10 January 2026, Volume 40 Issue 1
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2026, 40(1): 1-12. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2026.01.0001
MYB is one of the most abundant and functionally diverse transcription factors in fungi， representing a highly conserved family of transcription factors in eukaryotes. To identify the MYB family in Ganoderma lingzhi and the potential role in the metabolism of pharmacodynamic ingredients， based on the whole genome of Ganoderma lingzhi， this study identified members of the MYB gene family in G. lingzhi using a hidden Markov model. Bioinformatics methods were employed to analyze their chromosomal localization， collinearity， gene structure， phylogenetic tree， and cis-regulatory elements. Additionally， qRT-PCR was used to examine the expression levels of G. lingzhi MYB under MeJA and in different tissues. The results revealed that G. lingzhi harbors 9 MYB members （GlMYB1-GlMYB9）， which were classified into 4 subfamilies and distributed across 9 different chromosomes. Interspecies collinearity analysis demonstrated the conservation of G. lingzhi within the Polyporaceae family， while phylogenetic tree and conserved motif analyses indicated the evolutionary conservation of G. lingzhi MYB. Promoter cis-element analysis showed that G. lingzhi MYB contains numerous light responsive elements， hormone responsive elements， and stress responsive elements， particularly jasmonic acid responsive elements. The results of qRT-PCR confirmed that the expression levels of GlMYB varied significantly across different developmental stages， with GlMYB9 showing high expression in mycelium， young fruiting bodies， and mature fruiting bodies. Under MeJA treatment， the expression of most GlMYB members was upregulated， except for GlMYB1， GlMYB5， and GlMYB7. Notably， GlMYB4 and GlMYB9 exhibited the most pronounced upregulation. These findings identified key candidate genes that may play crucial roles in G. lingzhi development and stress responses and provided an important theoretical foundation for further exploration of the physiological mechanisms underlying G. lingzhi growth and development， as well as its responses to hormones and abiotic stress， and offer insights into the genetic regulation of secondary metabolism in G. lingzhi.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2026, 40(1): 13-24. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2026.01.0013
Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase （HMGR） is a crucial rate-limiting enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of triterpene saponins. It involves in constructing the terpene skeleton and is closely associated with plant growth and development， and stress responses. To identify the HMGR family and the in role in the synthesis of H. helix saponins， the HMGR gene family from Hedera helix genome and transcriptome was screened and identified using bioinformatic methods， and its physicochemical properties， conserved motifs， phylogenetic tree， and cis-elements in the promoter region were analyzed. Additionally， the expression levels of HMGR family gene at different tissues and under different stresses were determined by quantitative real-time PCR （qRT-PCR）. Results showed that 8 HMGR genes were identified from H. helix genome， evenly distributed on 8 chromosomes， and encoded 493 to 594 amino acids. The HhHMGR proteins were localized in the endoplasmic reticulum， with their secondary structures predominantly consisted of α-helix and random coils. For phylogenetic analysis， the HhHMGR proteins were divided into four subfamilies， all of which contained an integral HMG-CoA domain， and exhibited a close genetic relationship with Panax ginseng and P. notoginseng. Various cis-elements were presented in the promoter regions of HhHMGR genes， especially those responsive to hormones and environmental stresses. The HhHMGR genes showed significant differences in tissue-specific expression， with the highest expression in leaves. Under treatment with 100 mmol·L-1 methyl jasmonate （MeJA） or 100 μmol·L-1 abscisic acid （ABA）， substantial changes in expression levels were observed. HhHMGR4 increased significantly under ABA treatment， which was highly consistent with the distribution and accumulation trends of saponins in H. helix， suggesting that HhHMGR4 plays a critical role in the dynamic accumulation of H. helix saponins. These findings provide an essential insight for future investigation into the biological roles of HMGR gene in H. helix.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2026, 40(1): 25-35. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2026.01.0025
To investigated the accumulation patterns of metabolites in Dendrobium officinale under different lights， Dendrobium officinale was grown under white light （control， CK） and four different light-emitting diode （LED） therapy， including blue （B）， yellow （Y）， purple （P）， and green （G）. Metabolomic analysis was conducted using high-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry， combined with transcriptomic analysis using Illumina sequencing， with a focus on the differentially accumulated metabolites and differentially expressed genes under CK and G treatments. Results showed that among four different LED light treatments， G light has the most pronounced impact on promoting flavonoids accumulation. Metabolomic analysis identified a total of 673 differentially accumulated metabolites， with flavonoids constituting the dominant category （44.03%）， particularly 3，4，2′，4′，6′-pentahydroxychalcone which showed a 10.99-fold accumulation. Transcriptomics identified 6 114 differentially expressed genes （2 561 upregulated and 3 553 downregulated）， with the most significant change observed in the AP2 transcription factor family. This study revealed that G light can promote flavonoids accumulation in D. officinale， providing important mechanistic insights from metabolomics and transcriptomics perspectives for the precision cultivation of medicinal plants through light regulation.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2026, 40(1): 36-44. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2026.01.0036
Auxin response factor （ARF） is a kind of crop-specific auxin-responsive transcription factor， which regulates plant growth and development through the auxin metabolic pathway. To investigate the role of ARF transcription factors during the development of maize kernels， the ZmARFTF2 （Zm00001eb045640 ） gene was cloned in the study. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that the gene was located on chromosome 1 of the maize reference genome， with a coding sequence （CDS） of 2 076 bp encoding 691 amino acids. The predicted ZmARFTF2 protein contains a transmembrane domain and the isoelectric point （pI） is 7.92. Structural analysis identified conserved domains characteristic of the B3 subfamily and Auxin_resp superfamily. Promoter analysis of the 2 kb upstream region identified cis-acting elements associated with ABA biosynthesis， drought induction， gibberellin response， and endosperm-specific expression. Phylogenetic reconstruction of the maize ARF gene family demonstrated that ZmARFTF2 and ZmARF17 share closest evolutionary relationship. In the ethyl methanesulfonate （EMS）-induced mutant EMS3-0a1dd2 （B73 background）， a single-base substitution in ZmARFTF2 generated a premature termination codon. Compared to the wild-type inbred line B73， homozygous EMS3-0a1dd2 mutants exhibited significant increases in kernel length， width， thickness， 100-kernel weight， and volume weight. Notably， amylose content in mutants was significantly elevated， whereas amylopectin content was reduced. Phenotypic characterization revealed that loss-of-function of ZmARFTF2 converted kernel morphology from dent-type to flint-type. ZmARFTF2-overexpressing Arabidopsis thaliana lines displayed significantly smaller pods and seeds compared to wild-type. These findings demonstrate that ZmARFTF2 negatively regulates maize kernel size and 100-kernel weight， influencing the starch biosynthesis. This study provides critical genetic resources for improving kernel and quality traits in maize.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2026, 40(1): 45-54. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2026.01.0045
In recent years， root rot has emerged as a prevalent issue in quinoa cultivation， significantly impacting quinoa production. To identify the causal pathogen of quinoa root rot in Jingle County， Shanxi Province， fungal pathogen were isolated from diseased root using tissue separation method and subsequently purified. Pathogenicity of representative isolates was assessed through soil inoculation assays. The most virulent strain was characterized through morphological and molecular biological methods， and the biological properties of the strain was tested. Furthermore， potential antagonistic bacterial for biocontrol applications against this devastating disease was screened. The results indicated that Fusarium redolens strain LG3 was the causal agent of quinoa root rot. The pathogen exhibited optimal growth on PDA medium， with soluble starch identified as the most suitable carbon source and tryptone as the preferred nitrogen source. Strain LG3 exhibited robust growth at temperatures between 25-28 ℃， within a pH range of 7-9， and under a 12-hour light-dark cycle. Bacillus velezensis DN was found to be the most effective in inhibiting the pathogenic strain LG3， showed 61.45% inhibition of mycelium growth. Furthermore， the stain DN reduced the disease index of root rot caused by LG3 to 28.89%， and also increased the preventive effect of the disease to 53.89%. Meanwhile， strain DN enhanced quinoa growth metrics， including plant height， stem thickness， aboveground fresh weight， root fresh weight， aboveground dry weight and root dry weight， by 20.10%， 18.31%， 34.21%， 148.26%， 33.69% and 110.26%， respectively. In this study， F. redolens was identified as the pathogen of quinoa root rot in Shanxi province， the optimal culture conditions of strain LG3 were characterized， and the strain DN was screened for biocontrol potential， laying a theoretical foundation for effective disease management.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2026, 40(1): 55-65. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2026.01.0055
To clarify the differences in the efficacy of various soil amendment strategies for improving continuous cropping-diseased soil， this study investigated the impacts of biological control， reductive soil disinfestation， and chemical fumigation on the regulation of microbial community characteristics and disease suppression in bitter melon diseased soil （control） under field conditions. Compared with the control， the incidence of Fusarium wilt was significantly reduced by 88.1% with biological control， 95.2% with reductive soil disinfestation， and 92.9% with chemical fumigation. The populations of the pathogenic fungi Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium solani decreased by 73.9%， 99.5%， 98.5% and 46.4%， 98.0%， 97.8% in respective treatments. All treatments significantly altered soil microbial community composition， with reductive soil disinfestation demonstrating markedly higher richness and abundance of beneficial microbes compared to other treatments， while chemical fumigation significantly enriched certain fungal pathogens. The populations of denitrification genes （nirS， narG， and nosZ） increased significantly in biological control and reductive soil disinfestation treatments compared to the control and chemical fumigation， with reductive soil disinfestation exhibiting the highest nitrogen-fixing population. Furthermore， functional composition of bacterial and fungal communities significantly diverged in reductive soil disinfestation and chemical fumigation treatments compared to the control and biological control. However， the relative abundance of pathogenic fungi was significantly higher in the treatment of chemical fumigation compared to reductive soil disinfestation， while the latter treatment showed marked enrichment of saprotrophic fungi. In conclusion， compared to biological control and chemical fumigation， reductive soil disinfestation demonstrated superior efficacy in remediating micro-ecological environment of continuous cropping diseased soil by decreasing pathogen populations， enriching microbial community and functional composition. The results of this study provide theoretical and empirical foundations for optimizing soil-borne disease control strategies.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2026, 40(1): 66-80. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2026.01.0066
To explore the therapeutic mechanisms of Astragalus membranaceus and Ganoderma lucidum in treating hyperglycemia， the target proteins and signaling pathways through which A. menbrunucrus and G. lucidum exert their hypoglycemic effects were elucidated using network pharmacology approaches. Molecular docking was employed to predict the binding affinities between active compounds with target proteins. A. menbrunucrus and G. lucidum possessed 35 effective constituents and 173 correlated targets， among which 73 were specific to hyperglycemia. The main active components of A. menbrunucrus and G. lucidum included quercetin， isorhamnetin， kaempferol， β-sitosterol， and etc. They acted on insulin signaling pathway， AGE-RAGE signaling pathway， and cancer pathway， with corresponding targets including AKT1， IL6， MAPK1， PPARG， and TNF. Molecular docking indicated that the core bioactive components showed strong binding affinities with these key target proteins. Enzyme activity assays revealed a 5∶1 ratio （m/m） of A. menbrunucrus to G. lucidum exhibited maximum inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase and α-amylase with 85.81% and 78.35% respectively. Non-enzyme protein glycosylation experiments demonstrated that （AM-GL （5∶1）） reduced advanced glycation end products （AGEs） generation by 77.38%. These two traditional Chinese medicines synergistically treated hyperglycemia through a multi-component， multi-target and multi-pathway mechanism， involving the regulation of insulin signaling pathway， inhibition of AGE-RAGE signaling pathway， retardation of intestinal glucose absorption and improvement of insulin resistance. The results of this study provide theoretical basis for the clinical application of of A. membranaceus and G. lucidum in prevention and treatment of hyperglycemia.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2026, 40(1): 81-88. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2026.01.0081
To study the expression of Nrf2/HO-1/GPX4 in the brain tissue of yak （Bos grunniens）， the expression levels and distribution of Nrf2， HO-1， GPX4 and FTH1 mRNA and protein in cerebral cortex， hippocampus， thalamus， medulla oblongata and cerebellum of adult yaks （3-5 years old） were detected using quantitative real-time PCR （qRT-PCR）， Western blot （WB）， immunohistochemistry （IHC） and immunofluorescence （IF） techniques. qRT-PCR， WB and IHC analysis revealed higher levels of Nrf2， HO-1， GPX4 and FTH1 mRNA/proteins in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of adult yaks than those in the cerebellum， thalamus and medulla oblongata （P<0.05）. IHC and IF showed that those factors were mainly expressed in the cytoplasm of neurons， and co-localized with NeuN in the cytoplasm of neurons. In conclusion， Nrf2， HO-1， GPX4， and FTH1 are highly expressed in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of adult yaks， suggesting that these factors may protect the cerebral cortex and hippocampus by counteracting hypoxia-induced oxidative stress and inhibiting ferroptosis， thereby promoting the hypoxic adaptation of yak brain tissues. Additionally， the predominant distribution of Nrf2， HO-1， GPX4， and FTH1 in the neurons cytoplasm of brain tissue indicating their protective roles in neurons in yak brain tissue. These findings provide basic insights for further investigation into the hypoxic adaptation mechanism of yak brain tissues.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2026, 40(1): 89-97. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2026.01.0089
To explore the effect of electron beam irradiation on sterilization of frozen mulberries and frozen mulberry juice， this study treated frozen samples with irradiation doses of 0， 1.5， 3， 4.5， 6 and 7.5 kGy， respectively. Compared the effects of microbial levels， pH value， total titratable acidity， soluble solids， ascorbic acid， total phenolic content， organic acids， color， and sensory evaluation of frozen mulberry and mulberry juice irradiated with different doses， exploring the suitable electron beam irradiation dose for frozen mulberries. According to the irradiation dose value （D10） that kills 90% of microorganisms， when the irradiation doses of electron beam irradiation reached 3 and 4.5 kGy and above， the microbial levels of frozen mulberry and frozen mulberry juice met the microbial limit requirements of frozen fruit-related standards， respectively. Therefore， 3 and 4.5 kGy could be determined as the minimum effective irradiation doses of frozen mulberry and frozen mulberry juice， respectively. At the lowest effective dose， the pH of frozen mulberries and mulberry juice reduced， the total titratable acidity increased， and the content of soluble solids decreased by electron beam irradiation， which is beneficial for ensuring the quality of mulberries. Although electron beam irradiation reduced the content of ascorbic acid in the sample， it increased the total phenolic content and the content of organic acids such as tartaric acid. Therefore， the results of this study can provide a theoretical basis for the application and quality evaluation of electron beam irradiation technology in the frozen mulberry and even frozen fruit industry.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2026, 40(1): 98-106. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2026.01.0098
Food allergy has become an increasingly critical issue in food safety and public health at present. Chinese pastries， due to their complex ingredient composition， present significant challenges for allergen detection. To address issues such as inconsistent criteria for characteristic peptide selection and severe matrix interference in food allergen detection， this study developed a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry （LC-MS/MS） quantitative detection method based on stable isotope-labeled peptides， focusing on 10 common food allergens （peanut， soybean， sesame， egg， milk， and 5 types of tree nuts） in Chinese pastries such as mooncakes and Zongzi. Using high-resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry， this study identified target proteins and 28 characteristic peptides from the 10 allergens. Considering the composition characteristics of Chinese pastries， which primarily contain wheat flour or rice flour supplemented with white sugar， lard， rapeseed oil， and other ingredients， the study optimized sample pretreatment methods to effectively resolve matrix interference challenges during defatting and desugarizing processes. Stable isotope-labeled peptides were employed as internal standards to establish a quantitative detection method for the 10 allergens and conducted comprehensive methodological validation. Results demonstrated that the method offers high sensitivity （detection limits of 2-5 mg·kg-¹， quantification limits of 5-10 mg·kg-¹）， excellent linearity （r²>0.992）， outstanding accuracy （recovery rates of 68.3%-104.8%）， and reliable precision （intra-day and inter-day relative standard deviations≤13.4%）. Testing of commercially available mooncakes and Zongzi revealed the presence of undeclared allergens （e.g.， peanut and soybean） in some samples， confirming method effectiveness. This technology enhances the capability to detect multiple allergen components in Chinese pastries， providing effective support for food safety regulation and consumer protection.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2026, 40(1): 107-115. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2026.01.0107
To address the issue of resource wastage in sweet potato agricultural waste， the lignin extracted from sweet potato vines via solvent fractionation as the raw material was utilized in this study. Lignin nanoparticles were prepared through a solvent exchange method， and the process parameters were optimized. The structure of the lignin nanoparticles was characterized using techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （FTIR）， Nuclear magnetic resonance phosphorus spectroscopy （31P NMR）， and Gel permeation chromatography （GPC）， and their bioactivities were assessed. The lignin nanoparticles were employed as stabilizers to prepare Pickering emulsions， and the emulsion with the highest stability was selected based on Zeta potential measurements. The results indicated that the optimized parameters for preparing lignin nanoparticles were： lignin concentration of 5 mg·mL-1， flow rate of 6 mL·min-1， and water content of 70% （V/V）. Under these optimal conditions， the prepared lignin nanoparticles exhibited a well-preserved structure， a low molecular weight of 13.01 kDa， and a contact angle of 97.8°. Compared to unmodified lignin， the phenolic hydroxyl content increased by 1.98 times， the blocking rate of ultraviolet B （UVB） was 98.81%. At 0.5 mg·mL-1， the free radical scavenging rate reached 92.84% and the tyrosinase inhibition rate reached 53.99%. When the lignin nanoparticle concentration was 0.1% （w/V） and the oil phase ratio was 5% （V/V）， the prepared Pickering emulsion achieved a Zeta potential of -49.7 mV and remained stable for 28 d， indicating excellent storage stability. The findings of this study provide a theoretical foundation and technical support for the high-value utilization of sweet potato by-products.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2026, 40(1): 116-126. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2026.01.0116
To enhance the antifungal properties of Chelidonium majus L. crude extract and develop novel plant-derived nanofungicides， this study utilized ultrasound-assisted extraction technology to prepare CmCE. Then CmCE was composited with graphene oxide （GO） to successfully synthesize a Chelidonium majus L.Crude Extract -graphene oxide nanocomposite （CmCE-GO）. The antifungal activity of CmCE-GO against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum （SS） was systematically investigated through in vitro and in vivo assays. The major components of the CmCE were identified using Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry （LC-MS）， while the CmCE-GO composite was characterized by Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy （FTIR）， Scanning Electron Microscopy （SEM）， and Thermogravimetric Analysis （TGA）. The mycelial growth rate assay revealed that CmCE at 8 mg·mL-1 exhibited a potent inhibition rate of 90.71% against SS. The optimal combination ratio of CmCE and GO determined via mycelial biomass assay and it was found to be 9∶1. The pot experiments demonstrated that compared to the blank control group （disease incidence rate of 84.21%）， CmCE-GO treatment reduced the disease incidence rate in oilseed rape to 23.53%. Furthermore， the disease control efficacy of CmCE-GO （79.88%） surpassed that of CmCE alone （68.34%）. Further experiments indicated that both CmCE and CmCE-GO exerted antifungal effects by disrupting the hyphal surface integrity and inducing cellular apoptosis， which was corroborated by assays demonstrating leakage of cellular membranes components and macromolecules. This study provides a theoretical foundation for plant disease control and the development of plant-derived nano-pesticide.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2026, 40(1): 127-137. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2026.01.0127
To investigate the regulatory effects of polysaccharides extracts derived from a blend of four edible mushrooms on physiological parameters and gut microbiota in mice， mixed mushroom polysaccharides extracts using ultrasonic-assisted water extraction were prepared in this study. The extracts were administered to Kunming mice via oral gavage for 35 consecutive days. The therapeutic effects were evaluated through monitoring body weight， organ indices， biochemical parameters， inflammatory cytokines， and gut microbiota composition. Results demonstrated that mixed polysaccharides supplementation had no significant effects on body weight， renal and spleen indices （P>0.05）. However， mixed polysaccharides supplementation reduced serum and urinary levels of uric acid， urea nitrogen， and creatinine， while suppressing xanthine oxidase activity. Concurrently， mixed polysaccharides intake decreased serum levels of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α） and intestinal permeability markers （D-lactate and diamine oxidase）， indicating enhanced gut barrier integrity. Compared with the control group mice， mixed polysaccharides administration significantly elevated hepatic antioxidant enzyme activities （total antioxidant capacity， catalase， and superoxide dismutase） while reducing malondialdehyde content， ameliorating systemic oxidative stress. 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that mixed polysaccharides supplementation notably increased the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria， particularly Lactobacillaceae， with significant proliferation of Lactobacillus murinus（P<0.05） when compared with the control group mice. In summary， the polysaccharide extracts prepared by mixing four kinds of edible mushrooms not only enhanced the immunity of mice， but also regulated gut microbiota. The findings of this study provide theoretical foundations for developing mushroom polysaccharides as health-promoting dietary supplements.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2026, 40(1): 138-148. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2026.01.0138
In order to screen effective drought-resistant and water-saving indicators and expedite the breeding of drought-resistant and water-saving wheat varieties， this study used 42 Xinjiang spring wheat germplasm accessions as experimental materials. Two treatments （drought and water saving and full irrigation） were implemented throughout the entire growth period of the wheat. Ten key agronomic and physiological parameters were measured. A comprehensive evaluation of the wheat germplasms was conducted using the drought-resistance index （DI-value）， drought-resistance comprehensive evaluation values （D-value）， cluster analysis， and principal component analysis. The results showed that the drought and water-saving caused varying degrees of reduction in plant height， grain yield， 1 000-grain weight， bulk density， and chlorophyll content， compared with fully irrigated. Several oxidative stress-related indicators exhibited significant changes under drought stress， including enhanced activities of peroxidase， catalase and superoxide dismutase， as well as increased accumulation of proline and malondialdehyde. The DI-values and principal component analysis identified that plant height， yield， bulk density， malondialdehyde content and superoxide dismutase activity as critical indicators for assessing drought-resistance and water-saving performance in wheat. The D-value， as a comprehensive evaluation index， effectively reflected the drought-resistance and water-saving capacity of wheat. Finally， cluster analysis categorized the 42 wheat germplasms into three drought-resistance and water-saving groups： 9 with strong types， 11 with moderate types， and 22 with weak types. This study provides a theoretical basis for the identification and germplasm screening of wheat varieties with improved drought-resistance and water-saving performance at maturity.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2026, 40(1): 149-159. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2026.01.0149
In order to investigate the drought resistance indicators of black wheat and assess the drought resistance of different varieties， 14 black wheat germplasm resources approved in Shanxi Province were used as materials. Three concentrations （0%， 5%， 10%） of PEG-6000 solution were applied during the germination stage to simulate the drought conditions. The appropriate concentration for identifying drought resistance during the germination stage of black wheat was determined based on the descriptive analysis and mutation coefficients. Fourteen indexes （germination energy， germination rate， plant height， dry weight， stem diameter and root traits） were analyzed to determine the drought resistance indexes and screen the different drought resistance grades by the method of combination variance analysis， correlation analysis， principal component analysis and membership function analysis. The results showed that with the increase of drought intensity， the growth inhibition of the 14 black wheat varieties became more pronounced， while the coefficient of variation of the tested indexes showed a slight change at 5% PEG. Therefore， the proper concentration to estimate drought resistance of black-grained wheat during the germinated period was 5% PEG. Correlation analysis showed that root volume was significantly positively correlated with four drought resistance indexes， and root diameter was significantly negatively correlated with three drought resistance indexes under 5% PEG. Principal component analysis showed that the root length and root surface area were two main reference indicators of drought resistance. The membership function analysis revealed that Yunhei 1619， Linhei 199， Zimai 8555 and Yunhei 28 could be used as high-quality parental materials for the later drought-resistant breeding of black wheat varieties. This study could provide both the material and theoretical basis for future breeding of drought-resistant black wheat varieties.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2026, 40(1): 160-170. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2026.01.0160
In order to explore the effects of the reduction of nitrogen application combined with humic acid on the photosynthetic characteristics and yield of maize， and to screen the optimal application ratio of nitrogen fertilizer. A field experiment was carried out from May 2023 to September 2023 with 11 treatments： the conventional application of nitrogen fertilizer （N1， 300 kg·hm-2）， the reduction of nitrogen fertilizer by 15% （N2， 255 kg·hm-2）， the reduction of nitrogen fertilizer by 30% （N3， 210 kg·hm-2）， single application of humic acid 1 （HA1， 45 kg·hm-2）， single application of humic acid 2 （HA2， 90 kg·hm-2）， the conventional application of nitrogen fertilizer combined with humic acid 1 （N1HA1）， the conventional application of nitrogen fertilizer combined with humic acid 2 （N1HA2）， the reduction of nitrogen fertilizer by 15% combined with humic acid 1 （N2HA1）， the reduction of nitrogen fertilizer by 15% combined with humic acid 2 （N2HA2）， the reduction of nitrogen fertilizer by 30% combined with humic acid 1 （N3HA1）， and the reduction of nitrogen fertilizer by 30% combined with humic acid 2 （N3HA2）. The photosynthetic characteristics and yield changes of maize at the tasseling stage were analyzed. The results showed that compared with conventional nitrogen fertilizer， the chlorophyll content of maize leaves under 15% nitrogen reduction combined with 45 kg·hm-2 humic acid （N2HA1） was significantly increased by 16.41%， the contents and accumulations of total N and P in the leaves were significantly increased by 34.00%， 67.10%， 57.58%， and 97.06%， respectively； and the net photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate of maize were significantly increased by 34.61% and 37.00%， respectively； but the intercellular CO2 concentration was significantly decreased by 42.20% at the tasseling stage of maize. Compared with N1， HA1 and HA2 significantly reduced the hundred-grain weight， kernels per ear and yield of maize， while N2HA1 increased the hundred-grain weight， kernels per ear and yield of maize， reaching 39.27 g， 676.37 grains， 18 391.86 kg·hm-2， respectively， and the yield increase rate was 10.02%. Further correlation analysis showed that the yield was positively correlated with chlorophyll content， stomatal conductance， transpiration rate， nitrogen accumulation and phosphorus accumulation. In summary， the N2HA1 demonstrated an ideal fertilization scheme to optimize the nitrogen fertilizer application and enhance maize yield in the irrigated areas of northern Xinjiang， effectively improving photosynthetic characteristics and yield of maize. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for reducing fertilizer and increasing yield of maize in the irrigation area of northern Xinjiang.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2026, 40(1): 171-182. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2026.01.0171
The stay-green performance of functional leaves during the late reproductive stage is crucial for mitigating premature senescence， enhancing lodging resistance， and ensuring high and stable yields in Indica rice. In order to investigate the relationship and mechanism between Indica stay-green and late stage adversity adaptation， two self-bred Indica stay-green inbred lines， GKR1 and GKR2， were selected， and conventional Indica rice variety HHZ was used as the control， which was subjected to nitrogen deficiency at spike stage and drought treatment at the grain-filling stage， to examine the dynamics of chlorophyll content， yield formation， as well as related physiological and biochemical indexes. The results showed that the chlorophyll content of GKR1 and GKR2 leaves was 20%-80% higher than that of HHZ from onset of grain-filling to the maturity stage， and the chlorophyll content of GKR1 and GKR2 leaves declined later， lower and slower during the grain-filling stage compared to HHZ. Compared with control， the yield reduction of GKR1and GKR2 under the two stress treatments was significantly smaller than that of HHZ， which was mainly reflected in the lesser fluctuation of seed setting rate and 1000 grain weight of the two stay-green lines. Under both normal and stress conditions， the Rubisco carboxylase activity and abscisic acid （ABA） content of the two stay-green rice lines were significantly higher than those of HHZ， the malondialdehyde （MDA） and hydrogen peroxide （H2O2） contents were lower， and the soluble sugar content and activities of the nitrate reductase （NR）， glutamate synthetase （GOGAT）， and superoxide dismutase （SOD）， catalase （POD）， and peroxidase （POD） were higher Correlation analysis revealed that the contents of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b at 0 d after tasseling were extremely significantly positively correlated with the ABA content and Rubisco carboxylase activity at 0 d of filling stage， as well as with the glutamate synthetase （GOGAT） and nitrate reductase （NR） activities at 15 d of filling stage. These correlations enabled the two stay-green Indica rice varieties to maintain robust physiological functions under drought and nitrogen deficiency stresses during the late stage， thereby ensuring yield stability under adverse conditions. In conclusion， the two stay-green Indica rice varieties exhibit superior stress resistance and stable yield performance， which providing a solid foundation for their breeding application and related basic research.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2026, 40(1): 183-193. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2026.01.0183
To clarify the importance of appropriate seeding rates and plant spacing configurations in enhancing rice yield and quality， this study employed the early-maturing japonica rice variety Suijing 18 from Heilongjiang as the experimental material. A two-factor randomized block design was used， incorporating five seeding rate （A）： 50 （A1）， 100 （A2）， 150 （A3）， 200 （A4）， and 250 g/tray （A5） （with A2 as the conventional control）， and three plant spacing levels （B）： 30 cm × 14 cm （B1）， 30 cm × 16 cm （B2）， and 30 cm × 18 cm （B3） （with B2 as the conventional control）. The objective was to investigate the effects of seeding rates and plant spacing on rice yield and quality. The results revealed that seedling quality initially increased and then declined with rising seeding rates， with the highest seedling plumpness and strongest seedling index were observed in under A2. The maximum tiller number was observed in the A5B3， but this treatment had fewer effective panicles and a lower tiller-to-panicle conversion rate， indicating unstable tillering performance. In contrast， the A3B1 exhibited minimal fluctuation in tiller number and achieved a high conversion rate of 79.33%， which was 14.37% higher than that of the control treatment （A2B2）. At the same seeding rates， the trends of nitrogen， phosphorus， and potassium contents were generally consistent across different plant spacings. In terms of yield， the A3B1 achieved a yield of 8 228.73 kg·hm-²， a 24.09% increase over the control， while also attaining a taste value of 89.16. In conclusion， the A3B1， a moderate seeding rate （150 g/tray） combined with narrow plant spacing （30 cm × 14 cm）， effectively improved both yield and quality of rice in cold regions. This study provides a theoretical foundation for the high-yield， high-quality mechanized cultivation of early-maturing japonica rice in cold regions.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2026, 40(1): 194-202. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2026.01.0194
To investigate the effects of reduced application of three types of polyphosphate-blended phosphate fertilizers on the growth and yield formation of drip-irrigated cotton， this study used ammonium polyphosphate 1-blended phosphate fertilizer （APP1）， ammonium polyphosphate 2-blended phosphate fertilizer （APP2）， potassium tripolyphosphate-blended phosphate fertilizer （KTPP）， and conventional drip-irrigated diammonium phosphate （DAP） as phosphorus sources. Four treatments were set， including conventional phosphorus application （P120， P₂O₅ 120 kg·hm-²）， 10% phosphorus reduction （P108， P₂O₅ 108 kg·hm-²）， 20% phosphorus reduction （P96， P₂O₅ 96 kg·hm-²）， and no phosphorus application （P0）. Soil available phosphorus contents in 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm soil layers were measured at the bud， full flowering， and full boll stages of cotton. Biomass， phosphorus uptake amount， and boll-setting dynamics were determined at the flowering and boll stages， and yield and yield components were measured at maturity. Results showed that aboveground biomass， phosphorus uptake amount， boll number， and soil available phosphorus content decreased with reduced phosphorus application， while single boll weight increased. Under the same phosphorus application rate， the soil available phosphorus content in the 0-20 cm layer in APP2 was higher than other treatments at the bud， flowering， and boll stages. APP2 also had higher biomass and phosphorus uptake amount than other treatments at the flowering and boll stages. Under the same phosphorus application rate， the boll number of APP2 and KTPP were significantly higher than those of DAP， while there was no significant difference between APP1 and DAP. For the APP2， seed cotton yield， ratio of output to input， and agronomic phosphorus use efficiency followed the order of P108 > P120 > P96 > P0. In conclusion， applying ammonium polyphosphate 2-blended phosphate fertilizer at 108 kg·hm-² can balance high yield and efficient phosphorus utilization. This study provides references for reducing phosphate fertilizer application and improving efficiency in drip-irrigated cotton in Xinjiang.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2026, 40(1): 203-210. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2026.01.0203
Low temperature is one of the common stresses in the production of facility peppers， seriously affecting their growth and production. This study used applied different concentrations of hemin （0， 0.3， 0.6， 1.5， 3， 15， 30 mg·L-1） through foliar spraying during autumn and winter facility cultivation to investigate its mitigating effects on pepper growth， yield， and low temperature resistance. The results showed that compared with the control， the plant height， stem diameter， leave number and plant width of peppers treated with 1.5 mg·L-1 hemin for 30 and 50 days were significantly improved， and the highest values were observed in most hemin treatments. The shoot fresh weight and root dry /fresh weight ratio of pepper treated with 1.5 mg·L-1 were significantly higher than those of the control， and the root volume of pepper treated with 3 mg·L-1 was significantly higher. The chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll content in pepper leaves treated with 1.5 mg·L-1 were significantly higher compared to those of the control. The electrolyte leakage of the 1.5 mg·L-1 and 3 mg·L-1 treatments was the lowest， and except for the 30 mg·L-1 treatment， the electrolyte leakage of all other treatments was significantly lower than those of the control. Except for the 30 mg·L-1 treatment， the soluble sugar content and single plant yield of the leaves in all other treatments were significantly higher than the control， and the soluble sugar content and yield of the leaves in the 1.5 mg·L-1 treatment were the highest. Therefore， exogenous spraying of appropriate hemin concentration can effectively alleviate the inhibition of low temperature stress on the growth and development of peppers， promote the increase of pepper yield. It is recommended to apply 1.5 mg·L-1 hemin to alleviate the damage caused by low temperature stress in pepper production. The results of this study provide technical reference for the production of facility peppers in autumn and winter seasons.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2026, 40(1): 211-223. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2026.01.0211
To examine the actual state of regional agricultural water use， this study integrates remote sensing with irrigation quota experiments to achieve accurate crop classification and optimal irrigation analysis. Multi-temporal satellite imagery and a random forest algorithm were used to identify the spatial distribution of crops， including 30.8 thousand hectares of single-season rice and 27.6 thousand hectares of winter wheat-summer maize rotation. Classification accuracy ranged from 84.50% to 99.15%， with Kappa coefficients between 0.73 and 0.98， demonstrating the method’s applicability at the regional scale. Irrigation gradient experiments were conducted for rice， wheat， maize， and major vegetables， tailored to both crop water requirements and traditional irrigation practices. Based on irrigation water use efficiency （IWUE） and crop water use efficiency （WUE）， efficiency functions were constructed using the coefficient of variation and quadratic spline interpolation. The optimal irrigation volumes were determined as 11 520 m³·hm⁻2 for single-season rice and 2 730 m³·hm⁻2 for winter wheat. By coupling crop classification results with irrigation quota data， the total irrigation demand in the study area was estimated at 546 million m³—substantially exceeding recent available water supply—indicating a structural imbalance in agricultural water use. This study provides a scientific basis for optimizing regional water allocation and promoting efficient and sustainable utilization of water resources.
