20 October 2015, Volume 29 Issue 10
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2015, 29(10): 1845-1851. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2015.10.1845In order to identify and map heading date genes (QTLs) in rice, the segregation populations (F3 and F4) developed from a F2 population of cross between 2 rice SSSLs with the same recipient parent Huajingxian 74 and different substituted segments were used for fine mapping of the QTL qHD3. In mapping population, the segregation ratio of early and late heading plants was in accordance with 3 :1. Using two random samples of 266 from S1-27 and 879 individuals from D19, the qHD3 locus was mapped between SSR markers RM14314 and RM569, with genetic distances of 0.3 to 0.4 and 2.0 to 2.2 cM, respectively. A large segregating population of 6680 individuals from D19 was used to fine mapping for qHD3. Recombinants analyses further mapped qHD3 to an interval of 62.4 kb bounded markers RM14314 and RM14320. Sequence analysis of this 62.4 kb region revealed that it contains seven expressed gene. Of them, OsMADS50 may be at the same loci as qHD3. The present result establishes a basic for cloning and functional analysis of the qHD3.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2015, 29(10): 1852-1857. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2015.10.1852To explore novel marker used for monitoring the seed purity of two-line hybrid rice. The dry seeds of two-line male sterile rice Y58S were irradiated by 60-Cobalt gamma rays, various types of leaf color mutants such as white midrib leaves, green-revertible albino, stripe white, purple spot, yellow, light green were isolated. In mutant wml-1 white midrib expressed stably during the whole growth, and only in adaxial surface. No significant influences of wml-1 on seedling height and major agronomic traits were found, compared to that of other types of leaf color mutants. Similar sterile characteristics and combining ability were observed between the wml-1 and the wild type. Genetic analysis indicated that the mutated trait was controlled by a single recessive gene. All results suggested that white midrib leaf could be used as an ideal leaf marker, which can be of great significance to develop new technology for visible and convenient assisted-elimination of the false plants and time-saving and low-costing identification of the seed purity.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2015, 29(10): 1858-1866. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2015.10.1858In order to study the function of the wheat U-BOX gene, the full-length cDNA of a novel UBX domain-containing gene, designated as Ta-UBX1, was obtained from wheat varieties Zhoumai 22 and Zhoumai 24 using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technology. The sequence and expression patterns as well as evolution characteristics of Ta-UBX1 were analyzed. The results showed Ta-UBX1 was 2 058 bp in length, encoded a 553 amino acid protein that contained typical UBA_like and UBX domain in its "N-terminal" and "C-terminal", respectively, which belonged to UBX protein family in ubiquitin regulation pathway, and the amino acid sequence of Ta-UBX1 protein has higher similarity to the known UBX domain-containing proteins from other gramineous plants, showed high conservative in gramineous plants. Ta-UBX1 gene exhibited significant expression variations in different tissues. Which was more abundant in spikelet flowers and young ear than in other tissues, and showed higher expression amount from early tetrad stage to mononuclear stage, then gradually reduced from late-mononuclear to trinucleate stage during anthers development, which suggested it might be involed in floral development, especially in male gametophyte development in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). These results provide a molecular basis to understand the function of Ta-UBX1 gene.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2015, 29(10): 1867-1875. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2015.10.1867Ribosome recycling factor (RRF) plays a important role in the system of protein translation. AhRRF, numbered KF621303, was cloned from Arachis hypogaea L. by the approach of in silico and RT-PCR. sequence analysis showed that the open reading frame of AhRRF was 837 bp. It encodes 492 amino acids with a molecular mass of 30.94 kD and an isoelectric point of 9.63, having no signal peptide. The AhRRF protein contains four α-helices, six β-sheets and some random coils. Phylogenetic tree showed that protein AhRRF shares high homology with those from Medicago truncatula, Cicer arietinum, Glycine max, and Phaseolus vulgaris. Real-time quantitative PCR results showed that the expression of gene AhRRF was detected in leaves, flowers, roots and young fruits of A. hypogaea, with the highest expression level in leaves and the lowest in flowers. The expression level AhRRF was significantly increased after UV-B treatment for 1 h, which is 3.43-folds as high as the control, then it began to drop until significantly below that of the control at 24 h. The recombinant plasmid pET28a-AhRRF was constructed and transformed into E.coli BL21(DE3), with the fusion protein His ·RRF was expressed by IPTG induction, and SDS-PAGE test showed that His ·RRF was about 30 kD, agree with expected size. This study laid the foundation for further research on the molecular mechanisms of peanut affected by UV-B.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2015, 29(10): 1876-1883. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2015.10.1876To determine the effect of Podosphaera xanthii infection on PAL gene expression in different resistant varieties of Cucurbita pepo. The disease incidence, index and changes of PAL gene expression in different resistant varieties of Cucurbita pepo tissue were determined and analysed by the methods of in vitro inoculation and qRT-PCR technology after inoculated with the pathogen of Podosphaera xanthii, respectively. In vitro inoculation results showed that the disease incidence and index of Xiaosanxing F2 were significantly lower than the susceptible varieties of Jin12F2. Especially the disease incidence and index of Xiaosanxing F2 were 17.3% and 15.6 at 13 days after inoculation, and disease incidence and index of Jin12F2 were 93.3% and 83.0, respectively. The results of PAL gene expression showed that the relative expression of PAL gene was significantly improved after inoculated with the pathogen of Podosphaera xanthii in different resistant varieties of Cucurbita pepo in vitro. Also, the relative expression of PAL gene increased in different tissues and different varieties with the inoculation days increased at initial stage, but decreased in later. The relative expression of PAL gene in the leaves of disease-resistant varieties of Xiaosanxing F2 was significantly increased after inoculated with Podosphaera xanthii, but the petiole and stem were slightly increased compared with the leaves. The maximum relative expression quantity of PAL gene was at 7 and 9 days after inoculation in vitro; The relative expression of PAL gene in the leaves of susceptible varieties of Jin12F2 was lower than the disease-resistant varieties of Xiaosanxing F2 after inoculated with Podosphaera xanthii, but the relative expression of PAL gene increased significantly, compared with control. The maximum relative expression quantity was at 9 and 11 days. Therefore, relative expression of PAL gene is closely related to the disease resistance in Cucurbita pepo. Moreover, it can provide some theory foundation for breeding resistant varieties of pumpkin in the future.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2015, 29(10): 1884-1892. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2015.10.1884In order to analyze the genetic diversity and relationships among 16 walnut (Juglans regia L.)varieties and to establish their molecular identities, 10 ISSR primers were screened from 28 primers to amplify the walnut genomic DNA. The results showed that 115 loci were detected and 99 loci were polymorphic, with a polymorphic ratio of 86.09%. Effective number of alleles(Ne), Nei's gene diversity(He) and Shannon's Information index (I) of 16 samples were 1.5080, 0.3041 and 0.4577, respectively. The genetic similarity coefficient for 16 walnut varieties ranged from 0.42 to 0.82.Unweighed averages (UPGMA) cluster analysis was used to construct a dendrogram and 16 walnut varieties were divided into four groups. The cluster analysis indicated that all the 16 varieties could be distinguished by ISSR markers and the difference of genetic information among 16 walnut varieties was significant, indicating that there existed higher genetic diversity among them. Three of 10 primers were further determined as the core primers for germplasm identification and molecular ID establishment of walnut varieties. In the present study,the molecular identities of 16 walnut varieties were established, which provided a good foundation for variety identification and protection of walnut, it is valuable for the germplasm identification and parent selection of walnut hybridization breeding in the future.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2015, 29(10): 1893-1900. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2015.10.1893In order to optimize the condition of callus induction, mature seeds of perennial ryegrass(Lolium perenne L.) were used to investigate the effect of immersion, grinding and transferring way on the callus induction rate and formation time and the inhibition effect of different citric acid concentration on browning of perennial ryegrass callus. The results showed that soaking for 48h was in favor of callus induction, the average callus induction rate gradually decreased with prolonged immersion and the time of callus formation was delayed. Under the treatment of soaking for 48h, the average callus induction rate of seeds under grinding was much significantly higher those without grinding, meantime the average callus induction rate of seeds under random transferring way was much significantly higher than mechanical inoculation way. Under soaking for 48h and grinding, callus appeared after seeds were inoculated on callus induction medium for 3 days by random transferring way, and reached the peak during culture for 14 to 21 days. Calli were subcultured after 21 days and a lot of embryogenic calli formed during culture for 21 to 30 days, the callus induction rate was 90%. In addition, the results showed that the inhibition effect of 2mg ·L-1Citric acid was better and the browning rate of Perennial ryegrass callus was 15% after subculture for 2 weeks, however, the browning rate increased with the Citric acid concentration increased and the browning rate of the control was 50%. No significant effect of 2 mg ·L-1Citric acid concentration on the proliferation, differentiation and regeneration of callus were observed. The differentiation rate of embryogenic callus was 70%, and the rooting rate was 100%. The efficient system established for perennial ryegrass in this study would be useful for its gene engineering breeding program, and also be an important theoretical basis for the differentiation theory study in Perennial ryegrass.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2015, 29(10): 1901-1908. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2015.10.1901The objective of the study is to research the changes of genetic diversity, genomic DNA Methylation level and pattern after Dendrobium officinale diploid chromosome doubling, and to analysis of genomic mutation and methylation differences between diploid and tetraploid of Dendrobium officinale by AFLP and MSAP technique. AFLP results showed that, in amplified 1 006 bands with 25 pairs of primer combinations, 474 bands showed polymorphism, the polymorphic rate was 47.12%. In the level of methylation, the total methylation rate, full methylation rate and hemi-methylation rate were 92.64%, 62.06% and 30.58%, respectively for diploid Dendrobium officinale, 88.68%, 64.50% and 24.17% for autotetraploid Dendrobium officinale. The pattern of the methylation showed that about 28.63% sites was demethylation in autotetraploid Dendrobium officinale, 30.63% sites has been methylated. Dendrobium officinale autotetraploid DNA sequence were changed, the total methylation rate were lower than the diploid and the methylation patterns changed significantly. This study laid a foundation for the further exploration of tetraploid Dendrobium officinale epigenetic mechanism and genetic mechanism.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2015, 29(10): 1909-1916. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2015.10.1909In order to study cross fruitfulness of ornamental Dendrobium, popular commercial Dendrobium cultivars was used to analys the genetic relationship by SRAP. The results showed that among the hybrid combination, the fructification percentage of combination and single combination setting percentage was: intragroup hybridization > intergroup hybridization > native species hybridization > between native species and cultivars hybridization, there was obvious difference of setting percentage of reciprocal cross. In general, the result indicated that in the hybridization of Dendrobium, close genetic relationship has higher setting percentage, and distant relationship showed adverse. This result could provide the scientific basis for the parent selection of Dendrobium hybridization breeding.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2015, 29(10): 1917-1923. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2015.10.1917To explore the method of rapid propagation of Achyranthes bidentata Bl. after spaceflight, axenic plantlets were nurtured from space-carried A. bidentata Bl. seeds firstly and then the effect of different plant growth substances on the plantlet growth has been studied. The results show that, the rapid propogation of the plantlets after spaceflight was facilitated by the growth of multi-bud body. The optimum media for the induction and growth of multiple shoots respectively were the MS supplemented with 0.01 mg ·L-1TDZ and MS supplemented with 0.1 mg ·L-1 GA3, rooting medium for plantlets was the MS supplemented with 0.05mg ·L-1NAA and 1 mg ·L-1PP333. This study laid the foundation for rapid propagation and application of high-quality space mutation A. bidentata Bl. varieties (lines) breeding.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2015, 29(10): 1924-1930. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2015.10.1924To discuss the comparative effects of electron beam and gamma ray irradiation on lipid oxidation of fat, Peroxide value (POV) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) value of lard packaged under nitrogen and oxygen atmosphere and irradiated by electron beam and gamma ray were examined in this study. The results showed that both of the POV and TBARS were increased significantly after irradiation on packaged lard samples. By electron beam irradiation (from 1.2 to 10.2kGy), POV and TBARS under oxygen atmosphere were 1.71 to 4.29 times and 1.21 to 1.84 times of those under nitrogen atmosphere, 1.87 to 4.30 times and 2.74 to 5.06 times of control samples; By gamma ray irradiation (from 0.9 to 11.5kGy), POV and TBARS under oxygen atmosphere were 4.03 to 32.95 times and 3.75 to 7.53 times of those under nitrogen atmosphere, 12.04 to 31.05 times and 24.23 to 43.40 times of control samples. POV and TBARS of gamma ray irradiated lard were higher than those of irradiated by electron beam. POV and TBARS of irradiated lard under oxygen atmosphere were higher than those under nitrogen atmosphere. So it can reduce fat oxidation and irradiation odor by electron beam irradiation under nitrogen atmosphere. This research can provide theoretical basis for irrdiation food containing fat.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2015, 29(10): 1931-1937. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2015.10.1931It is necessary to elucidate the complex metabolic system, as well as the nutrient characters and function of the product. It also provide the base for estabolishment of a stable digital evaluation standard of the product. In this study, the changes of variety and contents of free amino acids (FAAs) in different period of pickling process were investigated by a HPLC method combined with PCA analysis technology, using the pickled wax gourd as experimental materials. The results showed that 14 kinds of FAAs were found in the pickled process. The total amounts of FAAs significantly increased in the pickled process. Two samples of pickled wax gourd on the 10th day and 15th day, respectively, showed no significant variation in FAAs, mainly including valine, methionine and histidine, by PCA analysis. The constituents and concentration of the FAAs in any other periods of pickled processing showed significant variation. Aspartic acid, isoleucine, glutamic acid and phenylalanine are mainly detected on the 0 day. The 4-aminobutyric acid, threonine, arginine, ornithine, lysine and tryptophan are detected on the 5th day. As a conclusion, it is feasible to characterize the formation and changes of free amino acids in pickled wax gourd during the fermentation process using HPLC method combined with PCA analysis. These results indicated that the relation among the quality of the product, pickled environmental conditions of pickled process and microbial community and population of microbes.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2015, 29(10): 1938-1943. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2015.10.1938In order to improve the utilization of by-products from grape. The polyphenols including extractable polyphenols (EPP), non-extractable polyphenols (NEPP), anthocyanidins and proanthocyanidins were extracted from ground grape seeds and pomace by ultrasonic-assisted method.The effects of particle size of the ground grape seeds and pomace on the extraction efficiency of the four types of polyphenols were investigated. All the results indicated that the particle size of both the grape seeds and pomace had significant effects on the extraction efficiency of EPP, NEPP, anthocyanidins and proanthocyanidins. When the particle size of grape seeds and pomace were 120 and 150 mesh, respectively, EPP had the highest extraction rate of 133.89±1.00mg ·g-1 and 56.88±1.83mg ·g-1, respectively. When the particle size of grape seeds and pomace were 200 and 150 mesh, respectively, NEPP had the highest extraction rate of 12.95±0.53mg ·g-1 and 10.98±0.82mg ·g-1, respectively. When the particle size of grape seeds and pomace were 120 and 100 mesh, respectively, proanthocyanidins had the highest extraction rate of 5.21±0.59mg ·g-1 and 15.39±0.48mg ·g-1, respectively. When the particle size of grape pomace was 100, anthocyanidins had the highest extraction rate of 18.17±0.30mg ·g-1. There was no anthocyanidins detected in grape seeds. In general, the extraction rate of all the four polyphenols was low when the particle size of grape seeds and pomace was smaller than 80 mesh. All the four components had a high extraction rate when the particle size of grape sees and pomace in a scope of 100 to 150 mesh. In contrast the extraction rate of the four types of polyphenols decreased with the increase of mesh. This study will provide a strong support for the rational use of by-products from grape.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2015, 29(10): 1944-1953. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2015.10.1944The technique in extracting polysaccharides from Clitocybe maxima stipes was optimized with ultrasonic assisted enzymatic method to develop this technology for industrial promotion. Response surface method (RSM) was used in estimation for setting up the regression model by five extraction factors, including ultrasonic power, ultrasonic time, the temperature, pHand time of zymolysis, as well as the interaction between those factors and the reliability of the regression model. The rheological character of stipe polysaccharides of Clitocybe maxima was discussed in its viscosity resulting of polysaccharide solution in concentration, temperature, sodium chloride concentration, pH, heating and shearing treatment. Results showed that optimal parameters in extractive factors were ultrasonic power 450 w, ultrasonic time 15 min, zymolysis temperature 45℃, zymolysis pH 4.5, zymolysis time 60 min, respectively. With these conditions, the yield of polysaccharide extraction for Clitocybe maxima could reach to 5.59%. The viscosity of polysaccharide solution increased with the increasing in polysaccharide concentration but the decreasing in solution temperature, it decreased somewhat at any acidic or alkaline conditions and performed good properties in resisting-heat and resisting-shearing action.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2015, 29(10): 1954-1962. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2015.10.1954In this experiment, the volatile substances of silver carp, odor activity compounds from all the volatiles were studied and the effects of different rinse mediums on the removal of these compounds were investigated. Six kinds of different mediums were used to rinse silver carp, including distilled water, 0.5% NaCl solution, 0.35% Na2CO3solution, 0.5% NaCl + 0.35% Na2CO3solution, 9% Urea solution and 0.05% Tween solution. Six MonoTrap RCC18 were applied to extract volatile compounds of 6.00 ± 0.01 g minced fish sample under 100 ℃ for 50 min under a headspace extraction mode, which were then separated and identified by GC/MS and quantified by an internal standard method. Odor Activity Value (OAV) method was employed to select the key odor substances from all the volatiles. A total of 60 substances were identified in silver carp including 14 kinds of aldehydes, 5 kinds of alcohols, 6 kinds of ketones, 17 kinds of hydrocarbon compounds and 8 kinds of heterocyclic compounds. And among 17 substances were odor activity compounds which contribute to the unique flavor of silver carp. Rinsing by distilled water, 0.5% NaCl solution, 0.35% Na2CO3 solution, 0.5% NaCl + 0.35% Na2CO3 solution, 9% Urea solution and 0.05% Tween solution decreased the total number of aroma substances to 44,36,34,26,33,27; odor activity substances to 17,16,10, 7,15 and 15, respectively. Six rinsing solutions could remove parts of volatile components at different degree. Due to the unique effect of salt and alkaline on aroma substances, 0.5% NaCl + 0.35% Na2CO3 solution proved to be the best for deodorization. Tween solution contains a good effect of deodorization by physical adsorption. These research results can provide basis theory for the removal of odor substance of freshwater fish surimi.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2015, 29(10): 1963-1969. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2015.10.1963This study utilized Grey relational analysis to screen Ganoderma strains in liquid culture for their contents of biomass, triterpenoids, and intracellular and extracellular polysaccharides. The results showed that, strain HS-2 had the highest biomass (16.44 g ·L-1), Strain J-16/AL-14 yielded highest intracellular triterpenoid content, (0.33%), a maximum intracellular polysaccharide (IPS) was found in strain H (10.13%), and strains 006 and S-1 produced most (16.96 g ·L-1) extracellular polysaccharide (EPS). In addition, Ganoderic acids C and F were detected in the cells of all strains. With a Grey related biomass, triterpenoid, IPS and EPS of 0.4, 0.2, 0.2 and 0.2 respectively, analysis showed that strain 006 was highest related to the reference strain, indicating that it was a desirable Ganoderma lucidum strain for industrial liquid culture. This study reports the beneficial application of Grey relational analysis for screening of Ganoderma strains for their suitability in industrial liquid fermentation.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2015, 29(10): 1970-1978. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2015.10.1970In this paper, in order to recycling use the dextrose mother liquid, the impact of simulated moving bed chromatography for dextrose mother liquid purification was evaluated. Based on the research results single column chromatographic system, the technological parameters of simulated moving bed (SMB) technology and sequential simulated moving bed (SSMB) for dextrose mother liquid purification were better. And the optimized process parameters were: feed concentration 50%, column temperature 60℃, feed rate 66.4kg ·h-1, and water consumption 99.6 kg ·h-1. Under these conditions, the purified dextrose concentration was 42.3%, the dextrose purity was 95.77%, and the recovery was 91.23%, which was 14.43% higher than dextrose mother liquid. The findings may be useful for large scale purification of dextrose mother liquid production.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2015, 29(10): 1979-1984. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2015.10.1979To develop a rapid immunoassay for the detection of Acrylamide (AM) residues in food, the synthesis of antigen and preparation of polyclonal antibody for Acrylamide were explored. In this study, Acrylamide hapten was synthesized via the Michael addition reaction and analyzed by MS and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The hapten was chemically coupled with the two carrier proteins BSA and OVA by diazotization method, respectively. Then the hapten-carrier protein conjugates were characterized by Moldi-TOF-MS. Compared to the unconjugated BSA and OVA, the conjugates showed increased molecular weight, which indicated the successful conjugation. Based on the molecular weight, the coupling ratios of the AM-OVA and AM-BSA were calculated to be 20 :1 and 8.7 :1, respectively. After immunization, the antiserum was titrated with ELISA and characterized with indirect competitive ELISA, the specificity was detected with the cross reacticity. The results showed that the titer of antisera was as high as 100 000-folds and the IC50 was determined as 74.2 ng ·mL-1, the cross reactivity of the antibody to acrylamide analogues was <1.48%. The polyclonal antibody prepared in this work showed high affinity to AM and paved the way for sensitive immunoassay of AM in food.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2015, 29(10): 1985-1990. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2015.10.1985Gel property is an important evaluation index of surimi and its products' quality. In surimi processing, exogenous additives are often added to improve the gel properties of surimi. In this paper, effects of exogenous additives such as starch, hydrocolloid, protein and dietary fiber on gel properties of surimi and its products were reviewed based on the elaboration of surimi gel forming process and gel forming mechanism. The purpose is to provide a reference for the development and application of surimi gel enhancer.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2015, 29(10): 1991-1997. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2015.10.1991In order to know the drought tolerance of Zhejiang photosensitive japonica rice cultivars, eight leading photosensitive japonica rice cultivars of Zhejiang province were used to analysis the differences of the relative germination rate, relative shoot length and relative root length under different PEG concentrations at the seed germination stage. Results showed that the time of peak germination was delayed when PEG concentration increased. The inhibition of PEG stress to the traits followed the order of shoot length > seed germination rate > root length. The drought tolerance at seed germination stage showed highly significant among cultivar differences under 25% PEG and according to the differences the membership function were analysis was conducted. Jia 33, Zhejing 27 and Zhejing 88 were identified to be the most drought-tolerant while Ning 82 was sensitive to drought stress. Relative germination rate, relative shoot length, and relative root length correlated with the membership function at the 0.01 significance level, and relative root length was positively correlated with relative shoot length at the 0.05 significance level. Therefore, for the 8 rice cultivars relative germination rate, relative shoot length and relative root length could be used to evaluate drought tolerance at the germination stage, and selection for seedling shoot could reach the purpose of indirect selection for roots. These results provide theoretical basis for screening drought-tolerant rice cultivars, and genetic studies on drought tolerance at the seed germination stage.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2015, 29(10): 1998-2005. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2015.10.1998In order to improve the water management of upland rice, value method was used to calculate the irrigation amount required by rice according to the value of evaporation in the past five days by setting a lower limit of soil moisture for each growing stage when there is no rain among five days, which is called five-day calculation method. The growth of upland rice was observed under different irrigation ways: irrigating supplementary in critical period, irrigating with halved quantity, and irrigating with conventional basin (control group). The results shows that upland rice under supplemental irrigating in critical period was characterized by a growth weak at first but strong later, lagging and different from each other. The survival rate, height and weight of seedling were reduced by 6.1%, 17.1% and 44.7%, respectively. The amplitude of its height was large and less regularity compared with control group. Tiller characteristic was similar to halved supplemental irrigation treatment, but the tiller values were 2.74% less than that under control group, and the end time of tillering was delayed for seven days. At the early stage, the rice growth was weakness, but very strong at the middle and later stage. The value of chlorophyll and value of photosynthetic rate were increased by 30.6% and 48.4%, compared with the control group, respectively. The roots number was reduced by 48.3%, but individual weight of root was increased by 62.8%. The flow rate under water-saturated was 3.3 times higher than control, respectively, and the transpiration rate was increased by 83.0%. Grain yield under supplemental irrigation in critical period was 2.1 times and 0.94 times larger than that under halved supplemental irrigation and the control group, respectively. Our field experiment showed that grain yield of upland rice was 5924.3 kg·hm-2 under supplemental irrigation in critical period, 84.1% of that under the control group in drought year. Rice yield was 6511.8 kg·hm-2 under supplemental irrigation, 91.2% of that under the control group in the year of average rainfall. The efficiency of water use and irrigation in drought years were 9.9% and 165.0% higher than that in those years of average rainfall, respectively. The study revealed that upland rice grows weakly at first and strongly later, and this method has advantages of a quicker measurement and have few error accumulation, provides a method for the quantitative management of water in dryland rice.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2015, 29(10): 2006-2012. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2015.10.2006A pot experiments with Yannong 19 was conducted to investigate effects of transient high temperature and waterlogging after anthesis on grain quality of winter wheat in the Southern Huanghuai and Yangtze Valley region of China. Results showed that transient high temperature after anthesis reduced protein accumulation, ratio of Glu/Gli, improved protein content and each protein ingredient content, reduced starch accumulation, increased amylose content and decreased starch content, amylopectin content, ratio of amylopectin and amylose, increased flour wet gluten content, improved farinograph parameters. The transient high temperature treatment had no significant effects on pasting temperature and had negative effects on other pasting parameters. Transient waterlogging after anthesis reduced protein accumulation, protein content and each protein ingredient content, ratio of Glu/Gli, while decreased starch accumulation, starch content, amylopectin content, and ratio of amylopectin and amylose, increased amylose content; reduced flour wet gluten content, farinograph parameters, extensograph parameters. The transient waterlogging extensograph parameters, had no significant effect on pasting temperature and increased other pasting parameters. There were significant negative interactions between high temperature and waterlogging on protein accumulation, ratio of Glu/Gli, starch accumulation and starch pasting parameters except pasting temperature and there were no significant negative interactions on protein content and each protein ingredient content, wet gluten content, farinograph parameters and extensograph parameters. According to the degree of reduce, the order was waterlogging> waterlogging + high temperature> high temperature. The negative effects of each stress in grain formation stage were larger than those of in milk-ripe stage. The results could provide useful reference for reducing agricultural disaster in these regions.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2015, 29(10): 2013-2019. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2015.10.2013In order to clarify effects of spacing interval on the population quality and yield in winter wheat under wide belt planting, a field experiment with three spacing interval patterns of 7 cm (KF7), 12 cm (KF12) and 17cm (KF17)) for wide belt planting methods with 8cm strip width and 20 cm (CK) for conventional planting methods with 2-cm strip width was carried out in the experiment station of Hennan agricultural university in the growing seasons of 2011-2012. Two types of cultivars, i.e, multi-spike cultivar (Aikang 58), large-spike cultivar (Lankao Aizao 8) which were widely planted in Henan province were used to investigate the effects of spacing interval on population quality and yield. Results indicated that compared with conventional strip planting methods, population numbers, leaf area index, and KF7 >KF12 >KF17 dry matter accumulation, spike number, grain weight, and yield of two type cultivars were significantly increased under wide belt planting. To multi-spike cultivar Aikang 58, the effect for grain number per spike, 1 000-grain weight and grain yield followed the order of KF12 >KF17 > KF7. Leaf area, dry matter accumulation, grain weight and grain yield were the highest in large-spike cultivar Lankao Aizao 8 under treatment KF7. According to the above results, it can be concluded that wide belt planting methods can be used as feasible and promising planting patterns in wheat production, and 12cm spacing intervals patterns under wide belt planting is suitable to multi-spike cultivar Aikang 58 as well as the 7cm spacing intervals patterns to the large-spike cultivar Lankao Aizao 8. In the actual field production management, multi-spike cultivar (Aikang 58) can be sowed with spacing interval patterns of 12 cm (KF12), and large-spike cultivar (Lankao Aizao 8) with the spacing interval patterns of 7 cm (KF7).
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2015, 29(10): 2020-2025. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2015.10.2020To understand the effects of different fertilizers on mycelial growth and spore production under different nutrition levels,in this paper, effects of five fertilizers on mycelial growth and spore production of T. harzianum under high nutrition levels (PDA medim) and low nutrition levels(soil maceration extract medium)with the poisoned medium method was studied. Results indicated that under the low nutrition levels, the fertilizers affected on the T. harzianum more than under the high nutrition levels. NH4HCO3and CH4N2O(0.5 to 2.0 mg ·mL-1) have favorably affected the mycelial growth and spore production of T. harzianum increased with the increase of concentration except for CH4N2O(0.1 mg ·mL-1),which may promotes obviously avails to the spore production at low concentrations. The virulence of NH4HCO3and CH4N2O under the low nutrition levels were 38.3 and 6.1 times higher than under the high nutrition levels respectively. CaCl2, KNO3,and K2HPO4 have significant difference on the spore production under low nutrition levels,and no significant difference under high nutrition levels. Therefore, it should avoid to apply fertilizers and biocontrol agents together in soil.It has an important theoretical basis for striving to enhance the biocontrol and colonization ability of Trichoderma harzianum in soil.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2015, 29(10): 2026-2032. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2015.10.2026In order to explore suitable tillage methods of summer soybean of Ili river valley in northern Xinjiang, the study was performed with four tillage methods of tillage plus film covering (TP), tillage (T), rotary tillage (RT) and no-till (NT), to investigate the effects of four tillage methods on dry matter accumulation and distribution and yield of summer soybean. Results showed that dry matter accumulation of different tillage methods among conformed to the Logistic curve model, and the characteristic parameters of dynamic accumulation model of ploughing tillage were coordinate, and dynamic accumulation of dry matter per plant was not only earlier into rapid accumulation period than other treatment, but also the duration time was the longest and the largest relative growth rate was the earliest, moreovers, made the total dry matter accumulation increases. The grain transfer amount, transport rate and the grain contribution rate of dry matter accumulation of TP were only slightly lower before flowering, but improved significantly after flowering, the performance was better overall. The yield was highest, higher than tillage, rotary tillage and no-till tillage treatment by 7.42%, 10.85% and 16.05% respectively, and the differences were extremely significant (P <0.01).The pods per plant, grain number per plant, 100-grain weight and yield per plant were also significantly higher than other treatments (P <0.01). The results provides a theoretical basis for the selection of suitable cultivation methods for the local summer soybean.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2015, 29(10): 2033-2039. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2015.10.2033In order to evaluate the drought resistance of different flax varieties, PEG-6000 was used to simulate drought stress in this experiment. Germination energy, germination rate, bud length, germination index and vitality index were studied under different PEG-6000 concentrations. Results showed that all of these indices decreased with increasing of PEG-6000 concentration and seeds germination were stopped when PEG-6000 concentration reached 25%. The 20% PEG-6000 concentration had a significant influence on the drought resistance identification indices of flax at germination stage, and was suitable for drought resistance identification. After relative germination energy, relative germination rate, relative bud length, germination index and vitality index of 11 flax varieties were determined under 20% PEG-6000 concentration combined with membership function method, three drought tolerant varieties (HY14, HY16, New), two relatively drought tolerant varieties (HY19, Argtha), three intermediate type varieties (HY20, SY13, Diane), two relatively drought sensitive varieties (HY11, HY18), and one drought sensitive varieties (HY17) were identified out. The results will provide theoretical basis for breeding drought resistant varieties and drought resistance mechanism.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2015, 29(10): 2040-2047. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2015.10.2040In order to manage and utilize irrigation water resources scientifically and reasonably by using evapotranspiration(ET)-based strategy, the development of ET estimation theories and methods were reviewed, and firstly, models for regional ET estimation were summarized systematically; secondly, the basic principle for ET estimation based on RS data and surface energy balance models were elaborated, as well as the applications about the models in optimal allocation and management of irrigation water resources were expounded; finally, the problems existing in ET estimation based on RS were analyzed and the trends were prospected. It's a necessary and feasible approach to estimate ET based on RS and manage irrigation water resources by using ET-based strategy, and the approach has an important theoretical guidance and practical significance for developing modern water-saving agriculture,as well as planning and managing irrigation water resources scientifically.
