10 October 2025, Volume 39 Issue 10
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2025, 39(10): 2073-2082. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2025.10.2073
In this study， the impact of space-induced mutagenesis on key agronomic traits in wheat was investigated by exposing the elite Canadian high-quality spring wheat cultivar Bluesky to this treatment. From the resulting mutant population， a novel spring wheat cultivar， Lanhangxuan L623 with superior quality， high-yielding and stripe rust resistance was successfully developed. Comparative analysis with the parent cultivar Bluesky revealed that Lanhangxuan L623 exhibited a reduced plant height， accompanied by a significant increase in spikelet number， thousand kernel weight， and yield. Lanhangxuan L623 exhibits slow rusting resistance to stripe rust at adult-plant stage and is characterized as a high-quality wheat cultivar with mediate to strong gluten content， making it ideally suited for bread-making purposes. Molecular markers targeting established stripe rust resistance genes and wheat gluten subunit genes were employed to elucidate the genetic profiles of Lanhangxuan L623 and its progenitor Bluesky. Our analysis confirmed the presence of rust resistance genes Yr18， Yr28， Yr29， YrZH22， and YrZH84 in both Lanhangxuan L623 and Bluesky. Furthermore， consistent genetic patterns across various molecular weight gluten subunit loci were observed in both cultivars. Comparison of Lanhangxuan L623 with its parent cultivar Bluesky demonstrated genetic variations in chromosomes 2B， 2D， 4D， 7A， and 7B with a genetic similarity coefficient of 0.86， as identified using simple sequence repeat （SSR） molecular markers for wheat authentication. The successful development of Lanhangxuan L623 underscores the effectiveness of aerospace-induced mutagenesis breeding technology in synergistically enhancing wheat yield， disease resistance， and quality attributes.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2025, 39(10): 2083-2095. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2025.10.2083
Nitrogen deficiency is one of the major factors limiting high rice yields in medium-low yielding fields. Mining low-nitrogen tolerance （LNT） genes and breeding LNT varieties represent effective approaches to address this issue. To identify LNT quantitative trait loci （QTLs） and mine candidate genes for LNT， this study utilized a population of 409 target-trait selected introgression lines （ILs） developed by introgressing germplasm resources into the Huanghuazhan （HHZ） background. Over two consecutive years， the performance of LNT-related traits in these ILs was evaluated under both normal nitrogen （N） and low nitrogen （L） conditions. The results revealed that grain yield per plant （GYP） and effective panicles per plant （EPN） were more sensitive to low nitrogen stress， while 1000-grain weight （TGW） and filled grain number per panicle （FGN） showed relatively lower sensitivity. Association analysis identified 55 main-effect QTLs influencing GYP， EPN， FGN， and TGW under different N regimes， including 14 QTLs under normal nitrogen， 16 QTLs under low nitrogen， and 25 QTLs for the low-to-normal nitrogen ratio （R）. Candidate gene and haplotype analyses were performed on four newly detected important QTLs related to LNT： LOC_Os01g09240 was identified as the most probable candidate gene for qGYP1/qEPN1.1 within the 4.51-4.71 Mb interval on chromosome 1， LOC_Os06g13200 as the most probable candidate gene for qFGN6.2/qGYP6.2 within the 7.23-7.30 Mb interval on chromosome 6， and LOC_Os10g31220， LOC_Os10g31320 and LOC_Os10g31420 were inferred as potential candidate genes for qTGW10 within the 16.31-16.51 Mb interval on chromosome 10. Following LNT evaluation of important ILs in mountain-converted paddy fields with inherently low N content， two lines （H82 and H414） were selected. These two lines demonstrated high grain yield， strong LNT， and favorable comprehensive traits under both LN and NN conditions， making them valuable parental resources for breeding LNT rice varieties. This research also provides an in-depth discussion on breeding for LNT and abiotic stresses tolerance in medium-low yielding fields， proposing a novel strategy of marker-assisted pyramiding breeding that combines LNT genes and other abiotic stress tolerance genes.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2025, 39(10): 2096-2103. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2025.10.2096
Pleurotus tuoliensis is a rare species of edible mushrooms with high economic value due to its rich nutrients and delicious taste. To explore new methods for germplasm creation and breeding of excellent strains， protoplasts of P. tuoliensis TN01 were mutated by atmospheric pressure room temperature plasma （ARTP） technology. The results showed that the optimal ARTP treatment duration was 120 seconds. Mutant strains of 38 were preliminarily screened by antagonistic experiments， and 4 strains with fast mycelial growth rate and strong cellulose decomposition ability were ultimately selected through plate culture and enzyme production capacity assays. The mutant strain TN01-35， exhibiting the strongest decolorization ability， was selected through secondary screening employing the LBL evaluation method. When cultivated on stack， the biological transformation efficiency of TN01-35 reached 61.17%， significantly higher than other strains and 13% higher than that of the original strain. Under the mud wall cultivation method， its biological transformation efficiency reached 73.37%， 12.20% higher than that of the palletizing method. The screening and evaluation of high-yield mutant strains of P. tuoliensis which was conducted by combining the biological characteristics of mycelium， cellulase production capacity and LBL method was simple and effective. The results provide novel insights and methodologies for the varietal improvement and breeding technology in edible fungi.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2025, 39(10): 2104-2113. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2025.10.2104
To develop a rapid and accurate detection method for genetically modified （GM） soybeans CV127， DP305423， and FG72， polymerase chain reaction （PCR） was integrated with the Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats and associated protein Cas12b （CRISPR/Cas12b） technology in this study. Specific primers and CRISPR/Cas12b single-guide RNAs （sgRNAs） targeting both the unique genetic elements of these GM soybeans and the endogenous 18S rRNA gene were designed. Reaction conditions， including incubation temperature， reaction duration， analytical specificity， and detection sensitivity， were systematically optimized to establish a PCR-CRISPR/Cas12b-based rapid detection method. Following 35 PCR amplification cycles， 1 μL of the resulting amplicon was added to the CRISPR/Cas12b reaction mixture. Under isothermal conditions at 45 ℃， a distinct fluorescent signal became detectable within 15 minutes. The sgRNA targeting the 18S rRNA gene consistently produced fluorescence signals in both GM and non-GM soybeans， thereby functioning as an internal control. In contrast， sgRNAs specifically targeting CV127， DP305423， and FG72 generated signals exclusively in samples containing the corresponding transgenic elements， demonstrating high specificity. The detection limits for the 18S rRNA， CV127， DP305423， and FG72 systems were 10-1 pg·μL-1， 10-1 pg·μL-1， 1 fg·μL-1， and 1 fg·μL-1， respectively， indicating exceptional sensitivity. The PCR-CRISPR/Cas12b method enables the rapid and precise identification of CV127， DP305423， and FG72 GM soybeans. This study provides a novel molecular detection strategy for GM crops， demonstrating significant potential for reinforcing regulatory frameworks and promoting the responsible application of biotechnology in crop breeding.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2025, 39(10): 2114-2124. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2025.10.2114
Cyclic nucleotide-gated channels （CNGCs） play crucial roles in regulating plant growth， development， and responses to abiotic and biotic stress serving as Ca2+ channels. To identify the CNGC gene family in foxtail millet， the biological functions of CNGC gene family were firstly investigated. Using bioinformatics technologies， the physicochemical properties， gene localization pattern， family subclasses， conserved motifs， cis-acting elements， expression patterns， subcellular localization， protein channel structures， and Ca2+-binding residues of CNGC family proteins from foxtail millet were analyzed. A total of 23 family members were identified， which were classified into 5 subclasses， along with 15 conserved motifs. Transcriptome analysis revealed that Seita.2G305500， Seita.3G18810 and Seita.7G259800 showed significant induction in leaves and panicle following Sclerospora graminicola infection. Quantitative real-time PCR （qRT-PCR） further demonstrated that Seita.3G188100 exhibited 6.6-fold and 8.6-fold higher expression levels to the control at 36 and 48 h postinfection， respectively. Structural prediction of Ca2+-binding signatures indicated that these three genes could form a Ca2+ channel， with specific binding residues at Ser361， Thr397 and Gln427 respectively. Subcellular localization assays in tobacco cells confirmed their plasma membrane localization. This study provides a reference for further exploring the functions of CNGC family genes and lays a foundation for genetic improvement of disease resistance in foxtail millet.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2025, 39(10): 2125-2137. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2025.10.2125
To investigate the varietal differences in physiological indicator affecting cold tolerance during the seedling stage of rice and the alleviating effects of coronatine （COR） on low-temperature resistance. Twelve rice varieties were selected as experimental materials. Seeds were soaked with distilled water or COR solution， subjected to low-temperature stress at 10 ℃ for 3 days， and then transferred to an illumination incubator at 25 ℃ for recovery growth. The impacts of low-temperature stress and COR on 18 indexes related to seed germination and seedling growth were evaluated. The results demonstrated that low-temperature stress significantly affected all 18 measured parameters in rice seedling （P<0.05）. Specifically， germination potential （GP）， germination rate （GR）， germination index （GI）， vigor index （VI）， shoot length （SL）， root length （RL）， stem diameter （SD）， root number （RN）， shoot fresh weight （SFW）， root fresh weight （RFW）， shoot dry weight （SDW）， and root dry weight （RDW） showed significant decreases. While activities of superoxide dismutase （SOD）， peroxidase （POD）， catalase （CAT）， along with contents of malondialdehyde （MDA）， soluble sugar （SS）， and soluble protein （SP） exhibited notable increases. Notably， significant differences were observed among the varieties. After treatment with coronatine， all measured indicators except MDA content exhibited increased values， with coefficients of variation ranging from 4.97% to 31.46%. Consistent results were obtained through comprehensive evaluations using the comprehensive cold resistance coefficient （CCRC）， comprehensive cold resistance evaluation value （D）， and weighted cold resistance coefficient （WCRC） derived from grey relational analysis for rice seedling stage assessments. Comprehensive analysis showed that Xince Japonica 1， New Rice 50 and Xince Japonica 2 exhibited superior cold tolerance. Cluster analysis based on the D value classified the 12 rice varieties into three categories： three highly cold tolerance， five moderately cold tolerance， and four weakly cold tolerance. Through principal component analysis combined with multiple stepwise regression， six key indicators significantly related to cold tolerance during the rice seedling stage were identified： GP， GR， GI， SFW， SDW， and RDW. This study establishes a theoretical foundation for screening cold-tolerant rice varieties at the seedling stage in Xinjiang and provides scientific support for utilizing COR to enhance low-temperature resistance in agricultural production practices.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2025, 39(10): 2138-2145. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2025.10.2138
To clarify the expression of prolyl hydroxylase 3 （PHD3）， hypoxia-inducible factor 1α （HIF-1α） and epithelial cadherin （E-cadherin） in the lungs of yaks at different ages， this study employed quantitative real-time PCR （qRT-PCR） and Western blot to detect the mRNA and protein expression levels. Lung tissues of yaks were collected from newborn （<3 days）， juvenile （<3 years）， adults （4~8 years） and senium individuals （>8 years）. Immunohistochemistry （IHC） was used to detect the spatial distribution of PHD3， HIF-1α and E-cadherin in these tissues. The results showed that the expression of PHD3 and HIF-1αin yak lung tissues， with both genes and proteins levels showed progressive increases that peaked in senescent yaks （P<0.05）； In contrast， the expression of E-cadherin exhibited an inverse pattern， displaying highest levels in juvenile yaks （P<0.05）， followed by continuous decline through adult and senescent stages. PHD3 was mainly expressed in bronchial smooth muscle cells and pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells， while HIF-1α and E-cadherin were primarily distributed in bronchial epithelial cells across all airway generations， pulmonary artery endothelial cells， and alveolar epithelial cells. The results indicated that the expression of PHD3 in pulmonary smooth muscle cells exhibited a progressive increase correlating with the increase of yak age， while the expression of HIF-1α in pulmonary epithelial cells showed gradual upregulation. These findings suggest that PHD3 may modulate the activity of HIF-1α to inhibit the expression of E-cadherin in pulmonary epithelial cells. This study lays a foundation for exploring the mechanism underlying age-related pulmonary deterioration and functional decline in yaks due to aging.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2025, 39(10): 2146-2157. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2025.10.2146
To explore the differences in yield， quality， and metabolites of upper leaves of flue-cured tobacco with different plant architecture， Yunyan 87 was used as material. A comprehensive analysis combing non-targeted metabolomics with chemical， sensory， and economic trait evaluation was conducted to compare the differences between umbrella-type and tube-type plants. The results showed that umbrella-type plants had lower plant height and fewer effective leaf number but larger stem circumference than tube-type plants. While tube-type plants exhibited 30.92%， 23.17%， and 18.71% higher densities of long-stalked glandular hairs， protective glandular hairs， and total glandular hairs respectively， compared to umbrella-type plants. Furthermore， tube-type plants demonstrated more balanced chemical composition and superior sensory quality score. Umbrella-type plants had a 3.43% higher yield， yet tube-type plants showed a higher output value by 22.13%， a higher proportion of high-grade tobacco by 10.72 percentage points， and higher average price by 21.50%. A total of 137 differential metabolites were identified between the two plant types. Among them， organic acids were the most abundant， including sinapic acid， guanidinosuccinic acid， phenylpyruvic acid， 2-pentanedioic acid， jasmonic acid， and palmitic acid； Amino acids included 2-oxoarginine， L-kynurenine， N-methyl-L-glutamic acid， gamma-aminobutyric acid， L-aspartic acid， tryptophanol， L-lysine， and leucine were also differentially expressed. Additionally， alkaloids like confertifolin， cytisine， L-carnitine， and resveratrol showed significant variations. The differential metabolites in mature leaves of the two plant types were mainly enriched in pathways such as alanine metabolism. In addition， the tricarboxylic acid （TCA） cycle and related metabolic pathways exhibited distinct metabolic profiles between umbrella-type tobacco plants and tube-type. In conclusion， tube-type Yunyan 87 plantsin the Nanyang region produce better quality and higher economic benefits than that of umbrella-type plants. These findings provide a theoretical basis for plant type improvement in Nanyang area.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2025, 39(10): 2158-2159. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2025.10.2158
Hechun No. 3 is a new wheat cultivar distinguished by high yield， superior quality （strong gluten properties）， and water-saving characteristics， jointly developed by the Institute of Crop Research， Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences （formerly the Institute of Nuclear Technology and Biotechnology， Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences） and Xinjiang Jintianshan Agricultural Science and Technology Co.， Ltd.In 2009， the variety was bred by crossing Xinchun 37 （female parent） with 38th-201， an elite spring wheat germplasm from the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center （CIMMYT） （male parent）. The hybrid F0 seeds were irradiated with 60Co-γ rays and subjected to shuttle breeding between Yunnan （southern breeding nursery） and Xinjiang （northern breeding nursery）. Through multi-generation single-spike and single-plant selection combined with molecular marker-assisted selection （MAS） and high-molecular-weight glutenin subunit （HMW-GS） screening， this new strain was developed in 2013.After years of comparative trials， regional trials， and production tests， it was officially approved and named by the Xinjiang Crop Variety Approval Committee in 2024， with the approval number Xin Shen Mai 2024 No. 1011.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2025, 39(10): 2160-2170. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2025.10.2160
To investigate the effects of different 60Co-γ irradiation doses on the traits， chemical composition and antioxidant activity of Ermiao Pills， the non-irradiated group （0 kGy） and 10， 20， 50 and 100 kGy irradiation dose groups were set up in this experiment. The colorimeter and electronic nose were used to compare the characteristics of each group of samples. The physical structures were characterized by scanning electron microscopy， fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction. Non-volatile and volatile components were analysed by high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）， ultra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry （UPLC-Q/TOF-MS） and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GC-MS）. Antioxidant activity of the samples from each group was compared by 1，1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl （DPPH） radical scavenging method. The results of characteristic observation showed that compared with the unirradiated samples， the yellowness value of Ermiao Pills increased after irradiation， and the concentration of sulfides， terpenes and aromatic substances decreased； irradiation will damage the surface and internal structure of Ermiao Pills. The contents of berberine hydrochloride and atractylodin in Ermiao Pills after irradiation were higher than that of unirradiated samples. After being irradiated at 50 and 100 kGy， the content of phellodendrine hydrochloride decreased compared to the unirradiated samples. There was no significant change in the content of palmatine hydrochloride before and after irradiation. Irradiation could lead to a decrease in the content of terpenes in Ermiao Pills. The antioxidant activity of Ermiao Pills in the 100 kGy irradiation dose group was higher than that in the non-irradiation group， and no radiolysis products of Ermiao Pills were found in all irradiation groups. This study provides a scientific basis for the quality control of irradiation sterilization Ermiao Pills， and also provides ideas and methods for the establishment of irradiation sterilization standards for other traditional Chinese medicine preparations.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2025, 39(10): 2171-2182. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2025.10.2171
To explore the flavor characteristics of dried Hypsizygus marmoreus by-products using different drying methods， namely hot air drying （HAD）， heat pump drying （HPD）， heated freeze-drying （HFD）， and unheated freeze-drying （UFD）， volatile organic compounds （VOCs） in the dried by-products were identified and analyzed using gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry （GC-IMS） technology. Key flavor compounds were identified using relative odor activity value （ROAV）， and flavor differentiation compounds were selected through principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis. The results revealed 116 volatile components， including 25 esters， 24 aldehydes， 23 alcohols， 13 ketones， 10 heterocyclic compounds， 8 carboxylic acids， 7 terpenes， 3 sulfur-containing compounds， 2 nitrogen-containing compounds， and 1 aromatic hydrocarbon identified by GC-IMS. Differential analysis indicated that the main volatile compounds were carboxylic acids， alcohols， aldehydes， esters， and nitrogen-containing compounds. Furthermore， the levels of heterocyclic compounds and carboxylic acids were prominent in HAD， while esters and alcohols showed higher levels in UFD. Based on ROAV≥1， 16 key flavor compounds common contributing to the fundamental aroma of dried H. marmoreus by-products were identified， with aroma profiles including acidity， cocoa， fruity， fishy， fresh， mushroom， onion， and green. Additionally， six compounds contributing to seafood-like characteristics were identified， namely trimethylamine， 3-octanone， （E）-2-octenal， dimethyl disulfide， cis-4-heptenal， and 2-methylpropanal， with the strongest seafood aroma expressed in samples dried by HPD and HFD. The research results revealed the flavor characteristics of dried H. marmoreus by-products， and provided a theoretical basis for developing high-value products to enhance resource utilization.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2025, 39(10): 2183-2194. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2025.10.2183
In order to explore the different fermentation conditions on the antibacterial effect of Artemisia annua solid-state fermentation extracts， the Artemisia annua was used as raw material to explore the effects of fermentation strains， time， material-to-liquid ratio， and inoculation volume on the antibacterial effect using a single factor experimental system. The response surface methodology （RSM） was used to optimize the solid-state fermentation process. The antibacterial effect of Artemisia annua solid-state fermentation extracts on E. coli， S. aureus， and C. albicans was determined using the microdilution method. The results showed that using Meyerozyma caribbica as the fermentation strain， with a fermentation time of 7 d， a feed-to-liquid ratio of 1∶2， and inoculation volume of 6%， the antibacterial effect of solid-state fermentation of Artemisia annua L. extract was optimal， with minimum inhibitory concentration （MIC） and minimum bactericidal concentration （MBC） of 1.25， 5.0 mg·mL-1 for E. coli and S. aureus， respectively， and 20.0， 40.0 mg·mL-1 for C. albicans. This study provides an important theoretical basis for development and utilization of Artemisia annua resources deeply and the exploration of natural antibacterial substances.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2025, 39(10): 2195-2205. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2025.10.2195
To clarify the temperature and humidity variations inside the roast house， the dynamic changes in leaf composition， and the quality and economic effects under the stable temperature and humidity drop curing process for one-time harvesting of upper tobacco leaves， upper leaves of the variety Xiangyan 7 were selected as experimental materials. Two treatments were designed that stable temperature and humidity drop curing technology， and the four-step curing technology. The study investigated the uniformity of temperature and humidity in the roast house during curing， the dynamic changes in leaf composition， and the effects on appearance quality， physical properties， chemical composition， smoking quality and economic benefits of flue-cured tobacco leaves. The results showed that the vertical differences in temperature and humidity inside the roast house were smaller than the horizontal differences. Compared to the four-step curing technology， the stable temperature and humidity drop curing technology improved the uniformity of temperature and humidity in the roast house， increased leaf looseness， brightness， and oil content in tobacco leaf， enhanced the weight per leaf and sugar content， reduced weight per unit leaf area， starch and carotenoid content， raised the proportion of positive group tobacco by 4.14 percentage points， reduced miscellaneous tobacco by 0.59 percentage points， decreased slightly green leaves by 3.55 percentage points， increased high-grade tobacco by 4.20 percentage points， raised the average price by 3.67%， improved the total appearance quality score by 4.01% and the smoking quality score by 1.55%， and reduced baking energy consumption costs by 11.54%. Therefore， adopting the stable temperature and humidity drop curing process for upper leaves in tobacco-rice growing areas can enhance leaf quality， reduce costs， and improve the economic efficiency of the curing process. The results of this study provides a theoretical basis for formulating curing techniques to reducing green and undesirable tobacco in tobacco-rice growing areas.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2025, 39(10): 2206-2214. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2025.10.2206
To explore the aging process and changes in the physicochemical properties of Euryale ferox kernel during storage， the properties of color， main nutritional components， polyphenolic substances， microstructure， crystallization and gelatinization regarding the powder and starch of purple flower Suqian （SQ） and purple flower Ciqian （CQ） was explored. The investigations were based on physicochemical analysis， X-ray diffraction， scanning electron microscopy， and rapid viscosity analysis. Results indicated that the particle size of the starch in the Euryale ferox kernel was 1-3 μm， belonging to type A crystals， with a relative crystallinity （RC） of 39.71%. The pasting temperature， peak viscosity， and retrogradation value of Euryale ferox kernel starch were significantly higher than those of rice starch， at 82.1 ℃， 5 146 cP， and 1 736 cP， respectively. Compared to 0 a， after 2 years of storage at 20-25 ℃， the color of SQ and CQ powder significantly deepened， and the amylose content increased significantly （P<0.05）. The pasting temperature increases significantly. However， the peak viscosity， solubility （S）， and swelling power （SP） showed obvious decreases. All above changes with clear signs of aging. In addition， there were significant differences between SQ and CQ in multiple indicators， such as the higher content of amylopectin in SQ， which results in lower pasting temperature， higher peak viscosity， higher S， and higher SP. Compared to 0 a， when stored for 2 a， the amylose content in SQ and CQ increased by 3.23% and 4.28% percentage points， respectively， the pasting temperature increased by 4.2 and 5.3 ℃， and the peak viscosity decreased by 576 and 706 cP， respectively. In conclusion， the Euryale ferox kernel undergoed aging during storage， and CQ was more prone to aging than SQ under the same conditions. There were significant differences between varieties. Furthermore， there were a large number of “starch aggregate” structures in the powder of Euryale ferox kernel， which showed a significant inhibitory effect on the gelatinization process of Euryale ferox kernel starch. This study can provide a basis for the storage and processing utilization of Euryale ferox kernel， and which can also serve as a reference for evaluating the quality of Euryale ferox.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2025, 39(10): 2215-2226. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2025.10.2215
To investigate the effect of 1-methylcyclopropene （1-MCP） on the quality of the balsam pear and the incidence of moldy rot during storage， this study isolated and purified the pathogenic fungus Aspergillus niger from the naturally infected Korla balsam pear fruits under near-ice temperature preservation storage. Postharvest balsam pear fruits were treated with 0， 0.5， 1.0， and 1.5 μL·L-1 of 1-MCP for 24 h， then inoculated against fruit loss and stored at -1.2 ℃ with a relative humidity of 90%-95%. After analyzing the incidence rate and quality indexes such as spot diameter， hardness， soluble solids （TSS）， chlorophyll， and soluble sugar content， 1.0 μL·L-1 1-MCP was selected as the optimal treatment concentration. The activities of the fruit disease resistance-related enzymes， which were peroxidase （POD） and superoxide dismutase （SOD）， and the expression levels of the related genes were determined. The results indicated that 1-MCP significantly delayed the peak of ethylene release （P<0.05）， slowed the increase in respiration rate， malondialdehyde content， and relative membrane permeability， and maintained fruit quality compared with the control group. Treatment with 1.0 μL·L-1 1-MCP significantly reduced the incidence rate and lesion diameter caused by the pathogen（P<0.05）， significantly inhibited the rate of superoxide anion radical （
） production， decreased the rise of H2O2 content （P<0.05）， increased the activities of ascorbate peroxidase （APX） and glutathione reductase （GR） in the fruits compared with the control group， enhanced the expression level of mRNAs encoding genes for disease resistance-related enzymes such as PyrPOD， PyrCAT， PyrSOD （P<0.05）， and further inhibited the occurrence of moldy rot. In conclusion， 1-MCP can induce resistance to moldy rot in postharvest near-ice temperature-stored balsam pear fruits by regulating the activity of reactive oxygen metabolism-related enzymes and the expression of encoding genes. The results of this study provide theoretical support for the subsequent postharvest disease control of Korla balsam pear. -
Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2025, 39(10): 2227-2236. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2025.10.2227
The soft-shell mud crab （Scylla paramamosain） is a highly regional and seasonal aquatic product， which is highly susceptible to spoilage during transportation， marketing， and storage. Thus， maintaining the freshness of soft-shell crabs is of utmost importance throughout the processing and storage processes. To gain a profound understanding of its freshness characteristics， the changes in the quality and bacterial communities of soft-shell crabs during eight month-frozen storage at -20 ℃ were investigated via conventional quality feature determination and 16S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing. The results revealed that as the frozen storage time elapsed， the muscle experienced a decrease in hardness， springiness， and chewiness， yet an increase in adhesiveness， accompanied by a reduction in Ca2+-ATPase activity. Furthermore， both the muscle and hepatopancreas displayed decreased concentrations of soluble protein， along with the increased thiobarbituric acid and total viable count. Frozen storage also exerted an impact on the α-diversities and compositions of bacterial communities of muscle and hepatopancreas of soft-shell crabs， evidenced by the decreased operational taxonomic unit （OTU） richness of muscle bacterial community. Some characteristic bacterial genera in the muscle such as Psychrobacter， Enterococcus， Chryseobacterium， and Lactobacillus， were associated with the frozen storage time. This study suggested that the quality of soft-shell crabs deteriorated during frozen storage. Nonetheless， the soft-shell crabs did not spoil in eight months. Notably， the quality changes in soft-shell crabs might be attributed to bacterial metabolism. This work provides a theoretical reference for quality assessment of soft-shell crab.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2025, 39(10): 2237-2245. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2025.10.2237
To study the effects of liquid nitrogen freezing on the water holding capacity， meat color， texture， thiobarbituric acid （TBA）， total volatile basic nitrogen （TVB-N）， water distribution and microstructure， giant salamander was frozen at -18 ℃ by refrigerator， -40， -60， -80 and -100 ℃ by liquid nitrogen freezing， respectively. The results showed that freezing at different temperatures increased the cooking loss， centrifugal loss， hardness， chewiness， TBA and TVB-N of the meat significantly， compared with the fresh meat （P<0.05）， However， freezing at -40 and -80 ℃ could effectively maintain the cooking loss， cohesiveness， and water distribution. Compared with -18 ℃ refrigerator freezing， liquid nitrogen freezing at different temperatures significantly reduced the thawing loss rate， hardness and TBA value of meat （P<0.05）. Among these， freezing at -60 and -100 ℃ significantly decreased the centrifugal loss rate （P<0.05）. Freezing at -40， -60 and -80 ℃， the TVB-N value was lower， with meat frozen at -80 ℃ exhibiting the lowest thawing loss rate， hardness， TVB-N value. Through electron microscope scanning， the connectivity of muscle fibers in the frozen meat decreased compared to the fresh meat， indicating that freezing damaged the microstructure of the meat. Notably， the muscle fiber gaps were largest at -18 and -100 ℃ freezing temperatures. Overall， the liquid nitrogen freezing at appropriate temperatures significantly improved the meat quality compared with -18 ℃ refrigerator freezing， in which freezing at -80 ℃ got the best meat quality. The findings provide a a background reference data for the preservation of frozen giant salamander products.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2025, 39(10): 2246-2255. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2025.10.2246
In recent years， the pre-made dishes industry has developed rapidly， providing more convenient and diverse choices for the catering industry and consumers. Pre-made dishes cover a wide range of food raw materials and auxiliary materials such as livestock and poultry， aquatic products， fruits and vegetables， and involve multiple research directions including flavor development， quality control， and process improvement. Based on the current definition and scope of pre-made dishes， this paper summarizes the application of emerging processing key technologies in pre-prepared foods， including storage and preservation technology， freezing and thawing technology， drying technology， sterilization technology， and packaging technology. The paper also sorts out the main processing technology problems such as flavor， nutrition， and equipment， the cold chain logistics problem throughout the process， and the standard system construction problem， with the aim of providing references for the high-quality development of Pre-made dishes.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2025, 39(10): 2256-2264. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2025.10.2256
To investigate the differences in nitrogen absorption and utilization by cotton from sources of rape straw and chemical fertilizer under rape straw incorporation， field micro-plot experiments were conducted using Xiang FZ031 as the test material in Changde City， Hunan Province， from 2022 to 2023. Nitrogen isotope （15N） tracer technique was used to set up five treatments： single application of labeled urea application （FN15N）， labeled urea and common rape straw returning （FN15N+RS14N）， single application of labeled rape straw returning （RS15N）， common urea and labeled rape straw returning （FN14N+RS15N）， no nitrogen application （Untreated）. The treatments were studied for the effects on the proportion of nitrogen derived from fertilizer nitrogen （Ndff） in various cotton organs， 15N recovery rate， 15N fertilizer use efficiency， and seed cotton yield. The results showed that during the two years， the Ndff， 15N recovery rate and 15N fertilizer utilization rate of cotton population under the FN15N+RS14N increased by 4.80 and 4.78， 5.56 and 5.24， 0.78 and 0.33 percentage points compared to the FN15N， respectively. In contrast， the Ndff， 15N recovery rate and 15N fertilizer utilization rate of cotton population in the FN14N+RS15N increased by 5.15 and 4.67， 30.25 and 24.92， 40.05 and 42.94 percentage points compared to the RS15N treatment， respectively. The highest seed cotton yields in 2022 and 2023 were observed under FN14N+RS15N and FN15N+RS14N， respectively. This study preliminary demonstrated that the combined application of rape straw and chemical fertilizer could enhance the absorption of fertilizer nitrogen by cotton， thereby improving the utilization efficiency of fertilizer nitrogen. Under the condition of not exceeding the conventional nitrogen rate （180 kg·hm-2）， the proportion of nitrogen derived from rape straw in the cotton population ranged from 1.41% to 7.31%. When the amount of rape straw incorporated did not exceed 60 000 kg·hm-2， the proportion of nitrogen derived from fertilizer in the cotton population ranged from 34.10% to 40.94%. This study provide a scientific basis for the utilization of rapeseed straw and optimized fertilization in cotton fields.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2025, 39(10): 2265-2276. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2025.10.2265
To investigate the regulatory effects of different straw returning methods on wheat root growth and stem lodging resistance under wide and narrow row planting， this study was based on the previously screened advantageous combination of 30 cm+15 cm wide and narrow rows， with straw not returning as control （CK）， and four different straw returning and tillage methods were established： whole field straw rotary tillage returning （M1）， stubble mulching in wide rows （M2）， rotary tillage with stubble return in wide rows （M3）， stubble mulching in wide rows combined with whole-field straw mulching （M4）. The differences in soil water temperature， root system characteristics， stem lodging resistance， and yield of wheat under different straw returning methods were analyzed. The results showed that compared with CK， M2 and M4 had significant warming effects in various growth stages and in the 0-30 cm soil， especially during the wintering stage， and could increase the average soil moisture content from wintering stage to anthesis stage and in the 0-20 cm soil. The yield under M2 and M3 significantly increased by 11.56% and 8.75%， respectively， compared to M1， and there was a trend of increasing yield compared to CK. Compared with M1 and M4， M2 and M3 improved root morphology， with varying degrees of increase in root length， root volume， root diameter， and root dry weight density. M2 significantly enhanced root vitality. Compared with CK， M2 reduced the length of the second internode at the base of wheat， increased stem diameter and stem wall thickness. At the same time， M2 showed varying degrees of increase in the number of large and small vascular bundles， mechanical tissue layers， and mechanical tissue thickness compared to other straw returning treatments， and significantly increased cellulose and lignin content， resulted in a significant increase in snapping resistance and lodging resistance index. In summary， stubble mulching in wide rows （M2） is beneficial for improving soil environment， promoting wheat root growth， enhancing plant root vitality and lodging resistance， and achieving the goals of robust roots， strong stems， and increasing yield and efficiency of wheat. This study provides technical support for the safe， in-situ rice straw returning and the establishment of high-yield and high-quality wheat populations.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2025, 39(10): 2277-2289. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2025.10.2277
In order to identify the key effect factors of different soil physical and chemical properties on the growth of cut chrysanthemum， this study collected soils from 10 different production regions for cut chrysanthemum cultivation experiments. By measuring17 indicators of soil physical and chemical properties and indicators of the root and shoot of cut chrysanthemum， the influence of soil factors on growth was investigated using correlation analysis， path analysis， and multiple linear regression analysis. The results showed that the soil bulk density， field water capacity， and the pH values of collected soil samples were within within reasonable ranges， the cation exchange capacity （CEC） in a few samples was lower while soil electrical conductivity （EC） was higher than the normal. The contents of available phosphorus， copper， zinc， and iron of most soils were deficient， but the growth of cut chrysanthemum cultivated in these soil were not inhibited. Soil factors that show significant correlated with cut chrysanthemum root and shoot indicators were ranked by absolute correlation coefficients， which were as follows： CEC > urease activity > available potassium content > available manganese content > field water capacity > EC value. Path analysis indicated that the CEC， pH， EC value， urease activity， and the field water capacity showed strong correlation with the growth index of cut chrysanthemum. Among the established linear regression models， the following three types demonstrated good fit： a model fitting four root system indicators with urease activity as a variable； a model fitting plant height and total root length with CEC as a variable； a model fitting three root system indicators with catalase activity as a variable. Comprehensive analysis revealed that the indicators of CEC， urease activity， pH， EC value， and the field water capacity were more critical for cut chrysanthemum growth than deficiencies in elements such as available phosphorus， iron， zinc， and copper. This study provides essential insights for soil management in cut chrysanthemum cultivation.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2025, 39(10): 2290-2298. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2025.10.2290
To explore the phosphorus supply capacity and its quantification methods， an 18-year long-term field experiment with differential P treatments was conducted in latosolic red soil in southeastern Fujian. The study analyzed the long-term yield effects of phosphorus fertilizer， soil phosphorus balance， Olsen-P dynamic， soil phosphorus supply capacity， and influencing factors under a peanut-sweet potato rotation system. The results indicated that both peanut and sweet potato yields and total uptake of phosphorus consistently followed the order： recommended fertilizer （RF） > farmer’s practice （FP） > without P in RF （RF-P） > CK （no fertilizer treatment） （P<0.05）. The cumulative phosphorus uptake of both crops was significantly positively correlated （P<0.01） with soil Olsen-P， phosphorus inputs， and nitrogen and potassium fertilization. Over time， soil Olsen-P concentration in the RF and FP exhibited a linear increase， with annual increments of 0.836 mg·kg-1 and 0.469 mg·kg-1， respectively （P<0.05）. In contrast， soil Olsen-P concentration in CK and RF-P showed exponential decline， where the rate of decline was inversely related to experimental duration but positively correlated with initial soil Olsen-P levels. The relationship between soil Olsen-P concentration and total of phosphorus surplus or deficit followed a nonlinear correlation represented by a logistic model. Within a phosphorus surplus/deficit range of -100 kg·hm-2 to 100 kg·hm-2， soil Olsen-P was linearly positively correlated with phosphorus balance. Beyond this range， soil Olsen-P stabilized at an average level of 52.2 mg·kg-1 （surplus >100 kg·hm-2） or 11.8 mg·kg-¹ （deficit >200 kg·hm-2）. When phosphorus surplus reached 100 kg·hm-2， soil Olsen-P concentration was 51.1 mg·kg-1， which was 4.8 mg·kg-1 higher than that of the basal soil. When phosphorus surplus was zero， soil Olsen-P concentration remained at an average level of 43.1 mg·kg-1. Furthermore， soil phosphorus supply was linearly positively correlated （P<0.05） with soil Olsen-P and nitrogen and potassium fertilizer inputs， with the application of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers increasing soil phosphorus supply by 10.2 kg·hm-2 per year. Therefore， soil Olsen-P concentration of 43.1 mg·kg-1 in latosolic red soil could be taken as the target value for soil phosphorus fertilization. The results of this study provide essential parameters for optimizing phosphorus fertilization in latosolic red soil.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2025, 39(10): 2299-2308. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2025.10.2299
To investigate the effects of different irrigation quotas combined with ameliorants on the saline-alkaline soil and maize growth in the Yinbei Irrigation District， and to determine the optimal combination for soil improvement and high maize yield in Ningxia， a two-factor split-plot experiment was designed. The maize variety Jialiang 0987 was used as the test material in this study. The experiment was conducted in the northern part of the Yinchuan Plain in Ningxia. The main factor was the irrigation quota， with three treatments： 360 mm （W1）， 450 mm （W2）， and 540 mm （W3）. The secondary factor was the soil amendment， with four treatments： no amendment （G0）， microbial agent （G1）， amino acids （G2）， and carboxymethyl cellulose （G3）， with 450 mm of flood irrigation as the control （CK）. The effects of different amendment treatments （early， mid， and late stages） on groundwater level， groundwater mineralization， pH value， total salt content， soil fertility， as well as growth indicators and yield of maize， were analyzed. The results indicated that， compared to pre-treatment， the groundwater level generally decreased after treatment， with a reduction ranging from 0.15 to 0.32 m. Compared to CK， the W2G2 treatment showed the best improvement in soil pH and total salt content， significantly reducing them by 0.62 units and 1.55 g·kg-1， respectively. Throughout the amelioration process， soil organic matter， alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen， available phosphorus and available potassium generally increased， with more pronounced soil fertility enhancement observed in the later stages of amelioration. The W2G2 treatment resulted in the best overall soil fertility improvement. This treatment also effectively promoted maize growth and yield， increasing plant height， stem diameter， aboveground dry biomass， and grain yield by 27.96%， 26.25%， 59.38%， and 33.67% compared to CK， respectively. Correlation analysis revealed that increases in groundwater level， groundwater mineralization， pH value， and total salt content significantly inhibited the aboveground dry weight and grain yield of maize （P<0.01）. In contrast， increases in soil organic matter and alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen significantly promoted maize aboveground dry biomass and grain yield （P<0.01）. In conclusion， applying 450 mm of irrigation combined with amino acid ameliorant treatment can effectively reduce soil pH value and groundwater mineralization in Ningxia’s saline-alkaline soils， while improving soil fertility and maize yield. This study provides scientific evidence and practical guidance for agricultural production in the saline-alkaline areas of Ningxia.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2025, 39(10): 2309-2319. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2025.10.2309
To investigate plant growth-promoting effects of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic （ACC） deaminase-producing strains on crops under saline-alkali stress， three ACC deaminase-producing strains， including Bacillus arachidis E1-6， Enterobacterpseudoroggenkampii. E1-8， and Bacillus cereus j2-4 were used to investigate the effects of inoculation on the growth of maize. The strains were previously isolated from the plants rhizosphere in saline-alkaline areas of southern Xinjiang. The results showed that compared to neutral conditions， treatment with alkaline salt containing Na+ （pH values were 8.23 and 9.15， respectively） for 28 d had no significant effects on plant height， aboveground dry weight， and underground dry weight， but significantly inhibited stem diameter of maize （P<0.05）. Compared to the neutral condition， no significant changes were observed in aboveground and underground dry weight and root system architecture of potted maize of different saline-alkali stresses. However， under high saline-alkali stress at pH 9.15， plant height and stem diameter were significantly decreased， while malondialdehyde （MDA） content was increased. After inoculation treatment， all tested conditions enhanced plant height， stem diameter， and aboveground and underground dry weight of potted maize. Notably， under high saline-alkali stress at pH 9.15， inoculation with strain E1-8 improved root morphology and enhanced peroxidase activity. The results demonstrated that inoculation with ACC deaminase-producing growth-promoting rhizobacteria alleviated the inhibitory effects of saline-alkali stress on maize， highlighting their potential for development as microbial fertilizers. This study expands the resource of salt-alkali tolerant and plant growth-promoting bacteria and provides an efficient microbial remediation strategy for stress-resistant cultivation of crops in saline-alkali soils.
