10 July 2026, Volume 40 Issue 7
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2026, 40(7): 1281-1289. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2026.07.1281
Luyandao 13 is a newly developed rice cultivar bred via gamma-ray irradiation mutagenesis. It was among the first water-saving and drought-resistant rice （WDR） varieties approved in regional trials in Shandong Province， strong drought tolerance， rapid early establishment， and stable yield.To establish a theoretical framework for breeding new WDR varieties in the Huang-Huai rice region， this study investigated the molecular basis of the key agronomic traits of Luyandao 13 at the genomic level.Genomic analysis revealed that Luyandao 13 contains 91.55% japonica genomic segments， confirming its classification as a typical japonica rice. Its grain quality meets the national standard for high-quality Grade 3 edible japonica rice. The variety exhibits moderate resistance （MR） to rice blast and resistance （R） to bacterial leaf blight. With a drought resistance index of 0.76 and a grade 3 drought resistance level， it carries superior alleles of drought-tolerant genes OsPP15 and OsJAZ1， conferring moderate drought resistance. Furthermore， Luyandao 13 possesses favorable alleles of abiotic stress-responsive genes such as OsCBL10 and OsSAP16， which contribute to its strong germination vigor. It also harbors superior haplotypes of cold tolerance genes， including HAN1， OsLTPL159， bZIP73， OsMYB2， and LTG1， underpinning its strong low-temperature tolerance. In terms of grain quality， the variety carries the Waxy gene associated with amylose content and the ALK allele for low gelatinization temperature， along with regulatory genes associated with low protein content. However， Luyandao 13 harbors relatively few favorable genotypes related to high yield and broad-spectrum disease resistance. In summary， Luyandao 13 demonstrates strong germination ability， high drought tolerance， and superior eating quality， but it is relatively deficient in yield-enhancing alleles and has a narrow genetic base for disease resistance. This study provides a genetic foundation for the future application and genetic improvement of Luyandao 13.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2026, 40(7): 1290-1297. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2026.07.1290
To explore the mutagenic biological effects of ⁶⁰Co-γ rays on Lycium barbarum Ningqi 1， preliminarily screen the appropriate mutagenic dose， and lay a foundation for the subsequent screening of M2 mutants. The dry seeds of L. barbarum Ningqi 1 were used as material， and different doses （0， 20， 40， 60， 80， 100 Gy） were set up for irradiation treatment. The effects of 60Co-γ rays on seed germination， seedling growth characteristics， antioxidant enzyme activity and functional components were investigated， and the median lethal dose （LD50） of L. barbarum Ningqi 1 seeds was determined by regression equation method. The results demonstrated that with the increasing of radiation dose， the seed germination and seedling growth of L. barbarum Ningqi 1 were significantly inhibited， and the seed germination rate showed a downward trend. The seedling height of L. barbarum Ningqi 1 was not significantly different from that of the wild type under 20~60 Gy， but the seedling height was significantly inhibited under 80~100 Gy. Regression analysis showed that the LD50 of L. barbarum Ningqi 1 was 72 Gy. Compared with the wild type， the content of malondialdehyde （MDA） and the activity of superoxide dismutase （SOD） in L. barbarum Ningqi 1 increased significantly at 40 Gy. However， with the increasing of irradiation dose， the activity of antioxidant enzymes decreased gradually， and the oxidative damage was aggravated. The contents of crude polysaccharides and flavonoids were the highest at 40 Gy， while the contents of betaine and total chlorophyll were the highest at 20 and 60 Gy， respectively. Correlation analysis showed that there was a significant positive correlation between irradiation dose and ground diameter， and a negative correlation with other indicators such as seedling height and stem diameter. The results of this study provide an important theoretical basis for mutation breeding and genetic improvement of Lycium barbarum.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2026, 40(7): 1298-1308. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2026.07.1298
To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying rice grain shape variation and identify key regulatory genes， this study utilized a stable round-grain mutant rs28， which was derived from ethyl methanesulfonate （EMS）-induced mutagenesis of the long-grain japonica variety Songjing 28. Phenotypic characterization， genetic analysis， and whole-genome resequencing were conducted in this study. Bulked segregant analysis sequencing （BSA-seq） integrated with SNP-index， Euclidean distance （ED）， and G’value algorithms was employed for gene mapping. Phenotypic analysis revealed that the grain length-to-width ratio of the mutant was significantly decreased from 2.5 in the wild type to 1.6. Genetic analysis indicated that the round grain trait is controlled by a single recessive gene. The F2 segregation ratio fit the Mendelian 3∶1 ratio， which was further validated by the segregation patterns observed in the F3 population. BSA-seq mapped two major associated regions， among which the locus spanning chr12： 89 425-351 085 contained the gene LOC_Os12g01230， which encodes a ubiquitin ligase homolog. A missense mutation （p.Arg375His） was identified in this gene， LOC_Os12g01230 showed significant homology to the well-characterized grain width regulator GW2. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis suggested that this gene is involved in the “cell wall organization” and “plant hormone signal transduction” pathways. CAPS markers （C12-1， C12-2） and KASP marker （K12-1） flanking the candidate region were developed for genotyping， validation results showed that the mutation in LOC_Os12g01230 co-segregated with the round-grain phenotype at a rate of 96.7%. Significant differences in grain shape were observed among different genotypic groups， indicating that LOC_Os12g01230 likely regulates lemma cell expansion through the ubiquitination pathway. This study provides novel gene targets and theoretical insights for molecular design breeding aimed at rice grain shape improvement.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2026, 40(7): 1309-1320. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2026.07.1309
To elucidate the expression patterns， functional classification， and regulatory roles of the B-box （BBX） gene family in andrographolide biosynthesis in Andrographis paniculata under ultraviolet-B （UV-B） treatment， members of the BBX gene family in A. paniculata were identified using whole-genome sequencing data in this study. Comprehensive analyses were performed on their physicochemical properties， phylogenetic relationships， chromosomal localization， colinearity， gene structure， and conserved motifs. Additionally， we analyzed the cis-acting elements in their promoters and characterized their expression patterns under UV-B treatment， predicted protein-protein interaction networks， and explored their potential relevance to andrographolide biosynthesis， with the aim of exploring the potential application of this gene family in improving yield. The results revealed a total of 20 ApBBXs in A. paniculata， randomly distributed across 13 chromosomes， exhibiting not only intraspecific colinearity but also colinearity with Strobilanthes cusia， Sesamum indicum， and Arabidopsis thaliana. The structure of ApBBXs is highly conserved， with light-responsive cis-acting elements enriched in the promoters， exhibiting specific expression patterns in response to UV-B treatment. Protein-protein interaction predictions suggest that ApBBX6 participates in regulating photomorphogenesis through interaction with ApCOP1， while ApBBX3 regulates reproductive growth through interactions with ApFT and ApHD3A proteins. Notably， ApBBX3， ApBBX7， ApBBX10， and ApBBX18 show significant expression correlations with genes involved in the MEP pathway and post-modification pathways， suggesting that these four genes are promising candidate regulators of andrographolide biosynthesis. This study provides a theoretical foundation for further elucidating the regulatory mechanisms of ApBBX genes in response to UV-B stress and their involvement in andrographolide biosynthesis.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2026, 40(7): 1321-1330. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2026.07.1321
Enhancing glutathione peroxidase （GPX） activity is a promising strategy for developing selenium-enriched wheat （Triticum aestivum L.）. To identify members of the wheat GPX gene family and characterize their expression patterns across tissues， developmental stages， and selenium （Se） treatments， this study integrated bioinformatics and molecular biology approaches to systematically characterize e the structure， physicochemical properties， and functional expression of TaGPX genes. Fourteen GPX genes were detected in common wheat， unevenly distributed across chromosomes 2， 4， 6， and 7 of the A， B， and D homologous groups. Comparative analysis showed that TaGPX genes located on homologous chromosomes were predominantly localized to chloroplasts and chromosomes， with 5 to 6 exons and similar motif numbers. Promoter cis-acting element prediction indicated that most aGPX genes harbor abundant regulatory elements responsive to abiotic stress. By constructing a GPX evolutionary tree， it was found that wheat GPX genes are most closely related to those of Aegilops tauschii， with high similarity in gene differentiation. Transcriptome data showed that most TaGPX genes are highly expressed in leaves， with the highest expression levels at the flag leaf and wax ripening stage， suggesting the involvement of this gene family in scavenging reactive oxygen species （ROS） clearance within chloroplasts. The expression level of TaGPX genes in leaves was significantly higher than in seeds. Integrative analysis of genomic variation and transcriptome profiles implied that the SNP variations in TaGPX genes may contribute to improved ROS detoxification capacity in wheat system itself. Quantitative expression analysis across tissues and selenium salt treatment showed that TaGPX3.2A had the highest relative expression level. It was speculated that sulfur would compete with selenium for absorption sites under selenium supplementation， thereby limiting selenium absorption. De-sulfurization combined with selenium application could increase the expression level of TaGPX genes. This study laid a foundation for leveraging TaGPX genes to improve selenium biofortification in wheat.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2026, 40(7): 1331-1341. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2026.07.1331
Walnuts are important woody oil economic tree species in China， and their kernels have high nutritional and economic value. In order to quickly and accurately distinguish and identify walnut germplasm resources in southern Xinjiang， improve the efficiency of their collection and management， and strengthen the protection of variety rights， this study selected 12 representative main cultivars （lines） of walnuts from the Alar region in southern Xinjiang as experimental materials. Through Illumina HiSeq 150 bp double ended resequencing， a total of 95.92 Gb of high-quality data （Q20≥97%， Q30≥93%） were obtained. Using the BWA-GATK process， 3.036×107 SNPs were identified at the whole genome level. Based on the six principles-including uniform distribution on chromosomes （no less than 1 marker per Mb）， coefficient of variation （CV） less than 15%， no genotype deletion， allele frequency （MAF） not less than 10%， polymorphic information content （PIC） not less than 0.35， Hardy Weinberg equilibrium （P>0.01）， and low degree of linkage disequilibrium within the 60 bp range （r²<0.2），-281 core single nucleotide polymorphism （SNP） loci were ultimately screened out. Among these， the 7 strains of the Bingta series shared 61.2% of SNP loci， with a genetic similarity ranging from 0.82 to 0.94， indicating that they may originate from the same hybrid combination or have close pedigree relationships. Using this set of core SNP markers， genotyping was performed on the 12 walnut germplasms， and a phylogenetic tree was constructed. The 12 germplasms could be divided into three groups with significant genetic differences： Shaanhe 5 formed an independent branch （exogenous variety）， Xinzaofeng and Bingta 7 were clustered together （possibly sharing parental lines）， and the remaining 9 varieties （lines） were classified as local breeding populations in southern Xinjiang. Furthermore， the 281 SNPs were converted into binary codes （0/1/2） to form unique 281-bit digital fingerprint code； A 12 digit product code was generated based on 11 agronomic and quality traits， and a dual module walnut molecular ID card with “product code+fingerprint code” was developed for the first time. For the 12 main cultivars in southern Xinjiang included in this study， the system achieved complete differentiation with a resolution index （DP） of 1.000. This study provides a standardized technical framework for DUS （Distinctiveness， Uniformity and Stability） testing， rapid identification of germplasm resources， and molecular breeding of new walnut cultivars in southern Xinjiang.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2026, 40(7): 1342-1351. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2026.07.1342
Anoectochilus roxburghii is an important medicinal plant of the Orchidaceae. However， the inherently slow growth rate and prolonged cultivation cycle severely limit its large-scale commercial production. Endophytic fungi have emerged as promising microbial resources for promoting plant growth， with species of the genus Tulasnella being well-recognized as key symbiotic partners of orchids. To unravel the growth-promoting mechanism of Tulasnella sp. TJ1， an endophytic strain isolated from the roots of A. roxburghii， its effects were systematically analyzed using tissue culture assays， transcriptomics sequencing， and metabolomic profiling. Inoculation with TJ1 significantly facilitated the growth of A. roxburghii compared with the control group， plant height， stem diameter， and fresh weight were increased by 39.5%， 60.4%， and 75.5%， respectively，. Transcriptome profiling identified 7 271 differentially expressed genes （DEGs）， among which 6 780 were upregulated. These DEGs were mainly enriched in pathways related to carbohydrate metabolism， the tricarboxylic acid （TCA） cycle， and amino acid biosynthesis. Metabolomic profiling revealed 146 differential metabolites， primarily amino acids and carbohydrate derivatives， which were significantly enriched in the pentose phosphate pathway， as well as starch and sucrose metabolism pathways. Integrated multi-omics analysis demonstrated that TJ1 enhances carbon flux， energy production， and nitrogen assimilation. Moreover， TJ1 induces the expression of auxin-related genes， such as ALDH3A1， thereby establishing a coordinated “carbon-nutrition-hormone” regulatory network that promotes plant growth. Overall， this study elucidates the molecular basis of the plant growth-promoting effects of Tulasnella sp. TJ1， providing theoretical foundations and valuable microbial resources for the development of targeted growth-enhancing inoculants for medicinal orchids.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2026, 40(7): 1352-1362. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2026.07.1352
Melon is an important horticultural crop with substantial nutritional and economic value. In this study， we integrated agronomic trait surveys with whole-genome single nucleotide polymorphism （SNP） genotyping data generated by Hyper-seq to systematically assess the genetic diversity and population structure of 64 melon accessions. A total of 1 193 948 high-quality SNPs were identified by Hyper-seq， and functional annotation revealed that these SNPs were predominantly enriched in intergenic regions and non-coding regions upstream and downstream of genes. Both population structure analysis and principal component analysis clearly divided the cultivars into two genetically distinct groups with divergent genetic backgrounds， and a high level of genetic differentiation was observed between the groups （FST =0.304）. Phenotypic traits including single fruit weight and fruit-setting number exhibited extensive variation， with coefficient of variation （CV） values exceeding 40%. Significant differences in single fruit weight and fruit transverse diameter were detected between the two groups. The distinct binary population structure identified in this study lays a theoretical foundation for precise melon variety identification， mining of population-specific superior alleles， and targeted genetic improvement.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2026, 40(7): 1363-1374. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2026.07.1363
To comprehensively evaluate and select superior Amomum villosum Lour. germplasms， this study utilized 21 germplasms from the authentic producing region as experimental materials. A precise identification of 60 phenotypic traits was conducted， followed by a comprehensive assessment of the A. villosum germplasms through genetic diversity analysis， variation analysis， correlation analysis， cluster analysis， and principal component analysis. The results indicated that the genetic diversity of quantitative traits （H′=2.00） was higher than that of qualitative traits （H′=0.43）. The coefficient of variation （CV） of quantitative traits ranged from 1.92% to 73.62%， with an average of 22.21%， demonstrating rich genetic diversity in A. villosum. Correlation analysis revealed a significant association between the relative length of filaments to styles and the internal spatial configuration of A. villosum florets. Principal component analysis converted 13 yield-related traits into 5 principal components， or comprehensive factors， which account for a cumulative contribution rate of 83.83%. Cluster analysis grouped the tested materials into three major clusters， with high-yielding germplasms concentrated in the second cluster. Based on F-value， five germplasms with superior phenotypic traits were selected， all of which exhibited high-yield potential and are worthy of further exploitation and utilization. This study provides an important foundation for evaluating A.villosum germplasm resources and breeding new varieties.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2026, 40(7): 1375-1382. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2026.07.1375
In order to investigate the elemental content and stable isotope characteristics of tea seeds and tea seed oil in Zhejiang Province， samples of tea fruits from two regions of Hangzhou and Ningbo and four varieties of tea fruits from the same production area were collected. Elemental analysis-stable isotope ratio mass spectrometry was used to analyze the elemental content of carbon and nitrogen （C% and N%） and the stable carbon， nitrogen， hydrogen， and oxygen isotope ratios （δ13C， δ15N， δ2H， and δ18O） in the tea seeds and tea seed oil， and to study the differences of the tea seeds and tea seed oil among the different regions and varieties. The δ15N values of tea seeds in Hangzhou and Ningbo -0.8‰ to 5.1‰ and 2.6‰ to 6.1‰， respectively. The δ13C values of tea seed oil were -34.3‰ to -30.0‰ and -32.5‰ to -29.8‰， respectively. The δ15N value of tea seeds in Ningbo was significantly higher than that in Hangzhou， and the δ13C value of tea seed oil in Hangzhou was more negative. Varietal factors had a significant effect on the δ15N value of tea seeds and a lesser effect on the δ13C， δ2H and δ18O values of tea seeds and tea seed oil. Overall， the elemental compositions in tea seeds and tea seed oil were more influenced by the origin. This study provides a theoretical basis for the establishment and characterization of the elemental content and stable isotope database of tea seeds and tea seed oil.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2026, 40(7): 1383-1392. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2026.07.1383
In order to study the effects of different sterilization methods on the quality of wall-broken Ganoderma lucidum spore powder， the properties and quality of wall-broken Ganoderma lucidum spore powder were evaluated after sterilization with three methods. The results showed that the performance of damp heat sterilization was the best among three methods according to the sensory quality of color， odor and viscosity， and there was no significant difference between electron beam irradiation sterilization or 60Co γ-irradiation sterilization and non-sterilization. The damp heat sterilization effect on color development reaction is poor； microscopic identification showed that powder adhesion appeared in all three types of sterilization， and the adhesion after damp heat sterilization was the most severe. In the determination of functional components， compared to non-sterilization， electron beam sterilization and irradiation sterilization reduced the polysaccharide content by 6.3% and 7.0%， respectively， while the polysaccharide content was increased by 4.3% after moist heat sterilization. Electron beam irradiation sterilization， 60Co γ-irradiation sterilization， and moist heat sterilization decreased the total triterpenoids by 3.9%， 4.0%， and 10.5%， respectively. Electron beam irradiation and 60Co γ-irradiation increased the peroxide value of wall-broken Ganoderma lucidum spore powder， by 100% and 667.9%， respectively， and there was no obvious effect on the peroxide value with the moist heat sterilization. The anti-inflammatory test showed that the aqueous extract of
wall-broken Ganoderma lucidum spore powder had significant inhibitory activity on the production of NO induced by LPS in RAW 264.7 cells， and the anti-inflammatory activity of the cells was reduced by all three sterilization treatments， and the anti-inflammatory activity of the moist heat sterilization treatment was lower than that of the irradiation sterilization. This study provides a reference for the selection of the sterilization method for wall-broken Ganoderma lucidum spore powder. -
Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2026, 40(7): 1393-1400. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2026.07.1393
In order to explore the feasibility of mineral element-based traceability of maize from northern China， the mineral contents of 194 corn samples from four regions， Inner Mongolia， Jilin， Liaoning and Heilongjiang， were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry （ICP-MS）， targeting 14 elements. The data was analyzed using analysis of variance （ANOVA）， principal component analysis （PCA）， linear discriminant analysis （LDA）， partial least squares-discriminant analysis （PLS-DA）， and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis （OPLS-DA）. The study demonstrates that the established discriminant model could reliably classify the origin of maize by four provinces in northern China and identifies Cd， Cr， Rb， Ba and Ni as robust mineral-element tracers. LDA achieved the correct original classification of 95.5% and the cross-validation accuracy of 94.8%. Coupling the mineral-element profiling with the multivariate statistics could effectively distinguish the geographical origin of northern Chinese maize， which offers a high accurate， low-cost and readily adoptable fingerprinting protocol. The work also confirms the general applicability of ICP-MS plus multivariate analysis for cereal provenance discrimination， providing a methodological template for ‘Field-To-Fork’ traceability of other staple crops.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2026, 40(7): 1401-1411. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2026.07.1401
Milk and medicine food homology （MFH） substances are important for regulating immune system. The synergistic effect of milk and MFH substances is becoming a research hotspot in the food processing. this study focused on MFH substances added dairy beverage in order to increase the comprehensive utilization value of both MFH substrates and milk. The extraction process of functional components from MFH substances was optimized by single-factor and orthogonal experiments with total triterpenoids， total phenols， and polysaccharide contents as the indicators. Moreover， the changes in food quality were evaluated by accelerated storage assay， and the interaction between active substances and proteins was analyzed by spectroscopic techniques. Then， the digestive characteristics were determined by simulated digestion test in vitro.. The results showed that the optimal extraction conditions for medicine food homology extracts were 1∶8 g·mL-1， 100 ℃， 2.5 h， with the extraction yields of total triterpenoids， total phenols， and polysaccharides being 0.308， 0.304 and 2.136 g·100g-1， respectively. Carbonyl and malondialdehyde contents in the experimental groups and control group were increased during accelerated storage. However， the carbonyl content in the experimental groups increased significantly lower than that in the control group. There was no significant difference in malondialdehyde content between the experimental group and the control group at all time points. Additionally， fluorescence spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis indicated that the active components in MFH substrates could interact with proteins， therefore significantly reduced the gastric digestibility h while increased the intestinal digestibility of milk proteins. This study not only provides a new insight into the interaction between proteins and active components but also offers a new direction for enhancing the comprehensive utilization of MFH substrates and dairy products.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2026, 40(7): 1412-1421. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2026.07.1412
Hyaluronic acid （HA）， as a natural polysaccharide， exhibits strong water-binding capacity and viscoelastic network-forming properties. This study investigated the effects of different concentrations of HA （0%， 0.02%， 0.05%， 0.1%， 0.25%， and 0.5%） on the quality characteristics of yak milk yogurt during 21 days of storage. Systematic analyses were conducted on the yogurt’s pH value， water holding capacity （WHC）， whey precipitation rate， viable cell number of lactic acid bacteria， calcium ion distribution， rheological properties， and microstructure. The results showed that compared to yogurts with other HA concentrations， the sample with 0.5% HA exhibited superior performance， including a significantly higher WHC （91.74%， 1 d）， lower whey separation rate （8.25%， 1 d）， and enhanced protein stability. Additionally， its viscosity （143.8 Pa·s） and hardness （65.5 g） were significantly higher than those of other groups， along with an effective increase in the number of viable lactic acid bacteria. Furthermore， compared to yogurts with other HA concentrations， the 0.25% HA group demonstrated higher storage modulus （G′） and loss modulus （G″）， indicating a more stable gel network. Microstructural analysis revealed that the addition of 0.5% HA resulted in a more uniform and dense protein network. However， the addition of 0.1% HA negatively affected yogurt quality， leading to reduced water-holding capacity and exacerbated protein phase separation compared to other HA concentrations. The study suggested that adding different concentrations of HA can optimize protein-polysaccharide interactions and improve the storage stability of yak milk yogurt， highlighting its potential for application. This research provided a theoretical basis for developing functional highland dairy products.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2026, 40(7): 1422-1432. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2026.07.1422
The characteristics of yield formation of super hybrid rice Pinxiangyoutongzhen （PXYTZ） grown under no-tillage and direct seeding （NTDS） in a rice-ratoon rice system and its response to nitrogen （N） application rates were investigated. Field experiments with super hybrid rice PXYTZ were conducted in Luxian from 2023 to 2024. The experiments investigated the yield formation of super hybrid rice under two cultivation methods （NTDS， and no-tillage and transplanting， NTTP）， and the effect of N application rates （0， 135， 180， 225 and 270 kg·hm-2， namely N0， N1， N2， N3 and N4， respectively） on rice grain yields and N use efficiency of super hybrid rice in a rice-ratoon rice system. The results showed that NTDS produced higher main season， ratoon rice and total annual yields than NTTP by 4.28%， 2.28% and 3.80%， respectively. The effective panicle number， spikelet number per m2 and biomass production at maturity for both main and ratoon rice were higher under NTDS than those under NTTP. The NTDS had higher leaf area index of main season rice at full heading than NTTP by 6.73%-21.03%， while the spikelet-leaf area ratio under NTDS was equal to NTTP. The main season， ratoon season and total annual yields of super hybrid rice under NTDS were increased with increasing N application rate， while the partial factor productivity of applied N （PFPN） in main season and ratoon season of super hybrid rice under NTDS was decreased with increasing N application rate. The main season yield， ratoon season yield and total annual yields of super hybrid rice under N4 were higher than those under N1 and N2， respectively. While the PFPN under N4 was significantly lower than that under N1 and N2. The main and ratoon season yields under N3 were slightly lower than those under N4 by 2.22% and 9.53%， respectively； but the PFPN under N3 were higher than those under N4 by 17.36% and 8.46%， respectively. The effective panicle number， spikelet number per m2 and biomass production in main and ratoon season were increased with the increasing N application rate； as well as the biomass accumulation during the pre- and post-heading in main season was increased with the increasing N application rate. The correlation analysis revealed that ratoon rice yield was significantly positively correlated with the biomass accumulation during the pre- and post-heading of main season. The results suggest that the no-tillage and direct seeding practice can be widely promoted and applied in winter paddy field region due to rice yields under NTDS higher than those under NTTP in a rice-ratoon rice system. Considering the comprehensive yields and PFPN， the optimal N application rate for super hybrid rice under NTDS in a rice-ratoon rice system is 225-270 kg·hm-2. The study provides a reference for the simplified， high-yield， and stable cultivation of ratooned super hybrid rice and determining the optimal N application rate.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2026, 40(7): 1433-1443. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2026.07.1433
To reveal the physiological mechanism underlying the varietal difference in pre-harvest sprouting （PHS） resistance of rice， three rice varieties with different PHS resistance levels （the resistant type-Nanjing 9108， the sensitive type-Suken 118 and the moderate resistant type-Nanjing 505） were selected for this study. Indicators including panicle germination rate， relative water content， total soluble sugar content， sugar component contents， and α-amylase activity were measured at different stages post-anthesis. The results showed that the contents of total soluble sugars， sucrose， and trehalose in rice seeds gradually increased with post-flowering， and varietal differences in panicle germination became apparent 35 days after flowering （DAF）. Artificially simulation germination tests on panicles at 35 DAF indicated that in the PHS-susceptible variety Suken 118， the expression levels of endogenous sugar signal-related gene （OsTOR， OsRaptor1， OsSnRK1A， and OsHXK5） was significantly induced early. This induction further unregulated the expression levels of abscisic acid （ABA） degradation genes （OsABA8ox1 and OsABA8ox3） and gibberellin （GA） biosynthesis gene （OsGA3ox1）， followed by an increase in the expression level of the α-amylase hydrolysis gene （RAmy1A）， ultimately resulting in a high germination rate. In contrast， in the PHS-resistant variety Nanjing 9108， changes in sugar content were insignificantly， and the induction of sugar signal-related genes was delayed. The expression of ABA biosynthesis gene （OsNCED1） was rapidly upregulated with the prolonged treatment， while the expression level of RAmy1A was low， exhibiting characteristics of the low germination rate. In conclusion， the differences in sensitivity to sugar levels among rice varieties is closely related to theirdifferences in PHS resistance. This study provides the new clues for analyzing varietal difference in rice PHS resistance from in the perspective of sugar signaling.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2026, 40(7): 1444-1453. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2026.07.1444
In order to screen the quality evaluation indexes of late-sowing tolerance and excellent weak gluten wheat germplasms， and to guide the breeding and production of weak gluten wheat in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River， eighteen weak gluten varieties （lines） were used as materials in this experiments， and three sowing dates were set for two years. 12 quality indexes such as grain hardness， sodium dodecyl sulfate （SDS） sedimentation value， solvent retention capacity （SRC） and biscuit quality of each line were determined. The results showed that water SRC， sodium carbonate SRC， biscuit diameter and biscuit thickness were relatively stable among yearsand between sowing dates. SDS sedimentation values were stable among years. Grain hardness was unstable among years and between sowing dates， while sucrose SRC varied greatly among years. The grain protein content was less affected by sowing dates， while biscuit diameter thickness ratio was greatly affected by sowing dates. Grain hardness， flour protein content， and SDS sedimentation value increased significantly with the delay of sowing date， but the grain hardness index was within the range of AACC55-31 soft wheat index. The sowing date significantly affected four SRCs. Compared with normal sowing date， delayed sowing for 14 days could significantly reduce the sodium carbonate SRC and lactate SRC， and increased the biscuit diameter and diameter thickness ratio. And low grain hardness index， protein content， SDS sedimentation value and water SRC were significantly correlate with high-quality biscuit indicators. Therefore， grain hardness， SDS sedimentation value， water SRC， lactate SRC， and sodium carbonate SRC were suitable as evaluation indexes for the quality of late-sowing weak gluten wheat. Through principal component and cluster analysis， it was found that the three sowing dates of eight varieties （lines） such as Ning 17157 （L11）， Ning 17158 （L12）， Ning 17160 （L14） and Ning 17164 （L20） were clustered into one group， which belonged to the excellent germplasm of late sowing tolerance. The germplasm and evaluation indexes of late-sowing weak gluten wheat screened in this study provide theoretical basis and resource support for the cultivation and improvement of late-sowing weak gluten wheat varieties.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2026, 40(7): 1454-1462. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2026.07.1454
In this study， the effects of substituting chemical fertilizer with different proportions of organic fertilizer on soil carbon and nitrogen contents， nitrogen use efficiency and wheat yield were investigated. A three-year field positioning experiment was conducted on two soil types （yellow-cinnamon soil and cinnamon soil） with four organic fertilizer substitution treatments： application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers （T1）， application of nitrogen， phosphorus， and potassium fertilizers （T2）， substitution of 20% chemical fertilizer nitrogen with organic fertilizer （T3）， and substitution of 30% chemical fertilizer nitrogen with organic fertilizer （T4）. The study analyzed changes in soil organic carbon， total nitrogen， and inorganic nitrogen contents under different treatments， and explored the regulatory pathways of combined organic and inorganic fertilization on wheat yield and nitrogen use efficiency. The results showed that， compared with T2， the soil organic carbon content under T3 and T4 increased by 8.31% and 10.74%， respectively， in the yellow-cinnamon soil （P<0.05）. In the cinnamon soil， the soil organic carbon content under T3 and T4 increased by 14.69% （P<0.05） and 10.28%， respectively， compared with T2. There was no significant difference in total nitrogen content between different treatments in either soil. In yellow-cinnamon soil， there were no significant differences in inorganic nitrogen content among T2， T3 and T4. In cinnamon soil， compared with T2， T3 and T4 significantly increased inorganic nitrogen content by 19.63% and 28.00%， respectively. In both yellow-cinnamon and cinnamon soil， T4 significantly increased wheat yield by 5.14%-6.35% and 2.66%-5.24%， respectively， compared with T2， while no significant yield difference was found under T3. Furthermore， T4 significantly improved nitrogen use efficiency and nitrogen agronomic efficiency compared to T2. Correlation analysis and structural equation modeling indicated that soil organic carbon exerted a significant positive indirect effect on nitrogen use efficiency and wheat yield by increasing inorganic nitrogen content. The increase in inorganic nitrogen content not only directly enhanced wheat yield but also indirectly improved it through the enhancement of nitrogen use efficiency. Combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers increased soil organic carbon content and strengthened soil nitrogen supply capacity， thereby synergistically improving wheat yield and nitrogen use efficiency. The treatment with 30% the organic substitution of nitrogen fertilizer showed the best performance. These findings provide a scientific basis for fertilizer management in wheat fields.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2026, 40(7): 1463-1472. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2026.07.1463
To investigate the effects of planting winter green manure on the distribution， stability and organic carbon content of soil aggregates in red soil sweet corn field， a three-year field experiment was conducted with four winter green manure treatments： winter fallow （CK）， common vetch （CV）， ryegrass （RG）， and ryegrass/common vetch mixture （RC）. All treatments were followed by intercropping sweet corn with soybean in both spring and autumn seasons. Soil samples from 0-10 and 10-20 cm layers were collected during the green manure and the autumn sweet corn harvest periods in 2024. The soil aggregate size distribution and organic carbon content were measured， and the mean weight diameter （MWD）， mean geometric diameter （GMD）， and percentage of water-stable aggregates with a particle size >0.25 mm （R0.25） were calculated. The results showed that： Compared with CK， RG increased the proportion of soil aggregates>2 mm， which was higher than CV and RC at the harvest of sweet corn； planting winter green manure increased MWD and R0.25 in the 0-10 cm soil layer during the green manure harvest period， and RG significantly increased MWD in both soil layers across both harvest periods； RG and RC increased the total organic carbon content of the two soil layers in the two harvest periods. Under the soil aggregate particle size >2 mm， planting winter green manure increased the organic carbon content and contribution rate in the 0-10 cm layer during both harvest periods and in the 10-20 cm layer during the sweet corn harvest period； under the 0.25-2 mm particle size， RG and RC increased the organic carbon content in both soil layers during the green manure harvest period， while RG also increased the organic carbon content in the 0-10 cm layer during the sweet corn harvest period. The proportions of soil aggregate particle sizes were significantly positively correlated with the contribution rate of soil organic carbon in different soil aggregate particle sizes； winter green manure enhanced the negative correlation between the proportion of 0.053-0.25 mm aggregates and MWD. In summary， planting winter green manure， particularly ryegrass， could help improve the composition and stability of red soil aggregates and enhance the organic carbon content in macro-aggregates. This study provides data support and theoretical basis for the role of green manure in improving the content of organic carbon in red soil.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2026, 40(7): 1473-1483. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2026.07.1473
A field experiment was implemented in the Hetao Irrigation District of Ningxia to precisely ameliorate saline-alkali soil constraints and promote the development of healthy， fertile cropland. The study compared two treatments： unamended control soil （CK） and in-situ deep rotary combined with amino acid amendment （DM）. Analyses were performed on soil physicochemical properties， nutrient levels， and salt content across the 0-120 cm soil profile， along with microbial abundance and its correlations with key soil indicators in the 0-20 cm layer. The results indicated that compared with CK， the DM treatment significantly reduced soil bulk density， increased porosity， promoted the transformation of soil particles from sand and clay toward silt， and maintained a more stable soil permeability coefficient. Significant increases in soil organic matter， alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen， available phosphorus and potassium were observed in the 0-60 cm depth. Moreover， the composition of water-soluble ions in the 0-60 cm layer was altered， showing notable reductions in Na⁺， K⁺， Mg²⁺， SO₄²⁻， and Cl⁻. The DM treatment also enhanced overall soil quality by improving saline-alkali characteristics and fertility status， which in turn increased the diversity and abundance of soil microorganisms. Notably， the dominant bacterial phylum shifted from Pseudomonadota to Actinomycetota， and the predominant fungal phyla transitioned largely to Ascomycota and Mucoromycota. Redundancy analysis revealed that soil microbial abundance was significantly correlated with pH， total salt content （TSC）， available phosphorus （AP）， bulk density （UM）， and porosity （POR）. In summary， the integration of in-situ deep rotary tillage with amino acid application improved soil nutrient status， reduced topsoil salinity， enhanced microbial diversity and abundance， and optimized the micro-ecological environment of the saline-alkali soil. This study provides a valuable technical reference for the remediation and sustainable utilization of saline-alkali land in the Hetao Irrigation District.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2026, 40(7): 1484-1495. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2026.07.1484
To clarify the synergistic effects of formulated Trichoderma harzianum powder and liquid agents on the control of ginger rhizome rot in the field and their impacts on ginger rhizosphere soil bacteria， soil enzymes and soil nutrients， the plate confrontation assay to determine the inhibitory effect of Trichoderma on the pathogen and a randomized block field experiment in the field control efficacy of agents were employed in this study. High-throughput sequencing technology was used to assess the diversity of rhizosphere bacteria， as well as soil nutrients and enzyme activities were determined by conventional methods. The results showed that the combined application of T. harzianum powder and liquid agents achieved the highest control efficiency against ginger rhizome rot at both the three-fork and major earthing-up stages with the treatment of 15 kg·hm-2 Trichoderma powder applied with spreading into the furrow bottom combined with a 100-fold dilution sprayed along the furrows （T2）， with control efficacies of 86.55% and 86.72%， respectively， which were significantly higher than those of other treatments. Compared to the clear water control （T6）， the T2 treatment increased the soil organic matter content in the ginger rhizosphere by 38.94% and 17.12% at the three-fork and major earthing-up stages， respectively， and enhanced the economic yield and biological yield by 252.61% and 285.28%， respectively. Furthermore， the alpha diversity indices of the rhizosphere bacteria in T2 including the Chao1， Simpson， Shannon and Observed species， etc， showed not only significant differences from those of T6， but also demonstrated an increase in the relative abundance of beneficial rhizobacteria such as Luteitaleapratensis， Myxococcus fulvus， and Rhodoferax fermentans. Their relative abundances in T2 were 36 060.00， 47.63 and 70.57 times higher， than those in T6， respectively. In conclusion， apart from controlling ginger rhizome rot， the combined use of Trichoderma harzianum FU-8-7 powder and liquid agents induces the formation of specific bacterial consortia in the ginger rhizosphere， exhibiting benefits of improving microecology， growth promotion， and yield enhancement. This study provides both an effective bio-agent and a theoretical foundation for controlling ginger rhizome rot.
