‍Selenium （Se） is an essential trace element for the health of humans， animals， and microorganisms. In recent years， nano-selenium （SeNPs） have emerged as a research hotspot due to their remarkable biocompatibility， bioavailability， and low toxicity. SeNPs have been widely utilized in agriculture to enhance crop photosynthetic capacity， antioxidant activity， nutrient acquisition， as well as to mitigate heavy metal toxicity and stress damage in plants. With the increasing importance of nanotechnology， sustainable agriculture， and environmental issues， studies on the potential impacts of SeNPs on plant growth， development， and metabolism will continue to increase. This review provided a comparative analysis of three synthesis methods， the synthesis process， and the transportation mechanisms of SeNPs within plants. Furthermore， it comprehensively reviewed the roles of SeNPs in improving plant nutrient acquisition， yield and quality. The advantages of SeNPs application in enhancing plant resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses were highlighted. Moreover， factors that affected the efficacy of SeNPs were critically analyzed， and the trends for future development were discussed. The aim of this study was to provide novel insights and methodologies for understanding the molecular mechanisms of crop stress resistance and breeding strategies.

To identify the members of TIFY gene family in Rubus chingii Hu and elucidate their expression patterns in different tissues， during vavious growth stages of fruits， and under methyl jasmonate （MeJA） treatment. Bioinformatics were employed to identify the TIFY family members in the R. chingii genome. Their physicochemical properties， conserved motifs， gene structure， phylogenetic tree， chromosomal localization， and cis-acting elements were investigated. Additionally， their expression profiles in different tissues， at different developmental stages， and under treatment with methyl jasmonate （MeJA） were compared using transcriptome analysis and quantitative real-time fluorescence polymerase chain reaction. The results showed that a total of 16 TIFY family members were excavated， which were unevenly distributed on 7 chromosomes， encoding proteins ranging from 118 to 534 amino acids. These proteins were classified into four subfamilies and predominantly targeted to the nucleus. The gene structure， conserved motifs， and secondary structure of RcTIFY members within the same subfamily were similar. Numerous cis-acting elements， including hormone responsiveness and stress responsiveness， were found in the promoter regions of RcTIFY family genes. RcTIFY family genes were differentially expressed in various tissues （roots， stems， leaves， flowers， and fruits）， at different fruit development stages （small green fruits， big green fruits， yellow fruits， and red fruits）， and under the treatment of MeJA. Notably， RcJAZ2 was highly expressed in fruits of R. chingii， and induced by MeJA， suggesting its involvement in the accumulation of flavonoids. The results laid a foundation for in-depth study on the role of RcTIFY family genes in R. chingii.

Wheat yellow mosaic disease is one of the important diseases affecting the yield of wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. In order to screen germplasm resources resistant to wheat yellow mosaic disease， the assessment of disease resistance of 279 wheat varieties from the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River， bred in the past 30 years， was conducted in a virus-contaminated nursery. The transmission process of resistant quantitative trait locus （QTL） in the varieties （lines） was analyzed using molecular markers linked to the major QTLs， QYm.nau-5A.1 and QYm.nau-2D， which were linked to the resistance to wheat yellow mosaic disease. Among 279 wheat varieties， 62.4% showing disease resistance， of which 30 and 98 materials contain QYm.nau-5A.1 and QYm.nau-2D respectively， 9 materials containing both QTLs and 37 materials having neither QTL. This result indicated the existence possibility of other disease resistant genes/QTLs. The proportion of susceptible materials is 37.6%， among which 6 and 25 materials containing only QYm.nau-5A.1 and QYm.nau-2D respectively， and 74 materials contain neither QTLs. Further analysis of the pedigree of wheat varieties （lines） showed that the QYm.nau-5A.1 was mainly derived from Xifeng and is transmitted through Ningmai 9， while QYm.nau-2D was mainly derived from Sumai 6， Yangfumai 9311 and Zhengmai 9023， among which the resistance QTL in Sumai 6 was mainly transmitted through Zhenmai 9. This study provides a theoretical support for the mining of new disease resistance genes and molecular breeding of wheat varieties resistant to wheat yellow mosaic disease in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.

Plant root exudates refer to a variety of compounds released into the rhizosphere by plant roots， serving as a crucial medium for material exchange between the roots and their surrounding environment. Plant root exudates play an important role in plant growth， nutrient absorption， and disease resistance and so on. Under stress conditions， root exudates are involved in enhancing plant resource use efficiency and promoting interactions between plants and soil microorganisms. This paper reviews the composition and transport mechanisms of root exudates， as well as their application in promoting plant nutrient uptake. It focuses on the research progress in regulating the dynamic release of root exudates by plants under biotic and abiotic stresses. The paper also discusses the application of different root secretions， which produced by planting practices， to control pests and diseases. This review will provide theoretical guidance for a deeper understanding of the ecological functions and adaptive mechanisms of the plant root system.

This study aimed to evaluate the radiation sensitivity of different Pleurotus ostreatus strains and determine suitable radiation dosages for swift and precise identifying hybrid descendants， thereby expediting the creation of new germplasm and accelerating the breeding process. Spore suspensions of four distinct Pleurotus ostreatus strains were irradiated with ten different doses of ⁶⁰Co-γ radiation. The mortality rates were recorded， and monokaryotic spores of mutagenic strains were obtained. Subsequently， hybrid combinations were conducted， and mutation with ⁶⁰Co-γ and hybrid breeding was performed. Genetic diversity analysis was performed using microsatellite markers （SSR） on a total of 39 materials， which included mutagenized materials and hybrid descendants. The results indicated that the appropriate radiation condition for strain 5178 was 500 Gy for 200 minutes， 600 Gy for 240 minutes for strain 9408， 700 Gy for 280 minutes for Hui Mei 2， and 400 Gy for 160 minutes for Pleurotus ostreatus T2. We screened 35 robustly growing hybrids and verified through SSR molecular markers that these strains exhibited distinct bands when amplified with 8 sets of primers. This study provided a technical foundation and theoretical framework for rapid and accurate identification of hybrid offspring， as well as for radiation mutagenesis and the hybrid breeding of Pleurotus ostreatus.

ECT domain protein family， an important post-transcriptional regulator， participates in the regulation of m⁶A modification， and plays an important role in regulating the gene expression level of plants under normal and stress conditions and maintaining their normal growth and development. To investigate the function of ECT domain protein family in the growth and development of maize （Zea mays L.） under abiotic stress and stress response， in this study， 22 members of maize ECT family were identified by bioinformatics， and their sequences and structural characteristics， chromosome distribution， promoter cis-acting elements， GO enrichment， protein-protein interaction networks and phylogenetic evolution were analyzed. The expression patterns of maize ZmECTs were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR （qRT-PCR） under cold stress and different hormone treatments. Result showed that the members of maize ECT family were distributed on 10 chromosomes， the encoded proteins ranged from 119 to 748 aa， the relative molecular weight （MW） ranged from 13 412.17 to 81 823.70 Da， and the isoelectric point （pI） ranged from 5.43 to 8.82. Most of the proteins are localized in the nucleus. 10 motifs were identified in ZmECT family. The analysis of cis-acting elements showed that the promoters of ZmECT family members contained multiple response elements related to stresses， hormones， growth and development. GO enrichment analysis showed that ZmECT family members may participate in mRNA splicing and maintaining RNA stability. Protein-protein interaction networks predicted that ZmECT6 was the core member of this family proteins. The phylogenetic tree showed that the ZmECT family members were divided into 4 groups. qRT-PCR results showed that ZmECT family members presented complex response patterns after different hormone treatments. In addition， some ZmECT family members could respond to cold stress. The above results can provide reference for the subsequent functional analysis of maize ECT genes and the study of abiotic stress， and also provide available gene resources for breeding excellent resistant maize varieties.

To reveal the role of KNOX（ItrKNOX） gene family in the storage root （SR） development of Ipomoea trifida， a close relative of sweetpotato， this study identified the members of ItrKNOX family in I. trifida cv. Y22 at the genome level and analyzed their expressions at different SR development stages by transcriptome sequencing. A total of 12 ItrKNOX genes （ItrKNOXs） distributed on 10 chromosomes were identified. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these ItrKNOXs could be clustered into three categories： Class Ⅰ， Class Ⅱ and Class M. The types and numbers of KNOX genes were conserved in the genomes of four diploid species from the Ipomoea genus， including I. trifida， I. triloba， I. nil and I. purpurea. Among them， I. trifida and I. triloba were closely related. Several cis-acting elements within the promoter regions of ItrKNOXs were found to be associated with plant development， hormones， light and stress. Transcriptome analysis showed that the expression patterns of ItrKNOXs were diversified during the SR development of Y22. ‍The Class M gene ItrKNOX12 was almost unexpressed， while ItrKNOX02， ItrKNOX03， ItrKNOX09 and ItrKNOX10 were highly expressed during root development. The significant up-regulation of ItrKNOX01， ItrKNOX02， ItrKNOX03， ItrKNOX05， ItrKNOX09 and ItrKNOX11， as well as the significant down-regulation of ItrKNOX08，were observed from adventitious root （AR） to SR stages. Notably， the expression of ItrKNOX06 was significantly up-regulated only after the SR exceeded 2 mm in diameter. Meanwhile， the expression levels of ItrKNOX07 in AR and mature SR were significantly lower than those in developing SRs. This study provides a reference for further research on the function and regulatory mechanism of KNOX genes in sweetpotato and its related wild species I. trifida.

To make full use of shark cartilage resources， taking the osteoblasts proliferation rate as an indicator， on the basis of optimizing the enzymatic hydrolysis process of promoting osteoblast proliferation collagen peptides， the relative molecular weight， amino acid composition and stability of the hydrolysates were analyzed in the study. The results showed that acid protease was the optimal protease among all types of protease. Under the conditions of enzyme dosage of 5 100 U·g^-1， solid-liquid ratio of 1∶50 （g·mL^-1）， enzymatic hydrolysis time of 4.14 h and temperature of 55 ℃， the enzymatic hydrolysates yield was 91.23% and the osteoblast proliferation rate and hydrolysis degree of the prepared hydrolysates were 141.23% and 25.03%， respectively. Shark cartilage collagen peptides showed a certain degree of stability and were insensitive to ultraviolet light. Appropriate heating could enhance their osteoblast proliferation rate， but excessively high temperatures led to a significant decrease in osteoblast proliferation rate. After simulated gastrointestinal digestion， the osteoblast proliferation rate of the hydrolysates was significantly decreased. The prepared hydrolysates were mainly composed of hydrophobic amino acids with peptide molecular weights generally less than 3 kDa. They demonstrated the ability to promote osteoblast proliferation， differentiation， and mineralization， with the best effect observed at a concentration of 1.0 mg·mL^-1. This study provides a theoretical basis for the deep processing and high-value utilization of shark resources.

‍Deep eutectic solvents （DESs） are a new class of green solvents that consist of liquid eutectic mixtures formed by hydrogen bond donors and hydrogen bond acceptors with a specific molar ratio via hydrogen bonding interactions. They have the advantages of low vapor pressure， simple preparation， low cost， biodegradability， environmental compatibility and recyclability. Due to these properties， DESs have been widely used in various fields， such as food， medicine and etc. This article presented a comprehensive overview on the composition， classification and physicochemical properties of DESs， as well as their applications in food industry. In particular， the present study highlighted the recent advances of DESs in extraction of food functional ingredients， fabrication of food packaging materials， encapsulation of bioactive compounds， production of cryoprotectants， generation of Maillard reaction products and application of food biotechnology. Furthermore， we also discussed the opportunities and challenges of using DESs in food sector， and proposed the future directions for enhancing and optimizing the performance of DESs in food processing and production. This review aims to offer a theoretical reference and guidance for the application of DESs in food industry.

To investigate the effects of the amount of adding mulberry pruning debris and nitrogen application on soil nutrients and microbial communities in a mulberry orchard， a pot experiment was conducted using dried and milled mulberry pruning debris along with mulberry orchard soils by nylon bags. The experiment used two-factor variables， including the amount of adding mulberry pruning debris （full amounts， half amounts， and none） and nitrogen application methods ［no nitrogen application， one-time application at the beginning， one-time application at 28 days， and twice application （beginning and 28 days）］. The mulberry residues， soil physic-chemical properties and the structure of microbial communities based on 16S and ITS sequencing were assessed over a period of 35 days. The results showed that， the decomposition of mulberry pruning debris was primarily influenced by the methods of nitrogen application. The treatments of adding mulberry pruning debris significantly increased the soil organic matter compared to the non-addition treatments， while nitrogen application significantly increased the soil alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen compared to the non-addition treatment. The amount of adding mulberry pruning debris was the main factor influencing soil microbial richness and diversity， and adding full amounts of mulberry pruning debris significantly reduced the Chao1 and Shannon indices of soil microorganisms compared to other treatments. Both mulberry pruning debris and nitrogen application could significantly influence the distribution of microbial communities， but the amount of adding mulberry pruning debris had a more significant impact on fungal distribution compared to nitrogen application methods. The results of redundant analysis （RDA） revealed a strong correlation between the microbial community distribution and the contents of soil pH， organic matter， and alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen. The addition of mulberry pruning debris highly significantly increased the relative abundance of Sordariomycetes， while the application of nitrogen highly significantly increased the relative abundance of Nitrospira. The addition of mulberry pruning debris resulted in a significant enrichment of Microbacterium， Ellin6067， MND1， Sporosarcina， Pseudomonas， Streptomyces， Acremonium， Gibellulopsis， and Ciboria compared to treatments without debris. Further analysis of the potential ecological functions of the enriched fungi revealed that the decomposition of mulberry pruning debris primarily increased the relative abundance of saprotrophic fungi. Specifically， there was an increase to 58.96% and 58.39% in treatments with full and half-amounts of pruning debris respectively， compared to only 23.74% in treatments without any additions. This study establishes a theoretical framework for elucidating the microecological impacts of mulberry prunings incorporated into the field.

‍Glycosyl hydrolases family 17 （GH17） plays an important role in regulating plant growth and development， responding to biotic and abiotic stresses. In order to further identifyGH17 genes in foxtail millet and preliminarily investigate its functions in foxtail millet growth and development as well as stress response， in this study， the bioinformatics of 58 SiGH17s and the expression patterns of foxtail millet in response to S. graminicola infection， low nitrogen， low phosphorus and drought stress were analyzed. The results showed that the length of 58 SiGH17s encoded proteins was different， which had high structural and functional similarity with Oryza sativa and Arabidopsis thaliana. There are many cis-acting elements related to disease resistance in the promoter of this gene family. Collinear segment repeats of 9 pairs in foxtail millet were purified and selected. Totally 6 genes were differentially expressed to varying degrees after the foxtail millet was exposed to low nitrogen， low phosphorus， drought stress and the infection of S. graminicola. Combined with qRT-PCR， it was found that 4 differentially expressed genes （SiGH17_4， SiGH17_20， SiGH17_26， SiGH17_38） among the 6 genes were reregulated to varying degrees in foxtail millet growth and development and stress response. The results of this study provide theoretical basis for further analysis of SiGH17s function.

‍Zearalenone （ZEN） and its derivatives are secondary metabolites produced by Fusarium spp.， possessing reproductive toxicity and cytotoxicity. These compounds are widely distributed in cereals and cereal products that have been infected by Fusarium spp. The detrimental impact of ZEN not only causes yield loss and reduced grain quality but also poses a serious threat to human health and husbandry production. Several techniques， including physical， chemical and biological methods， have been used to detoxify ZEN. Among these methods， the enzymatic approach stands out due to its mild reaction conditions， good specificity， high detoxification efficiency， environmental compatibility and convenience. Recent studies have identified and reported various ZEN-degrading enzymes， which have proven as practical applications to handle ZEN contamination. This study aims to illustrate recent studies concerning the enzymatic detoxification of ZEN and the properties of ZEN-degrading enzymes.

In order to explore the antioxidant properties of eucalyptus and citral camphor essential oils and hydrosols， the eucalyptus and citral camphor essential oils were extracted by steam distillation. ‍Chemical composition and relative content of extracted oils were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyzer （GC-MS）. A total number of 15 major compounds with a relative content of more than 0.1% was found in eucalyptus-type camphor essential oil， among which Eucalyptol had the highest content of 57.28%. At the essential oil concentration of 128 g·L^-1， the scavenging rate of essential oil to 1，1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical （DPPH·） was 82.60%， which was higher than that of the positive control（77.85%）. The half maximal inhibitory concentration （IC₅₀） with the strongest scavenging capacity for DPPH· and 2，2-Azinobis-（3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate） radical （ABTS·⁺） were 14.25 and 31.65 g·L^-1 respectively. There were 30 major compounds with a relative content more than 0.1% in citral-type camphor essential oil， among which citral （neral and geranial） had the highest content of 42.32%. The IC₅₀ with the strongest scavenging capacity for DPPH· and ABTS·⁺ were 44.45 and 34.46 g·L^-1 respectively. The hydrosols of essential oil had a certain scavenging effect on DPPH and ABTS， and the optimum antioxidant properties of eucalyptus-type hydrosols （DPPH·： 53.24%， ABTS·⁺： 10.50%） was higher than citral-type hydrosols （DPPH·： 10.58%， ABTS·⁺： 9.06%）. Both chemotypes of camphor essential oils and hrdrosols possessed antioxidant properties， and in a certain concentration range， the antioxidant properties of the essential oils were significantly stronger at higher concentration than the lower concentration. Essential oil of eucalyptus-type camphor had stronger antioxidant activity than citral-type. The research provide a theoretical basis for the development and utilization of camphor essential oil.

This study aims to investigate the biological effects of different doses of high-energy heavy ion beam （HIB） irradiation on the seedlings of Astragalus mongholicus （A. mongholicus）， a traditional Chinese medicinal plant， and to determine the optimal dose for HIB irradiation mutagenesis breeding. The 7-day-old seedlings of A. membranaceus were exposed to different doses of HIB irradiation， and the survival rate， seedling height， leaf number， stem diameter， fresh root weight， and leaf morphology parameters were measured on the 10th day after irradiation. Chlorophyll content， chlorophyll fluorescence parameters， antioxidant enzyme activities， and oxidative indices were determined in the leaves at 20-day intervals， starting 20 days after irradiation. The results showed that with increasing irradiation dose， the survival rate， plant height， and fresh root weight of seedlings decreased compare to the control group. After irradiation with 5 Gy and 10 Gy， the fresh root weight decreased by 31.80% and 49.99%， respectively. The leaves on the first and second branches of the irradiated groups exhibited deformities， shriveling， and morphological damage. On the 20th day after irradiation， the levels of reactive oxygen species， membrane lipid peroxides， and chlorophyll content in the irradiated groups decreased significantly compared to the control group. However， by the 60th day， these levels were comparable to those in the control group. After irradiation， there was a slight increase in F_v /F_m， while the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of the seedlings decreased. These results suggest that as the dose of HIB irradiation dose increased， the growth and development of A. membranaceus seedlings were inhibited. However， the inhibitory effect on seedling growth was alleviated as the plant grew post-irradiation. The recommended dose range for optimal results is approximately 10 Gy. This study provides essential basic data for HIB irradiation mutagenesis breeding of A. membranaceus.

3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase （HMGR） is one of the most significant enzymes for the terpene biosynthesis in medicinal plants. To explicit the function of HMGR gene family in Rubus chingii Hu， the classification， gene structure， chromosomal distribution， and promoter information of RcHMGR members were systematically analyzed through bioinformatical methods. The expression levels were comparatively detected in different tissues， different stages of fruit development， and under the treatment of methyl jasmonate （MeJA）. The results demonstrated that a total of 7 RcHMGR members were mined， which were located on 7 chromosomes， encoding 444-601 aa protein sequences. RcHMGR were divided into four subfamilies， located in the endoplasmic reticulum， and harbored the highly conserved HMGR domains. Multiple cis-acting elements including hormone， light， and low-temperature responses were presented in the promoter regions of RcHMGR family genes. RcHMGR family genes were differentially expressed in different tissues （roots， stems， leaves， flowers， and fruits）， different fruit development stages （small green fruits， big green fruits， yellow fruits， and red fruits）， and treatment of MeJA. Among them， RcHMGR5 was highly expressed infruits of R. chingii， and induced by MeJA， which was coincided with the accumulation of carotenoids， suggesting that RcHMGR5 might be a critical enzyme involved in carotenoid biosynthesis. These results laid a foundation for in-depth study on the role of RcHMGR family genes in R. chingii.

‍Growth regulators （GRF） and GRF-interacting factors （GIF） play crucial roles in plant growth， development， and response to stress. In order to study the functions of GRF and GIF genes in the growth， development and stress response of Cunninghamia lanceolata，we identified five ClGRFs genes and two ClGIFs genes based on the full-length transcriptome data of C. lanceolata. Our analysis revealed that the deduced amino acid sequence of ClGRFs ranged from 386 aa （ClGRF4） to 723 aa （ClGRF3）， with isoelectric points between 7.07 （ClGRF4） and 9.26 （ClGRF5）. The two ClGIF proteins consisted of 242 and 258 aa， respectively， with isoelectric points around 6. Conserved domain analysis showed that all ClGRFs proteins contained QLQ and WRC domains， and all ClGIFs proteins contained SSXT domains. Phylogenetic analysis placed ClGRFs in branch III and branch VI， respectively. And， all the ClGRF genes were regulated by miR396. Further analysis indicated that the expressions of ClGRF genes showed tissue specificity， while the ClGIF genes were constitutively expressed in all detected tissues. Moreover， both ClGRF and ClGIF genes can respond to GA3 and SA treatment. Yeast two-hybrid experiments indicated the physical interactions between all ClGRFs proteins and the two ClGIFs proteins. These results provide an important basis for further studies on the functions of GRF and GIF genes in C. lanceolata.

In order to explore the effects of satellite carrying on the agronomic traits of wheat， high molecular weight glutenin subunits （HMW-GS） and molecular level variations， the SP₃ agronomic traits variation of Zhoumai 18， Zhoumai 22 and Wennong 14 dry seeds carried by the SJ-10 satellite were examined， and SDS-PAGE technology and simple sequence repeat （SSR） molecular marker technology were used to identify and analyze the polymorphism of HMW-GS and SSR molecular markers in the SP₅ mutant lines. The results showed that there were significant differences in the agronomic traits between the SP₃ generation and its wild type， and different wheat varieties had different sensitivities to the space environment. Space flight generated variations in HMW-GS and genomic DNA. The mutation frequencies of HMW-GS in three wheat varieties were 2.15%， 3.66% and 5.21%， respectively， with Wennong 14 having the highest mutation frequency. Polymorphic detection of 21 SSR molecular markers showed that the number of differential markers between the space-induced mutants of Zhoumai 18 and Zhoumai 22 and their wild-type was less than 2， whereas the number of differential markers between the space-induced mutants of Wennong 14 and their wild-type was greater， and the traits such as plant height and panicle type were genetically distinct. In summary， space mutation can induce variations in wheat genome and proteome， and the excellent mutants obtained can serve as valuable resources for the genetic improvement of wheat and for the research and utilization of functional genes.

To investigate the effects of ¹²C⁶⁺ radiation on flavonoids and antioxidant activity in chicory， chicory roots were used as experimental materials to determine the total flavonoid content and antioxidant activity under different ¹²C⁶⁺ radiation doses. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem four-stage rod mass spectrometry （UPLC-ESI-MS/MS） was used to conduct targeted metabonomic analysis of flavonoids in 20 and 40 Gy radiation groups which had significantly increased total flavonoids content and control groups. The results showed that 10-40 Gy ¹²C⁶⁺ radiation increased the total flavonoid content of chicory roots， with the most significant increase in the 20 and 40 Gy radiation groups. Five categories of 11 flavonoid metabolites were identified， with hesperetin and cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside chloride being the key differential metabolites in response to the increase in total flavonoid content of chicory roots caused by ¹²C⁶⁺ radiation. ¹²C⁶⁺ radiation affected the synthesis of astragalin， isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside， luteolin， and hesperetin. Flavonoid biosynthesis pathway （ko00941） and Flavone and flavonol biosynthesis pathway （ko00944） were significantly enriched. 20 and 40 Gy radiation increased the DPPH， ABTS⁺ radical scavenging ability， and ferric ion reduction ability （FRAP） of flavonoid extract from chicory root， and significantly enhanced its antioxidant activity. In summary， ¹²C⁶⁺ radiation at doses of 20 and 40 Gy can increase the total flavonoid content， alter the types and content of flavonoids in chicory roots， and enhance their antioxidant activity. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for further research on radiation induced breeding of chicory.

To promote the germination of barley seeds and enhance seedling growth， while elucidating the role of microbial seed coating agents in barley production， this study designed a novel microbial seed coating agent， which employed xanthan gum-gelatin （XG-GEL） as the film-forming agent and incorporated Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B1 as the bioactive component （XG-GEL-B1）. The aim of the study to investigate the effects of microbial seed coating agents on barley germination rate， seedling growth， and physiological indicators is to clarify the proportion of microbial seed coating agents used. The results demonstrated that when the ratio of the coating agent to seeds was 1∶75， the germination rate of barley seeds coated with the film-forming agent was increased by 12.67%. Simultaneously， the activity of B1 bacteria after air-drying for 24 hours increased by 13.92% compared to the B1 coating treatment. Further investigation indicated that with a bacterial concentration of 10⁴ CFU·mL^-1 in the film-forming agent， the formulated XG-GEL-B1 enhanced the germination rate of barley seeds by 14.00 percentage points after 24 hours， in contrast to the control group treated with water. Pot experiments revealed that XG-GEL-B1 coating agent increased the plant height， root length， and fresh weight of barley seedlings by 20.39%， 13.51%， and 14.63%， respectively， compared to the water-treated group. The contents of total soluble sugars， soluble proteins， chlorophyll a， chlorophyll b， and total chlorophyll （a+b） were increased by 16.18%， 1.97%， 13.07%， 44.47%， and 26.47%， respectively， compared to the water-treated group. The XG-GEL-B1 coating agent prepared in this study meeted the standards for pH， viscosity， film formation time， coating uniformity， and coating shedding rates for suspended seed coatings and microbial agents， making it suitable for barley seed coating treatment. The results indicated that XG-GEL-B1 coating agent could enhance seed germination rates and crop physiological characteristics. The findings of this study provide a theoretical foundation for the scientific and efficient cultivation of barley.

The active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicines are the basis for the treatment of diseases， which are also important indicator for evaluating the quality of traditional Chinese medicine products. Radiation technology has unique advantages in the maintenance of traditional Chinese medicine. In order to clarify the influence of irradiation on the active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicines， as well as to promote the scientific application of irradiation technology in traditional Chinese medicines， this paper searched the relevant literatures and reviewed the changes of active ingredients such as alkaloids， sugars， glycosides， quinones， coumarins， flavonoids， terpenes， saponins and phenols after irradiation. Overall， this study could provide reference for the application of irradiation technology in the traditional Chinese medicine industry.