To investigate changes of proteins during rice tiller development, a comparative proteomic analysis between a high-tillering dwarf mutant R955 induced by spaceflight and its ground control was performed at three developmental stages during the vegetative growth, i. e. at days 14 (no tiller appearance), 21(initial tillering) and 55 (maximum tillering) after sowing. Analysis of the protein spots on two-dimensional fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis 2-D DIGE images revealed 97 proteins that were differentially expressed at the three stages. Among them, 59 unique proteins were successfully identified by mass spectrometry. Through functional and quantitative analysis of proteomic data, it was found that biological processes including energy pathway, photosynthesis, protein metabolism, nitrogen assimilation, amino acid metabolism and stimulus response were mainly involved in tiller development in mutant plant. K-means clustering revealed that proteins regulated at different stages tended to be involved in different biological processes. Two-way analysis of variance (Two-way ANOVA) showed that S-like was diratly correlated RNase with the high-tillering ability.

A male sterile gene of rice SC316 was transferred into a conventional indica rice Zhongxian 898 by consecutive backcross procedures. Genetic study on fertility was undertaken based on the anther fertility and the bagged seed setting rate of individual plant from different backcross, sibling and inbreeding populations derived from the cross of SC316 and Zhongxian 898. The results indicated that the male sterility of SC316 was controlled by one pair of nuclear dominant sterile gene.

Wheat sharp eyespot, mainly caused by Rhizoctonia cerealis Vander hoeven and Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn, is a soil-borne fungal disease worldwide. Developing and applying disease resistant varieties is the most effective and economical strategy to control the disease. TaPIMP1 gene controlled by maize Ubiquitin promoter was introduced into varieties of Yangmai 158, Yangmai 12 and Alondra via particle bombardment method, and 17 of transgenic plants were obtained. PCR analysis of TaPIMP1 gene in T₁ and T₂ transgenic plants indicated that the gene could be transferred to descendant stably. The results of semi-quantitative RT-PCR in 15 T₂ transgenic plants showed that TaPIMP1 expression level of 14 transgenic plants was increased in different extent compared to control. This suggested the gene could be expressed in the plants of T₂ generation. Evaluation of the wheat sharp eyespot resistance evaluation in T₂ positive transgenic plants showed that the resistance to wheat sharp eyespot was enhanced in most transgenic plants due to the introduction and expression of the TaPIMP1 gene.

S-adenosylmethionine synthetase SAMS is a key enzyme in plant metabolism,catalyzing the biosynthesis of SAM,which is a donor for methyl groups and the precursor of many compounds. To study the response and functions of SAMS under salt stress in maize, the semi-quantitative RT-PCR was used to investigate the expression patterns of SAMS gene, using maize glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene as a control. The results showed that all of the four maize SAMS genes family members were expressed both under normal and salt conditions, In the control seedlings, the mRNA levels of the four genes were higher in roots and stems than those in leaves. Under the salt stress the expression of SAMS1 was down-regulated in stems, up-regulated in leaves, but no change in roots. The transcript levels of SAMS2 and SAMS4 also increased significantly under salt stress. However, SAMS3 had no response to NaCl in any organs. In maize, the four genes of SAMS family were differentially expressed under salt stress condition, suggesting the possibility of functional differences between their proteins.

In order to study the effect of exogenous hormones and sugars on expression of zSs1 gene in maize, the leaves of maize inbred line 18-599 were soaked in culture mediums, contained mannitol, sucrose and glucose respectively, then treated with ABA or GA and the expression levels of zSs1 mRNA were detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR. The results showed that: compared with those cultured in basic salt, the transcripts of zSs1 didn’t change when treated with mannitol or glucose alone, but increased about 2 times when treated with sucrose. After adding ABA and GA respectively, the expression levels of zSs1 gene was increased about 2-fold either in mannitol, glucose or sucrose, and the increase effects of sucrose and ABA seemed to be a additive.

Tolerance to low temperaterature during germination for fifty-five accessions of peanut germplasm were evaluated when the seeds were imbibed at 2℃ at 96h followed by 25℃ for 72h. Percentage of the number of seeds with radicals breaking through testa(PSWRBT) and ratio of the length of hypocotyls and radicals to the length of seeds(RHRS) were calculated. Main quality traits including oleic acid, linoleic acid, palmitic acid, oil, protein and sucrose contents were determined by near-infrared spectroscopy. Relationship between low temperature tolerance of peanut seed during imbibition and individual quality attributes was analyzed. The results showed that under low temperature stress condition, 3,3,5 and 43 accessions had the PSERTBT of ≥80%, 70%~80%, 60%~70% and<60%, respectively; 3,5,3 and 43 accessions had the RHRS of >0.5, 0.4~0.5, 0.4~0.3 and<0.3, respectively. A4, a valencia type accession with 95% PSWRBT and 1.50 RHRS were identified as highest tolerant. PSWRBT was significantly positively related to RHRS and positively related to oil content; RHRS was significantly positively related to linoleic acid content and negatively related to oleic acid content; neither of them was significantly positively related to 100-seeds wight.

PCR primers were designed according to our previous research results. A chalcone synthase gene, designated BoCHS2, was isolated from leaf genomic DNA and cDNA. Genomic DNA of BoCHS2 was 1267bp in length with an intron of 85bp. The complete coding sequence was 1182bp in length encoding 393 amino acids. The gene sequence was submitted to NCBI with an accession number of HQ189776.There were 27bp and 8 amino acids differences between BoCHS2 and BoCHS at nucleotide and protein level, respectively. Expression analysis results showed an increase of BoCHS2 transcription both in leaves and cotyledons while infected with Hyaloperonospora parasitica. Antisense segment of BoCHS2 was inserted into a pCAMBIA1300 vector with green fluorescent protein gene and plant expression vectors were successfully constructed.

Ari1327 was a dwarf mutant derived from Ari971 introduced from America and treated by ⁶⁰Co γ-rays irradiation. Cross combination was created by Ari1327 and TM-1 which was a standard genetic line for Gossypium hirsutum. QTL analysis for plant height and fiber quality traits was conducted in the F₂ population of the cross. 4 QTLs were identified for plant height, distributed on chromosome 3,11,14 and LG6,jointly explaining 74.53% of the plant height variance. 2 QTLs were identified for fiber strength, distributing on Chr.23 and LG5, explaining 4.85% and 9.85% of the fiber strength variance,respectively. one QTL was identified for micronaire, distributing on LG3 and explaining 7.28% of the fiber micronaire variance. one QTL was identified for fiber length, fiber uniformity and fiber elongation accordingly, distributing on LG3 altogether and explaining 9.86%, 28.35% and 28.26% of the variance, respectively. The correlation coefficients between plant height and fiber quality traits were all small and not significant, indicating that fiber quality traits maybe have little relative with plant height genetically, provides the theoretical foundation for simultaneous improvement of plant height and fiber quality in cotton breeding.

Changes of activities of antioxidant enzymes in pprI-transgenic tobacco seedlings and non-transgenic tobacco seedlings after different doses ⁶⁰Co γ-rays irradiation were studied. The results showed that the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidas (POD) and catalse (CAT) in pprI-transgenic tobacco seedlings and non-transgenic tobacco seedlings were gradually increased after different doses ⁶⁰Co γ-rays irradiation. The activity of SOD was to the maximum at 100Gy treatment, but the activity of POD and CAT at 300Gy treatment,and then these three antioxidant enzymes gradually decreased with the increase of irradiation dose. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis also revealed that the over-express of these antioxidant enzymes were induced after different doses ⁶⁰Co γ-rays irradiation and were consistent with the variance of their enzymic activities, which enhanced the tolerance of tobacco against irradiation.

In higher plants, WRKY gene family plays significant role in transcriptional regulation. They are widely involved in biotic stress, abiotic stress, growth, development and metabolism regulation. In this study WRKY12 from tobacco was cloned by homology cloning. The deduced protein sequence showed that this protein belonged to the second group of WRKY family and the zinc-finger structure is C-X₄-C-X₂₃-H-X₁-H. Phylogeny results showed WRKY12 was much closer to GmWRKY6 and GmWRKY12 from bean, generated 50% and 45% amino acids similarity. Northern Blot experiment showed that the gene expression was induced at 4℃ treatment. By SDS-PAGE analysis, the best expression condition of WRKY12 was obtained when the host bacteria- E.coli Rosetta-gami B (DE3) was grown for 8h at temperature 18℃ added 0.2mmol/L IPTG. Further experiment generated the purified protein and antibody with high specificity.

Primers were designed by the homologous comparison of plant’s high-affinity potassium transporter genes. Full-length cDNA sequence of NtHAK1, a tobacco potassium transporter gene, was cloned using RT-PCR method combining 3’RACE and 5’RACE in Nicotiana tabacum cultivar K326.The sequence length of NtHAK1 is 2016bp, encoding a 378 amino acid protein, whose molecular mass is 42.27kDa and isoelectric point is 7.2.Protein structure and function analysis shows that the protein has six transmembrane domains and contains a functional K⁺ transporter protein conserved domains cl01227.Homology analysis shows that NtHAK1 shares high homology with arabidopsis, rice, barley and other plant’s high-affinity potassium transporters. At the plant organ level, NtHAK1 was expressed in roots, stems, leaves and flowers. Meanwhile, the expression of NtHAK1 was not induced by the external low potassium stress.

Currently, few strains can utilize xylose to produce ethanol with very low productivity. By the method of mutation breeding to these strains the rate of lignocellulosic utilization could be improved. In this study,the initial Pachysolen tannophilus As2.1585 was treated by N⁺ ions implantation of 15keV. The survival curve showed a saddle model. Considering the survival rate and range of positive mutation, the N⁺ ions implantation of 12.5×10¹⁴ions/cm² for mutation breeding of Pachysolen tannophilus was selected. A Pachysolen tannophilus mutant mut-54, which had perfect genetic stability of producing ethanol was screened out after continuous 7 passages. The mut-54 had a higher xylose consumption rate, biomass accumulation and ability of ethanol-resistant than the parent strain. Compared with the parent strain, the ethanol concentration fermented by the mut-54 for 72h increased by 12.74 %, which was more suitable for producing ethanol from xylose than the parent strain.

In order to enhance the ligninolytic enzymes activity of Pleurotus eryngii_-Co007, the influence of initial pH, straw, Cu²⁺concentration, Tween-80 content on ligninolytic enzymes production were studied. Designed with single factor experiment and the Central Composite in the response surface methodology, the optimization conditions of producing ligninolytic enzymes were initial pH at 5.63, 1.12% of straw, Cu²⁺ at 4.00mmol/L, Tween-80 0.83g/L. Under these conditions, the ligninolytic enzymes activity in fermentation broth of shake flask on the eighth day was 241.40U/ml,which was similar to that predicted from the regression model with a relative error of 2.18%.

A radiation resistant and thermophilic bacterium strain R4-33 was isolated from radon hot spring water samples, pretreated with ⁶⁰ Co γ - rays and UV irradiation. Tests on morphological, physiological and biochemical characters, fatty acid compositions, (G+C) mol% contents, and 16S rDNA sequencing were conducted. The results showed that strain R4-33 was of rod-shape, Gram-negative, atrichous, and endospore-forming. The optimum growth temperature and pH were 60℃ and 7.5, respectively. The strain utilized glucose, maltose and trehalose as carbon sources,and hydrolyzed casein and starch. Its catalase positive. The strain was sensitive to penicillin, neomycin, erythromycin, vancomycin, streptomycin, gentamycin, amikacin and ampicillin. The major cellular fatty acids were C_14:1(48.4%) and C_15:1(15.2%). The (G+C)mol% content of DNA was 58.2%. Phylogenetic tree based on 16S rDNA sequence showed R4-33 shared highly similarity to those of species in genus Anoxybacillus, especially to that of Anoxybacillus gonensis (99.5%). Based on the above, the strain R4-33 was proposed to the evolution branch of Anoxybacillus and designated as Anoxybacillu sp. R4-33.The UV and γ-radiation tests showed that the strain R4-33 had an ability of resistance to UV of 396J/m² and⁶⁰Co γ-rays irradiation of 14.0kGy, indicating that the strain was a radiation resistant and thermophilic bacterium.

The glutinous rice restorer Nuohui 6211 was bred from the irradiation of the F₁ seeds. The restorer has the characteristics of high stability of trait performance, highly resistant to biotic or abiotic stresses, and high combining ability. It has been passed the provincial evaluation of field performance test in spring of 2010. The hybrid rice Nuoyou 6211 between N₂A and Nuohui 6211 yielded 8335.5kg/hm² in 2008 and 8230.5kg/hm² in 2009 in the regional trial of Guizhou province in the glutinous rice group with yield increase by 21.5% and 19.54% respectively over the check variety Long Hu He. Nuoyou 6211 was examined and approved to release by the Variety Examination and Approval Committee of Guizhou Province in July, 2010.

A new special rice variety Hangxiangnuo was bred by several generation selections of the progeny of the rice variety Nanfengnuo which was carried by the spacecraft Shen zhou No 4.Hangxiangnuo was permitted to release by the Crop Examination and Approval Committee of Guangdong Province in January, 2009.Compared with its parent variety Nanfengnuo, Hangxiangnuo has better resistance to blast, greater length-width ratio of grain, more panicles per plant, filled grains per panicle and fragrance. The efficiency of space mutation breeding and the generation at which mutant traits become homozygous were also discussed in the paper.

The soft can packaged chicken feet were irradiated by ⁶⁰Co γ-rays at 0, 3, 5 and 10kGy, and the aerobic plate count, enumeration of coliforms, pathogens, TBARS value and sensory characteristics were investigated during different storage times of 0, 30, 60 and 90d, respectively. The result showed that aerobic plate count of all treated groups were 6.1×10³, 1.4×10³ and 765cfu/g, respectively, and were all lower than that of control after 90d. Enumeration of coliforms, and pathogens of Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella, Salmonella were not detected. TBARS value of all groups increased during the storage time, and there was no significant difference between 3kGy irradiated group and control, which was 0.410 and 0.404 after 90d. Irradiation would not change the sensory quality of chicken feet obviously, and ⁶⁰Co γ-rays irradiation was an effective sterilization method on soft can packaged chicken feet.

The effects of irradiation, the packaging methods, antioxidants and irradiation temperature on amino acid composition of braised chicken were studied and the sensory characteristics of irradiated braised chicken at different storage time were evaluated in this paper. Eighteen kinds of amino acids were determined by amino acid analyzer and peculiar smell during the storage was conducted with double blind method. The results showed that the packaging methods, antioxidants and irradiation temperature had no effect on amino acid composition of braised chicken at 6.5kGy(P>0.05), and the irradiated braised chicken gave off peculiar smells significantly and the peculiar smells gradually lightened with the extension of storage time. Low-temperature irradiation combined with vacuum packaging and antioxidants were an effective method on braised chicken irradiation.

Effects of ion beam irradiation on strawberry quality were studied,in this study and microbial biomass, decay index, weight loss and biological index were detected. Irradiation dosage were 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0kGy.The results showed that the irradiation decreased the number of microorganism in the strawberry and delayed the rotten speed. The soluble solids, Vc and total acid content of irradiated strawberry reduced slower than that of control.It indicated that the irradiation dosage did not affect the quality of strawberry in this study.Therefore, 2.0~3.0kGy of ion beam irradiation were an excellent irradiation dosage for strawberry preservation.

The antioxidant activity of hawthorn flavonoid extract and its inhibition effect on irradiated pork lipid oxidant were investigated. The results showed that hawthorn flavonoids had efficient scavenging effect on DPPH free radicals (DPPH ·), and the scavenging rate reached 56% while 2ml of 0.035mg/ml hawthorn flavonoid extract was added. Hawthorn flavonoid extract can inhibition the lipid oxidation of irradiated pork effectively and it showed a stronger inhibition ability while the hawthorn flavonoid extract were used together with Vc. It is concluded that can decrease the lipid oxidation of pork, hawthorn flavonoid extract is a remarkable natural antioxidant.