10 October 2022, Volume 36 Issue 10
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Effects of High-Energy Carbon Ion Beam and X-Ray Irradiation on Biological Effects of Rice SeedlingsJournal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(10): 1897-1906. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.10.1897
To explore the effects of high-energy heavy ion beam and X-ray radiations on the growth, development and physiological characteristics of rice seedlings, Japonica rice Kitaake seedlings were treated with high-energy heavy ion beam of 5~40 Gy and X-ray radiation of 10~80 Gy. The root length, shoot length, seedling height, plant height, tiller number, seed setting rate, 1 000-grain weight, photosynthetic characteristics, antioxidant enzyme activity and genetic polymorphism were investigated. The results showed that no matter with high-energy heavy ion beam or X-ray radiation, the root length and shoot length of rice seedlings showed a trend of decrease with the increase of irradiation dose, but the plant heights of surviving plants at mature stage were not different from those of the non-irradiated group. The seed setting rate and 1 000-grain weight of M1 plant decreased with increasing dose, and showed a significant decrease at higher doses. When the relative root length was about 69% after radiation treatment, the two kinds of radiation had significant effects on the antioxidant system of the roots and shoots of seedlings in a short period of time. Compared with the non-irradiated group, the X-ray irradiation treatment group had higher chlorophyll content and lower Fv/Fm value, while the high-energy carbon ion beam irradiation group had no significant difference in chlorophyll content and Fv/Fm value compared with the non-irradiated group. The polymorphism rate of simple inter-repeat sequence (ISSR) in rice seedlings treated with 20 Gy high-energy carbon ion beam irradiation was 29.31%, and the ISSR polymorphism rate in rice seedlings treated with 40 Gy X-ray irradiation was 37.76%. The results of this study show that the M1 biological effect of rice Kitaake seedlings treated by high-energy carbon ion beam and X-ray radiation are different. The recommended mutagen dosage range are 20~30 Gy for high-energy carbon ion beam and 30~40 Gy for X-ray.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(10): 1907-1919. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.10.1907
In order to explore whether the mutation of Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels et Gilg(T.hemsleyanum) Zeqing 1 produced varied pharmacological component, the physicochemical quality such as soluble polysaccharides, total ketones, total saponins, total phenols, soluble proteins, minerals and free amino acids of 26 samples were evaluated and their correlation analysis were performed, and the mutated sites of ITS sequences of 26 samples were detected. The results showed that 11 excellent mutants 103, 107, 109, 112, 113, 125, 126, 127, 130, 131, 132 derived from Zeqing 1 were selected. The interspecific homology, overall mean distance, and between group mean distance among groups between Zeqing1 and its 23 closely related species were 49%, 0.54, and 0.993 respectively. Intraspecific homology, pairwise distance and mean distance within groups among mutants were 93%~99%, 0.006 40~0.116 96 and 0.060 70 respectively. The DNA barcode of mutants based on ITS species identification was successfully constructed. In this study, 11 mutants with application value of diversified directional breeding were screened which provide germplasm resources for solving the scarcity and degradation of T. hemsleyanum. Meanwhile, the mutant group derived from Zeqing 1 was successfully identified and distinguished from other related cliff climbing species based on ITS molecular markers, and the mutation sites of the mutant group were screened, which provided the technique support for the evaluation of germplasm resources of T. hemsleyanum mutants.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(10): 1920-1928. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.10.1920
Rice blast is one of the most serious diseases for rice. In order to clarify the relationship between resistance genes and rice blast resistance, 12 rice blast resistance genes in 153 japonica rice varieties/lines were genotyped. The results showed that Pib gene was detected in 77.12% of the rice materials examined, followed by Pita, Pi54 and Pb1 genes, which accounts for 41.83%, 36.6% and 36.6%, respectively. In contrast, the distribution frequencies of Pikm, Pik, Pia, Pid3, Pi5, Pid2 and Pizt genes ranged from 11.76% to 24.18%, and Pi25 gene was not found in the tested materials. Using the mixed strains of dominant physiological races of rice blast from varied ecological regions of Anhui Province, 153 rice materials were artificially inoculated and evaluated at the seedling stage. Six resistant (0<B≤2) and 32 medium-resistant (2<B≤4) materials were obtained, accounting for 3.92% and 20.92% of the tested materials, respectively. Association analysis showed that there was no significant correlation between blast gene numbers and seedling blast resistance grades. Furthermore, we found that Pi5 and Pia genes contributed significantly to seedling blast resistance. Pyramiding of both genes exhibited stronger rice blast resistance, and the resistance of materials carrying Pi5, Pia, Pik and Pikm genes could be further improved. In addition, we found that pyramiding of Pita, Pik, Pikm and Pb1 genes also displayed better seedling blast resistance. Taken together, these results suggested that “Pia+Pi5”, “Pia+Pi5+Pik+Pikm” and “Pita+Pik+Pikm+Pb1” combinations may be useful gene pyramiding strategies in rice blast resistance breeding in Anhui Province. This study has important guiding significance for rice breeding.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(10): 1929-1936. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.10.1929
To explore the effects of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF-2) on the growth cycle transition of hair follicles in adult yak, the skin samples of adult yak hair follicles were collected at anagen, catagen and telogen. Expression and location of IGF-1 and IGF-2 in the skin during the hair follicle growth cycle were detected by Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR, western blot and immunohistochemistry. The results of qRT-PCR showed that the transcriptional levels of IGF-1 and IGF-2 mRNA were the highest in anagen and the lowest in telogen, and there were significant differences among different stages (P<0.05). The results of the western blot showed that the protein expression of IGF-1 and IGF-2 was the highest in the skin at anagen, which was significantly higher than that in the skin at catagen and telogen (P<0.05). IHC results showed that IGF-1 and IGF-2 were expressed basically the same in the skin of hair follicle at anagen, catagen and telogen, mainly located in the epidermis, outer root sheath and hair matrix. The results suggest that both IGF-1 and IGF-2 are involved in the coordinate regulation of hair follicle growth cycle, and this process may promote the growth of hair follicles by affecting the activity of epithelial cells. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for further exploring the regulation mechanism of IGF-1 and IGF-2 on yak hair follicle cycle.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(10): 1937-1944. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.10.1937
ERF transcription factors are unique to plants and play important roles in regulating ethylene synthesis. In order to explore the role of ERF transcription factor in regulating ethylene synthesis in grape, rachis of grape Shine Muscat (Vitis labruscana Baily × V. vinifera L.) was used as material ethylene response factor VvERF90 was cloned, and bioinformatics and functional analysis were carried out. The result shows that VvERF90 belongs to ERF IX subfamily, has close relationship with apple MdERF2 and MdERF3, and it positively regulate the expression of VvACO1 promoter. In the transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants overexpressed VvERF90 gene, expression of AtACO3, homologous gene VvACO1 was significantly increased, ethylene production was increased by two times, and height of transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants was shorter. The above results revealed that VvERF90 may modulate expression of VvACO1 to regulate ethylene production. This research lays foundation for studing ethylene synthesis mechanism in grape.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(10): 1945-1952. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.10.1945
To develop and utilize medicinal microorganism resources of intertidal sediments, 7 soil samples were collected from Cixi Haitang, Ningbo, to screen and isolate antifungal Actinomycetes, then polyphasic taxonomic identification of target strains were conducted, including 16S rRNA and gyrB gene sequence analysis, morphological observation, physiological and biochemical identification and cytochemical composition analysis. 25 strains were obtained by screening and culture, among which 2P-4 showed inhibitory effects on the growth of Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger. The whole cell sugars, amino acids, polar lipids, methyl naphthoquinones and fatty acids composition of 2P-4 were analyzed, indicating that 2P-4 belonged to Streptomyces; sequence analysis of 16S rRNA and gyrB gene also showed that 2P-4 belonged to Streptomyces and was most closely related to Streptomyces toxytricini, and its 16S rRNA gene sequence has 99.56% similarity to Streptomyces toxytricini NBRC 13194T, its gyrB gene sequence has 99.04% similarity to Streptomyces toxytricini NRRL B-5426T, however, 16S rRNA and gyrB gene sequences were classed into independent clades on the phylogenetic trees, supporting that 2P-4 was not a member of Streptomyces toxytricini. In addition, there were significant differences in morphology, physiological and biochemical characteristics between 2P-4 and its relative species Streptomyces toxytricini NBRC 13194T. Based on these analyses, 2P-4 was preliminarily identified as a novel species of Streptomyces. This study provided experimental basis for further study of anti-fungal metabolites of 2P-4.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(10): 1953-1963. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.10.1953
To investigate the effects of irradiation on volatile flavor compounds ofpre-prepared soft-shelled turtle, samples were irradiated by 60Co-γ ray with doses of 0, 4.7, 7.1, 9.9 kGy, and the changes of volatile flavor compounds before and after irradiation were analyzed by electronic nose combined with headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS). The results showed that an irradiation dose of less than 5 kGy althered the sensory quality of the prepared soft-shelled turtle, but when it was higher than 5 kGy, the odor and taste of the prepared soft-shelled turtle would be affected, and unpleasant odor might be produced through sensory evaluation. The changes in characteristic flavors of pre-prepared soft-shelled turtle by irradiation were mainly manifested in aroma compounds and organic sulfides, nitrogen oxide, methane, alcohols and aldehydes ketones compound with higher sensor response values. The principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) could effectively distinguish the pre-prepared soft-shelled turtles irradiated with different doses. There were few differences between the 4.7 kGy dose group and the control group, while the 7.1 and 9.9 kGy dose groups had relatively large differences from the control group. After being irradiated with different doses, the types of volatile flavor compounds increased. Among which the relative contents of aldehydes and acids decreased, the relative contents of hydrocarbons, aromatics, ketones, and esters increased, and the relative contents of alcohols, containing nitrogen and sulfur and heterocyclic substances decreased first and then increased. The relative odor activity value (ROAV) analysis results showed that nonanal, decanal, octanal, hexanal, heptanal, 1-octene-3-ol and 2-amylfuran were the key flavor compounds in the pre-prepared soft-shelled turtle. Benzaldehyde, phenylacetaldehyde and (E, E)-2, 4-decdienal played important roles in flavor modification. After irradiation, the contribution rate of octanal, hexanal and 1-octane-3-ol to the overall flavor of pre-prepared soft-shelled turtle decreased, and the contribution rate of heptanal and 2-amylfuran decreased first and then increased, the contribution rate of phenylacetaldehyde increased and then became a key flavor compound. Therefore, it is suggested that 60Co-γ ray irradiation with a dose of less than 5 kGy could used to kill bacteria in pre-prepared soft-shelled turtle while maintaining its original flavor to the maximum extent. The results of this study provide a scientific basis for promoting the application of irradiation technology in the pre-prepared soft-shelled turtle.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(10): 1964-1974. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.10.1964
In order to study the fatty acid characteristics of Bactrian camel (camel) milk from different pastures and different feeding methods within close distance, and to establish the origin traceability model, a total of 139 Bactrian camel milk samples were collected from five pastures in Alxa Left Banner, Inner Mongolia. The fatty acid content in Bactrian camel milk was determined by gas chromatography. The traceability model of Bactrian camel milk in different pastures and different feeding methods was established by using fatty acid fingerprint characteristics. It was found that the fatty acids with higher content in camel milk under different pastures and feeding methods were palmitic acid, oleic acid, stearic acid and myristic acid. Compared with grain feeding, the ratio of SFA:MUFA:PUFA (S:M:P = 12:6:1) of camel milk under grass feeding was closer to the ratio of S:M:P (1:1:1) recommended by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO). Camel milk under grass feeding was more in line with the nutritional needs of residents. The cross validation accuracy rates of the established camel milk traceability models for different pastures and feeding methods were 82.7% and 95.0%, respectively. In addition, the key factors of pasture source identification are stearic acid, palmitoleic acid, wood taroleic acid, myristic acid, C20:5n3, C22:2, C17:0, linoleic acid, arachidic acid, γ-linolenic acid, C20:2, C15:0, C18:2n6t, C20:1 and C21:0. The key factors for the identification of different feeding methods are C20:5n3 (EPA), C20:1, C15:0, wood taroleic acid, stearic acid, palmitoleic acid, C13:0, C15:1, C17:1, arachidic acid, C21:0, cardamom Oleic acid and myristic acid. In conclusion, the fatty acid fingerprint analysis method can effectively identify the source of Bactrian camel milk in short distances. The results of this study provide data support for the close-range origin traceability and authenticity identification of Bactrian camel milk.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(10): 1975-1983. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.10.1975
To investigate the effects of sample pretreatment methods on the detection of carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios in Macrobrachium rosenbergii, using fresh macrobrachium rosenbergii samples as the control group, three preservation temperatures (room temperature 23℃/15 d、refrigerated 2℃/90 d、frozen -18℃/360 d) and two sampling methods (shrimp muscle sampling、whole shrimp sampling) were used to compare the effects of different sample pretreatment methods on the δ13C, δ15N and C/N in Macrobrachium rosenbergii. The results showed that the effects of different preservation temperatures and different sampling methods on carbon stable isotope ratio(δ13C)、nitrogen stable isotope ratio(δ15N)、 carbon nitrogen ratio(C/N)in Macrobrachium rosenbergii were significant. Among them, the largest δ15N offset was observed for room temperature storage conditions (1.31‰~13.16‰, mean 6.02‰), the largest δ13C offset was observed for frozen storage conditions (2.34‰~2.84‰, mean 2.57‰), C/N increased significantly (P<0.05) for room temperature storage conditions, and C/N decreased significantly (P<0.05) for refrigerated and frozen storage conditions. The effect of different sampling methods on the δ15N and δ13C in Macrobrachium rosenbergii also depends on the preservation temperature. Under frozen conditions, the δ15N and δ13C of whole shrimp sampling were significantly higher than those of shrimp muscle sampling, while under room temperature conditions, the δ15N offset of whole shrimp sampling was significantly lower than that of shrimp muscle sampling. Therefore, room temperature (23℃) and refrigerated (2℃) conditions are not suitable for the preservation of Macrobrachium rosenbergii, and frozen (-18℃) preservation of Macrobrachium rosenbergii should not exceed 60 days, and it is recommended that fresh Macrobrachium rosenbergii should be dried immediately after collection for carbon and nitrogen stable isotope assays. This study provides a reference for sample pretreatment on the stable isotope detection of aquatic products
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(10): 1984-1995. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.10.1984
To explore the effects of different culture substrates and strains on the flavor components of Pleurotus edible mushrooms, the flavor components of 6 Pleurotus strains cultivated on the substrate of mulberry branches, miscellaneous wood chips and cotton seed husks were analyzed using HS-SPME-GC-MS method. The results showed that a total of 47 volatile compounds were detected in 18 samples, including 13 aldehyde compounds, 9 alcohol compounds, 9 ketone compounds, 2 furan compounds, 2 ester compounds, etc. 17 common ingredients including hexanal, nonanal, 1-octene-3-ol, 3-octanone, 1-octene-3-one, 2-pentylfuran were found in 18 samples. The composition and relative contents of volatile compounds in 18 samples were different, but samples cultivated on the cottonseed hull substrate showed a higher level of esters. All samples had the key flavor components (ROAV≥1) of 1-octene-3-one and 1-octene-3-ol. Moreover, some strains cultivated on the substrate of mulberry branch and miscellaneous wood chips also had the key flavor components of hexanal, nonanal, 2-nonenal, etc. The total 5'-nucleotide content and total free amino acid content of 18 samples were 7.86~43.86 mg·g-1 DW and 8.54~25.34 mg·g-1 DW, respectively. The total free amino acid content of all strains cultivated on the miscellaneous wood chips was higher than that of mulberry branch substrate and cotton seed hull substrate. The experimental results show that the cottonseed hull substrate is beneficial for the production of ester compounds while the miscellaneous wood chips substrate is beneficial for the production of free amino acids in Pleurotus edible mushrooms, which provides a scientific basis for the cultivation of Pleurotus edible mushroom as well as the development and utilization of flavor components.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(10): 1996-2008. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.10.1996
The leaves of 9 varieties in jaboticaba at different growth stages were used to determine total phenolic and flavonoid content, essential oil content, and volatile components by using colorimetry, steam distillation method, HS-GC/MS (head space-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry) technology, to clarify the differences of phenols and volatile substances in leaves of different varieties of jaboticaba. The results showed that among the 18 samples of 9 varieties, the content of total phenolic (31.87%) in the tender leaves of Saba (Sb) was the highest, and the content of total flavonoid (24.81%) in the tender leaves of Argentina (Arg) was the highest, and the content of essential oil (2.78‰) in the old leaves of Sb was the highest, followed by the tender leaves of Sb (2.42‰). The volatile components in old leaves of nine varieties of jaboticaba had 31~44 compounds with relative content of more than 0.05%, and terpenoids were the main components. The volatile components in tender leaves of nine varieties of jaboticaba had 28~40 compounds with relative content of more than 0.05%, and also terpenoids were the main components. Except for old and tender leaves of Sb, Arg, Dahongzuan (Dhz), and old leaves of Fukuoka (Fuk), sesquiterpenoids were the dominant components of terpenoids in other varieties. The main components of old leaves of Sb were α-pinene and eucalyptol; those of tender leaves of Sb were β-pinene and α-pinene; those of Arg old and tender leaves, Dhz tender leaves and Baiaishi (Bais) old leaves were β-pinene; those of Fuk old and tender leaves were β-caryophyllene; those of old and tender leaves of Sijizaosheng (Sjzs), Dajuhongjing (Djhj), Aisika (Aisk) were β-copaene; those of Qiaonier (Qner) old and tender leaves were β-caryophyllene and β-copaene. The results of principal component analysis (PCA) showed that oxygenated monoterpene, α-pinene, monoterpene, β-pinene, and α-selinene were the main volatile substances leading to differences among the old leaves of 9 varieties. Sesquiterpene, monoterpene, β-pinene, α-pinene, and β-caryophyllene were the main volatile substances leading to differences among the tender leaves of 9 varieties. To sum up, for tender leaves of Sb, the content of total phenol was the highest, its content of essential oil was high, and its relative content of the active volatile substance pinene (α-pinene+β-pinene) was as high as 62.41%, so the tender leaf of Sb could be utilized in antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-tumor with potential in the field of medicine.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(10): 2009-2018. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.10.2009
To develop a PCR-based method for rapid detection of Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes) in leafy greens without sample pre-enrichment, the combination of β-cyclodextrin and milk protein-coated activated charcoal was used to remove the PCR inhibitors from leafy green matrices and facilitate the recovery of the target pathogen, and the target gene (iap) was used for PCR subsequently. The specificity, sensitivity, and application of the method were determined, and the stability of the major reagents used in the method under freezing conditions were evaluated. The results showed that there were no false positive or negative results for 78 target bacterial strains and 63 non-target bacterial strains after using the method (the specificity of the method was 100%) compared with the prfA sequence; the method achieved the detection within 4 h without pre-enrichment, and the sensitivity of the method was 101 CFU·25g-1; the detection rate of L. monocytogenes and the detection rate of viable bacteria in natural leafy green samples were consistent in the method and the conventional culture method (the coincidence rate was 100%); the major reagents used in the method could be used normally after storing at-20℃ for at least 12 months, which proved that these reagents have good stability. This method for the detection of L. monocytogenes in leafy greens was rapid, sensitive, and specific, and the application of the method was good, which can provide technical support for reducing the safety risk of consumers caused by this pathogen.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(10): 2019-2026. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.10.2019
In order to study molecular interaction and its mechanism between alternariol monomethyl ether (AME)/alternariol (AOH), as the typical mycotoxins of diphenyl-α -pyranone type of alternaria, and the human serum albumin (HSA), the steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy, synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy, three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy and circular dichroism spectroscopy were used under the physiological pH of blood. The results showed that AME and AOH can quench the fluorescence of human serum albumin by static quenching and form a 1:1 compound by hydrogen bonding with van der Waals forces. Due to the binding of AME/AOH to HSA, the hydrogen bond network and the secondary structure of HSA were damaged. Besides, the binding of AME and AOH also reduced the content of α-helix structure in HSA from 48.93% to 39.41% and 44.01%, respectively, which making the hydrophobicity of Trp residue polarity decreased. This indicated that the binding site of HSA for AME or AOH should be site I. The quenching degree of AME is higher and the binding distance is closer than that of AOH(rAME=2.56 nm<rAOH=2.60 nm). It is suggested that AME has a stronger affinity with HSA. This paper provides a reference for the further study on the toxicokinetics and pharmacokinetics of this kind of mycotoxins and scientifically assess the health risk as well as the formulation of the corresponding limiting standards and regulations.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(10): 2027-2034. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.10.2027
To obtain the radiotracer for the study on the metabolism of herbicide flufenacet for registration in China, [phenyl-U-14C]flufenacet (2, N-(4-fluoro[U-14C]phenyl)-N-isopropyl-2-((5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)oxy)acetamide: total activity 201.65 MBq; specific activity 2 049.80 MBq·mmol-1; chemical purity/radiochemical purity>98%; total radiochemical yield 39%) was synthesized from 4-fluoro[U-14C]aniline via five radiochemical reactions, including reductive amination reaction, condensation reaction, substitution reaction, hydrolysis reaction, and etherification reaction; [thiadiazol-2-14C]flufenacet (3, N-(4-fluorophenyl)-N-isopropyl-2-((5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,3,4-[2-14C]thiadiazol-2-yl)oxy)acetamide: total activity 287.86 MBq, specific activity 2042.40 MBq·mmol-1, chemical purity/radiochemical purity>98%, total radiochemical yield 14%) was synthesized from sodium [14C]thiocyanate via five radiochemical reactions, including reductive addition reaction, hydrolysis reaction, cyclization reaction, diazotization reaction, and etherification reaction. These two radiolabelled compounds were characterized by 1H NMR and MS, while their technical data was determined by HPLC-PDA, TLC-IIA, HPLC-FSA, and LSC. The compounds can be used as radiotracer to support the isotope tracing study of herbicide flufenacet, including the study on the metabolism of flufenacet for registration.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(10): 2035-2045. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.10.2035
A reasonable jujube-cotton intercropping planting mode is beneficial to the utilization of light resources and the improvement of yield. In order to explore the photosynthetic physiological mechanism of cotton yield formation in the jujube-cotton intercropping system, and screen out the optimal planting mode of jujube-cotton intercropping suitable for southern Xinjiang, three cotton to jujube spacing of 1.4 m (M1), 1.0 m (M2), 0.5 m (M3) and sole cotton (CK) were adopted to investigate the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) above the cotton canopy, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr), stomatal conductance (Gs), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), water use efficiency (WUE) and cotton yield. The results showed that the canopy PAR of each treatment reached the maximum in the flowering and boll stage, and the canopy PAR of the intercropping system is generally lower than that of the monocropping, and increased with the increase of the spacing between the jujube and cotton. The PAR of the M3 is the lowest, and are 10.0% and 9.5% lower than M1 and M2, respectively. The Pn increased in the intercropping, whereas Tr and Ci decreased. The Gs of M3 is the largest in 2020 and the smallest in 2019. The photosynthetic capacity of cotton for M3 is generally better than other treatments. The jujube-cotton intercropping can facilitate the water use efficiency (WUE) of cotton, and the WUE of M3 is the highest, which is 52.8% and 50.4% higher than that of CK in 2019 and 2020, respectively. The highest cotton yield per unit area in the intercropping occurred in M3 which was 18.2%, 85.9% and 37.0% higher than that of CK, M1 and M2, respectively. Through the gray correlation analysis, M3 performed the best, ranked first in the equal-weight correlation order and weighted correlation order during the main growth period. A reasonable jujube-cotton intercropping planting mode can prompt the light utilization and increase the yield. In conclusion, the optimal intercropping planting mode is M3 treatment. This research provides theoretical basis and technical support for the optimal configuration of jujube-cotton intercropping planting mode in southern Xinjiang.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(10): 2046-2055. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.10.2046
To clarify the characteristics of peanut roots and pods to absorb exogenous calcium, Yuhua 37 and Yuhua 23 with different calcium sensitivities were selected as the test materials, and the self-developed root and pod separate culture device was used to carry out the experiment. The experiment treatments included no calcium, two calcium amendment rates in the root zone (0.20 and 0.80 g·kg-1 CaO) and two calcium amendment rates in pod zone (0.20 and 0.80 g·kg-1 CaO). This study investigated the effects of different exogenous calcium treatments in root and pod zone on soil calcium content, peanut growth and production quality, calcium accumulation and distribution characteristics. The results showed that in the mature stage, the soil calcium content in root zone of the same genotype was lower than that in pod zone under the same calcium application, while acid-soluble calcium was the main component, accounting for 37.97%~64.52% of the total soil calcium content. Compared with the application of calcium in root zone, the same calcium application in pod zone increased the number of full fruit, kernel rate, pod yield, oleic acid/linoleic acid (O/L) ratio, crude protein, crude fat, methionine, lysine content of peanut, but reduced the soluble sugar content. In root zone, the calcium absorption of peanut roots, stems and leaves accounted for 87.39%~91.11% of the total calcium absorption of peanut plants, and shells and kernels accounted for 8.89%~12.61% of the total calcium absorption; while the pod zone was applied with calcium, the calcium absorption of the roots, stems and leaves account for 74.10%~84.85% of the total calcium absorption, shells and kernels account for 15.15%~25.90% of the total calcium absorption. Compared with the application of calcium in root zone, the efficiency of calcium utilization was significantly increased in the root zone. Yuhua 37 pods and kernels of calcium utilization efficiency increased by 42.35%~49.28% and 37.73%~43.89%, respectively. Yuhua 23 pods and kernels of calcium utilization efficiency increased by 32.43%~46.17% and 21.05%~47.09%, respectively. In conclusion, compared with the application of calcium in root zone, the application of calcium in pod area could significantly improve the peanut production quality and the efficiency of calcium utilization. The study provides a theoretical basis for the application of peanut calcium fertilizer.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(10): 2056-2062. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.10.2056
To investigate the effects of nitrification inhibitor application in reduced nitrogen rate on the leaf physiological characteristics in grain filling stage of summer maize, normal nitrogen(N) rate, N application reduced with or not nitrification inhibitor treatments were conducted to analyze the variation of SPAD, fluorescence characteristics, key enzyme activity about N metabolism of ear leaf, yield and N efficiency in this study. The result indicated that N reduced by 20% adding nitrification inhibitor treatment could increase the kernel number, and grain yield in this treatment was 11.59 t·hm-2, achieved the normal N level. Compared with normal N rate treatment, N reduced by 30% and 20%, with or not nitrification inhibitor, significantly increased N efficiency. Nitrogen uptake efficiency and nitrogen utilization efficiency were significant different in each treatment, respectively. Highest nitrogen uptake efficiency was found by 0.72 kg·kg-1 in N reduced by 30% and highest nitrogen utilization efficiency was obtained by 72.23 kg·kg-1 in N reduced by 30% adding nitrification inhibitor treatment. In the grain filling stage, N reduced by 20% adding nitrification inhibitor treatment got the higher SPAD, Fm and PI and enhanced activity of NR and GS. Thus, in this study, N reduced by 20% adding nitrification inhibitor could strengthen the N metabolism capacity, coordinate the relation of N and C, increase N efficiency and grain yield, to reduce cost and increase efficiency, and could be theoretical basis for widely promoting nitrification inhibitor in the maize production of this region.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(10): 2063-2071. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.10.2063
A field plot experiment was conducted under the conditions of the same nitrogen and organic nutrients replacements to explore the effect of different organic fertilizer replacement rates on reducing fertilizer and increasing benefits of wheat, reducing loss of nitrogen and phosphorus in wheat field. Eight different treatments were set up with blank control (CK), conventional fertilization (CF), 100%, 50%, 30% pig manure organic nutrients replacing nitrogen fertilizers (M1, M2, M3) and 100%, 50%, 30% straw organic nutrients replacing nitrogen fertilizers (F1, F2, F3). This paper studied the effects of different organic fertilizer replacement rates on wheat yield, loss of nitrogen and phosphorus in wheat field, fertilizer utilization and soil fertility. The results showed that 100% organic nutrients replacements treatments significantly decreased wheat yield, but it helped reduce the nitrogen runoff loss and improve soil fertility compared with the conventional fertilization treatment. Under different treatments, the losses of total nitrogen (TN) in wheat fields were 21.90~33.66 kg·hm-2, and that of total phosphorus (TP) were 0.60~2.00 kg·hm-2. Compared with conventional fertilization treatment, the losses of TN reduced by 8.44%~25.94% under different proportions of pig manure and straw organic nutrients replacements treatments, and the losses of TP increased by 24.64%~44.93% under 100% organic nutrients replacements treatments. Under different treatments, the utilization rates of N and P fertilizers in wheat were 17%~35% and 5%~19%, respectively. They were higher under 30%~50% pig manure organic nutrients replacements treatments. However, the utilization rates of N and P fertilizers all decreased significantly under 100% pig manure and straw organic nutrients replacements treatments. Organic nutrients replacements could alleviate soil acidification and keep soil pH stable, and improve soil fertility compared with conventional fertilization treatment. Considering the effects of different proportions of pig manure and straw organic nutrients replacements on wheat yield, soil fertility and runoff losses of nitrogen and phosphorus in wheat fields, 30%~50% of pig manure organic nutrients replacements could ensure high and stable yield, reduce the runoff losses of nitrogen effectively, and keep the runoff losses of phosphorus at a lower level in wheat fields. Thus, they are the optimal modes of organic nutrients replacements for efficient utilization of resources, saving fertilizers and increasing efficiency. This study provided a reference for rational utilization of nutrients resources, reducing fertilizers inputs, and controlling the runoff losses of nitrogen and phosphorus in wheat fields.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(10): 2072-2083. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.10.2072
To study the effect of high temperature stress on amylase activity and starch quality formation in rice grain under different fertilizer treatments, the experiment was conducted with Nanjing 9108, a high-quality and delicious rice variety, including normal temperature (NT), +2℃ (2℃ more than NT, MT) and +5℃ (5℃ more than NT, HT) at the heading stage under organic fertilizer (OF) and conventional chemical fertilizer (CF) treatments, respectively, and the starch synthesis characteristics of grains were studied. The results showed that the activities of sucrose synthetase (SS), starch synthase (SSS) and starch branching enzyme (SBE) were decreased under elevated temperature at heading stage, while the activities of sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) and pyrophosphorylase (AGP) were increased. Sucrose content, average diameter, enthalpy value and peak temperature of starch showed a trend of HT>MT>NT, however, starch content, amylose content and viscosity value decreased with temperature increased. In terms of fertilizer treatment, the activity of enzymes related to starch showed an order of OF>CF, and the starch quality was better under the OF. The results illustrated that high temperature accelerated the accumulation of starch forming materials by inhibiting starch synthesis, which led to the increase of sucrose content in grains. OF could promote sucrose synthesis and improve enzyme activities related to starch synthesis. In conclusion, OF can be used instead of CF to regulate starch-related enzyme activities and improve the quality of starch considering the global warming. The results provided a basis for reducing the damage of high temperature to rice and improving the quality of starch.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(10): 2084-2091. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.10.2084
In order to explore effect of far-red light on plant growth, ZnGa2O4:Cr3+, Ge4+, Li+ phosphors were prepared by “combustion method + high temperature secondary sintering”. The phosphors were encapsulated into LED plant growth lamp as direct light source. The LED chip emits near ultraviolet light of 410 nm into far-red light with a peak wavelength of 710 nm. Taking tomato(Solanum lycopersicum)variety Red Dwarf as test material and white light (W) as control (CK), three treatment groups were set as follows: T1: red and blue combined light (1R1B) plus far-red light (light quality ratio 3:1); T2: red-blue combined light (1R1B); T3: white light plus far-red light (light quality ratio 3:1). The effects of red and blue combined light (1R1B) and far red light on physiological cycle, agronomic traits, photosynthetic pigments and fruit quality of tomato were studied. The results showed that compared with CK, T1 treatment could significantly shorten the physiological cycle of tomato, while T1, T2 and T3 treatments could inhibit plant height of tomato. Adding far-red light decreased the content of photosynthetic pigments, but increased the content of soluble sugars, lycopene and vitamin C in tomato fruits. Especially under the combined effect of red and blue light and far-red light, the soluble sugar content increased most obviously, reaching 3.3 times of CK. The addition of far red light can promote the increase of vitamin C and lycopene content; the combination of red and blue light was beneficial to the accumulation of lycopene. In conclusion, ZnGa2O4:Cr3+, Ge4+, Li+ far-red phosphor stimulated LED plant lamp could regulate tomato flowering time, shorten its physiological cycle, and increase the fruit quality. The findings of this study provided a new light method for improving the quality of tomatoes and other horticultural crops, which has brod application prospects.
