10 April 2026, Volume 40 Issue 4
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2026, 40(4): 653-662. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2026.04.0653
Cultivars of Ophiopogon japonicus face several challenges including cultivar aging， low yield， prolonged growth cycles， and reduced genetic diversity resulting from prolonged asexual propagation. To promote germplasm innovation in Ophiopogon japonicus， 60Co-γ radiation breeding experiments were conducted using varying doses of 0， 30， 60， 90， 120， and 150 Gy. Morphological， physiological， and biochemical indicators， combined with inter-simple sequence repeats （ISSR） molecular marker analysis were employed to determine the optimal irradiation dose. The results show that survival rates gradually decreased with radiation doses increased， reaching stability after 60 days. Irradiated plants displayed darker leaves， small stature， and notable growth stunting. CAT and MDA levels escalated with increasing radiation dose. The amount of Pro， soluble sugars， POD， and SOD activities initially increased but subsequently declined， with peak activity generally observed at 90 Gy. Leaves exhibited flaky detachment of wax layers， higher stomatal density， smaller stomatal area， and a predominance of closed stomata. Correlation and principal component analysis （PCA） indicated concomitant growth inhibition and enhanced antioxidant defense mechanisms. Ten ISSR molecular markers produced 84 amplified bands， of which 54 were polymorphic （64.3%）， with polymorphism rates ranging from 37.5% to 88.9%. Higher irradiation doses were correlated with increased genetic divergence relative to the control. Considering morphological adaptability， physiological tolerance， and genetic variation rates， 90 Gy was considered as the optimal dose for radiation-induced mutation breeding of Ophiopogon japonicus. These findings provide a theoretical basis for developing novel cultivars of Ophiopogon japonicus.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2026, 40(4): 663-672. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2026.04.0663
To explore the effects of 12C6+ heavy ion radiation on Brassica juncea， seeds of Brassica juncea Coss Bailey var. foliosa were treated with different doses （0， 120， 240， 360， 480， 600 Gy）， and its germination metrics （germination rate， germination index）， growth characteristics （plant height， biomass， survival rate， abnormal seedling rate）， and photosynthetic parameters （Fv /Fm， SPAD） were measured. Furthermore， transcriptome sequencing was employed to investigate the gene expression profiles of Brassica juncea after irradiation treatment. The results showed that the germination rate of Brassica juncea seeds decreased after irradiation treatment， while low dose irradiation （120 Gy） appeared to increase the germination rate. With the increase of irradiation dose， the germination index， plant height and survival rate decreased， while the incidence of abnormal seedlings escalated. Linear regression analysis of survival rate suggested a semi-lethal irradiation dose of approximately 1 017 Gy. With the irradiation treatment ranged from 360 Gy to 600 Gy， the biomass of Brassica juncea showed a significant decrease trend. Compared with the control group， the Fv /Fm and SPAD value in the irradiated group below 480 Gy did not exhibit significant difference. Transcriptome analysis showed that the differentially expressed genes in the irradiated group were mainly enriched in GO pathways as associated with detoxification， immunity and antioxidant activity， and KEGG pathways including phenylpropane biosynthesis， plant-pathogen interaction， plant hormone signal transduction and MAPK signaling. Compared with the low-dose irradiated group， the differentially expressed genes in the high-dose irradiated group were mainly enriched in GO pathway of carbon utilization， and KEGG pathways related to photosynthetic antenna protein， photosynthesis， photosynthetic carbon fixation and carbon metabolism. The results provided a theoretical reference for radiation mutagenesis breeding of Brassica juncea.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2026, 40(4): 673-683. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2026.04.0673
To investigate the functions and drought response mechanisms of PYL genes in Elymus canadensis， transcriptome sequencing data were utilized in this study to identify and characterize 16 members of the EcPYLs gene family. The coding sequences ranged in length from 525 to 648 bp， encoding proteins of 107 to 215 amino acids （aa） with relative molecular weights of 11 628.14 to 22 777.70 Da and isoelectric points（pI） of 4.60 to 8.27. Based on pI values， 4 proteins were predicted to be basic （pI>7） and 12 acidic （pI<7）. Protein stability prediction revealed that 10 members were unstable， while 6 were stable. Subcellular localization predictions showed that most EcPYLs are cytoplasmic， with a subset being translocated to the nucleus， chloroplasts， mitochondria， and peroxisomes. Phylogenetic analyses classified the 16 EcPYLs into three subfamilies， suggesting both functional conservation and divergence. All EcPYLs proteins contained the conserved PYR domain， and Motif1， Motif2， and Motif5 were identified as conserved Motifs. Secondary structure prediction showed that these proteins are primarily comprised of α-helices and random coils. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses demonstrated that EcPYLs genes are mainly involved in molecular functions such as abscisic acid binding and hormone binding， and participate in phytohormone signaling pathways. Expression profiling under drought stress indicated that EcPYL12， EcPYL13， EcPYL14， and EcPYL16 play pivotal roles in the drought stress response， consistent with qRT-PCR validation data. This study provides a theoretical foundation for further functional study and breeding application of the EcPYLs gene family in E. canadensis.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2026, 40(4): 684-691. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2026.04.0684
To investigate the effects and mechanism of oleanolic acid （OA） on high glucose-induced HepG2 cells， the optimal OA concentration for mitigating high glucose-induced （33 mmol·L-1） HepG2 cells was determined using the Cell Counting Kit-8 （CCK8） assay. The impact of OA on reactive oxygen species （ROS） production in high glucose-induced HepG2 cells was measured. Immunofluorescence， quantitative real-time PCR （qRT-PCR）， Western Blot （WB） were performed to assess the abundance， mRNA expression and protein levels of related cytokines， respectively. The results showed that OA at concentrations ranging from 0 to 10.0 μmol·L-1 had no significant effect on cell viability. OA treatment reduced ROS levels， and downregulated the mRNA and protein levels of SREBP1c， FAS， SCD and C/EBPα， while upregulated PPARα and CPT1A expression in high glucose-induced cells. SiRNA-mediated silencing of the Pparα gene significantly affected the expression of FAS and PPARα， but had no significant effect on cytokines expression after OA treatment. These findings suggested that PPARα is a key signaling pathway involved in the regulation of OA on glucose metabolism. This study reveals the mechanism by which OA regulates glucose metabolism through the PPARα pathway in high glucose-induced HepG2 cells， providing a theoretical basis and potential application value for the prevention and treatment of glucose metabolism disorders.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2026, 40(4): 692-702. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2026.04.0692
Fowl adenovirus serotype 4 （FAdV-4） is the primary pathogen causing Hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome （HHS） in chickens. Infection with its non-structural protein ORF22 deletion strain leads to smaller viral plaques and reduced replication ability in animals. However， the exact mechanism remains unclear. To investigate the role of ORF22 protein in FAdV-4 infection， this study used Leghorn male hepatocellular （LMH） cells as an experimental model and resolved it using transcriptome sequencing technology. The findings demonstrated that， compared to the control group， 362 differentially expressed genes （DEGs） were identified in the ORF22 overexpression group， with 321 up-regulated and 41 down-regulated expression. GO analysis indicated that up-regulated DEGs were predominantly enriched in cellular process regulation， extracellular regions， and signaling receptor binding， whereas the down-regulated DEGs were primarily associated with membrane regions， protein binding， and small molecule metabolic processes. According to KEGG pathway analysis， DEGs were significantly enriched in TGF-β signaling pathway， MAPK signaling pathway， calcium signaling system， cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction， and so on. Furthermore， the protein-protein interaction network identified several important proteins， including HSP90AA1， HSPA8， and BAG3， which were centrally positioned within the network. Notably， ORF22 overexpression markedly decreased the expression of innate immunity-related proteins cGAS， STING， and TBK1 in host cells. In summary， this study elucidates the interaction between ORF22 protein and host cells during FAdV-4 infection， providing valuable insights into the pathogenic mechanism of FAdV-4.
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Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Larval Development Stages Z4, M, J in Portunus TrituberculatusJournal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2026, 40(4): 703-711. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2026.04.0703
To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying physiological changes during the larval stages of Portunus trituberculatus， total RNA was extracted from the Z4， M， and J developmental stages， followed by transcriptome sequencing using high-throughput sequencing technology. A total of 57 951 unigenes were obtained， with an average length of 1，030 bp and an N50 of 1 524 bp. Using screening criteria of Padj<0.05 and |log2（fold change）|>1， 1 211 DEGs were identified between the Z4 and M stages. These DEGs were significantly enriched in pathways such as insect hormone biosynthesis， steroid biosynthesis， and amino/nucleotide sugar metabolism. In the M-J comparison， 1 101 DEGs were identified， predominantly enriched in threonine metabolism， drug metabolism-cytochrome P450， and retinol metabolism. Among them， 36 DEGs associated with immunity， hormone synthesis， and metabolism were screened， including KYN， JHE， EiP， CHIN3， and BCMO1. During the 24-M transition， 29 genes showed significantly upregulated expression （P<0.05） and 6 were downregulated （P<0.05）. In the M-J stage， 11 genes were significantly upregulated （P<0.05）， while 19 were downregulated （P<0.05）. This change may be related to the significant morphological changes occurring during the Z4-M stage and the accumulation of a large amount of nutrients and energy. This study provides valuable resources for further exploration of the molecular mechanisms driving physiological adaptations in Portunus trituberculatus larvae.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2026, 40(4): 712-723. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2026.04.0712
To investigate the effects of varying oxygen concentrations on CD146 induction and apoptosis-related factors， as well as to explore the differences in their expression sites in different intestinal tissues， the small intestinal tissues （duodenum， jejunum and ileum） of yaks and yellow cattle were selected as the research objects. The expression levels of melanoma cell adhesion factor （CD146）， hypoxia-inducible factor 1α（HIF-1α）， apoptosis-related factor lymphocytic tumor 2 （Bcl-2）， Bcl-2 family-related protein Bax （Bax）， cysteine aspartate specific protease 3 （Caspase-3）， and cysteine aspartate specific protease 9 （Caspase-9） in the intestinal tract of yaks and yellow cattle was analyzed. Additionally， hematoxylin-eosin staining （H&E）， periodic acid-Shev staining （PAS）， and immunohistochemical analysis of hypoxia-related factors were performed to assess tissue morphology and molecular localization. The H&E results showed that the differences in intestinal digestive index （V/C） values were mainly in the duodenum， where the V/C in yaks was significantly higher than that in yellow cattle. PAS staining was observed in the striatal margin and central chylous ducts， and strongly positive in Pan’s cells and goblet cells. In addition， PAS exhibited the highest positive expression in the duodenum of yaks. Immunohistochemistry showed that CD146 was strongly and positively expressed in the intercellular matrix of the intestinal Mucosal layer and the cytoplasm of duodenal gland mucinous cells. Hypoxia-related factors were also expressed in goblet cells， Paneth cells， striatal margins， and etc. The differences in tissue expression were pronounced in the duodenum， with notable species-specific differences. The above research results provide basic data for subsequent exploration into the expression and distribution patterns of CD146 and hypoxia-related factors in the intestines of yaks and yellow cattle， offering reference materials for exploring the adaptation mechanism of yaks to high altitude hypoxia.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2026, 40(4): 724-731. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2026.04.0724
To investigate the expression of Slit2， Robo1， and srGAP1 in the yak brain， tissue samples from the cerebral cortex， cerebellum， hippocampus， thalamus， and medulla oblongata were collected from adult yaks （3-5 years old）. The expression levels and localization of Slit2， Robo1， srGAP1， and p53 were analyzed using quantitative real-time PCR （qRT-PCR）， Western blotting （WB）， and immunohistochemistry （IHC）. Analysis of qRT-PCR， WB， and IHC optical density revealed that the mRNA and protein expression of Slit2， Robo1， and srGAP1 were significantly higher （P<0.05） in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus compared to the thalamus， medulla oblongata， and cerebellum. In contrast， p53 mRNA and protein expression levels showed no significant differences among the five parts of the brain tissue. IHC results indicated that Slit2， Robo1， and srGAP1 immunoreactivity was predominantly expressed in the neuronal cytoplasm， while p53 immunoreactivity was observed in both the neuronal cytoplasm and nucleus. Immunofluorescence （IF） analysis demonstrated the co-localization of Slit2， Robo1， srGAP1， and p53 with the neuronal marker NeuN， confirming their primary expression within neurons. These findings suggest that the high expression of Slit2， Robo1， and srGAP1 in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus may contribute to reduced p53 expression levels and decreased neuronal apoptosis in these regions. This mechanism could represent an adaptation that facilitates yak survival in the high-altitude environment. Furthermore， the cytoplasmic localization of all four factors within neurons indicates their potential neuroprotective functions. This study provides fundamental data for understanding the adaptive mechanisms of the central nervous system in response to hypoxic conditions in yaks.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2026, 40(4): 732-740. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2026.04.0732
To investigate the effects of 60Co-γ ray irradiation and sterilization on Panax notoginseng powder， this study investigated the changes of color， physicochemical properties， active components， fingerprints， antioxidant capacity and microbial counts of Panax notoginseng powder under different irradiation doses. The results showed that compared with the non-irradiated group， the color， moisture， total ash， and antioxidant activity of Panax notoginseng powder were not significantly affected after irradiation with 1-30 kGy 60Co-γ rays （P>0.05）， and the similarity of the fingerprint profiles was 0.998-1.000. When the irradiation dose was greater than 10 kGy， the alcohol-soluble leachate was significantly reduced， which could not meet the 2020 edition of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia standard， Part One. At an irradiation dose of 30 kGy， the contents of ginsenoside Rg1， ginsenoside Rb1， and ginsenoside Rd were significantly reduced （P<0.05）. In conclusion， in the production of pharmaceuticals， under the premise of determining the initial microbial load of ≤103 cfu·g-1， it was recommended that the 60Co-γ irradiation sterilization dose of Panax notoginseng powder ranges from 6 to 10 kGy， which can achieve the sterilization effect and maintain its quality， and ensure that the Panax notoginseng powder is safe， effective， and of controlled quality in the production and use process. This study provides a theoretical basis for the application of 60Co-γ radiation in the sterilization process of Panax notoginseng powder.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2026, 40(4): 741-753. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2026.04.0741
To investigate the differences in the composition and content of chemical components in tea from different ecological tea plantations， two representative ecological tea plantation products， namely green manure ecological gaocong Shuixian tea （LF） and wild ecological gaocong Shuixian tea （HYC）， were selected as research objects. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry （ICP-MS）， gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GC-MS） and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry （LC-MS） were used to detect the composition and contents or abundances of chemical elements， aromatic compounds， and non-volatile metabolites. Differential characteristic analysis and principal component comprehensive evaluation were conducted to identify key substances. The results showed that the width， length， length/width ratio and area of different parts of LF fresh leaves were generally higher than those of HYC fresh leaves， but there were generally no significant differences （P>0.05）. The total contents of 13 mineral elements in LF were lower than that in HYC， but there were no significant difference （P>0.05）. The contents of 15 rare earth elements in LF were all extremely significantly lower than those in HYC （P<0.01）. The total contents of 83 aroma substances in LF were lower than that in HYC， but there were no significant difference （P>0.05）. The total abundances of 1 498 non-volatile metabolites in LF were higher than that in HYC， but there were no significant difference （P>0.05）. There were 5 principal component characteristic values and 12 characteristic chemical substances including 3-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid， dehydroabietic acid， theasinensin A and so on obtained from 1 609 chemical compounds through standardization， factor analysis and stepwise discriminant analysis. The comprehensive evaluation score of the principal components showed that LF （12.201， 9.830， 5.185） was generally greater than HYC （-4.040， -19.173， -4.003）. The two representative ecological tea plantation leaves were completely distinguished by the orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis （OPLS-DA）， and the discrimination accuracy rate was 100.00%. The morphological characteristics and chemical components in LF were generally no difference with those in HYC， but the comprehensive evaluation was superior to HYC. It was indicated that the green manure ecological tea plantation can be used as an effective model for the transformation and upgrading of wild tea plantation. This study provides a theoretical basis for the research on the quality characteristics of ecological tea plantation products and the transformation of abandoned tea plantations.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2026, 40(4): 754-761. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2026.04.0754
To achieve rapid quality analysis of different Angelica dahurica herbal slices， this study employed Super Nose electronic nose technology combined with chemometric methods including principal component analysis （PCA）， Cluster Analysis （CA）， and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis （OPLS-DA） to rapidly distinguish the botanical origins， geographical origins， and sulfur fumigation processing status of Angelica dahurica. The results showed that the electronic nose could not effectively distinguish Angelica dahurica from different provenances in the same garden due to highly similar sensor responses. However， electronic nose effectively distinguished samples by geographical origins and sulfur fumigation status. PCA and CA categorized samples into six groups： non-fumigated Sichuan/Zhejiang group， Sichuan fumigated group， non-fumigated Anhui group， Anhui fumigated group， fumigated Henan/Hebei group， and non-fumigated Henan/Hebei group. The OPLS-DA model accurately identified sulfur fumigation status （Q²=0.808）， with variable importance in projection （VIP） values of S8， S1， and S2 exceeding 1. This study provides a technical reference method for the rapid quality assessment of Angelica dahurica.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2026, 40(4): 762-773. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2026.04.0762
To comprehensively utilize of tartary buckwheat resources and efficient preparation of tartary buckwheat bran protein， this study selected two types of natural deep eutectic solvents （NADES）， namely choline chloride-lactic acid （C-LA） and choline chloride-urea （C-U）. Using protein extraction yield as the indicator， the optimal extraction conditions for tartary buckwheat bran protein in the C-LA and C-U systems were determined. The functional properties and structural characteristics of the obtained proteins were subsequently compared with those isolated by the conventional alkaline extraction-acid precipitation （AEAP） method. The results showed that the optimal conditions for protein extraction in the C-LA system were a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1∶24.5， extraction at 90 ℃ for 1.6 h， achieving an extraction yield of 90.78%. For the C-U system， the optimal conditions were a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1∶25， extraction at 80 ℃ for 1.4 h， yielding 87.38%. Compared with the AEAP method， both C-LA and C-U systems demonstrated significantly higher protein extraction yields. The functional properties of the proteins extracted by C-LA and C-U， including water absorption， oil absorption， solubility， foaming capacity， and emulsion stability， were significantly superior to those of the AEAP-derived protein （P<0.05）. Scanning electron microscopy （SEM） results revealed that the AEAP-extracted protein exhibited a loose and porous structure， whereas the C-LA-extracted protein had fewer pores， and the C-U-extracted protein displayed a dense and smooth surface with more intact structural integrity. Fourier-transform infrared （FTIR） spectroscopic analysis revealed that the tartary buckwheat bran proteins extracted using C-LA and C-U systems exhibited an increased proportion of α-helix structures and a decreased percentage of random coils in their secondary structures compared to those prepared by the alkaline extraction-acid precipitation method.This study provides a theoretical reference for the extraction and processing of tartary buckwheat bran protein， offering insights into its efficient utilization.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2026, 40(4): 774-783. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2026.04.0774
To evaluate the freshness-preserving effects of 1-methylcyclopropene （1-MCP） and ethylene absorber （EA） on the post-harvest storage of prunes， this study evaluated the effects of 1-methylcyclopropene （1-MCP）， ethylene absorbents （EA）， and their combined application （EA+1-MCP） on maintaining postharvest quality and flavor characteristics of ‘French’ plums （Prunus domestica L.） during cold storage （0 ℃， relative humidity 80%-90%）. The results showed that all three treatment groups delayed the deterioration of fruit quality compared to the control group （CK）， with the EA+1-MCP treatment group demonstrating the most significant preservation effect. This combined treatment significantly suppressed the increases in weight loss rate， relative electrical conductivity， and chromatic parameters （L* and b* ）， while effectively inhibiting the decreases in a* values， fruit firmness， and titratable acidity. It maintained higher soluble solids content， postponed respiratory and ethylene production peaks， and resulted in 30.31% higher total phenolic content and 23.53 percentage points higher ascorbic acid retention rate compared to CK at the end of cold storage. Electronic nose and electronic tongue analyses further confirmed that EA+1-MCP treatment optimally preserved prune-specific flavor profiles during cold storage. In conclusion， the synergistic EA+1-MCP treatment demonstrated superior efficacy in maintaining postharvest quality and flavor integrity of prunes. This study provides scientific guidance for the research and development of postharvest storage and preservation technologies for prunes.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2026, 40(4): 784-793. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2026.04.0784
This study investigated the effects of one-time basal application of controlled-release urea （CRU） with different release cycles on the growth， yield， and soil inorganic nitrogen supply of direct-seeded japonica rice in the Old Course of the Yellow River region in northern Jiangsu. Field and pot experiments were conducted， comparing conventional fertilization （CK）， one-time basal application of ordinary urea （U）， one-time basal application of CRU with release cycles of 60 days （N1）， 90 days （N2）， and 120 days （N3）， and combined applications of CRU and ordinary urea （N4， N5， N6）. Results showed that， under field conditions， yields of the treatments ranked as N2， N3 > CK， N1， N4， N5， N6 > U. In pot experiments， the ranking was slightly different： N1， N3 > N2 > N4 > N5 > N6 > CK > U. Compared to CK， N2 and N3 increased yields by 9.92%-10.13% in the field and 47.65%-51.84% in pots， mainly attributed to a significant rise in the number of grains per panicle and population spikelet. Compared to CK， N2 and N3 increased dry matter and nitrogen accumulation in the middle and late growth stages by 6.40%-19.91% and 29.20%-51.19%， respectively. The nitrogen release patterns of N2 and N3 better aligned with the growth requirements of direct-seeded rice， particularly in the early stages. Field experiments further showed that a single CRU application increased apparent nitrogen utilization rate by 11.39-14.96 percentage points and reduced soil nitrogen surplus by 23.49%-30.83%， however， rice taste quality was slightly decreased. Pot experiments exhibited similar trends. Meanwhile， compared to CK， combined applications of CRU and ordinary urea did not significantly affect nitrogen use efficiency or soil nitrogen surplus， but improved rice taste quality. In conclusion， a single application of CRU with a 90-day or 120-day release periods best matched the nutrient requirements of direct-seeded japonica rice in northern Jiangsu， promoting the formation of high-yield populations. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis and technical support for one-time fertilizer application in northern Jiangsu.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2026, 40(4): 794-802. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2026.04.0794
To elucidate the effects of increased planting density and sowing width on non-structural carbohydrate （NSC） accumulation and seed yield in flax （Linum usitatissimum L.）， a study was conducted using the cultivar Dingya 26 under two sowing widths （R1： conventional strip sowing， 5 cm row width； R2： wide and uniform sowing， 10 cm row width） and three planting densities （D750： 750×104 seed·hm-2； D850： 850×104 seed·hm-2； D950： 950×104 seed·hm-2）. The relationships between NSC accumulation and translocation in different organs at key growth stages and seed yield were investigated. Results indicated that within the same sowing width， increasing planting density led to decreased NSC content and accumulation in flax stems， leaves， and flowers. Additionally， the apparent NSC translocation amount （ATMNSC）， apparent translocation rate （ARNSC）， and contribution rate to seed （ACNSC） gradually declined after flowering. Under the same planting density， increasing the sowing width enhanced NSC accumulation in stems and both NSC content and accumulation in leaves at the anthesis stage. Compared with R1， the R2 enhanced NSC accumulation in flowers and grains by 72.85%-101.93% and 1.02%-25.52%， respectively， while ATMNSC， ARNSC， and ACNSC increased by 9.48%-49.93%， 0.15-1.13 and 0.55-1.14 percentage points， respectively.Increasing the sowing width significantly improved flax yield by 4.74%-30.46% compared to conventional strip sowing. Correlation analysis revealed that NSC content in leaves and flowers， as well as NSC accumulation in stems， were positively correlated with seed yield， while NSC accumulation in leaves and flowers showed a significant positive correlation with seed yield. Comprehensive analysis demonstrated that increasing the sowing width significantly enhanced the potential for high-density flax cultivation compared to conventional strip sowing. Specifically， at a planting density of 950×104 seed·hm-2 combined with a 10 cm sowing width maximized NSC accumulation in flax grain and achieved the highest yield. This study provides a theoretical basis for high-yield and efficient flax cultivation in dryland farming areas.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2026, 40(4): 803-812. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2026.04.0803
Current quantitative assessment methods are hindered by several critical limitations： inadequate characterization of lodging dynamics across growth stages， poor generalizability of conventional single-modal algorithms， and a lack of robust frameworks for multi-source data synergy and integration analysis. In this study， four deep learning models—U-Net， DeepLabV3+， PSP-Net， and HR-Net were employed to extract lodging regions from RGB images of 3 783 natural wheat populations. The multi-spectral data was integrated to calculate vegetation indices and a yield estimation model were constructed using four machine learning algorithms， including Support Vector Machine （SVM）， Gradient Boosting Regression （GBR）， Multilayer Perceptron （MLP）， and Random Forest （RF）. Yield loss was calculated by comparing predicted normal growth yield with the actual harvested yield after lodging. The results showed that for the task of lodging region extraction， U-Net achieved the highest recall and mean average precision， both exceeding 90.63%. However， its precision was slightly lower than that of the other three models. Under different growth conditions， there is significant variation in the accuracy of wheat lodging-region extraction. At the heading stage， the R² value ranged from 0.19 to 0.32， it increased to 0.84-0.88 in the early grain-filling stage， then decreased to 0.71-0.77 in the mid-grain-filling stage， and remained at 0.65-0.74 in the late grain-filling stage. It indicated that early grain-filling stage was the optimal period for lodging region extraction. During the heading and grain-filling stages of wheat， incorporating lodging features extracted by the U-Net algorithm into the yield estimation models resulted in an increase of R² value by 0-0.26. The model constructed by the MLP algorithm achieving the highest accuracy （R²=0.68） in the early grain-filling stage. For yield loss prediction， an ‘upright-lodging dual-track modeling’ strategy was adopted： first， upright-wheat yield models that did not incorporate lodging-area features were built separately using four algorithms SVM， GBR， MLP and RF to estimate the potential yield； second， lodging-wheat yield models were established， and the difference between the two predictions was taken as the actual yield loss caused by lodging. The MLP-MLP algorithm achieved the highest accuracy （R²=0.89） and the smallest error （RMSE=419.47 kg·hm-2） in estimating yield loss when predicting both lodged and normal wheat yields. In summary， the combination of multiple intelligent algorithms improved the accuracy of wheat lodging region extraction and yield loss estimation. This study provides theoretical basis and technical support for high-precision assessing the impact of lodging on wheat yield loss.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2026, 40(4): 813-822. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2026.04.0813
High-quality agricultural growth and the sustainable use of arable land resources are severely hampered by soil salinization and alkalization. Using 111 representative foxtail millet germplasm resources as materials， the current study examined the tolerance of foxtail millet varieties during germination under 70 mmol·L-1 mixed saline-alkali （Na2SO4∶NaCl∶NaHCO3∶Na2CO3=4∶1∶4∶1） stress to encourage the comprehensive utilization of saline-alkali soil. The findings demonstrated that during the foxtail millet germination stage， the mixed salt-alkali stress had negative effects on eleven indices， including germination potential （GP）， germination rate （GR）， and shoot length （SL）， with a particularly significant effect on root length （RL）. Principal component analysis converted the ten individual indicators into four representative principal components， resulting in a cumulative contribution of 82.89%. Three highly tolerant varieties， 28 salt-alkali tolerance varieties， 71 sensitive varieties， and 9 highly sensitive varieties were filtered out based on cluster analysis and the membership function method， which was used to determine the integrated salt-alkali tolerant assessment value of foxtail millet during the germination period. In the meantime， linear stepwise regression analysis was used to establish the regression equation D=1.018-0.018X2+0.110X5+0.405X8+0.012X9， where D was the salt-alkali tolerant value and X2， X5， X8， and X9 were the relative bud length （RBL）， relative bud dry weight （RBDW）， relative root fresh weight （RRFW）， and germination rate salt damage rate （SDRGR）. Germination rate， salt damage rate （SDRGR）， relative bud length （RBL）， relative bud dry weight （RBDW）， and relative root fresh weight （RRFW） may be employed as evaluation indices of salt-alkali tolerance in foxtail millet， according to the equation’s coefficient of determination， R2=0.977 5. Following salt-alkali stress， the antioxidant enzyme activities of highly sensitive varieties Yugu23 and A29 and high salt-alkali tolerant varieties MUjigou and Baimaogu revealed that the high-tolerant varieties could induce the expression of SOD， POD， and CAT enzyme activities early on to scavenge the excess intracellular reactive oxygen species， which were involved in the process of foxtail millet’s salt-alkali tolerance. The findings of this study provide a theoretical foundation for breeding foxtail millet varieties and elucidating the physiological mechanism underlying salt-alkali tolerance.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2026, 40(4): 823-831. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2026.04.0823
In order to explore the impacts of the artificial aging and drought stress on the rice seeds germination， the hybrid rice H-You 518 and conventional rice Zhongjiazao 17 were used as test materials. The seeds were subjected to standard germination （control）， artificial aging， and drought stress treatment. The germination characteristics， antioxidant enzyme activity and changes in the major substances during the seeds germination were measured. The results showed that both artificial aging and drought stress had an influence on seed vitality. Under the same conditions， the seed vitality of the H-You 518 was higher than that of Zhongjiazao17. Compared with the control group， the activities of peroxidase and catalase， and the content of malondialdehyde of the H-You 518 and Zhongjiazao17 treated by the artificial aging and drought stress increased by 19.9% and 36.0%， 10.9% and 83.2%， 15.6% and 16.4% respectively. The peroxidase and catalase activities of H-You 518 were higher than those of Zhongjiazao 17， while the content of malondialdehyde was lower than that of Zhongjiazao 17. The soluble total sugar content showed a trend of first increasing， then decreasing， and subsequently increasing again during the germination process. The content of soluble protein showed a trend of continuous upward， and the activity of endopeptidase showed a trend of first decreasing and then increasing. There was no significant difference in the content of the soluble total sugar and protein， as well as the activity of endopeptidase of the rice treated by the artificial aging and drought stress compared with the control group. Overall， the stress resistance of the H-You 518 is stronger than that of the Zhongjiazao17， making it more suitable for high-yield cultivation under adverse conditions. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for the subsequent selection of stress resistant varieties and optimization of seed storage techniques.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2026, 40(4): 832-841. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2026.04.0832
To establish a stable and reliable multidimensional evaluation system for chrysanthemum black spot resistance， twenty-two chrysanthemum germplasms were selected for field investigations under natural disease conditions in Chuzhou and Baima. Simultaneously， indoor resistance evaluations were used three artificial inoculation methods： in vivo spore inoculation， in vivo mycelium inoculation， and in vitro leaf inoculation. A comprehensive evaluation that strategy combines the Analytic Hierarchy Process （AHP） and K-means clustering was proposed. AHP was utilized to integrate and assign weights to field and artificial inoculation data， while K-means objectively classified resistance levels based on multidimensional data， ensuring scientific validity and stability of the evaluation results. The findings demonstrated that various identification methods exhibited high consistency in evaluating both highly resistant and susceptible materials； however， they displayed discrepancies in classifying moderately resistant and moderately susceptible materials. Environmental conditions significantly influenced the expression of resistance： the disease index at Chuzhou was decreased by 21.7% compared to Baima， likely because it avoided the high-humidity rainy season， Among the artificial inoculation methods， in vivo techniques demonstrated relatively stable results， whereas detached leaf inoculation yielded lower resistance scores， leading to decreased resistance classifications for some varieties. The AHP-K-means model classified the 22 germplasms into four resistance levels， identifying three highly resistant and stable core germplasms： Zhongshan wuji， Jinsi huangju， and Suju 6. The established multidimensional evaluation system significantly improved the reliability of resistance assessment. The selected highly resistant germplasms can be directly utilized in disease resistant breeding， and the proposed strategy provides a practical reference for resistance evaluation in other crops.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2026, 40(4): 842-850. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2026.04.0842
This study aimed to investigate the effects of silage modulation on fermentation quality and nutritional value of whole-plant sweet sorghum and corn. This study was adopted a two-factor （forage type×silage inoculant） experimental design， with four treatments： no silage inoculant group （CK）， compound microbial preparation 1， compound microbial preparation 2， and enzyme-bacterial compound preparation. After 90 days of ensiling in polyethylene bags， the nutritional and fermentation quality of the silage was analyzed， and comprehensive evaluation was conducted using the V-Score scoring system and fuzzy mathematics membership function method. The results showed： in terms of nutritional value， forage type had extremely significant effects on dry matter （DM）， crude protein （CP）， acid detergent fiber （ADF）， neutral detergent fiber （NDF）， ether extract （EE）， and total digestible nutrient （TDN） contents （P<0.01）， and a significant effect on DM recovery rate （DMR） （P<0.05）. silage inoculant and the forage type×silage inoculant interaction exerted highly significant effects on DM content and DMR （P<0.01）， and the interaction had an extremely significant effect on soluble sugar （SS） content （P<0.01）. In terms of fermentation quality， forage type had extremely significant effects on pH， ammonia nitrogen/total nitrogen （AN/TN）， acetic acid （AA）， and butyric acid （BA） contents （P<0.01）； silage inoculant type had extremely significant effects on AN/TN， AA， and BA contents （P<0.01）， and a significant effect on lactic acid （LA） content （P<0.05）； the interaction had extremely significant effects on LA， AA， and BA contents （P<0.01）， and a significant effect on AN/TN （P<0.05）. All treatment groups achieved a good grade （>80 points） in V-Score scoring， with the average membership function value of whole-plant sweet sorghum being higher than that of whole-plant corn. In summary， the silage quality of whole-plant sweet sorghum was superior to that of whole-plant corn； compound microbial preparations and enzyme-microbe compound preparations significantly improved silage fermentation quality of whole-plant sweet sorghum and corn. The results of this study laid the theoretical foundation and technical support for the practical application of sweet sorghum in animal husbandry production.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2026, 40(4): 851-863. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2026.04.0851
To enhance pesticide utilization efficiency and minimize adverse effects on ecosystems and non-target organisms， starch-based water-soluble polymer prepolymers were synthesized via 60Co γ-ray radiation， followed by chemical crosslinking with adipodihydrazide at room temperature. This process encapsulated pretilachlor and fenclorim to form sustained-controlled release agents. The structure， morphology， and thermal stability of the agents were characterized by Fourier transform infrared （FTIR）， scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectrometer （SEM-EDS）， gel permeation chromatography （GPC）， low-field nuclear magnetic resonance （NMR）， thermogravimetric analysis （TGA）， and differential scanning calorimetry （DSC）. The pH- and temperature-dependent release properties and herbicidal activity were investigated. Results indicated that the radiation-prepared starch prepolymer had a high molecular weight （Mw=4.2×105 g·mol-1） and a broad molecular weight distribution （PD=46.85）. The crosslink density of the pesticide-loaded agent （CL-1， 2.333×10-4 mol·mL-1） was lower than that of the pesticide-free crosslinked copolymer （CL-0）. Herbicides binding primarily occurred via dangling tail chains， facilitating herbicide release without inactivation. The agents exhibited pH- and temperature-responsive release characteristics. The release rates under different pH values and temperatures followed the order： pH 4>pH 9>pH 7 and 30 ℃>50 ℃>16 ℃， respectively. Release kinetics fitted the Korsmeyer-Peppas model， indicating a Fickian diffusion mechanism. In a 28-day laboratory pot experiment， barnyard grass survival rates showed significant differences between commercial emulsifiable pesticide （73.33%） and the starch-based agent （100%）. The synergistic radiation/chemical crosslinking strategy enabled pesticide encapsulated into a 3D network at room temperature， avoiding inactivation while achieving high loading and prolonged efficacy. This study provides theoretical and technical support for industrial-scale production of starch-based sustained/controlled release formulations.
