10 September 2024, Volume 38 Issue 9
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2024, 38(9): 1617-1626. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2024.09.1617
To investigate the effect of protein oxidation on the cooking and edible quality of germinated rice during storage， an accelerated aging storage of germinated rice was conducted under the condition of 37 ℃ and 85% relative humidity. The effects of protein oxidation and structural changes on the cooking characteristics and textural properties of germinated rice were measured， and the correlations among the aboved properties were analyzed. The results revealed that， compared with the initial values （0 d）， the lightness （L* value） of germinated rice decreased， while the extent of protein oxidation increased with the storage time prolonged. Compared with the initial values， the protein carbonyl and disulfide bond contents of the protein from germinated rice stored for 28 days increased by 50.25% and 16.96%， respectively， while the total sulfhydryl content decreased by 11.93%. These changes led to the oxidation and aggregation of proteins， which further altered the protein structures. The textural results showed that， compared with the initial values， the hardness and adhesiveness of germinated rice stored for 28 days increased by 70.46% and 89.69% respectively. Correlation analysis result revealed that hardness， adhesiveness， chewiness and resilience of germinated rice were positively correlated with carbonyls， disulfide bonds， protein turbidities and random coils （P<0.05）. The cooking loss rate was positively correlated with sulfhydryls， surface hydrophobicities， solubility， β-sheets and β-turns （P<0.05）. This study provides theoretical guidance for the selection of suitable storage methods for germinated rice in the future.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2024, 38(9): 1627-1635. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2024.09.1627
In order to explore the effects of different amylose/amylopectin ratios on starch gel characteristics and digestive behavior， glutinous barley and common barley varieties were selected in the study. Highland barley starches with amylose/amylopectin ratios of 8%， 14%， 20%， and 25% were prepared by extracting the starch and compounding， and to compare their differences in the crystalline structure， pasting characteristics， gel characteristics and digestibility. The results showed that the amylose/amylopectin ratios did not change the crystalline shape of highland barley starch. However， the increased amylose/amylopectin ratios decreased the crystallinity， which resulted in a tight internal structure of the starch and a more stabilized double-helix structure. Meanwhile， the peak viscosity （3 296-4 226 mPa∙s） gradually decreased with the increase of the ratio of amylose/amylopectin， and the the retentate value （481.67-1 604.33 mPa∙s） gradually increased were found during starch pasting. Rheological results showed that there was a weak gelation behavior of starch （G′>G″）， and that the enhanced elastic behavior of starch gel increased the hardness and chewiness. As to the digestive properties， the increase of amylose/amylopectin ratios could increase the resistant starch content， and decrease the rapidly digestible starch content， the digestibility of starch and the predicted glycemic index. The results of this study have theoretical value for the development of functional "customized" highland barley starches with specific industrial applications.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2024, 38(9): 1636-1646. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2024.09.1636
In order to investigate the flavor characteristics of Kongyu-131 rice grain with different freshness used in beer brewing， the rice grain samples with different fresh levels was obtained by artificially forced aging at 60 ℃. Gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry （GC-IMS） was used to analyze the differences in volatile compounds in rice grains. The results showed that 79 volatile compounds were identified in all the rice grain samples， including 23 aldehydes， 21 alcohols， 16 esters， 11 ketones， 4 alkenes， 2 pyrroles， 1 acid and 1 furan， accounting for 29.1%， 26.6%， 20.3%， 13.9%， 5.1%， 2.5%， 1.3% and 1.3% of the total amount of volatile compounds， respectively. There were significant differences in the relative contents of volatile compounds in rice grains with different freshness. The contents of aldehydes， alcohols， and ketones were high in fresh rice grains， while esters were high in aged rice grain. With the extension of aging time， the contents of alcohols， aldehydes， ketones and alkenes decreased， while the content of esters increased. Principal component analysis （PCA） and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis （OPLS-DA） of the volatile compounds in all rice grain samples could effectively distinguish all rice grain samples with different freshness levels. Furthermore， by combining variable importance projection （VIP） > 1.20 and P < 0.05， a total number of 24 volatile compounds were screened. It could be used to distinguish the rice grain with different freshness used in beer brewing. This study provides new insights for evaluating the freshness of rice grains used in beer brewing.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2024, 38(9): 1647-1659. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2024.09.1647
Dirigent （DIR） plays important roles in plant lignan or lignin production， defense response， secondary metabolism and disease resistance. In order to explore the biological function of DIR family genes （SiDIRs） in foxtail millet， bioinformatics and gene expression analysis under saline-alkali stress were carried out in this study. As a result， 41 SiDIRs were identified， which were unevenly distributed on eight chromosomes and named as SiDIR1-SiDIR41 according to their chromosomal locations. According to the phylogenetic tree， SiDIRs were divided into five subfamilies. The result of collinearity analysis revealed that SiDIRs had higher collinearity with the genes in monocotyledonous plants than those in dicotyledonous plants. The analysis of cis-acting elements indicated that most SiDIRs possess cis-acting
elements related to hormones， plant growth， stress response， and light response. The interaction network of seven SiDIRs proteins was predicted by String software. SiDIRs exhibited tissue-specific expression in roots， stems， leaves， and flowers， indicating that they play different roles in plant growth and development. The analysis of the expression levels of 12 SiDIRs genes under saline-alkaline stress showed that B175 （saline-alkaline sensitive） and JK3 （saline-alkaline tolerant） had different expression levels of changes compared with the control. SiDIR17 and SiDIR28 showed an upward trend in JK3 but a downward trend in B175， suggesting that these two genes may be involved in the saline-alkaline tolerance of foxtail millet. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for in-depth analysis of the molecular mechanism underlying saline-alkali tolerance of SiDIRs， as well as important genetic resources for the cultivation of new millet varieties with high-efficiency saline-alkali tolerance in the future. -
Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2024, 38(9): 1660-1670. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2024.09.1660
Glycosyl hydrolases family 17 （GH17） plays an important role in regulating plant growth and development， responding to biotic and abiotic stresses. In order to further identify
GH17 genes in foxtail millet and preliminarily investigate its functions in foxtail millet growth and development as well as stress response， in this study， the bioinformatics of 58 SiGH17s and the expression patterns of foxtail millet in response to S. graminicola infection， low nitrogen， low phosphorus and drought stress were analyzed. The results showed that the length of 58 SiGH17s encoded proteins was different， which had high structural and functional similarity with Oryza sativa and Arabidopsis thaliana. There are many cis-acting elements related to disease resistance in the promoter of this gene family. Collinear segment repeats of 9 pairs in foxtail millet were purified and selected. Totally 6 genes were differentially expressed to varying degrees after the foxtail millet was exposed to low nitrogen， low phosphorus， drought stress and the infection of S. graminicola. Combined with qRT-PCR， it was found that 4 differentially expressed genes （SiGH17_4， SiGH17_20， SiGH17_26， SiGH17_38） among the 6 genes were reregulated to varying degrees in foxtail millet growth and development and stress response. The results of this study provide theoretical basis for further analysis of SiGH17s function. -
Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2024, 38(9): 1671-1681. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2024.09.1671
To investigate the role of B-box （BBX） transcription factor in response to Phytophthora capsici infection in pepper， the BBX transcription factor CaBBX2 was cloned and its expression patterns were analyzed using pepper variety 007EA as material in this study. The subcellular localization and bioinformatics analysis of its encoded protein were also performed. The PCR amplification and sequencing results showed that the CDS of CaBBX2 was 639 bp in length， encoding a protein containing 212 amino acids. Physical and chemical analysis indicated that CaBBX2 protein had a molecular weight of 23.5 kDa， pI
value of 6.17， and GRAVY value of -0.559， suggesting that CaBBX2 is a hydrophilic protein. The protein structure prediction and sequence alignment results revealed that CaBBX2 harbored two conserved B-box domains. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that CaBBX2 belonged to the group Ⅳ BBXs and was most closely related to Arabidopsis AtBBX18 and AtBBX19. Promoter analysis revealed that the promoter of CaBBX2 contained a number of stress-， hormone-， and light-responsive cis-acting elements. The results of subcellular localization showed that CaBBX2 was located in both the cytoplasm and nucleus. Tissue expression analysis results showed that CaBBX2 was expressed in different pepper tissues， with the highest expression in leaves and the lowest expression in pericarp. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to examine the expression of CaBBX2 under P. capsici infection and MeJA treatment. It was found that the expression of CaBBX2 was increased after P. capsici infection， while its expression displayed a significantly decreased tendency under MeJA treatment. These findings indicated that CaBBX2 may play a key role in hormone-regulated defense response against P. capsici infection， providing an important candidate gene for molecular breeding of pepper disease resistance. -
Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2024, 38(9): 1682-1690. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2024.09.1682
SVP， a member of the MADS-box transcription factor， acts as a central regulator in plant flowering control network. It is involved in bud development and plays a role in abiotic stresses and hormone pathways. In this study， a 2 000 bp segment of PheMADS47a gene promoter was cloned from Phyllostachys edulis. The full-length promoter and five 5′terminal truncations （P1： 1 949 bp， P2：825 bp， P3： 578 bp， P4： 493 bp， P5： 230 bp， P6： 79 bp） were fused with the GUS reporter gene to assess their activities by GUS staining in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana. The results revealed the presence of hormone response elements such as ABA， GA， IAA， MeJA， and SA， as well as cis-acting elements linked to abiotic stresses such as low temperature and drought， and many light response elements within the promoter of PheMADS47a gene. All promoters except for P4 exhibited activity at both 10-day and 15-day seedling stages， while P1-P3 displayed activity at 23-day and 33-day seedling stages. GUS gene driven by full-length promoter P1 was expressed in roots， stems， leaves， flowers and bases of siliques but not in siliques or lateral branches in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana. The promoter activity of PheMADS47a gene was notably promoted by MeJA and SA. Promoters with different lengths showed varying responses to ABA， GA and IAA， and could be inhibited by darkness， drought， NaCl and low temperature （4 ℃）. It is speculated that -578 to -493 bp region is key to the promoter activity. The promoter is a MeJA-inducible. This study provides a theoretical basis for the utilization of PheMADS47a gene promoter and further study on the regulation of PheMADS47a gene.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2024, 38(9): 1691-1698. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2024.09.1691
In order to explore the possible mechanism of MpDGK7 involving in the regulation of apple response to abiotic stress， this study constructed a yeast two-hybrid cDNA library of Malus prunifolia leaves， screened and verified the proteins interacting with the glycerol diesterase kinase MpDGK7. The results showed that the cDNA library constructed in this study reached 1.5×107 CFU， the recombination rate was 100%， and the average inserted fragment length was greater than 1 200 bp.The bait vector pBT3-N-MpDGK7 was non-toxic and did not have self-activation. Thirteen proteins interacting with MpDGK7 were screened from the library via co-transformation method. Four representative interacting proteins （KAN4， MYC2， BTB/POZ and metallothionein） were selected for point-to-point verification， and all of them were found to interact with MpDGK7. Bimolecular fluorescent complementation （BiFC） showed that the interaction between MpKAN4 and MpDGK7 mainly occurred on the cell membrane and nucleus， and the interaction between MpBTB and MpDGK7 mainly occurred on the cell membrane. Therefore， it is speculated that MpDGK7 may affect the response of apple to stress by participating in intracellular signal transduction mediated by KAN4， MYC2， BTB/POZ and metallothionein. The results of this study laid a foundation for further elucidation of the mechanism of DGK gene involved in molecular regulation of apple stress resistance.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2024, 38(9): 1699-1706. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2024.09.1699
To investigate the role of Neurokinin B （NKB） and Neurokinin B receptor （NK3R） in the regulation of reproduction in Ganjia Tibetan sheep （Ovis aries）. In this study， the methods of ELISA， quantitative real-time PCR （qRT-PCR）， western blot and immunohistochemistry （IHC） were used to detect the NKB content in plasma， and the expression and distribution of NK3R mRNA and protein in hypothalamus-pituitary-ovary （HPO） axis tissues during the estrous cycle and anestrus of Ganjia Tibetan sheep. The results showed that the NKB content of plasma changed dynamically during estrous cycle and anestrus of Ganjia Tibetan sheep， with the lowest average NKB content in the estrus and the highest average NKB content in the diestrus， showing a significant difference （P<0.05）. The NKB content in plasma during each estrous cycle period was higher than in anestrus. The expression of NK3R mRNA and protein in HPO axis tissues during the estrous cycle and anestrus of Ganjia Tibetan sheep varied among different periods. In hypothalamus， the expression of NK3R as the highest in the proestrus， which was significantly higher than that in estrus， metestrus， diestrus and anestrus（P<0.05）， while the highest NK3R protein level was found in the metestrus. In pituitary， the expression of NK3R was the highest in the diestrus， significantly differed from that of the other periods （P<0.05）， and the highest expression of NK3R protein was found in the estrus. The expression patterns of NK3R mRNA and protein in ovary were similar， both peaking in the proestrus. NK3R protein was predominantly distributed in neuroendocrine small cells and glial cells of the hypothalamus， acidophilic cells， chromophobe cells， and basophilic cells of pituitary， as well as the stratum granulosum， theca folliculi， and luteal cells of the ovary. These findings indicate that NKB binds to the HPO axis-specific receptor NK3R， playing a role in regulating reproductive activities such as reproductive endocrinology and cyclic estrus in Ganjia Tibetan sheep. The results provide a scientific foundation for further exploration of the mechanisms underlying reproduction regulation in Tibetan sheep.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2024, 38(9): 1707-1714. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2024.09.1707
Feline calicivirus （FCV） is an important and highly contagious pathogen that causes upper respiratory tract infections in cats and poses a serious risk to the health of felines. In order to elucidate the variation level and genetic developmental characteristics of FCV Shanxi strains， they were isolated and purified with Crandell Reese Feline Kidney cells （CRFK）. The morphology of the virus was observed by transmission electron microscope， and the median infective dose （TCID50） and growth curve of the virus were determined. The gene， amino acid variation level and genetic development characteristics of FCV Shanxi strain were analyzed through the structural protein VP1. The results showed that three FCV Shanxi strains were isolated successfully （SX-2021-1、SX-2021-2 and SX-2021-3）， with a virus size of about 40 nm and a virus titer of 10-8.43 TCID50·mL-1. After infection with FCV for different times （6-72 h）， the highest virus titer was reached at 24 h in CRFK cells （SX-2021-3 strain）. The homology of VP1 gene between SX-2021-1 and SX-2021-2 strains is 99.8%， while the VP1 gene of SX-2021-3 strain shows high variability， with homology to the other two strains at about 77%. Compared with the published FCV strains， the homology of the FCV Shanxi isolated strains is 70.7%-83.9%. SX-2021-1 and SX-2021-2 have the highest homology （83.9%） with the Heilongjiang isolate strain （HRB-SS）， and SX-2021-3 has the highest homology （80.5%） with the Shanghai isolate stain （SH1）. The VP1 protein of the three FCV Shanxi isolated strains had multiple amino acid site mutations in E region， ainly concentrated in 5´ hypervariable region and 3´ hypervariable region. Compared with the other two strains， the amino acid sequence of the VP1 protein in SX-2021-3 strain is obviously different. The results of genetic evolution analysis showed that the FCV Shanxi isolated strains were distant from vaccine strains and VSD strains， while SX-2021-1 and SX-2021-2 were closely related to the Heilongjiang isolate strains （HRB-SS， WZ-1 and XH）. SX-2021-3 and the Shanghai isolate strain （SH1） are in the same branch. In conclusion， our study elucidated the variation level and genetic development of FCV Shanxi strains， which will provide an important basis for studying FCV pathogenesis and vaccine development.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2024, 38(9): 1715-1723. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2024.09.1715
In order to confirm the type of tomato early blight pathogen in the Changzhi area of Shanxi Province， and to test the control efficacy of different chemical and biological fungicides on the tomato early blight， as well as the joint-toxicity of mixtures of biological fungicides on tomato early blight， tomato early blight leaves was used as experimental material. The identification of the type of pathogenic bacteria was conducted using tissue separation， morphological characteristics， rDNA-ITS gene sequence method. The mycelial growth rate method and field efficacy trial were employed to determine the indoor toxicity and field efficacy of three kinds of chemical fungicides and second two kinds of biological fungicides. Additionally， the joint-toxicity when their weight ratios were at 1∶1 of two kinds of biological fungicides were determined. The study also disussed the control effects of single chemical and biological fungicides， as well as mixture of biological fungicides， on tomato early blight. The results showed that Alternaria solani was the pathogen causing tomato early blight in Changzhi area. Indoor measurement results indicated that the EC50 of 10% Difenoconazole WG against Alternaria solani was 0.548 6， 325 g·L-1 Azoxystrobin SC was 0.009 1， 25% Prochloraz EC was 0.059 5， 10% Kasugamycin WP was 0.441 4 and 10% Colistin WP was 0.242 9. In a field control experiment conducted 7 days after the second application， it was found that the control effect of difenoconazole on tomato early blight reached to 72.54%， the control effects of two chemical fungicides， prochloraz and azoxystrobin， were respectively 69.94% and 71.17%. The control effects of two chemical fungicides， colistin and kasugamycin， were 69.65% and 69.34%. The mixtures of colistin and kasugamycin exhibited synergistic effect on Alternaria solani when their weight ratios were at 1∶1， with the synergistic coefficient of 1.96 and EC50 of 0.016. After mixing， the prevention effect at 7 days after the second application can reach approximately 74.17%， which is higher than that of one single fungicide. In summary， the 1∶1 mixed application of 10% Colistin WP and 10% Kasugamycin WP can be used as an alternative fungicide for managing tomato early blight in Changzhi City， Shanxi Province. The results can provide theoretical support for reducing the dosage of chemical fungicides， minimizing pesticide resistance， and establishing a foundation for the combining fungicides in agricultural practices and developing new， effictive compound agents for controlling tomato early blight.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2024, 38(9): 1724-1733. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2024.09.1724
This study aims to explore the differences of isotopic fractionation and elemental enrichment of wolfberry between growth periods and plucking times， and to estimate the influence of these changes on origin traceability. Wolfberry fruit samples of 5 growth periods （i.e.， fruitlet， green-fruit， early yellowing， late yellowing and ripe stage） and 5 plucking times were collected in 3 producing areas of Ningxia province （Guyuan， Yinchuan， and Zhongning）. Four stable isotope ratios and fifty-seven elemental contents were determined. One-way analysis of variance （ANOVA） were used to analyze the differences between growth periods and plucking times. Next， the partial least squares discriminant analysis （PLS-DA） multivariate statistical method was conducted based on isotopic and elemental data of samples to reveal their different scales between sample groups. Significant differences were observed in the δ13C， δ2H， δ18O， and partial multi-elemental signatures of wolfberry fruit samples between growth periods and plucking times （P<0.05）. However， these variations had little impact on origin discrimination， with an overall discrimination accuracy of 100% for the three origins. This study could provide theoretical explorations and technique supports for the origin traceability of wolfberry.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2024, 38(9): 1734-1742. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2024.09.1734
In order to explore the microbial contamination during the processing and storage of pre-prepared soft-shelled turtle， the traditional culture method combined with high throughput sequencing （HTS） technology were used to analyze the aerobic plate count， changes in microbial community structure and dominant spoilage bacteria. The results showed that the aerobic plate count of soft-shelled turtle reached 5.40 lg（CFU·g-1） after dividing， but decreased significantly （P<0.05） after blanching， packaging， adding hot soup and canning. Then， the value decreased to less than 10 CFU·g-1 after autoclave sterilization， and it reached 5.37 lg （CFU·g-1） of can bulging during storage at room temperature. The results of high-throughput sequencing showed that at the level of bacteria phylum， the Proteobacteria， Firmicutes and Bacteroidota were the main bacteria， and the Psychrobacter， Bacillus and Delftia were the main bacteria genera. The results of microbial diversity analysis showed that there were significant differences in the microbial diversity and relative abundance of soft-shelled turtle samples during different processing and storage period. The principal coordinates analysis （PCoA） and cluster analysis of microbial communities of different samples also reached the same conclusion. The species annotation results showed that Bacillus （81.50%）， Anaerosalibacter （17.76%） and Delftia （0.66%） were the predominant putrefaction bacteria that caused the spoilage of autoclaved canned pre-prepared soft-shelled turtle and became swollen or even burst during storage at room temperature. This study provided a theoretical reference for the inhibition of specific dominant spoilage bacteria and the extension of product shelf life during the processing and storage of pre-prepared soft-shelled turtle in the future.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2024, 38(9): 1743-1750. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2024.09.1743
This study aimed to improve the gel property of squid （Dosidicus gigas） surimi by cold atmospheric plasma （CAP） coupled with heating methods including direct heating and two-step heating. The changes of squid surimi gel quality were evaluated by evaluating the water holding capacity， gel strength， rheological property， protein secondary structure， chemical interaction force and in vitro digestibility. The results showed that CAP inhibited crude protease activity. With the treating time increased， the whiteness， gel strength， water holding capacity and disulfide bond content of surimi gel increased initially， and then decreased. In addition， surimi gels prepared by direct heating exhibited superior gel properties compared to these prepared by two-step heating. Compared with the control group， the rheological properties of surimi samples increased greatly after CAP treatment， while the digestibility significantly reduced. Furthermore， the secondary structure analysis revealed a decrease in the content of α-helix and random coil in surimi gel， but the content of β-sheet increased. These results indicated that CAP could be a novel approach to improve the functional property of squid surimi gels.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2024, 38(9): 1751-1760. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2024.09.1751
In order to explore the antioxidant properties of eucalyptus and citral camphor essential oils and hydrosols， the eucalyptus and citral camphor essential oils were extracted by steam distillation. Chemical composition and relative content of extracted oils were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyzer （GC-MS）. A total number of 15 major compounds with a relative content of more than 0.1% was found in eucalyptus-type camphor essential oil， among which Eucalyptol had the highest content of 57.28%. At the essential oil concentration of 128 g·L-1， the scavenging rate of essential oil to 1，1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical （DPPH·） was 82.60%， which was higher than that of the positive control（77.85%）. The half maximal inhibitory concentration （IC50） with the strongest scavenging capacity for DPPH· and 2，2-Azinobis-（3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate） radical （ABTS·+） were 14.25 and 31.65 g·L-1 respectively. There were 30 major compounds with a relative content more than 0.1% in citral-type camphor essential oil， among which citral （neral and geranial） had the highest content of 42.32%. The IC50 with the strongest scavenging capacity for DPPH· and ABTS·+ were 44.45 and 34.46 g·L-1 respectively. The hydrosols of essential oil had a certain scavenging effect on DPPH and ABTS， and the optimum antioxidant properties of eucalyptus-type hydrosols （DPPH·： 53.24%， ABTS·+： 10.50%） was higher than citral-type hydrosols （DPPH·： 10.58%， ABTS·+： 9.06%）. Both chemotypes of camphor essential oils and hrdrosols possessed antioxidant properties， and in a certain concentration range， the antioxidant properties of the essential oils were significantly stronger at higher concentration than the lower concentration. Essential oil of eucalyptus-type camphor had stronger antioxidant activity than citral-type. The research provide a theoretical basis for the development and utilization of camphor essential oil.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2024, 38(9): 1761-1771. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2024.09.1761
Deep eutectic solvents （DESs） are a new class of green solvents that consist of liquid eutectic mixtures formed by hydrogen bond donors and hydrogen bond acceptors with a specific molar ratio via hydrogen bonding interactions. They have the advantages of low vapor pressure， simple preparation， low cost， biodegradability， environmental compatibility and recyclability. Due to these properties， DESs have been widely used in various fields， such as food， medicine and etc. This article presented a comprehensive overview on the composition， classification and physicochemical properties of DESs， as well as their applications in food industry. In particular， the present study highlighted the recent advances of DESs in extraction of food functional ingredients， fabrication of food packaging materials， encapsulation of bioactive compounds， production of cryoprotectants， generation of Maillard reaction products and application of food biotechnology. Furthermore， we also discussed the opportunities and challenges of using DESs in food sector， and proposed the future directions for enhancing and optimizing the performance of DESs in food processing and production. This review aims to offer a theoretical reference and guidance for the application of DESs in food industry.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2024, 38(9): 1772-1781. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2024.09.1772
In order to select the optimal measures for industrial by-product - ammonium sulfate， a two-factor split plot experiment was conducted to study the effects of different efficiency enhancing measures of ammonium sulfate on maize growth， nitrogen accumulation， and nitrogen balance. The main plots were nitrogen application levels： conventional fertilization （C） and reduced fertilization （D）， and the subplots were nitrogen types： urea （U）， ammonium sulfate （AS）， slow/controlled release ammonium sulfate type Ⅰ （ASN， ammonium sulfate + nitrification inhibitor）， slow/controlled release ammonium sulfate type Ⅱ （ASO， oil-coated ammonium sulfate）， slow/controlled release ammonium sulfate type Ⅲ （ASH， oil-humic acid coated ammonium sulfate）， a total of ten treatments. Results showed that， under D condition， compared with other treatments， the ASO had the highest single ear weight， ear length and plant dry matter weight， which were increased by 1.80%-30.29%， 2.00%-13.91% and 5.65%-24.21%， respectively. Under C condition， the U treatment had higher agronomic traits than other nitrogen fertilizer types In both fertilization levels （D and C）， compared to other treatments， the slow/controlled release ammonium sulfate fertilization treatments had higher effective ear number， increasing by 5.36%-25.93% and 9.82%-32.76%， respectively， and ASO was the best. Meanwhile， nitrogen accumulation of maize leaves of ASO under D was significantly higher than that of other treatments. The maize yield was lowest under AS in both fertilization levels. The soil nitrogen contents of various forms in 0-20 cm under ASH were significantly higher than other nitrogen application types， soil alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen content in 20-40 cm was 1.45-2.55 times higher than that of other fertilization treatments. The ASO showed better slow/controlled release effect due to the moderate level of alkali-hydrolytic nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen contents in 20-40 cm soil layer. The nitrogen loss of all nitrogen fertilizer types under C was higher than that under D， and the nitrogen loss under D was significantly lower than that of other treatments （except U treatment）. In conclusion， compared to other treatments， reducing application of oil-coated ammonium sulfate could improve maize agronomic traits， significantly increase maize yield and reduce soil nitrogen loss. This study provides a theoretical basis for promoting the efficient resource utilization of industrial by-product ammonium sulfate.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2024, 38(9): 1782-1789. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2024.09.1782
To explore the effects of different potassium （K） fertilizer levels on the growth and leaf nitrogen （N） metabolism of sesame （Sesamum indicum L.）， and the physiological mechanism in response to drought stress （DS） at flowering stage， sesame cultivar Ganzhi No.7 was selected and a pot experiment was carried out. Three K levels （0， 60， 120 kg·hm-2 K2O） and two soil water treatments （75% ± 5% and 45% ± 5% of field capacity， respectively） were set to analyze the growth， amino acids （AA）， soluble proteins （SP） contents and N metabolic enzyme activities of sesame. The results showed that drought seriously inhibited the growth of sesame. Compared to well-watered plants， the relative water content， plant height， specific leaf weight and SPAD value of sesame in drought conditions were averagely decreased by 8.2 percentage points， 23.5%， 8.1% and 6.6%， respectively. Drought reduced the nitrogen metabolism ability in sesame leaves. Compared to normal watering， drought averagely increased the N， K， SP and FAA content of sesame leaves by 5.4%， 10.6%， 21.1% and 52.7%， respectively. Concurrently， the activities of nitrate reductase （NR） and glutamic acid synthase （GOGAT） were averagely decreased by 11.3% and 16.6%， respectively. Under drought conditions， compared with no K fertilizer， the relative water content， plant height， specific leaf weight， SPAD value， K and N content of sesame leaves were increased by 3.3-7.2 percentage points， 20.9%-39.0%， 3.2%-5.5%， 1.0%-4.5%， 14.8%-19.6% and 2.0%-5.4%， and the activities of NR and GOGAT were increased by 8.7%-9.5% and 15.1%-20.0%， respectively. Correlation analysis showed that leaf K content was significantly or extremely significantly positive correlated with N content， SP， FAA， NR and GOGAT （R2=0.69-0.95） under drought stress. In conclusion， K application could effectively alleviate the adverse effects of drought stress on sesame， and increase K， N and the activities of NR and GOGAT in leaves. Applying potassium mainly improves sesame’s drought tolerance through regulating the osmotic adjustment， protein synthesis， and promoting nitrogen metabolism. The study provided scientific basis for sesame drought resistant cultivation.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2024, 38(9): 1790-1797. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2024.09.1790
Precise fertilizer application is essential to achieve high yield and quality in Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. In this study， a field experiment using ‘3414’ fertilizer scheme was conducted to clarify the effects of nitrogen （N）， phosphorus （P） and potassium （K） fertilizer on the yield and quality and the recommended fertilizer rate of 3-year-old Scutellaria baicalensis Yield， baicalin and baicalein content of Scutellaria baicalensis were measured and economic benefits were calculated during the harvesting. Based on this， an effect functional model was established， integrating N-P-K fertilizers application rate with yield， active ingredients， and economic benefits， to determine the optimal fertilizer levels for high yield and quality of Scutellaria baicalensis. Results showed that the combination of N-P-K could increase the yield， economic benefit， and active ingredients to different degrees， the fertilization treatment N 120 kg·hm-2， P2O5 75 kg·hm-2， K2O 105 kg·hm-2 had the best effect. The effect function analysis between yield and economic benefits showed that the impact of fertilizers on the yield and economic benefits of Scutellaria baicalensis followed the order： N > K > P. The highest yield and economic benefits were achieved with N， P， and K fertilizer application rates of 125.93-137.32， 85.85-95.10， and 118.20-131.46 kg·hm-2， respectively. Applying the effect function of baicalin and baicalein content to the fertilizing rates with the highest yield and economic benefits revealed that baicalin and baicalein contents ranged 17.36%-17.70% and 1.43%-1.55%， respectively， at the recommended N， P， and K rates. The baicalin and baicalein contents were only reduced by 0.01-0.49 and 0.03-0.14 percentage points， respectively， compared to the maximum values recommended by the single-factor effect function. Therefore， the application rates of N， P and K fertilizers for achieve high yield and quality cultivation of Scutellaria baicalensis were N 125.93-137.32 kg·hm-2， P2O5 85.85-95.10 kg·hm-2， and K2O 118.20-131.46 kg·hm-2， respectively. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis to the scientific fertilization of Scutellaria baicalensis.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2024, 38(9): 1798-1804. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2024.09.1798
To promote the germination of barley seeds and enhance seedling growth， while elucidating the role of microbial seed coating agents in barley production， this study designed a novel microbial seed coating agent， which employed xanthan gum-gelatin （XG-GEL） as the film-forming agent and incorporated Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B1 as the bioactive component （XG-GEL-B1）. The aim of the study to investigate the effects of microbial seed coating agents on barley germination rate， seedling growth， and physiological indicators is to clarify the proportion of microbial seed coating agents used. The results demonstrated that when the ratio of the coating agent to seeds was 1∶75， the germination rate of barley seeds coated with the film-forming agent was increased by 12.67%. Simultaneously， the activity of B1 bacteria after air-drying for 24 hours increased by 13.92% compared to the B1 coating treatment. Further investigation indicated that with a bacterial concentration of 104 CFU·mL-1 in the film-forming agent， the formulated XG-GEL-B1 enhanced the germination rate of barley seeds by 14.00 percentage points after 24 hours， in contrast to the control group treated with water. Pot experiments revealed that XG-GEL-B1 coating agent increased the plant height， root length， and fresh weight of barley seedlings by 20.39%， 13.51%， and 14.63%， respectively， compared to the water-treated group. The contents of total soluble sugars， soluble proteins， chlorophyll a， chlorophyll b， and total chlorophyll （a+b） were increased by 16.18%， 1.97%， 13.07%， 44.47%， and 26.47%， respectively， compared to the water-treated group. The XG-GEL-B1 coating agent prepared in this study meeted the standards for pH， viscosity， film formation time， coating uniformity， and coating shedding rates for suspended seed coatings and microbial agents， making it suitable for barley seed coating treatment. The results indicated that XG-GEL-B1 coating agent could enhance seed germination rates and crop physiological characteristics. The findings of this study provide a theoretical foundation for the scientific and efficient cultivation of barley.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2024, 38(9): 1805-1813. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2024.09.1805
To address the issue of maize lodging in the strip intercropping system of maize and soybean in the riverine areas of Jiangsu Province， an experiment was conducted in Xueyao Base， Rugao City， Jiangsu Province from 2022 to 2023. Using the common maize variety Jiangyu 877 and soybean variety Tongdou 13 as materials， the ‘2+4’ intercropping system of maize and soybean was adopted. Taking water spraying as the control， different plant growth regulators （single spraying of paclobutrazol， uniconazole， and Yubishi， as well as combined spraying of brassinolide） were sprayed at the seedling stage and the seventh leaf expansion stage to investigate their effects on stem strength， lodging rate， root activity， and yield of maize under the strip intercropping system. The goal of the study was to investigate the optimal schemes of regulators to enhance the lodging resistance of maize. The results showed that spraying Yubishi combined with brassinolide （V7-R6） at the seventh leaf expansion stage had the best effect on improving maize lodging resistance in the soybean-maize intercropping system. Compared with water spraying， the stem breaking resistance （SBR）， root activity， and stem diameter of maize at maturity under V7-R6 were increased by 55.0%， 19.9%， and 14.3%， respectively， resulting a reduction in the rates of root inversion and total lodging by 8.2 and 8.9 percentage points， respectively. In addition， plant height， and ear height were decreased by 11.3%， and 8.6%， respectively. Meanwhile， compared to water spraying， the yield of maize under V7-R6 had the largest increase， which up to 28.4% （the values both were averages of two years）. In summary， spraying Yubishi combined with brassinolide at the seventh leaf expansion stage of maize in the intercropping system could achieve better lodging resistance and higher yield， this method could be further promoted in field production. This study provides important reference for the application of production regulators in the strip intercropping system of soybean and maize.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2024, 38(9): 1814-1821. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2024.09.1814
To determine the optimal supplementary light wavelength of blue light-emitting diodes （LEDs） suitable for early rice industrialized seedling cultivation， three blue light wavelengths ［T1 （400 nm）， T2 （420 nm） and T3 （450 nm）］ were set up with white LED as control （CK）， and the effects of different blue light wavelengths on the growth and development of rice （Xiangzaoxian 24） seedlings were studied. Results showed that the three wavelengths of blue light could accelerate the growth of rice seedlings， and significantly reduce the seedling height and malondialdehyde content compared with CK. The leaf area， root length and strong seedling index of T3 were the highest， compared with CK， which were increased by 14.04%， 53.45% and 60.00%， respectively. Compared with CK， the content of chlorophyll （a+b）， soluble sugar， starch， soluble protein and proline in seedlings under T3 increased by 37.81%， 59.76%， 68.80%， 106.41% and 38.54%， respectively. In addition， the stomatal density of T3 was significantly increased by 50.00% compared to CK， while also enhanced the root absorption capacity and stress resistance of seedlings， making the plant grow stronger. In summary， T3 could be used as a better supplementary light source for early rice industrialized seedling cultivation. This study provide a theoretical basis for establishing the targeted light supplementation technology of industrialized rice seedling cultivation.
