were less than that in leaves,the protein content in pods of the mutant was more than that in the normal plant.In addition,the MDA content of pods had lower level than leaves,and for the mutant,this content was less than the normal.Although the SOD activity showed a dropping trend,it remained higher than the normal,inducated that the mutant pods had stronger capacity in defensing of oxidization.
-
J4. 2007, 21(06): 567-571. https://doi.org/10.11869/hnxb.2007.06.0567
The contents of phycocyanin(PC),allo-phycocyanin(APC),phycobiliproteins(PBP) and the ratio of PC and APC(PC/APC) of nine Spirulina platensis strains used in pilot plant cultivation were 10.74%～16.26%,3.67%～5.55%,14.42%～21.81% and 2.87～3.05,respectively.By mechanical grinding and sedimentation,the single cells or spheroplasts of Sp-CH,whose PBP contents was highest in the nine tested strains,were obtained.They were treated by 0.6%EMS for 30min and 2.4 kGy()~(60)Co γ-rays,and then cultured by the single filament separating,a high PBP content strain named as Sp-CH32 was obtained.The contents of PC, APC and PBP of Sp-CH32 were about 36%,89% and 50%,higher than that of Sp-CH,respectively.And the PC/APC of Sp-CH32 were 1.91～2.23.Moreover,RAPD analysis showed that the amplifcation bands of primers S38 revealed significant polymorphisms in Sp-CH32 and Sp-CH.The pilot plant cultivation in 3 consecutive years showed that Sp-CH32 was a perfect high PBP content strain with excellent characteristics,and has been applied in mass cultivation and industrialization.
-
J4. 2007, 21(06): 572-576+566. https://doi.org/10.11869/hnxb.2007.06.0572
Pseudomonas stutzeri A1501 is a nitrogen-fixing bacterium associated with rice and classified into gamma subgroup of proteo-bacteria.Analysis of the genome revealed two linked amtB genes coding for ammonium transporter just down stream of glnK in the same operon.The AmtB1 contains 12 trans-membrane domains and the AmtB2 contains 11 trans-membrane domains respectively.The amtB mutant was constructed and the mutant showed retard growth compared to the wild-type strain.The optimal ammonium concentration for high nitrogen fixation by P.stutzeri wild-type and mutant strains is 0.01mmol/L.When cultured in the medium containing 3.3 and 10mmol/L NH~+_4,the wild type A1501 did not have any nitrogenase activity while the amtB mutant showed 86.6% and 74% of the maximal nitrogen activity cultured in the optimal ammonium concentration(0.01mmol/L).When nitrate was used as the sole nitrogen source,the ammonium concentration of the amtB mutant in the broth reached 3.4mmol/L while that of the wild-type of strain A1501 was not detected.Thus we concluded that the AmtB is involved in the transport of ammonium and related to nitrogen fixation and metabolism.
-
J4. 2007, 21(06): 577-580+596. https://doi.org/10.11869/hnxb.2007.06.0577
Leaf explants of Begonia×Rieger were regenerated and treated in vitro with chemical mutagen EMS at different concentration to get variation.The results showed that induction frequency and proliferation rate were reduced with the increase of EMS concentration,but the variation rate were increased.0.4% EMS(8h,20℃) was the half-lethal dose of the regeneration for leaf explants,and was the optimum concentration for variation occurrence of Begonia×Rieger in vitro.The 21 variant plants of Rieger×Begonia were detected by RAPD-PCR analysis,which showed that DNA polymorphism segments occurred in 12 variant plants,proving that came from genome.
-
J4. 2007, 21(06): 581-584. https://doi.org/10.11869/hnxb.2007.06.0581
Using leaves as explants,we established a high frequency regeneration system of Echinops latifolius Tausch,and studied the main factors which affecting plant regeneration in vitro.The results showed that the optimum medium for shoot regeneration was MS+6-BA 1.0mg·L~(-1)+NAA 0.1mg·L~(-1).The frequency of shoot regeneration was 48.33% and mean number of buds per explant was 3.56.The optimum medium plus 2.0mg·L~(-1) AgNO_3,and incubating for 15 days under dark condition could strikingly promote shoot regeneration and the number of bud,with frequency of 80.33% and 63.33% respectively.
-
J4. 2007, 21(06): 585-588. https://doi.org/10.11869/hnxb.2007.06.0585
Using dwarfing sterile wheat as a breeding material,duoII as so donor parent,77(2)as recurrent male parent,two near isogenic lines(NIL),M04309-1and M04309-3 were bred.The gene location of the multi-ovary gene through successive backcrossing and crossing was analyzed using acid polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(APAGE) and the genetic background of NIL was obtained through comparison with that of DuoII and 77(2),respectively.The results were as follows:(1)NIL(M04309-1and M04309-3) was highly genetic stability for wheat multi-ovary;(2)The genetic background variance of NIL was evaluated by the APAGE of gliadin.Preferable genetic consistency was found in NIL、between NIL and between NIL and recurrent parent;(3)Characteristic bands of the multi-ovary gene was detected,which did not show any polymorphism between NIL and their parent.
-
J4. 2007, 21(06): 589-592+601. https://doi.org/10.11869/hnxb.2007.06.0589
Space breeding is a novel effective approach to crop mutational improvement,which was firstly founded by the chinese scientists in 1987.A national collaborative research network has been established and significant achievements have been made during the past twenty years.More than forty new mutant varieties derived from space mutagenesis in rice,wheat,cotton,sweet pepper,tomato,sesame and alfalfa have been developed,officially released and put into production.A series of useful rare mutant germplasms which might make a great breakthrough in crop grain yield and/or quality improvement have been obtained.Technique innovations in space breeding and ground simulation of space environmental factors have been made good progresses.Intellective property right protection and industrialization of space mutation techniques and mutant varieties,exploration of the mechanism of space mutation induction have also been stably advanced.In this paper,the main achievements of crop space breeding in the past twenty years had been reviewed.The perspective development strategies of space breeding were also discussed.
-
J4. 2007, 21(06): 593-596. https://doi.org/10.11869/hnxb.2007.06.0593
The effects of irradiation on microbiological,nutrient and sensory qualities of blanched peanut and celery mixture stored at commercial condition and D_(10) values of pathogens of Listeria innocua and Salmonella enteritidis were investigated.Results showed that D_(10) values of Salmonella enteritidis and Listeria innocua inoculated mixture of blanched celery and peanut were 0.284 and 0.296 kGy,respectively.Irradiation at dose lower than 2.0kGy have no significant effects on sensory qualities,content of crude protein and amino acid(p>0.05),and decrease 2～3 log of microbial in the mixture blanched peanut and celery and above 6 log of pathogens of Listeria innocua and Salmonella enteritidis inoculated.2.0 kGy might be the optimum dose to ensure the hygienic quality of products.
-
J4. 2007, 21(06): 597-601. https://doi.org/10.11869/hnxb.2007.06.0597
Rapeseed oil deodorizer distillate(RODD) is an important source of natural vitamin E.Sterols were removed from RODD by crystallization and the resulting material was distilled at 473K and 2.66Pa to remove high boiling point substances.The distillate stream followed by saponification and acidulation was directly to concentrate V_E by molecular distillation.When molecular distillation wiper speed set up at 150rpm,vapor pressure 5.3Pa,condenser temperature 403K and feed flow rate 2.068ml/min,the residue material was composed of 2.70% free fatty acid(FFA) and 26.32% V_E.The recovery of V_E and FFA were 69.23% and 85%,respectively.30% concentration of V_E was obtained by the methyl esterification-distillation method when evaporator temperature was 403K.
-
J4. 2007, 21(06): 602-605. https://doi.org/10.11869/hnxb.2007.06.0602
The polyphenol from rapeseed(RSPP),vitamin C(Vc) and their mixture were analyzed for the antioxidant activity in different systems including hydroxyl radical(·OH) and superoxide anion radical(OH~·O~·_2) scavenge.The OH~·O~·_2 scavenging activities of RSPP and Vc were measured by pyrogallol auto-oxidation,and ·OH scavenging activity by phenanthrocine-Fe~(2+) system.The results showed that there(RSPP,VC and RSPP plus Vc) had no dose-effect relationships to activity of scavenging OH~·O~·_2 or ·OH.The highest OH~·O~·_2 or ·OH scavenging activity for RSPP measured at 0.25mg/ml.The highest scavenging rates for two radicds were 51.40% and 84.82%,respectively.The highest OH~·O~·_2 scavenging rate of V_c was 80.39% to at the concentration of 0.80mg/ml,and to ·OH at 0.40mg/ml.At the total concentration of 0.25mg/ml,the synergistic effect of RSPP plus Vc scavenging OH~·O~·_2 was not observed.For ·OH,the synergistic effects at the RSPP∶Vc ratio(7∶3 and 8∶2)were observed,and the highest scavenging rate was 78.78%(7∶3).
-
J4. 2007, 21(06): 606-611. https://doi.org/10.11869/hnxb.2007.06.0606
The status of food irradiation on research,standard and commercialization is described in the paper.The main research fields now include degradation of chloramphenicol residue by irradiation,promoting safety of meat products,frozen seafood and ready-to-eat products by irradiation,lower activity of allergic protein by irradiation,identification of irradiated food and irradiation as a phytosanitary treatment.The existed standards need to be revised,and new standard need to be established.The commercialization stages of food irradiation and quality assurance system of irradiation company are also analyzed.
-
J4. 2007, 21(06): 612-617. https://doi.org/10.11869/hnxb.2007.06.0612
In-situ measurement of environmental radionuclides()~(137)Cs and ()~(210)Pb_(ex) has a potential to assess soil erosion and sedimentation rapidly.In this study,we measured the inventories of()~(137)Cs and()~(210)Pb_(ex) in the soil of Inner Mongolia grassland using an in-situ gamma detector with the 50 mm shield and Collimator mounted on a cart(ISOCS,Insitu Object Counting System).The detector was set up one meter above the ground with 90° collimator installed: the counting time is more than 3600s.The field survey data were compared with data from laboratory analysis of section cores.The results showed that the mean deviations of measured values between field and laboratory measurements are less than 8%,indicating a high precision for in-situ gamma spectrometry.The inventories of()~(210)Pb_(ex) measured by in-situ γ spectrometry were much higher than the laboratory measurements due to a short measurement time in the field.The results from our pilot study indicated that in-situ gamma-ray spectrometry has the following advantages over traditional laboratory measurements: no time consuming sample collection,prompt availability of the results,averaging radionuclide activity over a large area and high precision.
-
J4. 2007, 21(06): 618-622. https://doi.org/10.11869/hnxb.2007.06.0618
The study on the impact of conversion of permanent grassland to farmland on the soil organic carbon pool was conducted in the reclaimed grassland in Karst area of northwest Guangxi.The result showed that soil dissolved organic carbon,microbial biomass carbon and total organic carbon declined significantly after the conversion of permanent grassland to farmland.The level of soil organic carbon in the soil growing citrus trees was higher than that in the cropland,and the concentration of soil organic carbon in the cropland with the rotation of corn and sugar cane was higher than that in the cropland with successional sugar cane.The result of()~(13)C isotope tracing indicated that soil organic carbon derived from original organic carbon of previous grassland in the land growing citrus tee was higher than that in the farmland,soil carbon derived from the original organic carbon of previous grassland declined in cropland with the increase of years of planting crops,and the soil organic carbon derived from corn was higher than that derived from sugar cane in the cropland with the ration of corn and sugar cane.
-
J4. 2007, 21(06): 623-629. https://doi.org/10.11869/hnxb.2007.06.0623
The effects of compound pollution of Zn and Cr on soil enzyme activity at different growth stages of rice(Oryza sativa L.) plants were investigated in a soil pot experiment.The results were as follows: With increasing of contents of Zn and Cr in the soil,the biomass of rice plants was reduced at different growth stages,but the ratio of root to shoot(W/W) had an increasing trend,and the differences of them were highly significant(P<0.01).Soil catalase activity had the trend of decline with increasing of contents of Zn and Cr at different growth stages of rice plants.Compared with the control,the minimums of soil catalase activity at tillering stage,booting stage and filling stage of rice plants were decreased 34.17%,23.02% and 4.89%,respectively.Except that Zn×Cr was not significant at filling stage,the differences at others stages were highly significant(P<0.01).Meanwhile,with increasing of contents of Zn and Cr,soil urease activity and invertase activity both had the trend of decline at tillering stage,and increase at booting and filling stage.The differences of soil urease activity and invertase activity were highly significant(P<0.01).Through linear regression analysis and partial correlation analysis,soil catalase activity had highly significant linear regression and significant or highly significant negative correlation with contents of Zn and Cr at different growth stages of rice plants.It indicated that compound pollution of Zn and Cr had Co-inhibiting effect on soil catalase activity.Soil urease activity highly significant linear regression with contents of Zn at filling stage,and partial correlation coefficient was 0.7253~(**).Soil invertase activity had highly significant linear regression with contents of Zn at filling stage,and partial correlation coefficients were-0.7426~(**),0.8056~(**),respectively.And it indicated that compound pollution of Zn and Cr did not have compound effects on soil urease activity and invertase activity.
-
J4. 2007, 21(06): 630-632+629. https://doi.org/10.11869/hnxb.2007.06.0630
Carbon(()~(14)C) isotope tracer is a sensitive and reliable technique to study the decomposition and transformation of plant residues in soil,and it is used widely as a chief means of understanding the turnover dynamics of soil organic C.This paper introduces a simple method for production of plant labeling with()~(14)C isotope in a closed chamber supplying()~(14)C-CO_2.This apparatus was simple and cheap,and the method was convenient and reliable.The method is also suitable to label plant with()~(13)C and()~(15)N isotope.
-
J4. 2007, 21(06): 633-636. https://doi.org/10.11869/hnxb.2007.06.0633
The ultrastructure of natural sperm and irradiated sperm of male Anoplophora nobilis were observed with transmission electron microscopy.The sperm of Anoplophora nobilis includes both sections of head and tail.The nucleus is of the main structure of the sperm head;the tail consists of mitochondrial derivatives and microtubules system.A 9+9+2 axonemal pattern composes 9 accessory microtubules,9 double microtubules and 2 centriolar microtubules.The conglutination of two or more sperms was observed after Anoplophora nobilis was irradiated under the dose of 80 and 120Gy.Some accessory bodies were connecting to form a curving line and the conglutination of mitochondrial derivatives appeared too.The organelles in un-conglutinated sperms arranged dispersedly,mitochondrial derivatives and accessory bodies along the both sides of axoneme deformed.No conspicuous differences were found in the ultrastructure of sperms between insects irradiated by the dose of 80 and that of 120Gy.
-
J4. 2007, 21(06): 637-640. https://doi.org/10.11869/hnxb.2007.06.0637
The movement and environmental toxicity of Chromium contamination would be extensively determined by its chemical form and Cr(Ⅵ),which is mobile and suspected carcinogen and may convert to Cr(Ⅲ),which is less mobile and less toxic,when there is sufficient rates of natural reduction,the "monitored natural attenuation" approach would be expected.Ellis et al now reported that the()~(53)Cr/()~(52)Cr ratio changes during reduction of Cr(Ⅵ) to Cr(Ⅲ),shift of isotope ratio is associated extent of reducing process whit Reyleigh formula,therefore tracking()~(53)Cr in Cr(Ⅵ) may monitor the fate of chromium contamination.In the paper,the background of theory,sampling and test examples on the topic are clarified.
-
J4. 2007, 21(06): 641-645. https://doi.org/10.11869/hnxb.2007.06.0641
Soil water stress influences both the yield and quality of wheat.The influence of water stress on the growth of wheat plant leads to smaller leaf area,lower chlorophyll content and poorer photosynthetic performances of community.The study of photosynthetic performances mostly focuses on community and flag leaf.Soil water stress also reduced photosynthetic production after flowering and lead to insufficient grain filling matters,so that the assimilates reserved in vegetative organs before flowering were translocated to grains quickly,and the proportion of mobilized assimilates from vegetative organs in grains increased,which may compensate the decrease of grain weight and grain yield to a certain extent;Soil water stress also influenced wheat grain quality,which mostly show on protein and starch contents.
-
J4. 2007, 21(06): 646-651. https://doi.org/10.11869/hnxb.2007.06.0646
Problems and suggestions on radioisotope tracing experiment were summarized in this paper,including selection of radionuclide and radiochemical,estimation of radiochemical applied amount,methods of radioisotopic tracer introduced to investigation objects,radioactive sample pretreatment,liquid scintillation counting and radioactive waste treatment.
