20 June 2010, Volume 24 Issue 3
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J4. 2010, 24(3): 425-429. https://doi.org/10.11869/hnxb.2010.03.0425
To screen the resistance lines to rice blast, the blast resistance of SP3 and SP4 progenies derived from rice variety Hanghui 7 were evaluated after satellite flight, and the genomic DNA polymorphism of the resistant variants selected from SP3 was compared with the wild type by microsatellite markers. The results indicated that the SP3 Variant line H24, which was selected from the 250 space-induced lines (SP3 ) with excellent agronomic and economical characters, showed resistance segregation (119R∶108S) against blast isolate GD3286. It was demonstrated that the resistance of H24 might be controlled by two dominant and complementary resistance genes. The resistance of H24 was still segregated in SP4, but the resistance spectrum of H24 was 84.4% in SP5,much higher than the wild type, 40.6%, and H24 especially showed resistant against some blast isolates of broad pathogenic spectrum or specialized pathogenicity;further more, the DNA polymorphism wasn’t detected between H24 and its wild type by 229 SSR(simple sequence repeat) markers covering the rice genome equally.
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J4. 2010, 24(3): 430-435. https://doi.org/10.11869/hnxb.2010.03.0430
Fourteen plant height mutants of Nipponbare were used to study the effect of plant height on the agronomic characters and lodging resistance. The results indicated that the plant height was positively correlated with spike length, third internode length,height of gravity center, fresh weight of main stem, dry weight of main stem, thousand-grain weight, grain-yield per plant and biological yield, and the second internode length.Meanwhile, plant height played an important role in lodging resistance, it was significantly positively correlated with lodging index and negatively correlated with bending moment and culm type index.The correlation between agronomic characters and lodging resistance showed that several agronomic characters had strong impact on the lodging resistance,such as spike length, height of gravity center, basal internode length(first and second internode), fresh and dry weight of main stem, dry weight of basal internode, seed setting, thousand-grain weight, grain-weight per plant and biological yield.
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J4. 2010, 24(3): 436-441. https://doi.org/10.11869/hnxb.2010.03.0436
This paper reported a rice liguleless mutant，Oslg1-3，which was induced from early indica rice variety “ Guanglu’ai 4” by 60Co γ- rays irradiation. The trait of ligulelessness was inherited as a single recessive gene model, and the corresponding gene OsLG1 was localized to chromosome 4 and isolated via mapping-based cloning method. Besides the absence of ligule, the leaves of the mutant were erect due to low degree of bending between leaf blade and sheath, so the mutant could be utilized to breed new rice varieties with erect leaf. The analysis of field production indicated that the genetically improved Oslg1-3 lines could significantly increase grain yield through dense planting, thus demonstrated the mutant was valuable in rice breeding.
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J4. 2010, 24(3): 442-446. https://doi.org/10.11869/hnxb.2010.03.0442
Two cDNA fragments, ISA1 and SUSIAB2-like, were isolated from Oryza sativa by RT-PCR technique. The full length open reading fragments of ISA1 and SUSIAB2-like encoded 811 and 572 amino acid residues, respectively. Both SUSIBA2-like and SUSIBA2, with 80.7% similarity of amino acid sequences, belonged to the group I of WRKY transcriptional factor superfamily. Furthermore, their putative tertiary structures were very much similar and may have a similar biological function. The semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis indicated that ISA1 expressed with a peak value at 12d after pollination, in endosperm but not in root, stem or leaf. The expression pattern for SUSIBA2-like was similar, except that SUSIBA2-like also expressed in stem and leaf.
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J4. 2010, 24(3): 447-452. https://doi.org/10.11869/hnxb.2010.03.0447
High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was adopted to analyze the content of endogenous hormones such as zeatin(ZT), gibberellin(GAs), auxin(IAA) and abscisic acid(ABA) in male fertile plants and male sterile plants of maize derived from sister-cross population, which was produced with male sterile mutant induced by space flight. Exogenous GAs treatment was applied to plants of sister-cross population of maize,and the fertility of the maize plant both in the exogenous GAs treatment plots and the control plot was investigated. The results showed that the fertility segregation ratios of sister-cross populations did not change with exogenous GAs treatment. At the seedling stage, only the differences of IAA and ABA contents in leaf between fertile and sterile plants were significant at the 0.05 level, and the differences of ZT, GAs, IAA and ABA contents between sterile and fertile plants all were at 0.05 or 0.01 level significant,at the jointing stage. At the uninucleate microspore stage the differences of IAA and ABA contents in anther were significant at 0.01 level, but at the binucleate pollen stage only the difference of ABA content was significant at 0.01 level. During the four different developmental stages, the contents of ZT, GAs and IAA were higher in fertile plants than in sterile plants, but the content of ABA was lower in fertile plants than in sterile plants in the two different tissues. It was concluded that exogenous GAs treatment could not alter the fertility of maize plants, so this mutant did not belong to the GAs sensitive type. The changes of the hormone level or the hormones ratio might be related to the pollen abortion of the male sterile material used in this experiment, and it seems that ABA and IAA may have a closer relationship with the fertility expression of the material used in this experiment than ZT and GAs according to the significance tests.
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J4. 2010, 24(3): 453-459. https://doi.org/10.11869/hnxb.2010.03.0453
We selected three soybean varieties with specific quality, Zhonghuang 28, Zhonghuang 29 and Zhonghuang 31 as experimental materials. The seeds were boarded on the recoverable breeding satellite “Shijian No.8” for spaceflight treatment and the untreated materials used as controls. Major agronomic traits in SP1 and SP2, quality traits (protein content, fat content, protein component, 11S/7S globulin) in SP2 and SP3 were investigated. The results showed that three soybean varieties gave different response to the space environment. A total of 15 variants were obtained in the SP1 generation with the total variation rate of 0.649%. 3 variants came from SP1 of Zhonghuang 28, with variation rate of 0.417%, and the others came from SP1 of Zhonghuang 29, and the variation rate was 1.667%. No variation was found in SP1 of Zhonghuang 31. Traits segregation was found to occur in 7 variants in SP2 generation. Agronomic traits of variants were found significant difference between SP2 and SP1 generation. The mutation was found in 11S globulin subunit and Kunitz soybean trypsin inhibitor. Space mutation could be one of methods to improve both agronomic and quality traits in soybean breeding.
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J4. 2010, 24(3): 460-465. https://doi.org/10.11869/hnxb.2010.03.0460
Seeds of three eggplant varieties (05-7, 05-9 and 05-18) were carried by “Shijian 8” satellite for space flight treatment. The space flight mutation effects on eggplant were studied and the genetic diversity of mutant lines was analyzed using SSR markers. The results showed that space flight had obvious effects on the seed germination in eggplant SP1 generation and other characters such as plant height, plant type, leaf shape, fruit shape in the second generation. Most of the mutated characters could stably inherit in the third generation. The results also indicated that different eggplant genotypes resporded different to the space flight mutation; the long eggplant 05-18 was much more sensitive than other two varieties. Great variation between variant lines and their original varieties were detected by SSR markers, suggesting that space flight could induce molecular variation in eggplant.
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J4. 2010, 24(3): 466-469. https://doi.org/10.11869/hnxb.2010.03.0466
The embryogenic calluses induced from the stolons of manilagrass (Zoysia matrelia L. Merr.) were treated with60Co γ-rays at doses of 0 (control), 5, 10, 20 and 40Gy. Growth and regeneration of the calluses, ploidy, content of proline, activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD), peroxidase(POD) and catalase (CAT) enzymes of the regenerated plants were measured. The results showed that 5Gy irradiation had no effect on growth and regeneration of the callus. 10 and 20Gy irradiation had significant promoting effects on regeneration of the calluses, and the rates of explants that differentiated and formed more than 3 plantlets per explant increased by 12.50% and 8.68%, respectively. However, 40Gy irradiation resulted in the decreases of rates of embryogenic calluses and regeneration by 21.67% and 8.78%, respectively. There were no differences among the ploidy and the activities of SOD, POD, CAT enzymes of the regenerated plants from different treatments. Proline contents in the regenerated plants acquired from the calluses that were treated with60Co γ-irradiation at doses of 5, 10, 20 and 40Gy were significantly higher than that in control, and the highest content (20Gy) was 2.4 times of that in control.
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J4. 2010, 24(3): 470-475. https://doi.org/10.11869/hnxb.2010.03.0470
Soybean Jindou 20 seeds were treated by magnetized plasma with different dose, the seed germination, growth, respiratory, energy metabolism and isoenzyme patterns of seedlings were investigated. The results showed that no significant differences in seed germination rate, root length and dry weight of seedlings were detected under all treatments; however the seedling height and fresh weight increased by 17.8～26.9% and 12.70%～17.08% in the range of 2.0A～3.0A treatment intensity; lateral root number increased by 11.8% significantly (P<0.05) under 2.0A treatment intensity. When the treatment intensity was 2.5A, the root activity was improved by 60.9%; the respiratory rate of leaf and root were increased by 43.68% and 38.92%, and the ATP content of leaf and root were enhanced by 37.79% and 47.68%, respectively. Isoenzyme patterns of the peroxidase (POD) and esterase(EST) in leaf and root had almost no changes, but the POD and EST activity increased obviously after the plasma treatment. Comparative analysis indicated that 2.5A was the optimum treatment to stimulate seed vigor, promote seed germination and seedling growth.
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J4. 2010, 24(3): 476-481. https://doi.org/10.11869/hnxb.2010.03.0476
Because of degeneracy of genetic codons, synonymous codons usage patterns can significantly vary among genomes, even often among genes within a single genome. In this study, codon usage of waxy genes in rice, maize, sorghum, wheat, barley, Arabidopsis thaliana and pea were analyzed by software Codon W. The results showed that codon bias of waxy in monocots were different from that of dicots. In monocots, waxy genes prefer to the codons with C or G at the synonymous position. But they prefer to the codons ending with A or T in dicots. And it was found that the relationships of species were more closely, and the codon usage patterns of waxy were more similar. So the analysis of codon usage was an important and supplementary method to phylogenetic research, and was used to the investigation of the evolutionary relation and molecular mechanism.
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J4. 2010, 24(3): 482-489. https://doi.org/10.11869/hnxb.2010.03.0482
According to the Lyc-β gene (X86452) and Lyc-ε gene (Y14387) sequences published in the GenBank, four pairs of primers were designed to amplify the fragments of 302 and 330 bp (Lyc-β gene),302 and 288 bp (Lyc-ε gene) from tomato cDNA. The gusA gene intron sequences of 168 and 235 bp were cloned from the plasmid pCAMBIA-2301 (AF234316). Four plant expression vectors interfering Lyc-β and Lyc-ε genes were constructed by ligation the intron fragments of gusA gene within two target gene fragments, which were designed in opposite direction. The transformed tobacco plants were identified by PCR, and a total of 107 transgenic plants were obtained. The interference effects were analyzed by real time PCR, and the results showed that the target genic relative abundance in the transgenic plants were 3.4%, 16.4%, 15.2% and 21.8% respectively compared with wild type plants. Further analysis of the pigment content in transgene plants showed that the average accumulating rate of lycopene content in transgenic plants were 3.4, 2.1, 3.4, 2.0μg/g, respectively. The β-carotene and lutein contents in transgenic plants had the corresponding change.
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J4. 2010, 24(3): 490-494. https://doi.org/10.11869/hnxb.2010.03.0490
In order to study the function of EBF2 cDNA in tomato, EBF2 full length gene from tomato fruit was amplified by RT-PCR. The transient expression of EBF2-GFP fusion protein in tobacco protoplast revealed its nuclear localization, and sense recombinant vector of pCambia1301-EBF2 which EBF2 gene driven by the constitutive promoter CaMV35S was constructed. Then the transgenic tomatoes cv.Micro Tom were obtained via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and confirmed by PCR and GUS histochemical staining.
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J4. 2010, 24(3): 495-501. https://doi.org/10.11869/hnxb.2010.03.0495
The complete mitochondrial genome of E. pyretorum was cloned using long-PCR amplification. The mitochondrial genome of E. pyretorum was 15, 327bp. The base compositions included 39.17% A, 11.55% C, 7.63% G, 41.65% T, and consisted of 13 protein coding gene (PCGs), 2 rRNAs and 22 tRNA genes and one A+T-rich region. All PCGs of the E. pyretorum mitochondrial genome started with a typical ATN codon, except for cox1 and cox2. The usual TAA termination codon was found for eleven PCGs. The arrangement of PCGs was the same as that found in other sequenced lepidopteran insect. However, cox1 and cox2 genes had an incomplete termination codon (T). With respect to the secondary structures of 22 tRNA genes, the absence of DHU arm of trnS1 (AGN) was observed in E. pyretorum.
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J4. 2010, 24(3): 502-506. https://doi.org/10.11869/hnxb.2010.03.0502
Leaf segments of Sedum Aizoon L. were cultured on MS medium supplemented with 2mg/L 6-BA and 1mg/L NAA. A few of adventitious buds were induced from incision of leaves explants, and regenerated shoots were rooted and subcultured on MS medium with 0.2mg/L IBA. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were used to assess the genetic stability of regenerated plantlets.The 20 arbitrary primers used in this analysis yielded 88 scoreable bands with an average of 4.4 bands per primer. These 88 bands were monomorphic with identical bands at DNA level among all shoots from the regenerated plantlets, transplants and control plants of Sedum aizoon L. The results demonstrated that high-efficient direct organogenesis and regeneration system might be used for micropropogation of Sedum aizoo L.
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J4. 2010, 24(3): 507-512. https://doi.org/10.11869/hnxb.2010.03.0507
The high efficiency alfalfa regeneration system was established by studying the influence of explants type, auxins and cytokinins concentration on alfalfa callus induction and differentiation in the experiment. The system was that alfalfa callus were induced on MS+0.2mg/L 2,4-D+0.01mg/L NAA+0.2mg/L KT from leaf; callus was subcultured 2~3 times and then transferred to MS media for shoot development; and transferred to 1/2 MS media for roots formation. In the alfalfa culture system, callus induction rate could reach 100% and differentiation rate 90%. The orthogonal experiment of callus induction showed that the major factor on alfalfa callus induction ratio was 2,4-D concentration, the next were explants type, NAA, 6-BA and KT concentration. And the factors on alfalfa callus browning rate in the experiment ordinally were explants types, KT, 2,4-D, 6-BA, NAA. Explants types were significantly effect on callus induction rate and browning rate (P<0.01). Auxins (2,4-D and NAA) had greater effect on alfalfa callus induction than cytokinins (6-BA and KT). The shoot development experiment showed that the hormone component of callus induction media was the determinant factor of alfalfa callus differentiation.
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J4. 2010, 24(3): 513-517. https://doi.org/10.11869/hnxb.2010.03.0513
The axillary buds of peony Weizi were used as experimental explants to study the different disinfection methods on contamination rates of lateral bud,and the effects of 6-BA, NAA and AC on adventitious bud occurrence and multiplication. The results indicated that firstly immersion in 2g/L carbendazim solution and then kept in 0.1% mercuric chloride for 7min was an effective method to prevent contamination. The best medium for adventitious bud occurrence was MS+Ca2++ NAA 0.2mg/L+6-BA 2.5mg/L, in which the bud germination rate reached 81.13%. AC had a notable effect on adventitious bud differentiation and shoot growth.The best medium for proliferation was WPM+6-BA 1.0mg/L+NAA 0.1mg/L, and the proliferation rate reached 7.88. When the peony shoots were cultured on the 1/4 WPM medium with NAA 1.0mg/L and IBA 3.0mg/L for 8 d under dark condition, the rooting rate was 85.75%.
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J4. 2010, 24(3): 518-521. https://doi.org/10.11869/hnxb.2010.03.0518
Tetraploid was successfully induced from in vitro plantlets of diploid Cymbidium interspecific hybrids treated with different concentration colchicine. Rhizomes were treated with colchicine at concentration of 0.02%, 0.05%, 0.10% and 0.20% for 24, 48 and 72h. The results indicated that the treatment of rhizomes in colchicine solution at 0.10% for 48h was the best, and its induction rate was 36%. The chromosome number of induced plants was 2n=4x=80, while that of the control plants was 2n=2x=40. Compared with the normal diploid plants, tetraploids were characterized by thicker and stronger roots, stems and leaves. The color of leaves and base of stems were darker and the plants shown slower growth rate. These new materials could be used in breeding of orchid.
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J4. 2010, 24(3): 522-526. https://doi.org/10.11869/hnxb.2010.03.0522
Using the orthogonal experiment design of L9(34), the effects of explants uralensis, hormone types and combinations on inducing embryoids, embryoids induced seedling cultivation and cultivation techniques were researched. The results showed that the best explant was the shoot of Glycyrrhiza uralensis cultured by embryoid induction and the optimal induction medium was MS+glycine 0.3g/L+sucrose 30g/L+agar 5g/L+2,4-D 0.2mg/L. The obvious promotion of 2,4-D to embryoid induction was observed. The shoot was the best explant which could induce the seedling from the embryoid and the plantlet regeneration rate was 66.67% with the medium of MS. The exogenous hormone inhibited the induction of plantlet from embryoid.
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J4. 2010, 24(3): 527-531. https://doi.org/10.11869/hnxb.2010.03.0527
The effects of colchicines concentration and treatment time duration on the seeds of Dendranthema lavandulifolium were studied. The results showed that method for polyploidy induction was soaking seeds in 500mg/L colchicum for about 12h and the induction ratio was about 23%, which showed significant difference. Only one tetraploidy plant was obtained with the chromosome number of 2n=4x=36. The tetraploid plant exhibited some morphological and cytological variations, including the larger guard cells size of stomata, more chloroplasts in stomata guard cell, smaller leaves, bigger flower diameter, less number of ray flower and more number of tubular flower.
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J4. 2010, 24(3): 532-536. https://doi.org/10.11869/hnxb.2010.03.0532
The effect of different factors on proliferation of Emmenopterys henryi Oliv. adventitious buds was studied using orthogonal and single-factor experimental method. The results showed that the best medium for the proliferation of Emmenopterys henryi Oliv. stem was MS+KT 2.0mg/L+6-BA 2.0mg/L+NAA 0.1mg/L, the best sugar and agar concentration were 40 and 7.5g/L, respectively, the appropriate pH value, temperature and culture conditions were 6, 25℃ and light culture, respectively. The research proved that high-frequency proliferation of E. henryi Oliv. adventitious buds could be achieved by tissue culture techniques, which provided a simple and effective way for rapid proliferation of the rare and endangered plants.
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J4. 2010, 24(3): 537-541. https://doi.org/10.11869/hnxb.2010.03.0537
Genetic regulation of erucic acid content is of great significance for developing new varieties of high erucic acid rapeseed (HEAR) for industrial use and low erucic acid rapeseed (LEAR) for edible purpose. In this paper, the biosynthetic process of erucic acid and the characteristics of triacylglycerol assembly in rapeseeds were introduced, and advances in genetic engineering of HEAR and LEAR were reviewed, which will provide references for further studies on genetic regulation of erucic acid content in rapeseeds.
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J4. 2010, 24(3): 542-547. https://doi.org/10.11869/hnxb.2010.03.0542
In this paper brewer’s grains were used as main material to produce xylanase by Pleurotus eryngii. Monofactorial and orthogonal experiments were conducted to optimize the fermentation conditions, and the enzymatic characteristics of crude enzyme liquid were also studied. The results showed that the factors influencing xylanase yield from main to minor were incubation time, the ratio between material and water, nitrogen source, pH and carbon source. The optimal culture conditions for enzyme producing were: the mixture of brewer’s grains,corn cob and wheat bran of 6∶2∶2 as carbon source, 1.5% of yeast extract as nitrogen source, pH 5, 7g medium in 50ml erlenmeyer flask, 25% of inoculum’s volume for 9 days incubation, and the best ratio between material and water is 1∶1.6. The optimal condition of the crude enzyme liquid is 50℃, pH6. The enzyme is stabile between pH 4～7, but its themal stability is poor, more than 70% of the enzyme activity lost above 60℃.
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J4. 2010, 24(3): 548-554. https://doi.org/10.11869/hnxb.2010.03.0548
The effects of different treatments on molecular weight and antigenicity of shrimp allergy protein were studied. Enzymolysis, ultra-high pressure and microwave treatments were used to process the shrimp allergenic protein. Molecular weight, hydrolysis degree and the change of allergenic protein antigenicity were investigated by SDS-PAGE, OPA method and indirect competitive ELISA, respectively. The results showed that molecular weight does not change after ultra-high pressure and microwave treatment, but shrimp allergy protein band disappeared after protease treatment. The indirect competitive ELISA analysis showed that the antigenicity of protein decreased or disappeared after the all three treatments.
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J4. 2010, 24(3): 555-561. https://doi.org/10.11869/hnxb.2010.03.0555
HS-SPME and GC/MS were used to analyze the changing of flavor components of “Jingtian No.2” waxy corn during the soft can processing. The results showed that 30 flavor compounds in fresh corn, 29 in blanched corn, and 39 in corn after high temperature and high pressure treatments were detected, respectively. The flavor compounds were classified into the following groups: sulfur, esters, aldehydes, alcohols, ketones, hydrocarbons, aromatics, acids, furans and nitrogen-containing compounds. It was found that contents of sulfur, alcohols, aldehydes and acids compounds were about 65.55％, 9.62％, 4.81％ and 4.36％, respectively, in final soft can product of waxy corn. The total peak area of flavor compounds increased during the processing, especially the groups of sulfur, esters, aromatics and acids compounds. These compounds played important roles for forming the specific flavor of “Jiantian No.2” corn soft can.
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J4. 2010, 24(3): 562-568. https://doi.org/10.11869/hnxb.2010.03.0562
Jinchen orange juice was treated by pasteurization and irradiation (1.4, 2.8 and 5.6kGy) to study the effects of sterilization methods on quality of orange juice. The volatile compounds were analyzed by solid phase micro-extraction method combined with GC-MS. The juice color, pH and Vc content were determined, and sensory evaluation of the juice were evaluated. The results showed a total of 54, 47, 57, 55, 53 kinds of compounds were detected in fresh juice, pasteurized juice and 3 irradiated juices, respectively. The irradiated juices had bigger peak area of volatile compounds than pasteurized juice, and the biggest peak area was found in 2.8kGy irradiation sample.β-myrcene, D-limonene andγ-terpinene, which were the characteristic aroma compounds in orange juice, were detected a higher level in irradiation sample than pasteurization. Vc content and aroma decreased after all treatments. The sample after 1.4kGy treatment showed highest score in sensory evaluation. It was concluded that low dose irradiation could be used in sterilization processing of orange juice.
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J4. 2010, 24(3): 569-574. https://doi.org/10.11869/hnxb.2010.03.0569
Effects of microwave treatment on different development stages of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) were investigated, the used insect samples were in two kinds: bareness and mixed with flour. For the bareness samples, the applied output powers were 160, 320, 480, 640 and 800W, and the treating time were 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30s. For the mixed with flour samples, when the applied powers were 160, 320, 480, 640 and 800 W, the treating time was 20s; when the power was 800W, the treating times were 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25s. The results showed that adults, larvae and eggs were all killed under 320W and 30s treatment, but pupae could survive. The 100% death was achieved under 800W and 20s treatment for larvae, pupae and adults, but 25s could kill all eggs. Under the power of 800W and 25s treatment, all insects mixed with flour were killed. As a harmless controlling method, microwave treatement could effectively kill Tribolium castaneum (Herbst).
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J4. 2010, 24(3): 575-579. https://doi.org/10.11869/hnxb.2010.03.0575
Mung beans were treated at different strength of magnetic field and cutting speeds under the bud culturing condition, the fresh weight and bud length of mung bean buds were measured during 96 hours culture. The results showed that magnetic field treatment could obviously stimulate the growth of mung bean buds, and the fastest growth of the buds was found at the magnetic field strength of 1.2T, cutting speed 0.7m/s. It also indicated that the promoting effect could not continuously increased with the increase of magnetic field strength and cutting speed. When magnetic field strength was higher than 1.2T and cutting speed quicker than 0.7m/s, the fresh weight and bud length decreased with the increase of magnetic field strength and cutting speed. Magnetic treatment could promote the growth of mung beans buds, it could be used as a simple and effective method for mung beans bud culture.
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J4. 2010, 24(3): 580-584. https://doi.org/10.11869/hnxb.2010.03.0580
In this study, 442 samples were collected in Enshi Prefecture and measured their soil total selenium content. In order to explore the distribution the soil total selenium content, the samples were divided into two groups:samples for modeling and samples of validation, the former taking up 96% with 424 samples and the latter accounting for 4%, with 18 samples. The analyses show that the total selenium content in samples for modelling did not conform to the normal distribution but conform to logormal distribution. After the data conversion, the variation function was constructed in the GS+ software, where the range (R) was 38100m, the nugget was 0.268 and the spatial heterogeneity index (Q) is 0.28. This indicates that the variation in total selenium content mainly contributed to the structure factor, and there was a strong spatial autocorrelation, so the Ordinary Kriging (OK) can be used to map the soil total selenium distribution of the whole Prefecture. From the map, it can be seen that the soil total selenium content was relatively low in the west to Qiyue Mountain in Lichuan City, less than 1.28μg/g. Cross-validation and variance homogeneity were then adopted to validate the distribution map. The identical conclusion is reached that the distribution map of soil total selenium content constructed is applicable.
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J4. 2010, 24(3): 585-588. https://doi.org/10.11869/hnxb.2010.03.0585
A pot wheat experiment was conducted to evaluate that the dynamic effects of tribenuron-methyl pollution on the activity of soil urease, alkaline phosphatase and protease were studied. The results showed that except 0.1 and 0.5mg/kg first day treatments, the activity of soil urease was all inhibited among other tribenuron-methyl treatments during the early stage (the first 14 days after treatment), and the inhibit effect became greater as the concentration of tribenuron-methyl increased. The activity of soil urease was the least and the highest inhibitory rate reached 74.8% at the 7 th day. But tribenuron-methyl treatment activated soil urease with the highest activating rate of 183.0% during the later stage(after 14 days). On the contrary, the effect of tribenuron-methyl treatment on the activity of alkaline phosphatase and protease appeared dosage effect. That is, low-concentration tribenuron-methyl had some activating effect on the activity of alkaline phosphatase and protease, while high-concentration tribenuron-methyl had inhibitory-activating effect. The inhibitory effect on alkaline phosphatase presented during the previous 7 days after treatment, but the effect on protease appeared in the early stage of treatment (the first 14days). Thus the effect of tribenuron-methyl on the activity of soil enzyme not only related to concentration and culture time but also related to types of soil enzyme. The activity of soil urease could be an indicator for the pollution level of tribenuron-methyl in soil in the early stage of tribenuron-methyl pollution.
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J4. 2010, 24(3): 589-593. https://doi.org/10.11869/hnxb.2010.03.0589
Elevation of ［CO2］ will invariably influence the growth and photosynthesis of millet and somewhat counteract the adverse impacts of rising temperature. Research on millet response to elevated ［CO2］ will generate information on changes in millet yield under future climate change and corresponding measures. The present study is the first reported FACE(Free air CO2 enrichment) experiment of millet in the world. Elevated ［CO2］ increased the height, stem diameter and leaf area of millet,but reduced the chlorophyll content of leaf.Photosynthesis(Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (Tr)and the ratio of intercellular CO2 concentration and extracellular CO2 concentration (Ci/Ca) were reduced in FACE at tassel period, but water use efficiency (WUE) was enhanced.
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J4. 2010, 24(3): 594-598. https://doi.org/10.11869/hnxb.2010.03.0594
In order to study the dynamic changes law of the rice grain pigments formation, and determine the optimal integrated stage of rice grain-setting,formation of grain pigments, and the best optimal harvest date of the health colorful grain, the rice varieties Xiangzaoxian 24, Xiangzaoxian 143, and Zixuan 1 were used to analyze the grain dry weight, chlorophyll and carotenoid contents of hull and ovary of grain in a main panicle of the single-plant after heading.The results showed that the dry weight of rice grain increased with the process of rice grain-setting. The harvest stage of the health colorful grain had the most important effect on the grain pigments, and the optimal harvest stage of the early, middle and late-cropping rice were 25, 20 and 25 days after heading, respectively.
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J4. 2010, 24(3): 599-604. https://doi.org/10.11869/hnxb.2010.03.0599
Pot and field trials were conducted to study effects of Azotobacter chroococcum beijerinck N45 and the developed biological nitrogen fertilizer on the yield and fertilizer N use efficiency of spring wheat, and aimed to provide a theoretical basis on developing biological nitrogen fertilizer and determine the best ratio of biological nitrogen fertilizer with chemical nitrogen. Results showed that the developed Azotobacter chroococcum beijerinck N45 biological nitrogen fertilizer could increase spring wheat yield and improve the ues efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer in the pot trial, and the most significant effect was found at the application combined with half amount of chemical nitrogen in the pot and field trials. Compared with the same amount of chemical nitrogen treatment, spring wheat straw yield 15.31% and 11.77%, grain yield increased by 12.70% and 16.34%, nitrogen harvest index 0.68% and 0.13%, N agronomy efficiency 30.37% and 59.39%, fertilizer N use efficiency 26.53% and 88.66%, partial factor productivity from applied N 15.27% and 11.77%, physiological efficiency of applied N 12.24% and 35.24% in the pot and field trials, respectively. Meanwhile, it improved the in total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total potassium in spring wheat straw and grain.
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J4. 2010, 24(3): 605-611. https://doi.org/10.11869/hnxb.2010.03.0605
The differences of grain yield, water use efficiency (WUE) and stem soluble sugar (SSS) content under spike in various genotypes of dryland winter wheat were studied with fifteen winter wheat genotypes (twelve from North China and three from Texas, America) in Loess Plateau of east Gansu under dryland and supplemental irrigation condition at jointing stage. The results showed that different genotypes had considerable differences in grain yield, WUE and SSS whether under dryland or irrigated condition. The SSS increased with grain filling proceeding, reached the maximum at mid-late filling stage, and then declined. Moreover, the SSS under dryland condition is higher than it under limited irrigation condition. Growing-season rainfall of Sep.2008 to Jun 2009 decreased by one third,which was the severe drought year, the correlation between SSS with grain yield and WUE is not significant at early and middle grain filling stages but is significant at late grain filling stage under dryland condition. With irrigation of 100 mm water at jointing stage, various genotypes of winter wheat had significant compensation or super compensation effects, and highly positive correlations of SSS related to grain yield and WUE were obtained under limited irrigation condition, especially after mid-late grain filling stage. Therefore, the SSS can be used by breeding programs as a potential selection criterion for grain yield and WUE in wheat.
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J4. 2010, 24(3): 612-617. https://doi.org/10.11869/hnxb.2010.03.0612
Methods of sand cultre and 15N tracing were used to study the effects of nitrogen application on yield and nitrogen accumulation in soybean variety SN14. The results showed as follows: accumulated nitrogen in the whole plant, petiole, pod shell and seed increased at the beginning and then decreased with the increase of nitrogen levels; Nitrogen accumulation in leaf and stem increased in 3 and 5 times for N150 than that of N0, which indicated that high nitrogen levels promoted the nitrogen accumulation in leaf and stem, however compared with N0, nitrogen accumulation in root, Nodulation-N accumulated in the whole plant and seed of N150 decreased by 60.3%，74.9% and 85.7% respectively, and Fertilizer-N harvest index of N150 decreased, which was 19.8% lower than that of N50, as well as Nodulation-N harvest index 25.5% lower than that of N50. The nitrogen levels of soybean yield also firstly increased and then decreased; Compared with N0, plant height, pod height and lowest pod nodes of soybean treated with N150 increased by 55.2%, 199.7% and 142.9% respectively, while no effects were found on node number.
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J4. 2010, 24(3): 618-622. https://doi.org/10.11869/hnxb.2010.03.0618
Field experiments were carried out to study the top dressing N uptake, accumulation, distribution and utilization rate in flue-cured tobacco using 15N tracing technique in two sites on yellow soil. When top dressing 15N applied in 5 weeks after transplanting(WAT), accumulation of 15N reached the peak value at the 13 WAT, and the accumulation amount of 15N were 16.13 kg/hm2 and 15.28 kg/hm2 in two sites, respectively in 17 WAT when the leaves was harvested. Ration of 15N, which came from top dressing fertilizer, were 16.95% to 16.51%, and 15N utilzation rate were 51.20% to 61.73% in two sites, The top dressing 15N distribution at upper, middle, lower leaves and stem and flowers were 32.30% to 32.72%, 32.68% to 31.47%, 17.65% to 17.28% and 27.22% to 26.44% in two sites, respectively, with more than 60% of top dressing 15N accumulated in middle and upper leaves. Therefore, high nicotine contents on yellow soil were mainly resulted from more top dressing 15N absorbed, delaying 15N absorption of top dressing fertilizer and the high top dressing 15N use efficiency, as well as more fertilizer 15N concentrated in upper and middle leaves.
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J4. 2010, 24(3): 623-627. https://doi.org/10.11869/hnxb.2010.03.0623
A study was conducted, using chlorophyll fluorescence technique and tobacco variety Longjiang 911 as material, to investigate the diurnal changes of PSⅡ and maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II photochemistry (Fv/Fm) and excited energy distribution in upper, middle and bottom stalk leaves of tobacco, respectively. The results showed that the decreasing of Fv/Fm and actual photochemical efficiency of PSⅡ(ΦPSⅡ) with obvious midday-depression, and down-regulation of the functional photosystem Ⅱ reaction centers result in significant photoinhibition. With the increasing of photosynthetic actual irradiation (PAR),Fv/Fm and ΦPSⅡ gradual declined, nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) and the fraction of excited energy allocated to PSⅡ increased. These results indicated that photoinhibition in tobacco leaves were caused primarily by increasing of excited energy allocated to PSⅡ to enhance reversible inactivation of PSⅡcenters other than NPQ. With the decreasing of PAR, Fv/Fm and ΦPSⅡ increased, and NPQ and unbalance index of excited energy allocated to PSⅡ and PSⅠ (β/α-1) declined respectively.It was indicated that the recovery of PSⅡ photochemical efficiency was caused primarily by renewing PSⅡ activation due to unloading the energy burden of PSⅡ.
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J4. 2010, 24(3): 628-633. https://doi.org/10.11869/hnxb.2010.03.0628
Plant height, root length, chlorophyll, MDA and accumulating characteristics of Celosia cristata Linn were measured after treated with different concentrations of 133Cs and 88Sr in the hydroponic condition. The results showed that the stem and root length of cockscomb plants had no significant change under low concentrations of 133Cs and 88Sr treatment (0.1 and 0.5 mmol/L), but the plant growth were inhibited under high level of 133Cs or 88Sr (1.0 and 5.0 mmol/L). The dry weight of leaf, stem, root of cockscomb plant decreased with the increase of 133Cs and 88Sr concentration. The concent of chlorophyll in plants increased first and declined, the change of MDA content showed a reverse variation. The distribution of 133Cs and 88Sr in cockscomb plants followed the order of root＞stem＞leaf.
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J4. 2010, 24(3): 634-638. https://doi.org/10.11869/hnxb.2010.03.0634
In the present study, we compared the effects of rare earth element cerium (Ce3+) and heavy metal element lead (Pb2+) on seed germination and seedling growth of Chinese cabbage. Results showed that low concentration treatment of Ce3+ and Pb2+ accelerated the seedling growth, stimulated the synthesis of chlorophyll and soluble protein, and elevated activities of POD and CAT. Higher concentration (>20mg/L) treatment brought harm effect to Chinese cabbage by breaking the balance of protective enzyme system, decreasing the contents of chlorophyll and soluble protein,and stimulating the accumulation of MDA. The toxicity of Ce3+ was higher than Pb2+ in the range of concentration (20~100mg/L). It is concluded that the toxic mechanism of Ce3+ was similar to that of Pb2+. The study would be helpful to offer theoretical reference for biological monitoring of REEs and setting environmental standard and effluent standards of REEs in order to avoid the similar pollotion of heavy metals.
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J4. 2010, 24(3): 639-644. https://doi.org/10.11869/hnxb.2010.03.0639
A pot experiment was conducted to study the biomass, chromium accumulations, and other physiological characteristics of celery under different concentrations(0,5,15,40,60mg·kg-1）Cr6+ stress. The results showed as follows:（1）There was no obvious effect on celery biomass under low concentration (5mg·kg-1 ) of Cr6+ treatment, the biomass significantly declined when grown under medium (40mg·kg-1) and high Cr6+treatments(60mg·kg-1) (P＜0.01), the rising of root-shoot rate and reducing of tolerance index were simultaneously observed.（2）Exposure to Cr6+ caused markedly enhancement of chromium content in both roots and aerial parts（P＜0.01）, and the retention function was found greater in roots. The accumulation amounts of Cr followed the order of root＞leave＞stem.（3）With the increasing Cr6+ of concentration, celery malondialdehyde (MDA), proline (Pro) content, soluble sugars content and nitrate content increased, but chlorophyll content, Vc content and roots activity decreased. In addition, soluble protein content increased under low level of 5mg·kg-1 and decreased in high Cr6+ levels. It demonstrates that no significant effects was found under low concentration. (5mg·kg-1 ) of Cr6+ treatments, while high concentration of Cr6+ (40 and 60mg·kg-1) did harm the growth of celery.
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J4. 2010, 24(3): 645-649. https://doi.org/10.11869/hnxb.2010.03.0645
In this paper potato seedlings of Longshu Ⅲ in vitro were treated with 5% of polyethylene glycol(PEG-6000), 0.10mmol/L sodium nitroprussede (SNP), and treated with 5% PEG-6000 and 0.10mmol/L SNP, the effects of treatments, on superoxide dismutase (SOD)，peroxidase(POD) and catalase (CAT) activity, contents of malondidehyde(MDA)，soluble protein, proline and chlorophyll of the seedlings under low temperature of 4℃ were studied．Results indicated that, under 4℃ both PEG-6000 and 0.10mmol/L SNP treatments could cause the increase of their enzymatic activity and the contents of MDA，soluble protein，free proline and chlorophyll in potato seedlings. Low concentration of SNP can significantly enhance all measured physiological index，and could alleviate the osmotic stress at combination treatment with the 5% PEG-6000.
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J4. 2010, 24(3): 650-655. https://doi.org/10.11869/hnxb.2010.03.0650
In order to explore couping effects between irrigation and fertilizers of capsicum, the model of nitrogen fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer on photosynthetic rate of capsicum leaves under protective farmland was established by means of the quadratic orthogonal rotatory combination design, regression model of irrigation. The results showed that extremely more or less irrigation and fertilization all decreased photosynthetic rate of capsicum leaves. Among the 3 factors of irrigation, nitrogen fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer, one factor sends higher photosynthetic rate at 0 level of other two factors code. Effect on photosynthetic rate of capsicum leaves followed the order of phosphate fertilizer>nitrogen fertilizer>irrigation. The effect of phosphate fertilizer was greater than those of nitrogen fertilizer and irrigation. By method of frequency analysis, management system of photosynthetic rate of capsicum leaves higher than 0.29mg·m-2·S-1 was put forward, such as irrigating quota 167.7~179m3·hm-2·times-1, application of N 231~261.2kg·hm-2and application P2O5 204.9~220.5kg·hm-2. Effects of irrigation, nitrogen fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer on capsicum yield and photosynthetic rate of capsicum leaves show the similar trend,and both present a significant positive correlation. Well photosynthesis is a good foundation of yield.
