10 September 2025, Volume 39 Issue 9
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2025, 39(9): 1841-1849. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2025.09.1841
In order to explore the effects of 60Co-γ ray radiation on Coreopsis tinctoria seeds， Zhaiban and Xueju seeds were treated with different doses of 60Co-γ radiation. After treatment， seedling emergence rate， indexes of agronomic characters， active compounds content of flowers and median lethal dose （LD50） of the seeds were analyzed. The results showed that Zhaiban and Xueju exhibited different radiation sensitivity. The seedling rate and growth indexes of Zhaiban decreased significantly with increasing radiation dose， and its LD50 was 37.67 Gy. The seedling rate of Xueju decreased significantly with increasing radiation dose， while the growth indexes increased in low dose （40-80 Gy） and decreased significantly in higher doses（120-240 Gy）， its LD50 was 159.34 Gy. Flower diameter of Zhaiban and Xueju showed a decreased trend with the increase of radiation dose. In the mutant group of Zhaiban， 20 plants were darwf， and 4 plants showed altered leaf and flower shape. In the mutant group of Xueju， 46 plants were darwf， and 27 plants showed the larger red diameter， more petals， stamen petalody and reddish flowers. There was a significant positive correlation between flower diameter， reddish brown diameter and active compounds of flowers. Besides， new plants with improved flower colour， flower shape and higher content of active compounds were obtained from Zhaiban and Xueju. In conclusion， this study provide a theoretical reference for mutation breeding and new varieties selection in Coreopsis tinctoria.
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Identification of Resistance to Stripe Rust and Detection of Resistance Genes in 280 Wheat GermplasmJournal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2025, 39(9): 1850-1862. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2025.09.1850
As a pivotal wheat production base in China， Anhui Province faces significant challenges from wheat stripe rust epidemics， which threaten crop security. This study evaluated comprehensively the resistance profiles of 280 wheat cultivars （247 domestic and 33 foreign） through integrated phenotypic-molecular analysis. Artificial inoculations were performed with dominant physiological races CYR33 and CYR34 at seedling and adult plant stages， combined with molecular screening of five Yr genes （Yr5， Yr10， Yr15， Yr18， and Yr26） through functional markers or tightly linked markers. Phenotypic resistance profiling revealed that at the seedling stage， 157 （63.6%） domestic vs 23 （69.7%） foreign accessions showed moderate to high resistance to CYR33. While 83 （33.6%） domestic and 7 （21.2%） foreign accessions showed resistance to CYR34. At the adult plant stage，195 （78.9%） domestic and 29 （87.9%） foreign accessions demonstrated resistance to CYR33， whereas similar resistance to CYR34 was observed in 131 （53.0%） domestic and 17 （51.5%） foreign materials. Based on the comprehensive assessment of seedling and adult plant resistance， 78 domestic （31.6%） and 7 foreign （21.2%） accessions exhibited all-stage resistance， and 47 domestic （19.0%） and 14 foreign （42.4%） accessions displaying adult plant resistance. Molecular marker analysis showed there were 6， 28， 10， 25， and 31 accessions carrying Yr5， Yr10， Yr15， Yr18， and Yr26， respectively. Fourteen accessions carried two resistance genes， while none were detected with three or more genes. This study provides theoretical insights for breeding stripe rust-resistant cultivars and implementing pyramiding multiple resistance genes.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2025, 39(9): 1863-1874. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2025.09.1863
Leaves are photosynthetic organs and key factors in shaping ideal plant architecture. Developing sweet corn varieties with moderate leaf rolling is crucial for enhancing population yield. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying leaf rolling regulation in sweet corn， two lines with extreme leaf rolling phenotypes were selected from a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population， and an F2 segregating population were generated by crossing leaf-rolling and normal-leaf lines from the RIL population. Extreme phenotypic bulks were constructed for bulked segregant analysis （BSA） using gene chip resequencing. Subsequently， specific primers were designed， and the leaf rolling quantitative trait loci （QTL） were mapped to a 21.5-28.36 Mb interval on chromosome 1， which contains 158 genes. At the small flare and big flare stages， leaf samples were collected from individual plants exhibiting leaf rolling and normal leaf phenotypes for RNA-seq analysis. A total of 188 and 366 differentially expressed genes （DEGs） were identified at the respective stages. KEGG pathway analyses of DEGs revealed significant enrichment in photosynthesis-related pathways， and nicotinate/nicotinamide metabolism during the small flare stage， and terpenoid biosynthesis and photosynthesis pathways during the big flare stage. Gene Ontology （GO） analysis indicated that DEGs at the small flare stage were significantly enriched in pathways such as photosynthesis and transmembrane transport， while DEGs at the big flare stage were notably related to processes involving biological interactions and responses to external stimuli. Moreover， integrative analysis of genetic mapping and transcriptomic data identified eight commonly DEGs within the QTL region on chromosome 1， from which three potential candidate genes were selected through sequence variation analysis. These findings provide theoretical basis for future cloning and functional exploration of leaf rolling genes in sweet corn.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2025, 39(9): 1875-1885. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2025.09.1875
The C2H2 zinc finger transcription factor family plays an important regulatory role in plant non-biological stress responses and growth and developmental processes. To clarify the function of the
C2H2 zinc finger transcription factor family in the growth and development of mung bean （Vigna radiata L.）， this study used mung bean genome data and bioinformatics techniques to identify C2H2 transcription factors， predict their physicochemical properties， analyze systematic evolution， chromosomal locations， colinearity， promoter cis-regulatory elements， and gene structures， and investigate their expression patterns in different tissues and under non-biological stress conditions using mung bean transcriptome data and real-time quantitative PCR（qRT-PCR）. The results showed that a total of 60 C2H2 transcription factor members were identified， of which 53 were distributed across 9 chromosomes， while chromosomal information for 7 members remained unknown. Motif1 and Motif3 were conserved motifs specific to the mung bean C2H2 transcription factor family， with Motif3 containing the conserved sequence ‘QALGGH’ unique to certain members of the C2H2transcription factor family. These proteins contained 155-1 581 amino acids， were all hydrophilic， and localized in the cell nucleus. Phylogenetic analysis divided the mung bean C2H2 transcription factor family into 7 subgroups （V1-V7）. Collinearity analysis revealed that fragment duplication events had undergone purifying selection. Cis-regulatory element analysis of C2H2 gene promoters identified aboundant response elements related to growth， development， stress， and hormones. Expression analysis showed that genes with FPKM values greater than 10 account for 25.0%， 26.7%， 20.0% and 26.7% in the leaf petiole， leaf， lower hypocotyl， and seed coat respectively. qRT-PCR analysis indicated that the relative expression of VrC2H2-22 increased significantly with temperature changes， suggesting its specific regulatory effect on temperature stress. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for further researches on the functional characterization of C2H2 zinc finger transcription factor family in mung bean. -
Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2025, 39(9): 1886-1895. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2025.09.1886
Class Ⅱ transcription factor subfamily of TCP plays important roles in plant leaf and flower development as well as branch formation. This subfamily can be further divided into CYC/TB1 and CIN subclasses， with the CIN subclass being particularly crucial for regulating plant floral organ development. To investigate the function of these genes in the flower color and development of Phalaenopsis orchid， this study analyzed the expression profiling of CIN subclasses genes in different organs of Phalaenopsis orchid and PeCIN7 was identified as a candidate gene potentially regulating flower development and flower color. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that PeCIN7 was most closely related to AtTCP3 and AtTCP4 in Arabidopsis and had a conservative bHLH （basic helix-loop-helix） domain structure. Subcellular localization showed that PeCIN7 was localized in the nucleus. Virus-induced gene silencing （VIGS） experiments revealed that PeCIN7- silenced lines exhibited significantly lighter flower color， and had a near-circular morphology characterized by a markedly decreased length-width ratio. These findings provide a theoretical basis for the development of new Phalaenopsis varieties.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2025, 39(9): 1896-1905. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2025.09.1896
To investigate the function of the effector protein FnE14152 secreted by the endophytic Fusarium nematophilum strain NQ8GII4 of Lycium barbarum， its encoding gene FnE14152 was cloned with reverse transcription PCR （RT-PCR）， and its structural characteristics were analyzed. FnE14152 was amplified and ligated into the pET30a vector. The recombinant vector was transformed into the Escherichia coli BL21（DE3） expression strain. After optimizing IPTG concentrations， induction times and temperatures， the expression of FnE14152 was detected by SDS-PAGE. The protein was purified using nickel-affinity chromatography and identified by Western blot. Purified FnE14152 was injected into Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Results showed that FnE14152 encodes 274 amino acids with a molecular weight of 29.04 kDa， an isoelectric point of 4.58， and an average hydrophilic value of -0.043. It is a hydrophilic， bias protein predicted to function as a glycoside hydrolase 16 （GH16） transglycosylation. The recombinant vector pET30a- FnE14152ΔSP （lacking the signal peptide， FnE14152ΔSP） was constructed. Optimal production of soluble recombinant protein were occurred when the transformed strain was induced with 0.2 mmol·L-1 IPTG and culture at 20 ℃ for 13 h， yielding the highest FnE14152 abundance in the supernatant， as confirmed by grayscale analysis. The recombinant protein induced necrotic in tobacco leaf 4 days post-injection. In this study， FnE14152 were obtained from endophytic Fusarium nematophilum strain NQ8GII4， which lays a foundation for further clarification of the immune mechanism induced by endophytic fungal effector proteins in plants.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2025, 39(9): 1906-1915. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2025.09.1906
This study employed transcriptomic profiling to systematically identify differentially expressed genes （DEGs） and their associated metabolic pathways in NtMYB4a-overexpressing tobacco lines （OE-7， OE-3） compared to wild-type （WT） plants. Integrated analyses of enzyme activities and proline accumulation were conducted to elucidate the mechanistic role of NtMYB4a in regulating proline metabolism. Transcriptome analysis revealed 1 141 DEGs between the OE lines and WT plants， including 220 consistently up-regulated and 179 consistently down-regulated genes in both OE lines. Gene Ontology enrichment anlaysis indicated that these DEGs were primarily involved in oxidation-reduction processes， cell membrane composition， ATP binding， and etc. KEGG pathway analysis identified significant enrichment in plant-pathogen interactions， DNA replication， plant MAPK signaling， starch and sucrose metabolism， and arginine and proline metabolism. Within the proline metabolic pathway， 18 DEGs exhibited pronounced expression changes， including marked upregulation of two Δ¹-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase （P5CR） genes and notable downregulation of two proline dehydrogenase （ProDH） genes. These transcriptional shifts correlated with elevated P5CR enzymatic activity， suppressed ProDH activity， and increased foliar proline content in OE lines. Promoter analysis revealed that the promoter sequences of two P5CR genes and one ProDH gene harbor MYB binding elements， recognition sites， and binding motifs. These discoveries suggested that NtMYB4a overexpression might enhance P5CR enzyme activity and reduce ProDH enzyme activity through transcriptional regulatingt of corresponding genes， thereby promoting proline accumulation in tobacco leaves. This study not only establish a foundation for investigating the molecular mechanisms of proline accumulation in tobacco but also provide insights for targeted breeding of stress-resistant varieties.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2025, 39(9): 1916-1927. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2025.09.1916
Abscisic acid （ABA）， a pivotal phytohormone in plants， plays a crucial role in the response to abiotic stress. ABA mediates stress responses by activating various signal transduction pathways， including calcium ion signaling， reactive oxygen species （ROS） homeostasis， and phosphorylation/dephosphorylation cascades， thereby inducing the expression of stress-responsive genes. The induced pathways facilitate the synthesis of osmotic regulators， heat shock proteins， and cold-responsive proteins， collectively enhancing plant adaptation to environmental stress. Within plant cells， ABA is perceived by its receptors， ABAR/RCAR， that are located either on the membrane or in the cytoplasm， thereby triggering downstream signaling cascades. Additionally， ABA regulates abiotic stress responses through multiple mechanisms including G-protein signaling， SnRK2 kinases activation， transcription factors modulation， and ROS homeostasis maintenance. This review focuses on recent advances in ABA research concerning plant response to abiotic stresses， particularly drought， salinity， and low-temperature stress. The aim is to provide insights that could facilitate targeted breeding approaches or the development of economically important plants species with enhanced tolerance to drought， low temperature， and salinity stresses.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2025, 39(9): 1928-1929. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2025.09.1928
Hechun 1 is a new wheat variety with superior characteristics such as high-quality strong gluten， high yield， and wide adaptability. It was jointly developed by the Institute of Nuclear Technology and Biotechnology， Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences， and Fengyuan Agricultural Science and Technology Co.， Ltd. in Tacheng through a combination of “60Coγ-ray mutagenesis， glutenin subunit-assisted selection， and molecular marker-assisted breeding”. Hechun 1 was developed in 2009 by crossbreeding high-quality spring wheat variety Xinchun 26 from Xinjiang as the female parent and high-quality germplasm 37th-299 from the Centro Internacional de Mejoramientode Maizy Trigo（CIMMYT） as the male parent. The resulting hybrid seeds were irradiated with 60Co-γ rays， followed by multi-generation single-plant and single-spike selection combined with molecular marker and glutenin subunit-assisted selection， through “southern propagation in Yunnan and northern breeding in Xinjiang”， and the variety was successfully developed in 2013. After years of field trials， production testing， and yield evaluation， Hechun 1 was officially approved by the Xinjiang Crop Variety Approval Committee in 2024， with the approval number “Xin Shen Mai 2024 No. 1005”.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2025, 39(9): 1930-1941. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2025.09.1930
To investigate the physicochemical properties and flavor quality of persimmons （Diospyros kaki Thunb.） after irradiation， four desiccation methods were employed in this study： vacuum after irradiation， irradiation after vacuum， vacuum desiccation， and alcohol desiccation. The non-irradiated groups （comprising vacuum and alcohol desiccation） were served as the control. A combination of sensory evaluation， texture analysis using a texture analyzer， electronic tongue， electronic nose， and gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry （GC-IMS） were utilized for analysis. The results indicated that the different desiccation methods had no significant effect on the pH value， soluble solids， or titratable acidity of the persimmons. However， irradiation treatment significantly reduced the firmness of the persimmons， with hardness values for the irradiated group ranging between 760.26 and 786.95 g， while the non-irradiated group exhibited hardness values ranging from 946.54 to 1 086.88 g. Electronic tongue analysis revealed no significant change in the taste profile of the irradiated persimmons， while the electronic nose effectively distinguished the aroma components between irradiated and non-irradiated persimmons. Using GC-IMS， a total of 34 signal peaks and 25 volatile flavor compounds were detected across the four desiccation methods， including 8 alcohols， 9 aldehydes， 1 acid， 4 ketones， and 2 esters. The study found that irradiation treatment significantly increased the content of alcohols and aldehydes in the persimmons， while the levels of acids， ketones， and esters decreased. Partial least squares discriminant analysis （PLS-DA） of all volatile components indicated that ethyl acetate （VIP > 1） effectively differentiated between the various samples. In summary， electron beam irradiation， as a novel de-astringency method， demonstrated superior de-astringency effects while effectively preserving the appearance， texture， and flavor quality of persimmons. The findings of this research offer crucial theoretical insights and practical guidance for refining persimmon processing techniques， elevating their sensory attributes， and bolstering their competitive edge in the marketplace.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2025, 39(9): 1942-1951. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2025.09.1942
To elucidate the effect of rehydration treatment with compound phosphate on the quality of rehydrated squid， dried squid was used as the experimental material， then it was rehydrated with compound phosphate solutions at different concentrations （0%， 0.1%， 0.3%， 0.5%， and 0.7%）. The changes in water holding capacity （water holding power， cooking loss rate， and water distribution and migration） and myofibrillar protein characteristics （solubility， total sulfhydryl content， surface hydrophobicity， endogenous fluorescence intensity， UV absorption intensity， and secondary structure） of the rehydrated squid were investigated. The results indicated that the addition of compound phosphate significantly improved the water holding capacity， reduced the cooking loss rate， and slowed down the migration of immobile water to free water of rehydrated squid. Among the different concentrations of compound phosphate， the concentrations from 0.5% to 0.7% of compound phosphate exhibited better effect. In terms of myofibrillar protein characteristics， compound phosphate increased the solubility， total sulfhydryl content and endogenous fluorescence intensity， while reducing the surface hydrophobicity and UV absorption intensity， and the conversion of α-helix to β-sheet in the secondary structure of rehydrated squid. These results showed that the appropriate addition of compound phosphate for the rehydration treatment of dried squid could be conducive to enhance the water holding capacity and maintain the characteristics and structural stability of myofibrillar protein of rehydrated squid. The results of this study provide theoretical references for optimizing rehydration conditions and improving the rehydration quality of dried squid.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2025, 39(9): 1952-1962. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2025.09.1952
To investigate the quality and processing suitability of fresh walnut at different picking periods， fresh Xin feng walnut from six distinct picking periods were used as the experimental materials， namely 22nd July， 29th July， 5th August， 12th August， 22nd August， and 2nd September. A toal of 21 quality indicators of the fresh walnuts were systematically measured， including shell thickness， weight of green fruit， kernel yield rate， texture characteristics， kernel color， sensory evaluation， oil content， crude protein， total amino acids， etc. The quality variations of fresh walnut at different picking periods were clarified， and correlation analysis and systematic clustering analysis were used to conduct the preliminary assessments of processing suitability. The results indicated that from 22nd July to 2nd September， the size and shell thickness remained essentially unchanged， while the kernel weight， kernel yield， color difference value （ΔE） of the kernel， hardness， chewiness， and oil content exhibited an overall increasing trend. Crispness， moisture content， crude protein， and the amino acids showed a gradually decreasing trend. The sensory score initially increased and then gradually declined（3.35 to 4.30）. Correlation analysis and cluster analysis demonstrated that the indicators for the comprehensive evaluation of the quality of fresh-eating walnuts include crude protein， moisture content， amino acid content， and the crispness of fresh kernels. The indicators for assessing the ripeness of walnuts consist of kernel weight， kernel yield， hardness， chewiness and oil content. The fresh walnut picked on 29th July had a higher moisture content and crispness， higher contents of crude protein and amino acids， lower oil content， and the best sensory score（4.30）， being suitable for fresh consumption. The fresh walnut picked on 5th August and 12th August had relatively lower oil content and abundant crude protein content， which could be used as raw materials for fresh walnut products with low-fat and high-protein. The fresh walnut picked on 22nd August and 2nd September had a higher kernel yield and oil content， and lower moisture content， being suitable for the processing of dry kernels and oil products. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for the development and utilization of fresh walnut.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2025, 39(9): 1963-1971. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2025.09.1963
To evaluate the starch quality and food processing potential of the new potato variety Xiyu 7 in Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture， two local main cultivated potato varieties were selected as controls. One was Ught potato， which has excellent edible quality but low yield and poor stress resistance. The other was Qingshu 9， which features strong stress resistance， high yield， yet average edible quality. The starch components and contents， starch particle morphology， starch particle size distribution， starch structure and basic physicochemical properties were analyzed. The results indicated that the amylose proportion in Xiyu 7 was 14.71%. It was slightly lower than that of Ught potato and significantly lower than that of Qingshu 9. The starch solubility of Xiyu 7 was 37.76%， slightly higher than that of Ught potato and significantly higher than that of Qingshu 9. The starch swelling power coefficient of Xiyu 7 was 43.34 g·g-1， slightly higher than that of Ught potato and significantly higher than that of Qingshu 9. The peak values of the surface area， volume， and quantity distribution curves of starch granules of Xiyu 7 all fell between those of the other two varieties. Under the three distribution indicators， the particle sizes of large， medium， and small starch granules of Xiyu 7 were almost also between those of the two control varieties. The initial temperature， peak temperature， and final gelatinization temperature of Xiyu 7 starch were 62.70， 65.97 and 71.90 ℃ respectively， which were significantly lower than those of the other two varieties. In conclusion， as a new variety bred in Liangshan with high-yield and high-quality， Xiyu 7 has higher food processing potential compared with the other two varieties with lower amylopectin content， higher solubility and expansibility coefficient， moderate starch particle size and lower pasting temperature. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for starch specialization of local potato varieties and the renewal of high-quality main varieties in Liangshan Prefecture.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2025, 39(9): 1972-1985. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2025.09.1972
In order to explore the influence of different lights on the flavor substances and sensory quality of cigar tobacco leaves during the air-curing process， six lights， which were ultraviolet， blue， green， red， white and infrared， were used to treat the cigar leaves of Chuxue 80. The results showed that the contents of chlorogenic acid and rutin in cigar leaves treated by green light increased by 54% and 615% respectively compared with that in the natural light group， and they increased by 49% and 403% in groups of infrared light， respectively. After the treatments with different lights， some volatile substances contents were increased compared with the natural light group. With green light， the number of up-regulated volatile compounds were improved the most， in which ketones were the characteristic compounds， such as lylanone and geranyl acetone. Infrared light up-regulated olefins such as neophytodiene. White light up-regulated ketones such as giant bean trienone. Ultraviolet light up-regulated alkaloids such as nicotinine， mesmin， neonicotinine and isonicotinine. Blue light up-regulated alkanes such as cetane. The differences in volatile compounds after treatment with different lights were mainly caused by 20 marker ingredients such as dihydrokiwilacone and isovaleraldehyde. According to the sensory analysis， cigar tobacco leaves with green light treatment were the best， in which phenylethanol contributed the highest to the sensory indexes. Accordingly， green light can effectively improve the flavor substances and sensory quality of tobacco leaves during their air-curing process. The results of this study provides theoretical basis for air-curing process and quality improvement in domestic cigar tobacco manufacture.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2025, 39(9): 1986-1994. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2025.09.1986
The issue of buckwheat-induced food allergies has become increasingly prominent. To accurately identify and quantify buckwheat allergens in food， this study employed liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry to collect and analyze data from enzymatic digests of the major allergenic proteins in buckwheat （2S albumins and 13S globulins）. The results showed that five buckwheat-specific peptides， such as VQVVGDEGK and AIPVEVLANSYDISTK were selected， by evaluating the specificity， sensitivity， and precision of the peptide fragments. Liquid chromatography coupled with tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry （LC-MS/MS） was used to establish an accurate quantitative analysis method for buckwheat allergens in food， and a systematic evaluation of the method’s effectiveness was conducted. The results demonstrated that the method exhibits excellent specificity， sensitivity （quantification limit of 5 mg·kg-1）， accuracy （60.3%-126.4%）， and precision （intra-day and inter-day variation coefficients <19.8%）. Furthermore， the method was successfully applied to the detection and analysis of buckwheat allergen content in samples such as noodles， porridges， beverages， and cookies， which revealed the potential risk of hidden buckwheat allergen contamination in some samples. This study provides methodological and technical support for the detection and risk control of buckwheat allergens.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2025, 39(9): 1995-2004. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2025.09.1995
Postharvest losses and quality deterioration of fruits and vegetables due to metabolic activities and environmental factors present significant challenges. Preserving the postharvest quality and extending the shelf life of fruits and vegetables are essential for improving human nutrition and increasing economic benefits. Zinc oxide nanoparticles （ZnO NPs）， a new type of inorganic nanomaterial with strong antibacterial properties， high biocompatibility， and environmental friendliness， have shown significant potential in post-harvest preservation of fruits and vegetables. This review summarized the properties of ZnO NPs， their effects on packaging material performance， and their primary applications in postharvest handling—including film formation， packaging， and combined treatments. Emphasis was placed on the effects and mechanisms of ZnO NPs and their composites on the appearance， nutritional， and flavor qualities of fruits and vegetables. Additionally， future trends were discussed to provide insights for further application of nanomaterials in enhancing post-harvest quality of fruits and vegetables.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2025, 39(9): 2005-2018. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2025.09.2005
In order to explore the effects of different proportions of organic and chemical fertilizers on the rice quality in mechanically precision hill-direct-seeded hybrid rice， the optimum ratio of organic and chemical fertilizers suitable for high-quality cultivation of direct-seeded rice in Southwest China was determined. From 2018 to 2019， under the condition of rice precision hole direct seeding， a two-factor split-zone design was adopted， and three high-quality hybrid rice varieties were used in the main plot， namely Yixiangyou 1108， F you 498 and Deyou 4727. The sub-plot was used to replace chemical fertilizers with five kinds of chicken manure organic fertilizers： 100% chemical N fertilizer （M1）， 75% chemical N fertilizer + 25% organic fertilizer （M2）， 50% chemical N fertilizer + 50% organic fertilizer （M3）， 25% chemical N fertilizer + 75% organic fertilizer （M4） and 100% organic fertilizer （M5）. With no fertilizer as the control （CK）， the total nitrogen application rate was 150 kg·hm-2. The rice yield and yield components， processing quality， appearance quality， amylose and protein content， taste quality and starch RVA characteristic spectrum were measured and analyzed. The results showed that the Yixiangyou 1108 had the best processing quality and appearance quality under M2 treatment. The F you 498 and Deyou 4727 had processing quality under M2 and M3 treatments， respectively， and had the best appearance quality under M1 treatment. Compared with CK， M1 significantly increased the protein content， reduced the peak viscosity， and ultimately significantly reduced the taste quality of rice. Compared with M1， the application of organic fertilizer reduced the protein content and increased the peak viscosity， thereby improving the taste quality of rice， mainly because the appearance， mouthfeel， comprehensive and stickiness of rice were improved， and the hardness of rice was reduced， and with the higher the organic fertilizer ratio， the better the performance. Under the precision hill direct seeded of hybrid rice， the reasonable combination of organic and chemical fertilizers can improve the rice quality， but there were differences among different varieties. The optimal organic fertilizer replacement ratio of Yixiangyou 1108 and F you 498 is 25%， and that of Deyou 4727 is 50%. The ratio of organic fertilizer should not exceed 50%. Excessive organic fertilizer ratio will deteriorate the processing and appearance quality of rice. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for high-quality green production of direct seeding rice.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2025, 39(9): 2019-2030. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2025.09.2019
Root oxygenation can alleviate the specific contradiction between water and oxygen requirements of rice. In order to further clarify the oxygenation effect of CaO2， basal fertilizer application of CaO2 （M1）， tillering fertilizer application of CaO2 （M2）， the average application of CaO2 in basal fertilizer and tillering fertilizer （M3） and control without CaO2 （CK） were set up to study the CH4 emission， plant morphological and physiological characteristics and soil reductive material changes and their mutual relationship. The results showed that compared with the control， the CaO2 application significantly reduced the average CH4 emission flux， accumulative CH4 emission， global warming potential （GWP） and greenhouse gas emission intensity （GHGI） during the whole growth period， with the highest CH4 emission reduction rate （20.46%） in M3. CaO2 mainly promoted the yield increase by increasing the number of effective panicles and seed setting rate. The effect of split application was better than that of single application， and the yield increase of M3 was the highest （9.80%）. At the same time， compared with the control， the application of CaO2 increased the number of tillers at tillering stage， peak seedlings， earing percentage of main stems and tillers， harvest index and plant biomass at tillering stage and mature stage， promoted the growth of root length and root diameter at tillering stage， and improved the root oxidation activity and soil redox potential at tillering stage and the above increase was relatively significant in M3. Also， CaO2 application significantly reduced the content of soil active reductive material and Fe2+ content at tillering stage， and with the most significant decrease in M3. Correlation analysis showed that accumulative CH4 emission were significantly or extremely significantly negatively correlated with yield， effective panicles， plant biomass at tillering and mature stages， root length， root diameter， tiller number， root oxidation activity and soil redox potential at tillering stage. However， the accumulative CH4 emission was significantly positively correlated with soil active reductive material and Fe2+ content at tillering stage. The random forest model showed that the most important factor affecting the contribution rate of accumulative CH4 emission was the aboveground biomass at the tillering stage. In conclusion， the synergistic effect of CH4 emission reduction and rice yield increase in paddy field was the most significant when CaO2 was applied with the same amount of basal and tillering fertilizers. This study provides technical supports for the regulation of hypoxia stress in paddy fields and high-yield cultivation of rice.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2025, 39(9): 2031-2039. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2025.09.2031
This study aimed to further improve the technical scheme of combined application of organic and inorganic liquid fertilizers under integrated water and fertilizer management in Gannan navel orange orchard. In 2020， a pot experiment simulating water-fertilizer integration was carried out by times of artificial pouring water and fertilizer under the equal nitrogen input. Six treatments were established， including a control group with no fertilizer （CK）， and chemical nitrogen substitution with organic fertilizer nitrogen at 0% （T1）， 30% （T2）， 50% （T3）， 70% （T4）， and 100% （T5）， to assess the impact of the combined application of organic and inorganic liquid fertilizers on the growth and development， nitrogen accumulation of navel orange saplings， and soil characteristics under equal nitrogen input. The results showed that， with increasing organic fertilizer proportion， the total dry biomass， root-shoot ratio， total nitrogen accumulation and nitrogen use efficiency showed a trend of initially increased and then decreased， and peaking at T2. Specifically， T1 showed a significantly decrease by 16.5% in total dry biomass compared to T2， while no significant differences were observed among T2 to T5. At the same time， higher the ratio of organic fertilizer application was beneficial to the increase of soil pH， organic carbon and its component content， enzyme activity and microbial number in different soil layers， while the contents of soil electrical conductivity （EC）， alkaline-hydrolyzable nitrogen， and available potassium were increased first and then decreased with the increasing of organic fertilizer proportion. In conclusion， under integrated water and fertilizer conditions， combining application of 30% organic fertilizer nitrogen with 70% chemical fertilizer nitrogen synergistically improved the dry matter production and nitrogen uptake of navel orange saplings， while a higher organic fertilizer proportion more effectively improved soil properties in the short-term. This study provides a theoretical basis for the application of organic liquid fertilizers and the standardization of water and fertilizer integration in Gannan navel orange orchards in hilly and mountainous areas.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2025, 39(9): 2040-2048. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2025.09.2040
To clarify the accumulation and distribution of components at different growth stages of Mesona chinensis Benth， the main cultivated variety Minxuan 1 （MX1） in Fujian and Guangdong Province was used as the experimental material. The seedlings were harvested at six different nutritional growth stages （S1 to S6）. The biomass of plant leaves and stems and the contents of components such as polysaccharides， total flavonoids， and total polyphenols were compared. We also analyzed the changes of indices with time， and the correlations among various indicators. The results showed that the biomass weight of stems was the higher than that of leaves. At the S6 stage， the accumulation quantities of polysaccharides， total flavonoids， and total polyphenols in the stems were 3.85， 4.75， and 8.02 times of that in the leaves， respectively （reaching up to 27.90， 36.89， and 3.96 g·plant-1， respectively）. The scavenging rates of DPPH· by substances extracted from leaves and stems were 88.91% and 91.03%， respectively， while the scavenging rates of ABTS·+ were 76.09% and 88.45%， respectively. The above results indicated a high antioxidant activity in vitro for the substances extracted from stems. Thus， the stems was the main part of MX1 upon its medical utilization， and the S6 stage was the optimal harvesting period to ensure the quality of MX1. The concentrations of polysaccharides in stems were significantly positively correlated with plant height， fresh weights of stems， while the polysaccharide and total flavonoid content of stems were extremely significantly positively correlated with the dry weight of stems. The scavenging rate of ABTS·+ both in leaves and stems were significantly positively correlated with the individual flavonoid concentration. In stems， the scavenging rate of DPPH· was significantly positively correlated with the concentrations of polysaccharides and total flavonoids， while extremely significantly positively correlated with total polyphenols. The above results indicated that the concentrations of polysaccharides， total flavonoids， and total polyphenols in stems were main indices for the antioxidant activity and quality of MX1. In conclusion， the cultivation technologies to increase stem biomass and concentrations of components such as polysaccharides and flavonoids in stems of MX1 are main concerns in future. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for the management of harvesting period for MX1.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2025, 39(9): 2049-2060. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2025.09.2049
To identify suitable herbicide reduction strategies in maize fields， eight weed control programs through herbicide innovation （new formulations） and dose reduction （with adjuvant mixing） were evaluated in this study by using the methods of pre-emergence soil application and post-seedling foliar spraying. The field efficiency of these programs was assessed based on weed control， maize yields and soil enzyme activity. The results of pre-emergence treatments showed that the herbicides 52% propisochlor suspension concentrate （SC） and 20% isoxaflutole SC demonstrated comparable weed control efficacy to the control treatment （40% acetochlor-atrazine suspoemulsion SE）， with fresh weight inhibition rates exceeding 85% at 28 days after treatment （DAT）. At 28 days after application， with no significant difference in maize yield compared to full-dose treatments. Additionally， 25% topramezone·atrazine OD exhibited the highest weed control efficacy， exceeding 95%. As for the post-emergence treatments， 26% nicosulfuron-atrazine OD （30% reduced dose） + coconut oil adjuvant and 27% nicosulfuron-mesotrione-atrazine OD （30% reduced dose） + coconut oil adjuvant achieved fresh weight inhibition rates of 87.45% and 99.93%， respectively， at the 28 DAT， with no significant yields difference in maize yield compared to full-dose treatments. 25% benzobicyclon-atrazine OD showed the highest efficacy （>95% fresh weight reduction）. The activities of soil urease were inhibited first and then restored in all the eight treatments， and sucrase activities were first promoted and then restored， and it could be restored to the level of control within 21-28 days. The treatments of 52% propisochlor suspension concentrate SC， 20% isoxaflutole SC and 25% benzuofucaotong and atrazine OD showed better weed control， and are viable alternatives to conventional herbicides such as acetochlor， atrazine and other herbicides. Adjuvant-assisted 30% dose reductions of 26% nicosulfuron atrazine OD and 27% nicosulfuron mesotrione atrazine OD maintained weed control efficacy while increasing maize yield. This study provides a scientific basis for optimizing herbicide use and developing integrated weed management in maize fields.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2025, 39(9): 2061-2071. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2025.09.2061
Mosses and lichens serve as effective bioindicators for monitoring radionuclides. This study analyzed 226 global samples of 238Pu and 239，240Pu in mosses and lichens to assess their sources and accumulation patterns. Key parameters included activity ratios （238Pu/239，240Pu）， correlations between 238Pu and 239，240Pu， atom ratios （240Pu/239Pu）， bioaccumulation factor （BCF）， enrichment factor （EF）， concentration ratio （CR）， transfer factor （TF）， and relative accumulation factor （RAF） to clarify radionuclide sources and accumulation dynamics. The results indicated that 238Pu and 239，240Pu in mosses and lichens primarily originated from global atmospheric fallout and local nuclear accidents. Specifically， debris from the SNAP-9A satellite contributed to 238Pu deposition in the Southern Hemisphere， while Chernobyl accident influenced 239，240Pu deposition in Europe. The distribution of 239，240Pu in tree mosses aligned with the 1960—1965 period， suggesting chronological significance. Additionally， when calculating radionuclide accumulation or transfer （for 238Pu， 239Pu， and 240Pu） from soil to mosses or lichens using transfer factors （TF values）， the estimated values may exhibit an upward bias compared to real-world observations. These findings provide valuable scientific insights for future research on radionuclide origins， bioaccumulation， and associated ecological risks in China’s agricultural systems.
