To explore the difference of volatile compounds between the watercore and normal tissue of Qianxuan No.3 apple， and to elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying the formation of characteristic aroma substances in apple watercore， gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry （GC-MS/MS） and Illumina HiSeq^TM high-throughput sequencing techniques were conducted to obtain the metabolome and transcriptome data of the watercore and normal tissue of Qianxuan No.3. Transcriptomics analysis revealed 1 795 differentially expressed genes （DEGs）， including 671 down-regulated genes and 1 124 up-regulated genes. Additionally， 7 genes related to fatty acid synthesis pathway and 8 genes related to alcohol dehydrogenase were explored. In this study， 353 metabolites were detected through widely targeted metabolomics， identifying 20 differential accumulated metabolites， including 8 up-regulated metabolites and 12 down-regulated metabolites. Notably， the relative contents of ethyl hexanoate and nonanal in the apple watercore tissue were significantly higher than those in the normal tissue. The transcriptome-metabolomics association analysis illustrated that 11 DEGs were positively correlated with ethyl hexanoate and nonanal， while 2 DEGs were negatively correlated with ethyl hexanoate within fatty acid synthesis pathway and the alcohol dehydrogenase family. MdFAD6， MdADH2， MdADH3， and MdADH4 were found to be expressed exclusively in watercore tissues. Quantitative real-time PCR （qRT-PCR） results showed that the relative expression levels of these genes in watercore tissues were significantly up-regulated compared to those in normal tissues， suggesting that these genes may play a crucial role in the synthesis pathway of volatile compounds in watercore apples. The differential metabolites and genes identified in this study will not only provide preliminary insights into the biological basis of flavor changes in watercore tissues， but also provide reference information for the quality improvement of watercore apples.

Ergothioneine is a naturally accuring active substance found in edible fungi， known for its antioxidant and metal chelating functions. In order to further explore and improve the yield of ergothioneine produced through biological fermentation， this study used ultraviolet mutagenesis （UV）， ethyl methylsulfonate mutagenesis （EMS） and space mutagenesis （SFM） to mutate strains of the Pleurotus Citrinopileatus. The mycelial growth rate and liquid fermentation yield of ergothioneine were used as evaluation indicators to select high-yield straits of Pleurotus Citrinopileatus. The results showed that 46， 40 and 48 mutant strains were obtained through UV， EMS and SFM mutagenesis， respectively. The positive mutation rate for UV mutagenesis was 43.48%. UV， EMS and SFM mutagenesis resulted in 8， 3 and 1 strain of liquid-fermented ergothioneine， respectively， with significantly higher yields than the original strain （P<0.01）. Among the 12 high-yielding ergothioneine mutagenic strains， the yield of the UV-30 strain was the highest， at 2.16 times that of the original strain， while the growth rate of the UV-13 strain was the fastest， at 1.02 times that of the original strain. Genetic distance analysis showed that the mutation degree of the SFM mutant strain was higher than that of the UV mutant strain， and both strains exhibited a higher mutation degree of both strains the EMS mutant strain. The results of this study contribute valuable material for the fundamental research of the ergothioneine biosynthesis pathway and provide a reference for the mutagenesis and breeding of the high yield ergothioneine strain of Pleurotus Citrinopileatus.

In recent years， the pre-made dishes industry has developed rapidly， providing more convenient and diverse choices for the catering industry and consumers. Pre-made dishes cover a wide range of food raw materials and auxiliary materials such as livestock and poultry， aquatic products， fruits and vegetables， and involve multiple research directions including flavor development， quality control， and process improvement. Based on the current definition and scope of pre-made dishes， this paper summarizes the application of emerging processing key technologies in pre-prepared foods， including storage and preservation technology， freezing and thawing technology， drying technology， sterilization technology， and packaging technology. The paper also sorts out the main processing technology problems such as flavor， nutrition， and equipment， the cold chain logistics problem throughout the process， and the standard system construction problem， with the aim of providing references for the high-quality development of Pre-made dishes.

Rice fertility is a pivotal agronomic trait that significantly impacts yield， with rice sterile lines， particularly the male sterile lines， being widely utilized in rice breeding. The anther is the male reproductive organ of rice， where pollen development primarily takes place. In this review， we elucidate the fundamental processes of rice anther and pollen development and emphasize the recent research advances on the molecular mechanisms regulating rice male sterility both domestically and internationally. Furthermore， we highlight the applications of male sterility in hybrid rice breeding to provide theoretical insights for agricultural production， especially in innovative rice breeding.

Astragalus membranaceus is a traditional food-medicine homologous substance in China， which has the remarkable characteristics of regulating immunity and assisting treatment of cardiovascular diseases. In recent years， the development of the field of drug and food homology makes it a very influential product. Understanding and mastering the research status and development trends of Astragalus membranaceus can provide new ideas for the sustainable development of the Astragalus membranaceus industry. Using bibliometrics （sources： CNKI， Web of Science， etc.） and keyword analysis as methods， this study analyzed the number of articles published on Astragalus membranaceus in the year， core journals in the field of medicine and food， and the number of patents. A total of 7 458 Chinese and English literature and 3 320 patents related to the study of Astragalus membranaceus were retrieved from 2003 to 2023. The results showed that the researches on Astragalus membranaceus in China were significantly higher than that in foreign countries. The research object had formed a diversified development trend with ‘pharmacological effects’ and ‘medicinal food homology’， and the research content was gradually deepening towards the mechanism of action， functional activity. At present， Astragalus membranaceus is in the developing stage. Based on the industrial innovation and the change of the concept of nutrition and health consumption， the research of Astragalus membranaceus should pay attention to the development of functional activity， product diversification and nutrition and health. This study can provide a basis for the innovation and development of Astragalus membranaceus industry.

In order to obtain the basic mechanical properties parameters of apple fruit and fruit stem， the puncture mechanical parameters of different parts of Granny Smith， Luochuan Fuji， Linyi Fuji， and Huaguan apple， as well as the stem tensile and stem shear mechanical parameters were measured using the biomechanical tester. The critical torque of separating the apple from the branch was obtained using a self-made torsion device. The maximum tensile force of the stem was measured using a digital tension meter in orchards. The static and dynamic friction coefficients of apple with different materials were tested by friction test device. The results indicated that there were significant differences in the actual transverse diameter and weight of apples from different varieties. The distribution of transverse diameter was basically consistent with the normal distribution. There were significant differences in the puncture mechanical properties of apples between varieties and puncture sites. The maximum puncture force from large to small was the bottom， the top， and the equator， indicating that the apple was not isotropic. The maximum tensile force and the tensile stress increased with the increase of the tensile speed. The maximum tensile force measured by laboratory and field tensile tests was 30.95 and 30.03 N， respectively. And the location of the tensile fracture of stem was obtained through the experiment. The shear force range of the middle part and the upper part of stem was 43.44-81.61 and 46.18-103.87 N， respectively. The maximum torque of Fuji and Huaguan apple was 0.373 and 0.364 N·m， respectively. The static friction coefficients of apple equator with silica gel， stainless steel， organic glass and rubber are 1.000， 0.332， 0.696 and 1.026， respectively. The research results provide basic parameters for the research of intelligent apple picking machinery and related machinery.

In order to screen the suitable combinations of high-yield lodging resistance index in ultra-late sown wheat in northern Xinjiang， the microstructural characteristics of the basal internodes of wheat and its correlation with lodging resistance index were investigated. A split plot experiment was used， the main plot was set with three ultra-late sowing dates： S1 （October 25th）， S2 （November 4th）， and S3 （November 14th）， and the sub plot was set with four sowing rates： P1 （337.5 kg·hm^-2）， P2 （450 kg·hm^-2）， P3 （562.5 kg·hm^-2）， and P4 （675 kg·hm^-2）， using the local suitable sowing date and rate （September 25th， 270 kg·hm^-2） as the control （CK）. The effects of sowing date and rate on the microstructure， lodging resistance index and yield of basal internodes during the flowering， milky and wax ripening stages of ultra-late sown wheat were studied. The results showed that， after wheat flowering， the lodging resistance index of wheat gradually decreased with growth， and the microstructure quality of basal internodes from bottom to top deteriorated， with consistent change in the 1^st， 2^nd， and 3^rd internodes. Compared with CK， the microstructure indicators （the number of mechanical tissue layers and thin-walled tissue layers， the thickness of mechanical tissue and thin-walled tissue， the number of large vascular bundles and the number of large vascular bundles， the circumference and area of large vascular bundles） of ultra-late sown wheat stem had decreased， and the microscopic structure had become smaller， and the lodging resistance ability decreased. The microstructure and lodging resistance index of wheat basal stem at the same sowing rate and different sowing dates were all S3>S1>S2. Under the same sowing date， as the sowing amount increased， the microstructure indicators and lodging resistance index decrease. There was no interaction effect between sowing date and sowing rate on various indicators. The lodging resistance index was significantly negatively correlated with the number of small vascular bundles in the basal internodes， and significantly positively correlated with other microstructural indicators， with thin-walled tissue had the highest effect on improving wheat lodging resistance. Increasing the sowing rate of wheat under ultra-late sown conditions was beneficial for increasing the number of spikes， compensating for the loss of grain number and thousand grain weight per spike， thereby improving yield. S2P2 had the highest number of spikes and the highest yield. Thus， sowing 450 kg·hm^-2 of ultra-late sown wheat in northern Xinjiang on November 4th could achieve high yield， while also considering lodging resistance. The results of this study provide a certain theoretical basis for stable and high yield of ultra-late sown wheat.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of different fertilization patterns on soil available nitrogen （N） supply during the soybean growing season in fluvo-aquic soil area. Based on a 33-year long-term fertilization experiment， four fertilization treatments were selected： no fertilization （CK）， NPK fertilizer （NPK）， NPK fertilizer combined with soybean/peanut straw （SNPK）， and NPK fertilizer combined with organic fertilizer （MNPK）， and the dynamic changes in soil ammonium N （NH₄⁺-N）， nitrate N （NO₃^--N）， microbial biomass N （MBN）， and dissolved organic N （DON） during the soybean growing season were analyzed. Additionally， organic N mineralizing enzyme activities， soil ammonification intensity， and potential nitrification rate， which involved in soil N transformation， were analyzed. The results showed that the SNPK or MNPK could increase the concentrations of soil total N， organic carbon （C）， microbial biomass C， and dissolved organic C. The increases promoted the activities of urease， amidase， protease， N-acetyl-β-D-glucosidase， as well as the ammonification intensity and potential nitrification rate. Soil NH₄⁺-N content was extremely significantly positively correlated with the activities of urease and protease， and significantly positively correlated with amidase activity. Meanwhile， soil NO₃^--N content showed an extremely significant positive correlation with ammonification intensity and potential nitrification rate. Higher levels of MBN and DON were observed under SNPK and MNPK treatments compared to NPK and CK treatments. There was a significant positive correlation between the dynamics of DON content and soybean shoot N uptake， and which ultimately affected the growth of soybean. At maturity， the aboveground biomass of soybean under SNPK and MNPK treatments was higher compared to CK and NPK treatments. In conclusion， SNPK or MNPK could positively regulate the intensity of soil N transformation microorganisms and enzyme activities by increasing the concentrations of soil total N， organic C and labile organic C. This， in turn， enhanced soil available N supply capacity and promoted the soybean growth. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for rational fertilization practices in typical fluvo-aquic soil area.

Yeast is a natural and high-quality protein source， notable for its rich protein content， abundance of essential amino acids， and high nutritional value. However， its functional properties， such as solubility， limit the widespread use of yeast proteins in the food industry. This paper reviewd the effects of various modification techniques on the functional properties and structure of yeast proteins， focusing on physical， chemical， and biological modifications. It also analyzed current challenges and future prospects. The goal of the paper was to expand the application of yeast proteins， address the market gap created by the growing global demand for animal and plant proteins， and support national health protection.

Fusarium crown and root rot （FCRR） of tomato （Solanum esculentum） is one of the most damaging soil-borne diseases affecting tomatoes in recent year， significantly impacting both the quality and yield of tomato. To explore candidate genes associated with resistance to FCRR in tomatoes， a genome-wide association study （GWAS） combined with genetic mapping was used. A total of 200 tomato materials from around the world were used for the GWAS， leading to the identification of a major locus associated with the resistance to FCRR on tomato chromosome 9. A genetic linkage map was constructed using a parental population derived from a cross between the resistant line KP13 and the susceptible line T15196. Based on the results of the GWAS and linkage mapping， the resistance locus （Frl） was mapped between the markers FrlSNP20 and SSR105， with a genetic distance of approximately 0.8 cM and a physical distance of about 93 kb. Four candidate genes belonging to the tomato glutathione S-transferase （SlGST） gene family were identified， including Solyc09g011510.2.1， Solyc09g011580.2.1， Solyc09g011600.2.1 and Solyc09g011630.2.1. The FrlSNP25 marker， which is tightly linked to the resistance of FCRR， was obtained and used to identify the resistance of 94 tomato accessions. The concordance rate between genotypic and phenotypic resistance was 92.55% for Fusarium crown and root rot. This study lays a foundation for the innovation of tomato germplasm and the understanding of resistance mechanisms in tomato against Fusarium crown and root rot.

To study the effect of electron beam irradiation on the quality of Salvia miltiorrhiza， this study treated Salvia miltiorrhiza samples with irradiation doses of 2， 4， 6， 8， 10， 12， 14， 16 and 18 kGy， respectively. and compared the microbial level， 8 compounds content and antioxidant activity of Salvia miltiorrhiza at different doses. The optimal safe dose was determined by orthogonal partial least square discriminant analysis model. The fingerprints of Salvia miltiorrhiza before and after irradiation were established to determine the chemical composition consistency. Six batches of salvia miltiorrhiza were selected to verify the optimal safe irradiation dose. The results showed that the microbial level was in line with the pharmacopoeia standard of the People’s Republic of China Pharmacopoeia 2020 Edition No. 4 when the irradiation dose of Salvia miltiorrhiza electron beam sterilization reached 10 kGy or above，. The total content of 8 compounds of salviorrhiza was within 10 kGy， and there was no significant difference between the irradiation group and the control group. There were no significant differences in the antioxidant activities of the 4 kinds at the dose of 10 kGy， and the antioxidant activities of the 10 kGy dose group were the closest to the control group. In conclusion， 10 kGy was the best safe irradiation dose for Salvia miltiorrhiza electron beam sterilization. The similarity of fingerprints of Salvia miltiorrhiza by high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） and Raman spectroscopy （SERS） before and after irradiation was greater than 0.9 indicating good consistency of chemical components. After 6 batches of Salvia miltiorrhiza were sterilized by 10 kGy， the microbial levels were in line with pharmacopoeia regulations. There were no significant differences in the contents of 8 compounds， antioxidant activity and survival rate of hepatic stellate cells （HSC-T6） by t test. The results of this study can provide scientific basis for the application of electron beam irradiation sterilization technology in the production and quality evaluation of Salvia miltiorrhiza.

In order to explore the effects of different lactic acid bacteria fermentation on the nutritional quality and flavor of blueberry mulberry juice， blueberry-mulberry juice was fermented by Lactobacillus bulgaricus， Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus plantarum， respectively， in this study. The electronic nose and headspace microextraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry were employed to investigate the functional nutrients and flavor of the fermented juice. Results showed that there were significant differences in nutritional quality and antioxidant capacity among the three fermentation groups. The sample fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum contained the highest total acid （1.52 g·L^-1）， the lowest total sugar content （789.59 mg·L^-1）， the highest total anthocyanin content （6.04 g·L^-1）， and the strongest antioxidant capacity， respectively. Results from electronic nose significantly distinguished the flavor of the samples fermented by different lactic acid bacteria. A total of 51 volatile components were detected in fermented samples by GC-MS， including 6 alcohols， 14 acids， 9 aldehydes， 7 ketones， 8 esters， and 7 other substances. The content of 2-nonanone was higher in L. plantarum fermentation group， which resulting in the fruity and floral aroma of sample. Overall， the fermentation sample of L. plantarum had a better improvement in nutrients， odor and flavor substances， therefore， it is suitable for the fermentation of blueberry-mulberry juice，contributing to the development of prebiotic blueberry pulp with antioxidant properties. This study can provide some reference for the deep processing of blueberry and mulberry.

Co1Mod1-CAPS is a molecular marker that could be widely used to screen for sources carrying restorer-of-fertility gene associated with cytoplasmic male sterility in pepper. In order to enhance its utility as a high-throughput detectable molecular marker and improve selection efficiency， 10 three-line （sterile line， maintainer line and restorer line） materials belonging to different types of pepper were amplified using Co1Mod1-CAPS marker， and the sequence differences of the amplification products amongthem were analyzed. Based on these sequence differences， we converted Co1Mod1-CAPS marker into PARMS marker， which allows for high throughput detection. The PARMS marker was subsequently employed to screen 321 for materials carrying the restorer-of-fertility gene across 321 pepper germplasm sources. The results revealed a T→C base variation at the 601st position of the Co1Mod1-CAPS marker amplification product， with T in sterile and maintainer lines and C found in restorer lines. Based on this base variation， we successfully converted Co1Mod1-CAPS into the high-throughput marker Co1Mod1-PARMS， and screened out 146 resources carrying the homozygous restorer-of-fertility gene RfRf among the 321 germplasm materials. Among them， the small-fruit-shaped and spicy pepper had a higher proportion of individuals carrying the RfRf genotype. The short finger-shaped pepper had the highest proportion at 59.5%， followed by cherry pepper at 56.5%， while the sweet pepper （lantern pepper） had the lowest proportion at 8.3%. The results of this study are consistent with previous research， confirming the effectiveness of Co1Mod1-PARMS. Therefore， this high-throughput marker can be used for molecular marker-assisted breeding of cytoplasmic male sterile restorer lines in peppers， thereby improving the breeding efficiency of cytoplasmic male sterile restorer lines.

In order to clarify the effects of controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer on greenhouse gas emissions and yield， five treatments were set up in the rice fields in northern Jiangsu， including conventional nitrogen fertilizer， sulfur-coated urea， polymer-coated urea， polyurethane-coated urea， urea formaldehyde slow-release nitrogen. The results showed that the emission fluxes of CO₂， CH₄ and N₂O were generally similar across all treatments. Compared with conventional nitrogen fertilizer， controlled-release nitrogen treatment could significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions （P<0.05）， with polyurethane-coated urea having the best effect， reducing the total emission of CO₂， CH₄ and N₂O by 17.8%， 49.5% and 49.4%， respectively. The global warming potential （GWP） and greenhouse gas emission intensity （GHGI） of controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer treatments were significantly lower than those of conventional nitrogen fertilizer treatments （P<0.05）， with polyurethane-coated urea being the lowest. In terms of rice yield and quality， compared with conventional nitrogen fertilizer， controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer treatments increased the total number of grains per panicle， percentage of brown rice and head rice， while decreased the chalky rice rate and chalkiness. Overall， controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer treatments significantly reduced emissions of CO₂， CH₄ and N₂O. The GWP and GHGI were the lowest for polyurethane-coated urea treatment， and rice yield was the highest. The results of this study provide technical references for controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer application on the rice yield balancing and greenhouse gas emissions reduction.

In order to achieve stable supercooling storage of fresh pork below freezing point， the effects of initial temperature and cooling time interval during gradual cooling process on the supercooling of fresh pork were analyzed， the optimal gradual cooling cycle program to regulate the supercooling of fresh pork was constructed， and then the freshness of pork after 12 days of storage under this condition was evaluated. The results showed that the cooling interval significantly affected the supercooling point and supercooling degree of fresh pork. Compared with the 12 and 18 h cooling interval groups， the supercooling point of the samples in the 6 h cooling interval group were significantly reduced， and the supercooling degree of which were significantly increased. On this basis， the gradual cooling cycle of the initial temperature of -1.5 ℃， the cooling time interval of 6 h， and the minimum temperature of -3.5 ℃ were determined to be the optimal program to regulate the supercooling of fresh pork. The supercooling rate of fresh pork under this condition reached 100% after 12 days of storage. Compared with the frozen samples in the -3.5 ℃ group， the gradual cooling cycle programs significantly reduced the drip loss of samples stored for 12 days， and delayed the conversion of bound water and immobile water to free water in pork， which improved the water-holding capacity of pork. Compared with the -1 to -3.5 ℃ group， the -1.5 to -3.5 ℃ and -2 to -3.5 ℃ gradual cooling cycle programs with lower temperature effectively inhibited the growth of microorganisms in fresh pork during storage， and delayed protein spoilage， which better maintained the freshness of the samples. There was no significant difference among above two groups and the -3.5 ℃ group in the volatile basic nitrogen content （TVB-N） and thiobarbituric acid reactant content （TBARS）. This study could provide a scientific basis for the development of new storage technologies and equipments for high-quality fresh meat， which can promote the development of cold chain logistics of fresh meat in China.

To investigate the nutritional qualities that distinguish the geographical indication （GI） product “Kerqin Beef” and the other two non-GI beef （Simmental beef and imported Angus beef）. In this study， the nutritional qualities （crude protein， amino acids， fatty acids and minerals） of GI products （Kerqin beef） and other two types of beef were determined， and the overall nutritional qualities of different beef were compared using principal component analysis （PCA）. The results showed that the crude protein， essential amino acid and non-essential amino acid contents of Kerqin beef were 24.24%， 8.79% and 13.42% respectively， which were significantly higher than the other two types of beef （P<0.05）. The saturated fatty acid content of Kerqin beef was significantly higher than that of imported Angus beef （P<0.05）， the monounsaturated fatty acid content was significantly lower than that of imported Angus beef （P<0.05）， and the polyunsaturated fatty acid content was significantly lower than the other two types of beef （P<0.05）. The K content of Kerqin beef （15 681.22 mg·kg^-1） was significantly higher than the other two types of beef， and the contents of Ca， Na， Fe， Cu， Zn， Mn and Se were significantly lower than those of imported Angus beef （P<0.05）. The results of PCA showed that the score ranking of three kinds of beef was Kerqin beef > imported Angus beef > Simmental beef. The results of this study provide a scientific support for the nutritional value of Kerqin beef.

To enhance the effectiveness of molecular marker-assisted breeding in broccoli， 70 sets of KASP markers were developed based on high-throughput sequencing data. With the KASP detection platform， a total of 43 broccoli test materials were genotyped. Markers with good genotyping performance and high polymorphism were selected for fingerprint construction， genetic relationship determination， and purity identification. The results showed that out of the 70 sets of KASP markers， 3 were not successfully classified， 13 had more than 5 ungenotyped materials， 6 exhibited poor polymorphism， and 48 were successfully classified （68.6%）. The PIC analysis revealed that among the 48 markers， 37 （77.08%） markers had a PIC≥0.30， among which， markers with a PIC value of 0.37 was the largest， which was 11， and 3 markers had a PIC value of 0.38. The SNP-DNA fingerprinting maps for the 43 broccoli samples were generated based on the typing results of 48 markers. The clustering analysis results suggested that Br05 has a distant genetic relationship with the others. The genetic coefficients between Br12 and Br19， as well as Br33 and Br34， are 100， while the coefficient between Br14 and Br32 is 99， indicating a high likelihood that these pairs represent the same strain， which is consistent with the phenotypic observations in the field. Ten markers were utilized to genotype 30 samples of Br19， revealing a purity range of 83.3% to 96.7%， indicating variability among Br19 strains. Additionally， 10 sets of markers were used for the genotyping of the parent strains Br19， Br35， and the hybrid F1 （Br19×Br35）. The results demonstrated that the genotyping results of 5 markers （SNP07， SNP09， SNP10， SNP11 and SNP19） differed among the three strains， which can be used for seed purity identification in the hybrid seed production field of F1 （Br19×Br35）. The findings of this study are of important application value for the identification of broccoli germplasm resources， molecular marker-assisted breeding， and the protection of new varieties.

Lipoxygenases （LOXs） are pivotal enzymes in the plant lipid metabolic pathway， exerting a crucial role in plant growth and development， fruit ripening， and response to external environment along the whole life cycle. The essential role of LOXs in quality formation and regulation of horticultural crops has been elucidated with further exploration on the function of LOXs. This paper comprehensively reviewed the structural types， biological functions， and underlying mechanism of LOXs in plant metabolic pathways. The multi-faceted impacts of LOXs on formation of quality traits such as appearance， flavor， and nutritional quality in horticultural crops were highlighted. Furthermore， it also discussed the effective pre-harvest managements and post-harvest treatments used to improve the quality of horticultural products and extend their shelf-life based on the regulation of LOXs. Finally， prospective research directions of LOXs were suggested， aimed to provide new theoretical perspectives and practical guidance for quality regulation of horticultural crops.

In order to screen Tartary buckwheat germplasm resources for shade tolerance and establish a model for evaluating this trait， 60 Tartary buckwheat germplasm resources were used as materials. Field experiments were conducted under two treatments： shaded and natural light. Nine morphological structure indicators such as plant height， and six physiological indicators such as superoxide dismutase （SOD） activity， were measured. The shade tolerance coefficient for each indicator was calculated. Multivariate statistical analysis methods were used to comprehensively assess the shade tolerance of Tartary buckwheat and to identify key indicators of shade tolerance. The results indicated varying degrees of variation in the shade tolerance coefficients among the 15 indicators， with variation coefficients ranging from 7.87% to 85.84%. With the exception of malondialdehyde （MDA） content， peroxidase （POD） activity， and catalase （CAT） activity， a certain correlation was observed among the other individual indicators. Principal component analysis was used to extract five principal components from the shade tolerance coefficients of the 15 indicators， resulting in a cumulative variance contribution rate of 69.31%. The comprehensive evaluation value （D） for the 60 Tartary buckwheat germplasm resources was calculated using the membership function analysis method. Subsequently， cluster analysis categorized the germplasm resources into three categories： shade-tolerant， moderately shade-tolerant， and shade-sensitive. Further， stepwise regression analysis was used to establish the optimal linear regression equation： D=-0.176+0.115X₁+0.313X₅+0.140X₆+0.057X₇+0.176X₁₀-0.015X₁₃. Six indicators such as plant height， fifth internode thickness of the main stem， eighth internode thickness of the main stem， number of seeds per plant， relative chlorophyll content at the beginning of flowering （SPAD）， and POD activity were selected as indicators for assessiing shade tolerance. The results of this study provide a reference for the identification of Tartary buckwheat germplasm resources with shade tolerance and for the breeding of new varieties.

Peanut is an important oil crop in China. Current research focuse on developing new peanut cultivars that exhibit early maturity， high yield， elite quality， and suitability for machine harvesting. This study presented an overview of peanut breeding for early maturity in China， addressing aspects such as flowering characteristics， the relationship between flowering date and yield， and the screening and improvement of early-maturing or extremely early-maturing peanut germplasm. A collection of valuable materials demonstrating early maturity including Qike， Shitouqi， Silihong， Luhua 6， Jihua 23， and Yuanza 9102， has laid a solid foundation for broadening the genetic diversity of peanuts in China and for breeding new precocious peanut varieties with stable characters. This review summarizes the latest progress on quantitative trait locus （QTL）/gene mapping for important yield traits and flowering date-related traits of peanut， both domestically and internationally. Finally， we explore the potential applications of new technologies such as linkage analysis， genome-wide association studies， and BSA-seq， in resource mining， gene mapping， functional marker development， and the breeding of early maturity peanuts. These advancements may provide a theoretical basis for scientific research and production of peanuts in China.