In recent years， the pre-made dishes industry has developed rapidly， providing more convenient and diverse choices for the catering industry and consumers. Pre-made dishes cover a wide range of food raw materials and auxiliary materials such as livestock and poultry， aquatic products， fruits and vegetables， and involve multiple research directions including flavor development， quality control， and process improvement. Based on the current definition and scope of pre-made dishes， this paper summarizes the application of emerging processing key technologies in pre-prepared foods， including storage and preservation technology， freezing and thawing technology， drying technology， sterilization technology， and packaging technology. The paper also sorts out the main processing technology problems such as flavor， nutrition， and equipment， the cold chain logistics problem throughout the process， and the standard system construction problem， with the aim of providing references for the high-quality development of Pre-made dishes.

In order to obtain the basic mechanical properties parameters of apple fruit and fruit stem， the puncture mechanical parameters of different parts of Granny Smith， Luochuan Fuji， Linyi Fuji， and Huaguan apple， as well as the stem tensile and stem shear mechanical parameters were measured using the biomechanical tester. The critical torque of separating the apple from the branch was obtained using a self-made torsion device. The maximum tensile force of the stem was measured using a digital tension meter in orchards. The static and dynamic friction coefficients of apple with different materials were tested by friction test device. The results indicated that there were significant differences in the actual transverse diameter and weight of apples from different varieties. The distribution of transverse diameter was basically consistent with the normal distribution. There were significant differences in the puncture mechanical properties of apples between varieties and puncture sites. The maximum puncture force from large to small was the bottom， the top， and the equator， indicating that the apple was not isotropic. The maximum tensile force and the tensile stress increased with the increase of the tensile speed. The maximum tensile force measured by laboratory and field tensile tests was 30.95 and 30.03 N， respectively. And the location of the tensile fracture of stem was obtained through the experiment. The shear force range of the middle part and the upper part of stem was 43.44-81.61 and 46.18-103.87 N， respectively. The maximum torque of Fuji and Huaguan apple was 0.373 and 0.364 N·m， respectively. The static friction coefficients of apple equator with silica gel， stainless steel， organic glass and rubber are 1.000， 0.332， 0.696 and 1.026， respectively. The research results provide basic parameters for the research of intelligent apple picking machinery and related machinery.

Astragalus membranaceus is a traditional food-medicine homologous substance in China， which has the remarkable characteristics of regulating immunity and assisting treatment of cardiovascular diseases. In recent years， the development of the field of drug and food homology makes it a very influential product. Understanding and mastering the research status and development trends of Astragalus membranaceus can provide new ideas for the sustainable development of the Astragalus membranaceus industry. Using bibliometrics （sources： CNKI， Web of Science， etc.） and keyword analysis as methods， this study analyzed the number of articles published on Astragalus membranaceus in the year， core journals in the field of medicine and food， and the number of patents. A total of 7 458 Chinese and English literature and 3 320 patents related to the study of Astragalus membranaceus were retrieved from 2003 to 2023. The results showed that the researches on Astragalus membranaceus in China were significantly higher than that in foreign countries. The research object had formed a diversified development trend with ‘pharmacological effects’ and ‘medicinal food homology’， and the research content was gradually deepening towards the mechanism of action， functional activity. At present， Astragalus membranaceus is in the developing stage. Based on the industrial innovation and the change of the concept of nutrition and health consumption， the research of Astragalus membranaceus should pay attention to the development of functional activity， product diversification and nutrition and health. This study can provide a basis for the innovation and development of Astragalus membranaceus industry.

Cyclic nucleotide-gated channels （CNGCs） play crucial roles in regulating plant growth， development， and responses to abiotic and biotic stress serving as Ca²⁺ channels. To identify the CNGC gene family in foxtail millet， the biological functions of CNGC gene family were firstly investigated. Using bioinformatics technologies， the physicochemical properties， gene localization pattern， family subclasses， conserved motifs， cis-acting elements， expression patterns， subcellular localization， protein channel structures， and Ca²⁺-binding residues of CNGC family proteins from foxtail millet were analyzed. A total of 23 family members were identified， which were classified into 5 subclasses， along with 15 conserved motifs. Transcriptome analysis revealed that Seita.2G305500， Seita.3G18810 and Seita.7G259800 showed significant induction in leaves and panicle following Sclerospora graminicola infection. Quantitative real-time PCR （qRT-PCR） further demonstrated that Seita.3G188100 exhibited 6.6-fold and 8.6-fold higher expression levels to the control at 36 and 48 h postinfection， respectively. Structural prediction of Ca²⁺-binding signatures indicated that these three genes could form a Ca²⁺ channel， with specific binding residues at Ser361， Thr397 and Gln427 respectively. Subcellular localization assays in tobacco cells confirmed their plasma membrane localization. This study provides a reference for further exploring the functions of CNGC family genes and lays a foundation for genetic improvement of disease resistance in foxtail millet.

Lipoxygenases （LOXs） are pivotal enzymes in the plant lipid metabolic pathway， exerting a crucial role in plant growth and development， fruit ripening， and response to external environment along the whole life cycle. The essential role of LOXs in quality formation and regulation of horticultural crops has been elucidated with further exploration on the function of LOXs. This paper comprehensively reviewed the structural types， biological functions， and underlying mechanism of LOXs in plant metabolic pathways. The multi-faceted impacts of LOXs on formation of quality traits such as appearance， flavor， and nutritional quality in horticultural crops were highlighted. Furthermore， it also discussed the effective pre-harvest managements and post-harvest treatments used to improve the quality of horticultural products and extend their shelf-life based on the regulation of LOXs. Finally， prospective research directions of LOXs were suggested， aimed to provide new theoretical perspectives and practical guidance for quality regulation of horticultural crops.

‍In order to improve the quality of low sugar blueberry jam， fresh blueberries were used as raw materials and the proportions of sodium alginate， pectin， sucrose， and calcium ions in low sugar blueberry jam were optimized using response surface methodology. The changes in physicochemical properties， nutritional functional substances， microorganisms， and other qualities of low sugar blueberry jam during storage （68 days at 4 ℃ and 14 days at 25 ℃） under pasteurization and high hydrostatic pressure （HHP） processes were studied. The results showed that the optimal formula for low sugar blueberry jam was a low methoxyl pectin and sodium alginate mass ratio of 7 and 3 g·kg^-1， respectively， with a sucrose addition of 160 g·kg^-1 and a CaCO₃ addition of 6 g·kg^-1. With the increase of storage days， compared with the storage of 1 d， there was no significant change in the physicochemical properties such as pH value and soluble solids content of all samples， while the content of nutritional components such as vitamin C （VC）， total phenols， total flavonoids， and total anthocyanins decreased. Among them， the retention rate of nutritional functional substances in the HHP treated group was significantly higher than that of other groups. After storage at 4 ℃ for 68 days， the content of VC， total phenols， total flavonoids， and anthocyanins in the HHP treated group jam were 14.17， 1.15， 4.77 and 0.45 mg·mL^-1， respectively. In conclusion， the non thermal processing technology based on pectin compound gel and HHP treatment can be used to prepare high-quality， healthy and low-sugar blueberry jam. The results of this study provide scientific reference for improving the quality of traditional jam.

Peanut is an important oil crop in China. Current research focuse on developing new peanut cultivars that exhibit early maturity， high yield， elite quality， and suitability for machine harvesting. This study presented an overview of peanut breeding for early maturity in China， addressing aspects such as flowering characteristics， the relationship between flowering date and yield， and the screening and improvement of early-maturing or extremely early-maturing peanut germplasm. A collection of valuable materials demonstrating early maturity including Qike， Shitouqi， Silihong， Luhua 6， Jihua 23， and Yuanza 9102， has laid a solid foundation for broadening the genetic diversity of peanuts in China and for breeding new precocious peanut varieties with stable characters. This review summarizes the latest progress on quantitative trait locus （QTL）/gene mapping for important yield traits and flowering date-related traits of peanut， both domestically and internationally. Finally， we explore the potential applications of new technologies such as linkage analysis， genome-wide association studies， and BSA-seq， in resource mining， gene mapping， functional marker development， and the breeding of early maturity peanuts. These advancements may provide a theoretical basis for scientific research and production of peanuts in China.

To investigate plant growth-promoting effects of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic （ACC） deaminase-producing strains on crops under saline-alkali stress， three ACC deaminase-producing strains， including Bacillus arachidis E1-6， Enterobacterpseudoroggenkampii. E1-8， and Bacillus cereus j2-4 were used to investigate the effects of inoculation on the growth of maize. The strains were previously isolated from the plants rhizosphere in saline-alkaline areas of southern Xinjiang. The results showed that compared to neutral conditions， treatment with alkaline salt containing Na⁺ （pH values were 8.23 and 9.15， respectively） for 28 d had no significant effects on plant height， aboveground dry weight， and underground dry weight， but significantly inhibited stem diameter of maize （P<0.05）. Compared to the neutral condition， no significant changes were observed in aboveground and underground dry weight and root system architecture of potted maize of different saline-alkali stresses. However， under high saline-alkali stress at pH 9.15， plant height and stem diameter were significantly decreased， while malondialdehyde （MDA） content was increased. After inoculation treatment， all tested conditions enhanced plant height， stem diameter， and aboveground and underground dry weight of potted maize. Notably， under high saline-alkali stress at pH 9.15， inoculation with strain E1-8 improved root morphology and enhanced peroxidase activity. The results demonstrated that inoculation with ACC deaminase-producing growth-promoting rhizobacteria alleviated the inhibitory effects of saline-alkali stress on maize， highlighting their potential for development as microbial fertilizers. This study expands the resource of salt-alkali tolerant and plant growth-promoting bacteria and provides an efficient microbial remediation strategy for stress-resistant cultivation of crops in saline-alkali soils.

In order to screen for Neopyropia yezoensis with excellent growth and reproductive traits， this study analyzed the growth and reproductive traits of shell-boring conchocelis and thallus across 13 cultivated strains of N. yezoensis. The results showed that there were differences in the same trait among different strains. Among them， the length growth rate of shell-boring conchocelis （CLGR） exhibited the smallest coefficient of variation of 21.62%， and the daily release of conchospores （DAR） showed the largest coefficient of variation of 172.69%. Correlation analysis of traits across two generations of N. yezoensis demonstrated a significant positive correlation among DAR， thallus length growth rate （TLGR）， and width growth rate （TWGR）. Cluster analysis identified three strains （Y-9904， Y-2301， and Y-2201） of shell-boring conchocelis and one strain （Y-9904） of thallus with fast growth rate and strong reproductive ability. The consistency of traits between generations within the same strain was evaluated by comprehensive D value assessment. The Y-9904 strain exhibited fast growth and strong reproductive ability in both generations， with TLGR， TWGR， length-to-width growth rate （TL/WGR） and DAR exceeding those of other strains. This study establishes a comprehensive method for assessing the growth and reproductive traits of N. yezoensis， which can provide a theoretical basis for breeding high-quality N. yezoensis varieties.

To investigate the effects of different irrigation quotas combined with ameliorants on the saline-alkaline soil and maize growth in the Yinbei Irrigation District， and to determine the optimal combination for soil improvement and high maize yield in Ningxia， a two-factor split-plot experiment was designed. The maize variety Jialiang 0987 was used as the test material in this study. The experiment was conducted in the northern part of the Yinchuan Plain in Ningxia. The main factor was the irrigation quota， with three treatments： 360 mm （W1）， 450 mm （W2）， and 540 mm （W3）. The secondary factor was the soil amendment， with four treatments： no amendment （G0）， microbial agent （G1）， amino acids （G2）， and carboxymethyl cellulose （G3）， with 450 mm of flood irrigation as the control （CK）. The effects of different amendment treatments （early， mid， and late stages） on groundwater level， groundwater mineralization， pH value， total salt content， soil fertility， as well as growth indicators and yield of maize， were analyzed. The results indicated that， compared to pre-treatment， the groundwater level generally decreased after treatment， with a reduction ranging from 0.15 to 0.32 m. Compared to CK， the W2G2 treatment showed the best improvement in soil pH and total salt content， significantly reducing them by 0.62 units and 1.55 g·kg^-1， respectively. Throughout the amelioration process， soil organic matter， alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen， available phosphorus and available potassium generally increased， with more pronounced soil fertility enhancement observed in the later stages of amelioration. The W2G2 treatment resulted in the best overall soil fertility improvement. This treatment also effectively promoted maize growth and yield， increasing plant height， stem diameter， aboveground dry biomass， and grain yield by 27.96%， 26.25%， 59.38%， and 33.67% compared to CK， respectively. Correlation analysis revealed that increases in groundwater level， groundwater mineralization， pH value， and total salt content significantly inhibited the aboveground dry weight and grain yield of maize （P<0.01）. In contrast， increases in soil organic matter and alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen significantly promoted maize aboveground dry biomass and grain yield （P<0.01）. In conclusion， applying 450 mm of irrigation combined with amino acid ameliorant treatment can effectively reduce soil pH value and groundwater mineralization in Ningxia’s saline-alkaline soils， while improving soil fertility and maize yield. This study provides scientific evidence and practical guidance for agricultural production in the saline-alkaline areas of Ningxia.

To investigate the effects of different ⁶⁰Co-γ irradiation doses on the traits， chemical composition and antioxidant activity of Ermiao Pills， the non-irradiated group （0 kGy） and 10， 20， 50 and 100 kGy irradiation dose groups were set up in this experiment. The colorimeter and electronic nose were used to compare the characteristics of each group of samples. The physical structures were characterized by scanning electron microscopy， fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction. Non-volatile and volatile components were analysed by high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）， ultra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry （UPLC-Q/TOF-MS） and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GC-MS）. Antioxidant activity of the samples from each group was compared by 1，1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl （DPPH） radical scavenging method. The results of characteristic observation showed that compared with the unirradiated samples， the yellowness value of Ermiao Pills increased after irradiation， and the concentration of sulfides， terpenes and aromatic substances decreased； irradiation will damage the surface and internal structure of Ermiao Pills. The contents of berberine hydrochloride and atractylodin in Ermiao Pills after irradiation were higher than that of unirradiated samples. After being irradiated at 50 and 100 kGy， the content of phellodendrine hydrochloride decreased compared to the unirradiated samples. There was no significant change in the content of palmatine hydrochloride before and after irradiation. Irradiation could lead to a decrease in the content of terpenes in Ermiao Pills. The antioxidant activity of Ermiao Pills in the 100 kGy irradiation dose group was higher than that in the non-irradiation group， and no radiolysis products of Ermiao Pills were found in all irradiation groups. This study provides a scientific basis for the quality control of irradiation sterilization Ermiao Pills， and also provides ideas and methods for the establishment of irradiation sterilization standards for other traditional Chinese medicine preparations.

In order to confirm the pathogen of anthracnose in Qinan Aquilaria sinensis， and characterize its biological characteristics while screening effective agents against to anthracnose， the pathogen was isolated through tissue separation method and its pathogenicity was determined with Koch postulates. Combining morphological and molecular biological analysis， BMXYB1 was identified as Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Biological characteristics revealed that the optimum temperature for mycelial growth was 28 ℃， the optimum pH value was 6.0， the optimum medium was potato dextrose agar medium （PDA）. The optimal nitrogen source for pathogen growth was potassium nitrate and the optimal carbon source was glucose. The results of fungicide virulence showed that 430 g·L^-1 tebuconazole and 250 g·L^-1 propiconazole had strong inhibitory effects on the fungal， with the EC₅₀ of 0.773 ‍1 and 0.451 ‍2 ‍mg·L^-1， respectively. This study provides scientific basis for effective prevention and control of anthracnose.

In order to investigate the interaction between zein and pectin during pH-driven self-assembly， the effects of pH value， protein-polysaccharide ratio and salt ion concentration on the formation of zein and pectin complexes were characterized by turbidity titration， ζ-potential and particle size analysis， and the solubility， relative molecular weight， sulfhydryl content， ultraviolet spectra and fluorescence spectra were determined to define the interaction mechanism between zein and pectin. The results showed that the turbidity of zein-pectin solution increased first and then decreased upon the decrease of pH， reaching the maximum value at pH 7.25. The rise of the proportion of pectin led to the decrease of the pH value of the maximum turbidity， and reached the minimum value when the ratio of zein to pectin was 4∶1， and the particle size distribution of the system was relatively uniform. Salt ions significantly affected the stability of the system， suggesting that the main driving force for the formation of zein-pectin complexes was electrostatic interaction. Moreover， the coating effect of pectin reduced the content of free sulfhydryl groups in the complex， produced a color-enhancing effect by the ultraviolet spectrum and quenched the intrinsic fluorescence of zein， indicating that hydrophobic interaction and hydrogen bonding were also involved in the formation of the complex. There was covalent binding of zein and pectin at the same time. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis and reference for the rational design of zein-pectin complex for the encapsulation of bioactives by pH-driven treatment.

To explore the differences in yield， quality， and metabolites of upper leaves of flue-cured tobacco with different plant architecture， Yunyan 87 was used as material. A comprehensive analysis combing non-targeted metabolomics with chemical， sensory， and economic trait evaluation was conducted to compare the differences between umbrella-type and tube-type plants. The results showed that umbrella-type plants had lower plant height and fewer effective leaf number but larger stem circumference than tube-type plants. While tube-type plants exhibited 30.92%， 23.17%， and 18.71% higher densities of long-stalked glandular hairs， protective glandular hairs， and total glandular hairs respectively， compared to umbrella-type plants. Furthermore， tube-type plants demonstrated more balanced chemical composition and superior sensory quality score. Umbrella-type plants had a 3.43% higher yield， yet tube-type plants showed a higher output value by 22.13%， a higher proportion of high-grade tobacco by 10.72 percentage points， and higher average price by 21.50%. A total of 137 differential metabolites were identified between the two plant types. Among them， organic acids were the most abundant， including sinapic acid， guanidinosuccinic acid， phenylpyruvic acid， 2-pentanedioic acid， jasmonic acid， and palmitic acid； Amino acids included 2-oxoarginine， L-kynurenine， N-methyl-L-glutamic acid， gamma-aminobutyric acid， L-aspartic acid， tryptophanol， L-lysine， and leucine were also differentially expressed. Additionally， alkaloids like confertifolin， cytisine， L-carnitine， and resveratrol showed significant variations. The differential metabolites in mature leaves of the two plant types were mainly enriched in pathways such as alanine metabolism. In addition， the tricarboxylic acid （TCA） cycle and related metabolic pathways exhibited distinct metabolic profiles between umbrella-type tobacco plants and tube-type. In conclusion， tube-type Yunyan 87 plantsin the Nanyang region produce better quality and higher economic benefits than that of umbrella-type plants. These findings provide a theoretical basis for plant type improvement in Nanyang area.

To investigate the effects of various microbial agents on enhancing the soil nutrient environment and improving the yield and quality of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.， continuous G. uralensis was used as material， four treatments were implemented： Bacillus amyloliquefaciens powder （J）， Bacillus subtilis granules （K）， and a microbial liquid bacterial agent （W）， alongside a control group utilizing conventional fertilizer application （CK）. The effects of different microbial agents on the yield and quality of G. uralensis， anditsroot and soil nutrient content were assessed. Furthermore， the mechanisms by which different microbial agents influence the yield and quality of G. uralensis were elucidated， and the microbial agent with the most effective application was identified. The results indicated that， compared with CK， the J， K， and W treatments increased the yield of G. uralensis by 16.17%， 41.94%， and 23.73%， respectively. Additionally， the J， K， and W treatments enhanced the content of glycyrrhizin by 0.32， 0.54， and 0.77 percentage points， the content of liquiritin by 0.12， 0.26， and 0.30 percentage points， the content of soil organic matter by 42.71%， 28.00%， and 14.71%， soil total potassium content by 25.18%， 24.04%， and 13.23%， and soil total phosphorus content by 15.33%， 24.67%， and 14.67%， respectively. Notably， the overall performance of Bacillus subtilis granules exhibited the most significant effect （P<0.05）. Compared with CK， the J and K treatments significantly enhanced the total phosphorus and potassium uptake efficiencies of G. uralensis root by 12.99 and 35.24 percentage points， as well as by 6.03 and 19.82 percentage points， respectively. This improvement was attributed to the increased soil total phosphorus and potassium content， which enhanced yield and quality of G. uralensis. Compared with CK， the W treatment significantly enhanced the total phosphorus and potassium uptake efficiency of G. uralensis root by 27.31 and 11.51 percentage points， respectively. This improvement can be attributed to the increase in soil organic matter， available phosphorus， and total potassium content facilitated by the W treatment. Consequently， these changes in soil composition led to an increase of the yield and quality of the G. uralensis. Among these agents， the application of Bacillus subtilis granules showed the most effective results in continuous cropping G. uralensis. This study provides a theoretical basis for the wider application of microbial agents in the cultivation of continuous cropping G. uralensis.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of different sowing dates on the growth， yield， and quality of foxtail millet （Setaria italica）. Three cultivars—Liulenggu （B44）， Wild Foxtail Millet （B111）， and Xiaoshengbaigu （B112）—were selected and subjected to three sowing dates. The change in the growth stages， yield and quality of foxtail millet under different sowing dates were systematically analyzed. The results showed that delayed sowing prolonged the sowing-to-emergence period， shortened both the overall growth period and the emergence-to-heading period， and maintained a relatively stable duration from heading to maturity. From 2021 to 2023， the coefficients of variation （CV） for the overall growth period of B44， B111， and B112 across different sowing dates ranged from 11.86% to 14.60%， 11.91% to 15.05%， and 7.94% to 17.07%， respectively. The sowing dates had a significant effect on both the yield and quality of the foxtail millet. With a delayed sowing date， there were decreases in panicle weight， grain weight per panicle， 1 000-grain weight， head millet rate， amylose content， and overall yield， while protein content， fat content， flavonoid content， and gel consistency increased. Notably， the CVs for panicle weight and grain weight per panicle exceeded 10%. Additionally， the amino acid content was significantly affected by sowing date， with particularly high CVs observed for glutamic acid content in B44， B111， and B112. This study provides valuable insights for identifying the optimal sowing date to enhance the yield and quality of foxtail millet.

The C2H2 zinc finger transcription factor family plays an important regulatory role in plant non-biological stress responses and growth and developmental processes. To clarify the function of theC2H2zinc finger transcription factor family in the growth and development of mung bean （Vigna radiata L.）， this study used mung bean genome data and bioinformatics techniques to identify C2H2 transcription factors， predict their physicochemical properties， analyze systematic evolution， chromosomal locations， colinearity， promoter cis-regulatory elements， and gene structures， and investigate their expression patterns in different tissues and under non-biological stress conditions using mung bean transcriptome data and real-time quantitative PCR（qRT-PCR）. The results showed that a total of 60 C2H2 transcription factor members were identified， of which 53 were distributed across 9 chromosomes， while chromosomal information for 7 members remained unknown. Motif1 and Motif3 were conserved motifs specific to the mung bean C2H2 transcription factor family， with Motif3 containing the conserved sequence ‘QALGGH’ unique to certain members of the C2H2_{transcription factor family. These proteins contained 155-1 581 amino acids， were all hydrophilic， and localized in the cell nucleus. Phylogenetic analysis divided the mung bean C2H2 transcription factor family into 7 subgroups （V1-V7）. Collinearity analysis revealed that fragment duplication events had undergone purifying selection. Cis-regulatory element analysis of C2H2 gene promoters identified aboundant response elements related to growth， development， stress， and hormones. Expression analysis showed that genes with FPKM values greater than 10 account for 25.0%， 26.7%， 20.0% and 26.7% in the leaf petiole， leaf， lower hypocotyl， and seed coat respectively. qRT-PCR analysis indicated that the relative expression of VrC2H2-22 increased significantly with temperature changes， suggesting its specific regulatory effect on temperature stress. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for further researches on the functional characterization of C2H2 zinc finger transcription factor family in mung bean.}

To study the feasibility of Polygonatum sibiricum Red. fermented broth as a functional raw material for cosmetics， Lactic acid bacteria， yeast， bacillus subtilis， and mixed bacteria were used to carry out liquid fermentation of Polygonatum sibiricum Red.， respectively. The contents of polysaccharides， total saponins， total polyphenols， and total flavonoids in the Polygonatum sibiricum Red. fermentation broth were quantified by spectrophotometry. The antioxidant， anti-inflammatory， whitening and safety properties of the fermentation broth were evaluated by measuring the ability to scavenge 1，1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl （DPPH）， 2，2'- azinobis-（3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate） （ABTS）， and hydroxyl radicals， the toxicity of fementation to human immortalized keratinocytes （HaCaT） cells， the effect on the levels of inflammatory factors tumor necrosis factor-alpha （TNF-α） and interleukin 6 （IL-6）in HaCaT cells， and the effect on tyrosinase activity in intracellularly and extracellularly. The results indicated that the levels of polyphenols and flavonoids in the fermentation broth of Polygonatum sibiricum Red. were significantly higher than that of unfermented samples. Notably， the samples fermented with mixed bacteria exhibited the highest concents of these two types of active compounds， which increased by 33.21% and 57.94%， respectively. The scavenging capabilities of the Polygonatum sibiricum Red. fermentation broth against DPPH and ABTS free radicals were stronger than that of the unfermented Polygonatum sibiricum Red. extract. The scavenging rates of DPPH and ABTS free radicals by mixed bacteria fermentation broth were 87.65% and 72.5%， respectively. Polygonatum sibiricum Red. fermentation broth was superior to unfermented broth in terms of safety and inhibition of intracellular inflammatory factors TNF-α and IL-6on HaCaT. The Polygonatum sibiricum Red. fermentation broth with mixed bacteria showed good inhibitory effect on tyrosinase， achieving the inhibition rate of 92.39% in vitro and an intracellular inhibition rate of 65.50% at a concentration of 100 mg·mL^-1. In conclusion， Polygonatum sibiricum Red. fermentation broth has good antioxidant， anti-inflammatory and whitening， which provides experimental basis for its application as a functional raw material in cosmetics.

In order to explore the effect of intercropping patterns of maize/soybean intercropping system， maize Denghai 605 and soybean Qihuang 34 were used as experimental materials， and four intercropping patterns were set up： 2 rows of maize/4 rows of soybean （T2∶4）， 2 rows of maize/6 rows of soybean （T2∶6）， 3 rows of maize/4 rows of soybean （T3∶4）， 3 rows of maize/6 rows of soybean （T3∶6）， and maize monoculture （CKM） and soybean monoculture （CKS） were used as control. The effects of different intercropping patterns on crop agronomic traits， photosynthetic characteristics， yield value， yield advantage index and interspecific competitiveness were measured. The results showed that ear length， ear diameter， ear row number， grain weight per ear and leaf photosynthetic indexes （Tr、Gs、Pn、Ci） at R1 and R5 stages were better than those of T3∶4 and CKM at T2∶6， T2∶4 and T3∶6， respectively. Branches， effective pods， seed number per plant and leaf photosynthetic indexes （Tr， Gs， Pn） of R2 and R6 stages were all lower than CKS， Ciwas higher than CKS， and T2∶6， T2∶4， T3∶6 models were all better than T3∶4. The total yield and output value of T2∶6， T2∶4， T3∶6 intercropping systems were higher than those of T3∶4 and CKM. Compared to CKM， the total yield was increased by 8.22%， 6.51%， 5.91%， and the total output value was increased by 39.46%， 31.55%， 31.26%， respectively. The land equivalent ratio （LER） values ranged from 1.32 to 1.51， the intercropping advantage （IA） values ranged from 3 981.41 to 5 460.26 kg·hm^-2， the actual yield loss （AFL）values ranged from 0.67 to 1.60， and the relative crowding index （K）values ranged from 6.69 to 11.82， all of which had yield advantages， especially in T2∶6， T2∶4 and T3∶6 modes. Under the model of T2∶6， the soybean competition ratio （CRs） was greater than 1， the maize competition ratio （CRm） was less than 1， the maize aggressiveness （Am） was less than 0， and the soybean aggressiveness （As） was greater than 0 incdicating that the competitive ability of soybean was stronger than that of maize， and under other patterns， maize was stronger. In conclusion， the intercropping patterns not only optimize the agronomic traits of maize， but also effectively reduced the shading and shading effects of maize on soybean， improved the photosynthetic performance of crops， and then increased the total yield and output value of the intercropping system. The T2∶6 pattern was the best， followed by T2∶4 and T3∶6. This study has important theoretical guidance and practical significance for promoting maize/soybean intercropping and exploring crop yield potential in northwest Shandong Province.

To investigate the differences in components and bioactivities of Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua （PC）， Lycium chinense Mill （LC） and Panax ginseng C. A. Mey （PG） under varying compatibility ratios， this study determined the contents of total sugar， total phenolic， total saponin， and other substances， and assessedantioxidant capacity in vitro. The optimal formulations were selected through the comprehensive evaluation and the oxidative stress and lipid-lowering activity were validated through the Caenorhabditis elegans model. The results revealed that there was a correlation between herb-ingredients-activity， and some combinations showed synergistic effect on activities. Following comprehensive evaluation， the combination of PC， PC and PG in ratio of 1∶2∶0 （PC-LC）， 2∶0∶1 （PC-PG）， and 1∶2∶1 （PC-LC-PG） demonstrated superior overall performance compared to other proportional combinations within the same formulation. The C. elegans model experiment demonstrated that the PC-LC group could enhance on superoxide dismutase （SOD） activity compared to the control group， and its inhibitory effect on malondialdehyde （MDA） accumulation was better than that of the single- drug administration groups. In terms of lipid-lowering activity， the triglyceride content of PC-LC-PG group （low concentration） and PC-PG group （high concentration） was significantly lower than that of single drug （P<0.05）， thereby indicating a synergistic effect. Consequently， in the compatibility of PC， LC and PG， the changes of herb-components-activities were correlated， and some of the compatibility showed synergistic effects in antioxidant and lipid-lowering. This study reveals the variation patterns of components and activities after the compatibility of PC， LC， and PG， which provide references for the subsequent development of products formulated with PC and the utilization of related resources.