10 March 2021, Volume 34 Issue S1
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(S1): 1-10. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.34.0001To protect the high quality, high price and the quality and safety of vegetables, nine agricultural production areas (Baoshan District, Chongming District, Fengxian District, Jiading District, Jinshan District, Minhang District, Pudong New District, Qingpu District and Songjiang District) in Shanghai were taken as the research objects. The difference of δ15N values among vegetables grown in different regions and the indication of planting patterns (conventional, green or organic farming) were analyzed. One-way ANOVA was used to analyze the value of δ13C, δ15`N, δ2H and δ18O, and principal component analysis (PCA), partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and support vector machine (SVM) were applied to establish discriminant models of vegetable producing regions in Shanghai. The results showed that the δ15N values of vegetables in Baoshan District, Songjiang District and Jiading District accounted for the top three, and there was a significant difference from δ15N value of vegetables in Pudong New District with the lowest value (4.44‰), respectively. Only vegetables from Pudong New District grown green or organically were less than 50%. The value of δ13C, δ2H and δ18O were only significantly different in some producing areas, and PCA could preliminarily realize the identification of vegetables from the other 8 producing areas with Pudong New District. The optimal PLS-DA model could well realize the geographical origin discriminant of Pudong New District vegetables (prediction accuracy of 98.80%). The optimal SVM models could well realize the geographical origin discriminant of Baoshan District vegetables (prediction accuracy of 96.38%), Jiading District vegetables (prediction accuracy of 92.77%), and Qingpu District vegetables (prediction accuracy of 91.57%). The gegraphical origin discriminant of Jinshan District vegetables, Songjiang District vegetables and Chongming District vegetables could also be achieved by the optimal SVM models to some extent. These results could provide reference methods for planting patern and geographical origin discriminant of Shanghai local vegetables, as well as basic data for their traceability, quality and safety protection.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(S1): 11-20. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.34.0011In order to evaluate the effects of different sample preparation methods on the analysis of light stable isotope ratios in sugar-rich sweet melon samples, melon peel and pulp samples were homogenized and pretreated by drying with hot air spray, vacuum freeze-drying (-80℃, 24 h), vacuum microwave drying (for 2 min), vacuum direct drying (60℃, 24 h). All dried samples were ground into fine powder for carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen stable isotope ratio analysis (δ13C, δ15N, δ2H, δ18O). Samples prepared by four pretreatment methods were stored in -20℃ condition during 60 d to evaluate their effects on the origin traceability. It was found that the fine powder samples of sugar-rich melon pulp were easily hygroscopic and deliquescent, which interferes with the determination of δ2H and δ18O. The values of samples during storage periods were significant different (P<0.05). Relatively, four stable isotope ratios in melon peel samples were more stable, and the vacuum freeze-drying method makes it easier to completely dry the remaining water after the cell wall of the melon tissue was cracked. Therefore, the fine powder sample was more stable during storage, and the test results at different storage periods were not significantly different (P>0.05). Based on the stable isotope ratios of the peel samples prepared by vacuum freeze-drying, the partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) modeling was used to trace their origins for samples from Xinjiang, Guangxi and Hainan, and the discrimination accuracies were 100%, 98.7% and 89.1%, respectively. The results prove that the stable isotope analysis of the peel prepared by vacuum freeze-drying can be used as a reliable method for the origin traceability of melon, and the traceability model can be used for the confirmation of its origin and to protect the geographical indication products. This study provides a new strategy for the traceability of melon.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(S1): 21-27. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.34.0021In order to investigate the effects of processing methods on the stable isotopic fingerprints of instant sweet tea (Lithocarpus litseifolius (Hance) Chun), and to validate the feasibility of tracing the geographical origin of sweet tea and its instant tea by δ13C and δ15N, four raw materials of sweet teas including old leaves and young leaves were prepared by oven drying and microwave drying, respectively. The instant teas were further produced by hot water extraction, centrifugation, and drying (freeze-drying and spray-drying) to obtain spray-dried instant tea (ITSD), freeze-dried instant tea (ITFD), and instant tea by-products (ITBP). The δ13C and δ15N values of samples were determined using an element analysis-isotope ratio mass spectrometer (EA-IRMS). The results indicated that the δ13C and δ15N values had significant differences among different regions (Hunan, Sichuang, and Jiangxi) (P<0.05). Significant differences were also found between sweet tea raw materials prepared by oven drying and microwave drying (P<0.05), and among instant tea products (raw material, instant tea, and its product) (P<0.05). Whilst, highly significant correlations (P<0.01) were found among all samples by different drying methods. The results could provide theoretical basis for the geographical traceability of sweet tea raw materials or its instant tea using δ13C and δ15N fingerprints.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(S1): 28-36. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.34.0028In order to identify the producing areas of traditional Chinese medicine of Cassiae Semen accurately and efficiently, stable isotope ratio and mineral element content of Cassiae Semen from different producing areas were measured using stable isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IR-MS) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), respectively. Chemometrics models like principal component analysis (PCA) and artificial neural network (ANN) were established to clarify the producing areas of Cassiae Semen. It was found that there were significant differences in the contents of 19 kinds of mineral elements between high-quality production area (Xinchang, Zhejiang) and common production areas (P<0.05). Meanwhile, the cumulative variance contribution rate of the first two principal components comprised 45.23% in the PCA model based on stable isotope ratio combining with mineral element content of Cassiae Semen, that the PCA model can distinguish Cassiae Semen from quality region obviously. ANN model based on stable isotope ratio and mineral element content showed a high accuracy rate (100%) in determination of Cassiae Semen from Xinchang, Zhejiang province, and the overall accuracy rate of origin discrimination was higher than 90%. The results above show that stable isotope ratio and mineral element content combined with chemometrics model analysis can effectively identify the authentic area of Cassiae Semen, which provides a new method for accurate and efficient traceability of Cassiae Semen.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(S1): 37-42. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.34.0037The purpose of this study is to analyze the δ13C、δ15N、δ2H、δ18O isotopic ratio characteristic value of Xinjiang Korla Fragrant Pear(KFP), and to explore the feasibility of identifying the geographical origins of KFP by stable C, N, H, O isotope. Shaanxi Hongxiangsu pear and Gansu Fragrant pear were used as control samples, the δ13C、δ15N、δ2H、δ18O value of KFP and control samples were analyzed by isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS), and the orthogonal correction partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) was used to identify the authenticity of KFP. There were significant differences in the δ13C、δ15N、δ2H、δ18O value among Xinjiang, Gansu and Shaanxi Province (P<0.05). The accuracy rate of KFP in Xinjiang were 95.45%, while those of Hongxiangsu pear in Shaanxi Province were 95.65%. However, the accuracy rate of Gansu Province was low, which was 60%. In conclusion, C, N, H and O can effectively identify Xinjiang KFP and Shaanxi Hongxiangsu pear, but the misjudgment rate is high to discriminate Xinjiang KFP and Gansu fragrant pear. Better identification results might be obtained when combined with other identification techniques.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(S1): 43-49. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.34.0043In order to analyze the regional distribution characteristics of the carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes in bone raw materials for gelatin production, C and N isotopic compositions in bovine bone samples and forage samples from three different provinces (including Guangxi, Inner Mongolia and Shandong) were determined using elemental analyzer-isotope ratio mass spectrometry. The relationship between the correlation on δ13C and δ15N in bovine bone samples and local cattle’s diet composition were also discussed by linear regression analysis. The results showed that δ13C and δ15N in bone samples from Guangxi correlated well (R2=0.401 8), while the correlation on δ13C and δ15N in bone samples from Inner Mongolia and Shandong was poor (R2 < 0.1), indicating that the stability and main components of local cattle’s diet were obviously different among the three regions. Moreover, the conjectures of local cattle’s diet composition were consistent with the regional distribution characteristic of δ13C and δ15N in actual forage samples. This study preliminarzy revealed the reasons for the regional differences of carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes in bone raw materials, which provides useful information for animal ecology research and a new idea for geographical origin traceability of animal products.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(S1): 50-60. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.34.0050To identify the origin and product type of bottled drinking water sold in the market δ18ODIC and δ13 and CDIC of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), δ18O and δ2H valueand chemical indexes such as mineral elements (K, Ca, Na, Mg, Sr) and ion (Cl-, SO42-、HCO3-) in the bottled drinking water were analyzed in this paper. The origin of bottled drinking water in China were verified by using Fisher discriminant analysis (Fisher - DA). The results showed that δ18ODIC and δ13CDIC, δ18O and δ2H value of bottled drinking water from different origins were significantly different, and the content of mineral elements and anions varied widely which could be used for origin traceability. The discriminant accuracy of the DA model for origin verification of the bottled drinking water was up to 100%, and hydrochemical analysis could distinguish the type of the bottled drinking water. The first five of importance for origin traceability were K, Cl-, δ13CDIC ,δ2H and pH value according to the Normalizing importance analysis. Combining with stable isotope fingerprint, hydrochemical analysis and multivariate statistical model, the authenticity of bottled drinking water can be accurately distinguished, and therefore protect the legitimate rights and interests of consumers and maintain market fairness.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(S1): 61-68. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.34.0061This study is aimed to develop a new strategy for the origin traceability of watermelon in different provinces by combining stable isotopic and multi-elemental analysis with chemometrics. 4 stable isotope ratios (δ13C, δ15N, δ2H, δ18O) and 16 multi-elemental contents (Na, K, Ca, Sr, Ba, Pb, etc.) of 73 watermelon samples collected from Xinjiang, Shandong, Guangxi and Hainan, were detected by element analyzer-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (EA-IRMS) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), respectively. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) of each variance indicated that value of δ13C, δ15N, δ2H, δ18O and the contents of Na, K, Ca, Cr, Mn in watermelon samples between provinces were significantly different (P<0.05). However, single variable was still not enough for classifying all samples from 4 provinces. In this context, canonical discriminant analysis (CDA) was applied for multi-variate statistical analysis, which can extract characteristic variables from all variables together and build new linear discriminant functions for classifying samples from 4 provinces. The discriminant accuracies of watermelon samples are up to 100% for Xinjiang, Shandong, Hainan, while only 71.4% for Guangxi, the possibility of which mis-discriminated as Hainan was 28.6%. Therefore, the strategy could realize the origin traceability of watermelon between large-scale geographical regions, which would provide an effective technique for the verification of origin label of watermelon and the protection of product origin of for premium brand.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(S1): 69-78. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.34.0069To discriminate the origin of the authentic medicinal material Atractylodes macrocephalae, this study used a stable isotope ratio mass spectrometer (EA-IRMS) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) to determine the stable isotope ratios of δ13C, δ15N, δ2H, δ18O and δ34S and the contents of 41 mineral elements of 168 species of A. macrocephala from 6 origins. The content of 41 mineral elements was combined with chemometrics to identify A. macrocephala from different areas. The results show that the linear discriminant analysis (LDA) can differentiate the 6 producing areas of Baizhu. A total of 7 different discriminant models have been established based on different variables, and their average deviation verification accuracy rates are: stable isotopes (88.17%), mineral elements (98.67%), constant mineral elements (41.83%), trace mineral elements (99.33%), stable isotope & mineral elements (100%), stable isotope & constant mineral elements (91.83%) and stable isotope & trace mineral elements (98.83%). Among them, δ18O, δ34S, and Li Dy, Sm, Er and other rare earth elements are the main factors affecting the identification, which are mainly determined by the geographical location of the production area, climatic conditions and soil types. In summary, the methods based on stable isotopes, mineral elements and stoichiometry can discriminate the origin of A. macrocephala from different areas.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(S1): 79-88. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.34.0079The carbon isotope distribution of three kinds of honey from Yunnan Province, six carbon isotope ratios (δ13C) of fructose, glucose, disaccharide, trisaccharide, honey and protein in 60 batchs characteristic honey (Villosa honey, Macadamia honey and rubber honey) from Yunnan Province were determined by element analysis isotope ratio mass spectrometry (EA-IRMS) and liquid chromatography isotope ratio mass spectrometry (LC-IRMS). The distribution range of six carbon isotope ratios, the D-value of fructose and glucose (Δδ13CF-G), the D-value of (Δδ13CP-H), the maximum D-value (Δδ13Cmax) and the ratio of fructose to glucose(F/G)of three kinds of honey from Yunnan province were analyzed and the different types of honey were discriminated using a PLS-DA model, which was also compared with the existing criteria for honey authenticity. It was found that the Δδ13Cmax of some samples (20%) exceeded the existing criteria. The main difference indicators are the stable carbon isotope ratio of trisaccharides δ13CT, trisaccharide content T (%) and disaccharide content D (%) using the established PLS-DA model. This study provides some technical supports for the identification and quality evaluation of characteristic honey, which is conducive to the quality improvement of honey industry in Yunnan Province and even China.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(S1): 89-95. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.34.0089In order to explore the feasibility of using stable isotope to trace the geographical origin of mutton, mutton muscle samples were collected from Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Ningxia, New Zealand and Italy. The carbon, nitrogen hydrogen and oxygen stable isotope ratio of de-fatted mutton muscle were analyzed using isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS). Significant differences were observed in δ13C value of de-fatted meat samples from different regions using multivariate analysis of variance analysis. The δ15N value and δ18O value of de-fatted meat samples were also significantly different, except for the samples from New Zealand and Italy. The δ2H value was not unremarkable in Ningxia and Xinjiang, and for mutton from Inner Mongolia and New Zealand. Based on stable isotope values and Fisher discriminant analysis, it could be concluded that δ13C、δ15N、δ2H、δ18O values can be used to distinguish the origin of mutton, and the initial discrimination rate and cross-validated discrimination rate of classification can be achieved by 100%, which provided a reference for the application of δ13C、δ15N、δ2H、δ18O values in the origin traceability of mutton.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(S1): 96-103. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.34.0096In order to explore the influence of sieving meshes and hot air drying on the determination of carbon and nitrogen isotope ratio in vegetables, and the effects of sieving meshes (20, 40, 60, 80, 100 and 200 mesh), green killing (105℃, 30 min) and no-green killing treatment, drying temperature (45, 60 and 75℃) on the reliability of element analysis isotope ratio mass spectrometry (EA-IRMS) based on CO2 dilution were studied. The results of δ13C and δ15N in six vegetables (spinach, cowpea, leek, lotus root, eggplant and potato) were compared. The results showed that the standard deviation of δ13C and δ15N values measured by EA-IRMS with 89% CO2 dilution ratio could meet the requirements of detection accuracy; when the number of sieving mesh exceeded 80 mesh, the determination results of δ13C and δ15N in the six types of vegetable samples tended to be stable and reached the requirements of determination accuracy. The δ13C and δ15N values measured by vacuum freeze-drying process were used as reference. Treatment using different hot air drying temperatures (45, 60 and 75℃) showed no significant change for the δ13C and δ15N values of eggplant, spinach, lotus root and Chinese chive. However, the δ13C and δ15N values of Chinese chive after 45℃ hot air drying were significantly different from the reference values, and the cowpea (δ13C and δ15N values) and potato (δ13C values) after hot air drying were also different from the reference values. Conclusion, it is feasible to simultaneously determine δ13C and δ15N values in vegetables by EA-IRMS with 89% CO2 dilution ratio. Vegetable samples should be sieved with no less than 80 mesh before carbon and nitrogen isotope determination. The samples of eggplant, spinach, lotus root, and leek can be prepared by hot air drying and Chinese chive shall to be treated with green killing first. Cowpea and potato are recommended to be vacuum freeze-dried. This study provides a reference for the sample preparation of the simultaneous determination of carbon and nitrogen isotopes in vegetable samples and.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(S1): 104-109. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.34.0104The characteristic and variation of stable isotope in peanut oil is the basis of the application of stable isotopic technique for adulteration detection of peanut oil. To investigate the variation of δ13C、δ2H and δ18O during peanut oil processing, and the influence of geographic origin and harvest year, peanut samples were collected from 6 provinces in 3 years. The stable isotope ratios of the three elements (δ13C、δ2H and δ18O) were analyzed via isotope ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS). The results showed that the mean value of δ13C、δ2H and δ18O in peanut oils from different regions were different. For example, the average value of δ13C from different regions was as follows: Hubei>Liaoning>Guangdong>Shandong>Henan>Jiangsu, with significant difference (P<0.05) between some samples. There were also differences between samples from different years. The difference of processing technology had no effect on the stable isotope fractionation of peanut oil, while the stable isotope characteristics in different production stages were almost the same. Therefore, peanut oil kept the stable isotope characteristic of peanut. The results would provide the theoretical basis and application feasibility for peanut oil adulteration detection.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(S1): 110-119. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.34.0110The geographical traceability of agricultural products is an effective guarantee to protect the product brands and geographical origin products, as well as to avoid the consumers being cheated. Stable isotope fingerprint analysis is one of the effective techniques for food origin tracing, which is rather efficient, accurate and reliable. This review provides an overview of the applications of the stable isotope fingerprint analysis in tracing the geographical origin of plant-derived agricultural primary products,processed products and in the production chain over the past five years. Meanwhile, we proposed the future prospects and research priorities for the application of stable isotope analysis in this field.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(S1): 120-128. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.34.0120With the enhancement of consumers' demands for the quality and safety of agricultural products, the traceability research of agricultural products keeps a good development trend. Stable isotope techniques are widely used in the research of agricultural products, including geographical origin traceability, authenticity identification and so on. In terms of geographical origin traceability, beef, mutton, milk, wine, honey, aquatic products, tea and grain have been investigated widely. It is difficult and important to narrow the scope of traceability area. The combination of stable isotope ratio with multi-element, amino acid and fatty acid content is the best way to narrow the traceability area. In terms of the authenticity of agricultural products, the variety and complexity of adulteration make it difficult for consumers to distinguish the true products. The fractionation of stable isotopes in agricultural products processing has been developed and gradually deepened. In this paper, the progress of the research on stable isotopes in the origin traceability, authenticity and fractionation process of agricultural products from 2015 to 2020 was reviewed. And the combination of stable isotope with other technologies for the geographical traceability of agricultural products was described. Furthermore, its deficiencies were summarized and prospected.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(S1): 129-136. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.34.0129Oil products provide essential fatty acids and fat soluble nutrients, which are an integral part of the human diet. However, adulteration of oil origin occurs from time to time, which damages the quality and safety of oil products, as well as the rights and interests of consumers products. Therefore, it is urgent to establish effective detection methods for geographical origin traceability of oil. In this review, the techniques of geographical origin traceability of oil products, including mineral element fingerprinting, stable isotope ratio analysis, spectroscopy, metabolic fingerprinting and DNA marker-based methods were summarized and analyzed, as well as the principle and application status of several traceability techniques. Moreover, the advantages and disadvantages of these technologies were prospected. More importantly, the applications of geographical origin traceability technologies of oil and products were prospected in order to provide a reference for the further development of the geographical origin traceability methods for oil products.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2020, 34(S1): 137-149. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.34.0137In recent years, the research on traceability of agricultural products (including authenticity identification and origin confirmation) has become a hot spot in the field of quality and safety of agricultural products, and stable isotope analysis technology is one of the most promising technologies in the field of traceability of agricultural products. In this paper, the research and development trend of stable isotope technology in the field of agricultural product traceability are discussed based on the related papers collected by Web of Science, China Knowledge Network, standards,patent and the database of National Natural Science Foundation of China as data sources until September 2020. Through analysis from multiple perspectives, it is found that China’s research on traceability of agricultural products using stable isotope technology has reached the international advanced level, and many influential scientific research teams have been formed. Stable isotope technology plays an important role in judging the authenticity and tracing the geographical origin of agricultural products. Improving the standard system of stable isotope analysis, enriching the traceability database of stable isotope origin of agricultural products, and improving the traceability accuracy by combining new technologies are the future research directions of traceability of agricultural products.
