09 November 2015, Volume 29 Issue 11
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2015, 29(11): 2049-2057. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2015.11.2049DMR88-1 is a stable inherited dwarf mutant wheat (Triticumaestivum L.) line, which was developed from the wheat cultivar CN19 (original No.R88) carried by the recoverable satellite Shijian-8 in 2006. To understand dwarfing mutagenic effect by spatial environment, the plant height and growth development, stalkanatomical histological characteristics and DNA molecular variation were analyzed on the dwarf mutant DMR88-1. A tall mutant HMR88-1 similarly developed from CN19 carried by the Shijian-8 and the elite variety CN19 (also named R88CK) were used as the control materials in the study. The results showed that the average plant height of DMR88-1 was 59.02 cm, 23.73% lower than R88CK. The plant height reduction of DMR88-1 was mainly caused by the shortening of internode length, while there existed no difference in the number of internodes. The shortening effect of uppermost internode length was more than the other internodes by 42.48% contribution rate, which was mainly attributed to the reduction of the cell length and cell number. Some special SSR (simple sequence repeat) molecular markers for dwarfing genes widely existed in wheat cultivars were applied in the experiment. The results indicated that R88CK did not carry those dominant dwarfing genes. SSR markers analysis showed 26 pairs of primers were identified with polymorphism among R88CK, DMR88-1, and HMR 88 -1, and 6 types of mutation bands amplified. The PCR-amplified products were sequenced, and 17 of these sequences had the BLAST functional annotations. The molecular mechanism of dwarfing mutagenesis by spatial environment was discussed in this paper. Our study laid a foundation for further research of DMR88-1 dwarfing mechanism and space mutation breeding mechanism.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2015, 29(11): 2058-2064. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2015.11.2058To understand the influence of growth environment on viscosity (RVA) profile of starches from different Wx genotype rice, five rice single-segment substitution lines carrying different Wx alleles, were selected and planted in four cropping environments to study the effects of environment and Wx genotype×environment on RVA properties. The results showed that there were significant differences in rice RVA characteristics among the four different cropping sites. Among them, setback form peak viscosity (SB_P), breakdown (BD), peak viscosity (PV), and hotpaste viscosity (HPV) showed high values of variation coefficient, which reached to 45.53%, 29.75%, 26.68%, and 26.17%, respectively. Variation coefficients of peak time (Ptime) and pasting temperature (Ptemp) were relatively low, and only 2.50% and 2.96%, respectively. Analyses of variance showed that the Wx genotypic variation exerted the strongest influence on RVA parameters, and the environment and Wx genotype×environment effects both were significant for RVA characteristics. Among them, Ptime had the highest genotypic variance which was 97.01% of the total variation, and PV had the lowest value of genotypic variance accounting for 57.51% of the total. With regard to the influence of environment on RVA properties, effect of growth environment was very small for Ptime, Ptemp, and SB_P parameters, while was relatively high for PV, HPV, and BD. Genotype×environment interactions had relatively high effects on BD, SB_P, and PV, while had relatively low influence on Ptime and Ptemp. The present results have important implications for rice breeders and producers to select favorite Wx alleles in rice grain quality improvement.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2015, 29(11): 2065-2070. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2015.11.2065In order to create mutants resistant to Barley Yellow Mosaic Virus (BaYMV), the dry seeds and isolated microspores from barley cultivar Hua-30 were mutagenized with 60Co-γ ray and ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) respectively, and the homogeneous double haploid (DH) lines were produced from microspore culture, which were planted in BaYMV-infected field for identification of BaYMV resistance. The mutagenic effect of two mutagenesis methods combined with microspore culture was also evaluated. The results showed that 60Co irradiation on dry seeds at 400 Gy greatly affected callus induction and the survival rate of green plants in microspore culture. Comparing to the wild type, most of produced DH lines(84.2%)were more susceptible to BaYMV (susceptible or high susceptible), and none was found with enhanced resistance (high resistant). EMS treatment on isolated microspores at 3 mg ·L-1 had little impact on microspore culture, minor of produced DH lines (5.5%) showed enhanced resistance (high resistant) to BaYMV, and only about one-third (31.1%) of them were more susceptible (susceptible or high susceptible). Two high susceptible (HS) mutation lines and one high resistant (HR) mutation lines were further identified. Overview, EMS treatment on isolated microspores combined with microspore culture achieved more positive effect on mutation induction. It will facilitate further studies on the mechanism of BaYMV resistance by using the mutants obtained in this study.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2015, 29(11): 2071-2076. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2015.11.2071To study the biochemical basis of a newly developed dominant genic male sterile line W1098A in sesame (Sesamumindicum L.), acid hydrolysis method was employed to characterize the dynamics of free amino acid contents in sterile and fertile buds of W1098AB at different developmental stages. The results indicated that there were 20 types of free amino acid in buds, and that the contents of most amino acid were lower in sterile buds than in fertile buds during development, suggesting that the shortage of amino acids was associated with the occurrence of male sterility in sesame. The major free amino acids were found to be Aspartate, Threonine, Glutamate, Lysine, Proline and Arginine that accounted for 70% of the total content. Among these major amino acids, the content of Proline was remarkably lower in sterile buds than in fertile buds at tetrad stage, which might be responsible for the male sterility in W1098A.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2015, 29(11): 2077-2083. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2015.11.2077To study the characteristics of pre-mRNA processing mechanism of BoKIN1 gene, cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L.) was used as material and was treated with low temperature. RT-PCR and quantitative PCR were performed with specific primer combination to verify BoKIN1-2 isoform from antifreeze protein BoKIN1 gene in this study. The result indicated the TM value of the dissolution curve was 84.41℃. The specific primer, located in the junction of the second intron and the second exon, was designed for 3'RACE analysis. The result showed that BoKIN1-2 contained the second intron and ploy(A) tail, verifying that the BoKIN1 gene retained the second intron after pre-mRNA process. The expression level of the BoKIN1-2 isoform was analyzed both in different organs and in young leaf after different stress conditions by quantitative PCR. BoKIN1-2 was expressed in stem, leaf, flower, stamens, and pistil, and the expression of BoKIN1-2 was up-regulated after heat stress, cold stress and ABA treatment, suggesting that alternative splicing occurs not only in development process of these organ but also in leaf after above-mentioned treatment. The study plays an essential role in establishment of post-transcriptional regulation mechanism of KIN genes.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2015, 29(11): 2084-2092. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2015.11.2084In order to protect and take full advantage of genetic resoures of V. volvace, the genetic diversity of 74 strains of V. volvace were assessed using RAPD, SRAP and ISSR molecular markers in this paper. UPDMA dendrogram based on three molecular markers was constructed.The result indicated that 74 strains of V.volvace were classified into 16 groups at dissimilarity coefficient of 0.28, which included nine independent groups, the others included many strains, and the largest one included 32 strains. The dissimilarity coefficient of 74 strains ranged from 0 to 0.79, indicating that genetic diversity was abundance among these 74 strains. The results also showed that the dissimilarity coefficient of each other of strain V0020,V0059 and V0060 was zero, other strains were different. The results through independent RAPD, SRAP and ISSR were different, which suggested the limitations of independent RAPD, SRAP or ISSR molecular markers on genetic diversity analysis of germplasm resources. In this paper, the comprehensive clustering method of RAPD, SNAP or ISSR molecular markers was more reliable than that of independent molecular marker. This comprehensive clustering method of many molecular markers provides a new method for genetic diversity analysis.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2015, 29(11): 2093-2102. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2015.11.2093In order to explore molecular response mechanisms of ERF under acid rain stress, the full-length cDNA of ERF was cloned from broccoli by the technology of rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE), named BrERF2. The encoded protein of the gene was also predicted and studied through the bioinformatics analysis method, including the composition of amino acid sequence, physical and chemical properties, transmembrane domain, signal peptide, guide peptide, hydrophobicity /hydrophilicity, secondary structure of protein, subcellular localization, conserved domains and etc. The results showed that the full-length BrERF2 gene in Broccoli was 958 bp, including one 804 bp open reading frame (ORF) which encodes a polypeptide of 267 amino acids. The expression of BrERF2 changed under simulated acid rain by real-time PCR, it increased significantly at first, then declined with prolonged simulated acid rain stress, suggesting that BrERF2 probably played an important role in defending acid rain stress. This study supported a foundation for the research of anti-acid rain stress in broccoli.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2015, 29(11): 2103-2109. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2015.11.2103In order to illustrate the mechanism of apparent traits and photosynthetic characteristics of Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni autotetraploid and diploid, the diploid Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni and autotetraploid Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni were studied by morphological characteristics, photosynthetic characteristics and AFLP molecular marker. The result showed that Stevia tetraploid plant stems became stout, leaf was thickening, leaf area increased and plant became shorter. The photosynthetic characteristics, such as net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (Tr), were significantly higher than that of diploid. The Stevia tetraploid light compensation point (LCP), apparent quantum efficiency (AQY) and CO2 compensation point (CCP) were respectively increased by 28.66%,1 181.81%,11.74% than the diploid, while its light saturation point (LSP), dark respiration rate (Rd) and carboxylation efficiency (CE) were significantly lower than that of diploid. In the level of AFLP, DNA sequence was changed significantly after Stevia diploid chromosome doubling. The differences of apparent morphology and photosynthetic characteristics between diploid and autotetraploid Stevia resulted from DNA polymorphisms. This study lays the foundation for the purpose of regulating mechanism of Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni ploidy breeding and polyploid gene on the apparent characters and physiological characteristics.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2015, 29(11): 2110-2116. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2015.11.2110Glabrous rice is a kind of rice withouthairson the surface of its leaves and grains, it is an important germplasm resource in rice industry for its notable properties such as thick leaves, high saturation point of photosynthesis,highyield and high-temperature resistance. Also, hairless can reduce air pollution and skin itching during harvesting, drying and other processing. What's more, glabrous rice varieties have greater packing capability of rice grains which help to save transportation cost when compared to common varieties.The recent studies on genes that controlling the development of rice trichomes, as well as hybridization of glabrous rice, were reviewed here based on the understanding of the development of trichomes, and lays the foundation for cloning genes that related to the phenotype and further research on development of trichomes.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2015, 29(11): 2117-2122. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2015.11.2117In order to reduce the adult losses caused by irradiation on the forth stage pupae of Bactrocera minax and be convenient to handle and assure the quality of B. minax adults, the eclosion rate and mating capacity of adults irradiated at the earlier pupal stages (1st, 2nd and 3rd pupal stages) were studied. The results showed that there was no significant effect on the eclosion and mating capacity of adults irradiated at the 2nd and 3rd pupal stages, the eclosion rate of adults was 58.4% and 60.4%, mating numbers of single female and male were 0.15 and 0.08, respectively, the eclosion period was 12 d, eclosion peak of adults was May 19 to 20 and May 16 to 17, respectively. There were no significant differences between the non-irradiated and irradiated pupae at 4th pupal stage. Sex ratio was 0.91 and 1.04, respectively, no significant differences when compared with non-irradiated pupae. While the sex ratio of adults irradiated at the first pupal stage was significant lower (0.62) than that of non-irradiated or irradiated 4th stage pupae, and the eclosion period was shortened by 6 d compared to the pupae non-irradiated or irradiated at 4th pupae stage. Combine the irradiation effect and economic profit, the suitable irradiated stage of B. minax also could be the 2nd and 3rd pupal stages. The results could lay the theoretical foundation for the efficient application of B. minax irradiation sterile technique.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2015, 29(11): 2123-2129. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2015.11.2123In order to study effects of enhanced UV-B radiation on δ13C values and physical feature in tobacco leave. Flue-cured tobacco variety K326 be used for increased UV-B radiation experiment materials in the field. To make measure δ13C value, soluble protein, chlorophyll and flavonoids, malondialdehyde conten for 13, 16 leaf positions. The result show that: Enhanced UV-B radiation on tobacco leaves has an important influence of the δ13C value, soluble protein, chlorophyll and flavonoids, malondialdehyde content in different growth periods. That UV-B radiation degree of impact on the physical characteristics of flue-cured tobacco and the damage degree 16 level position higher than 13. The dry matter accumulation 16 level position higher than 13 of tobacco leaves. The tobacco has sensitivity to UV-B radiation about the δ13C values are more sensitive to T1 treatment in 13 and 16 level positions. Correlation analysis showed that: The δ13C with protein, and flavonoids, malondialdehyde, chlorophyll and carotenoid were positively correlated. It shows that δ13C values are able to associate with tobacco physiology and quality characteristics in a certain extent. This paper makes for the research of flue-cured tobacco physiological ecology and provide theoretical basis for the forming quality.
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Principal Component Analysis and Comprehensive Evaluation on Quality Characteristics of Potato FlourJournal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2015, 29(11): 2130-2140. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2015.11.2130The present study aimed to determine the quality evaluation index of potato flour. The physicochemical indexes (moisture, ash, crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, and carbohydrate) and functional indexes (water absorption index, emulsifying activity, emulsifying stability, oil-binding capacity and solubility) of potato flour made from 22 cultivars were determined by commonly used methods such as national standard methods, and the quality of potato flour was evaluated comprehensively by principal component analysis and cluster analysis. The result showed that the 11 quality characteristics were consolidated into 3 principal components which accounted for 92.97% of total variation. The quality evaluation indexes of potato flour were emulsifying stability, emulsifying activity, solubility and crude fiber content. 22 potato cultivars were devided into 4 categories by cluster analysis, and there was a wide genetic distance and quality difference between different categories. The present study can provide theoretical introduction for the development and utilization of the potato flour and improve the product quality.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2015, 29(11): 2141-2149. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2015.11.2141To establish the processing techniques for Pleurotus eryngii chips with high quality and low energy consumption, three procedures including soaking in low temperature with slight salinity, steaming and the soaking plus the steaming for deactivation of fresh materials were conducted to test surface color change, POD residual activity and texture of the chips.Effects of the techniques in conversion water content, heated plate temperature, hot air drying temperature, and hot air drying time were evaluated with response surface methodology comprehensively for Pleurotus eryngii chips. Results showed that the optimum technological conditions were temperature at 4℃ for low salinity soaking 60min, steaming for 1min, followed by vacuum freeze drying (Heated plate temperature 35℃) the chips to water content in 45% then with hot air drying at 60℃(Total drying time is 840min). This research provided theoretical basis for industrial production of Pleurotus eryngii chips.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2015, 29(11): 2150-2157. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2015.11.2150In order to evaluate the nutritional quality of anchovy muscle, muscle components of juvenile, medium and adult anchovies were analyzed for understanding the differences of muscle nutritional component in anchovies at different growth stages. The results showed that muscle moisture and crude ash content tended to increase significantly from juvenile fish to adult fish, while crude protein and crude fat content presented a significantly increasing trend. The amino acid compositions of muscle in adults, mediums and juveniles all contained sixteen amino acids, and their essential amino acid indexes (EAAI) were 62.76, 60.21 and 58.92, respectively. The contents of EPA+DHA in fatty acids of adults, mediums and juveniles were 12.43%,14.09% and 14.71% respectively, and ω3PUFA and ω6PUFA in the muscle of juveniles were significantly lower than those in mediums and adults. For mineral content analysis of dry samples, Se was detected for all samples, and the contents of P and Ca in the muscle of adults were significantly higher than those in juveniles and mediums. To sum up, the muscle of adult, medium and juvenile anchovies all contained rich nutrients, and the adults showed the highest nutritional quality. This study provided data support and theoretical basis for nutrition research and comprehensive development of Engraulis japonicas.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2015, 29(11): 2158-2164. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2015.11.2158In this study, the protein content and eight kinds of mineral elements content in pollen of nine Paeonia suffrutisosa cultivars were respectively measured by using kjeldahl nitrogen method and ICP-AES (Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry) to reveal the differences of the nutritional value in different cultivars. The differences of these indexes among these cultivars were also analyzed. The results suggest that there have abundant protein and mineral elements in the pollen of Paeonia suffrutisosa, and the obvious differences of these indexes are existed among different cultivars of Paeonia suffrutisosa. The contents of protein are 32.75% to 40.64% and the contents of protein in the Paeonia suffruticosa cv. Dao jin pollen 40.58%±0.08%is the highest. The measurement results of four major elements of K, Ca, Mg and Na show that the maximum concentration of element is K, the next are Ca and Na, and the minimum is Na. Among these cultivars, the pollens from Paeonia suffruticosa cv. Ying hong have the highest contents of K, Ca and Mg. The pollens from Paeonia suffruticosa cv. Lu he hong have the highest contents of Na. The measurement results of four trace elements of Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu show that the highest concentration of element is Zn, the next are Fe and Mn, the lowest is Cu. Among these cultivars, the pollens from Paeonia suffruticosa cv. Feng dan bai have the highest contents of Fe and Mn. The pollens from Paeonia suffruticosa cv. Cao zhou hong have the highest contents of Cu and Zn. This study have great significance to further research and develop the products of Paeonia suffrutisosa pollen.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2015, 29(11): 2165-2171. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2015.11.2165Aflatoxins, the most widely distributed mycotoxin with strong toxicity, is commonly found in food and animal feed, and it shows great harm to human health. Irradiation as a food processing technology has significant effect on aflatoxins degradation. This paper summarized the aflatoxins degradation methods by irradiation technology, mainly including ultraviolet radiation, gamma-irradiation, electron beam irradiation and microwave irradiation. In addition, the defects in current researches were analyzed. This review is expected to provide helpful references for controlling aflatoxins in foods by irradiation method.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2015, 29(11): 2172-2177. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2015.11.2172Surimi is a kind of important aquatic products. To obtain surimi with good elasticity and high whiteness, fish meat often needs to be washed, which will consequently produce a large amount of wash water that is rich in protein and other nutrients. Direct discharge of surimi wash water will not only reduce protein utilization, but also increase the burden on wastewater treatment, and even cause environmental pollution. By adjusting pH, adding flocculants, and adopting other methods, protein in the surimi wash water could be recovered and used to make feed or added to surimi or other food. In this paper, the research progress of recovery and recycle of protein from surimi wash water was introduced and some existing problems in actual application were pointed out. This paper would provide basis for the clean and high value production of surimi.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2015, 29(11): 2178-2183. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2015.11.2178In order to explore the distinction of heavy metals morphology in soil and influence on the accumulation of heavy metals in tobacco leaves under different types of soil and cultivation modes, five types of soil and tobacco leaves were employed as material, using the sequential extraction and classification method to analyze the forms of heavy metals arsenic, lead, cadmium and enrichment coefficient of tobacco leaves in different soil types and cultivation patterns in this paper. Results showed that the residue lattice ratio of arsenic, lead, cadmium was the highest, while the exchangeable ratio of them was lowest in all kinds of soil. The total content of arsenic, lead, cadmium in two kinds of purple soil were lower than the red and paddy soil, The ratio of exchangeable and carbonate bound arsenic which was easy to be absorbed by crops in alkalinity purple soil were ower than that in dry purple soil, and the ratio of iron with manganese combined and organic bound lead and cadmium in acidic paddy red soil was lower that in dry red soil. But enrichment coefficient of arsenic, lead, cadmium in tobacco leaves was not direct proportion with the total content of the three soil heavy metals in soil. The enrichment coefficient of tobacco leaves for arsenic, lead, cadmium in acidity red soil after growing rice were lower than that of tobacco leaves in alkalinity purple soil. The relationship between the total amount of arsenic and lead in soil and the accumulation of heavy metals in tobacco leaf was stronger than cadmium in the soil. The findings pave a foundation for the tobacco planting division in Hunan and reducing accumulation of heavy metals in tobacco leaves.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2015, 29(11): 2184-2191. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2015.11.2184This study aimed to evaluate effect of four tillage techniques including conventional tillage (CT), fresh raised-bed(FRB), permanent raised beds(PRB) and zero tillage with control traffic, on flat field(ZT) on soil water dynamics, water retention and its redistribution in 2010. Results showed that, during the period of sowing, jointing, heading and grain filling volumetric soil moistures under PRB treatment on the top of the soil (0 to 20 cm) increased by 8.9%, 7.5%, 24.7% and 17.4%, respectively than FRB. Volumetric soil moisture under ZT treatment on the top of the soil (0 to 20cm) were 15.2%, 3.6%, 11.6% and 4.6% higher, respectively, than CT. Sowing-jointing and jointing-heading periods of spring wheat are two critical stages of water loss. Water loss of PRB and ZT treatments were higher than FRB and CT in sowing-jointing periods. However, water loss of FRB and CT treatments were higher than PRB and ZT at jointing-heading periods. Water loss of FRB and CT treatment are higher than PRB and ZT after heading periods in 0 ～ 20 cm, however, water loss of PRB and ZT treatment are higher than FRB and CT after the heading stage under the 20cm soil layers. The capacity of water vertical infiltration was greater than that of water horizontal infiltration after furrow irrigation infiltration under FRB. Under PRB, the capacity of the water vertical infiltration was the same as the capacity of horizontal infiltration. The soil moisture distribution formed high soil water content area at 100cm of soil profile in bed. Compared with FRB, water under PRB was much easier to enter the ridge by lateral seepage when using the furrow irrigation, and supplied water at the key crop growth stages to ensure crop yield. Therefore, after using permanent raised beds systems under flat and bed planting cultivation for continuities and years, the technology could significantly increase surface soil moisture, and store more water in the soil. In conclusion, permanent raised beds can improve the soil water content, and be highly efficient in water-saving which are propitious to the sustainable development of conservation agriculture in the arid oasis irrigation region. So this study can provide a theorethical basis for the effective water management under permanent raised beds in the arid irrigation legions.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2015, 29(11): 2192-2197. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2015.11.2192To analyze effects of straw returning and compaction on seeding emergence,yield and quality of wheat after rice,an two-factor experiment of straw returning and compaction with 4 treatments including rice straw returning with compaction (S1R1), rice straw returning with no compaction (S1R0), no rice straw returning with compaction (S0R1), and no rice straw returning with no compaction (S0R0), was carried out under field condition.Results showed that the average rate of seeding emergence in rice straw returning treatment was 25.1% lower than that in no rice straw returning treatment,which caused the decrease in number of effective spikes per hectare accordingly. However, its grain yield was not significantly affected owning to a slight increase in kernel number per spike and 1 000-kernel weight.Meanwhile,the crude protein content and flour extraction rate of wheat grain were increased by 12.7% and 5.0% respectively under rice straw returning treatment, however, gluten content, dough development time, and the dough stable period were not changed.The rate of seeding emergence with compaction was 39.0% higher than that with no compaction under rice straw returning,and the yield increased by 16.5% due to the slight increase synchronously in number of spikes per hectare,kernel number per spike,and 1000-kernel weight.Furthermore,the main quality indexes of wheat grain under straw returning with compaction were improved slightly,such as water adsorption,flour yield,gluten content,dough development time,and the dough stable period.Hence,the yield and quality of wheat grain after rice can be improved by applying compaction appropriately under straw returning condition in a rice-wheat rotation system.It is vary significant for promoting straw returning and improving the production level of wheat following rice.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2015, 29(11): 2198-2207. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2015.11.2198To analyze the effects of high temperature stress at heading and booting stages on development of rice endosperm and seed germination characteristics in different years, and the function of OsPIN1a. Two rice cultivars of wild-type rice Zhonghua 11 and Over-expression OsPIN1a (Indica) were used in this study. Relative water content in ears, seeds setting percent, seed 1000-grains weight, germination rate, germination energy, the structure of endosperm cells and some physiological parameters relate to seedling growth were observed to compare high temperature (2013) and normal temperature (2014). Results showed that the relative water content in ears of rice from the time of heading to booting was high before flowering, and then low in that day of flowering, but after flowering the relative water content was increased to high content, high temperature stress significantly decreased the relative water content from the time of heading to booing, especially in that day of flowering. High temperature stress significantly decreased seed-setting percent and 1000-grains weight, germination rate, germination energy, the activitles of amylase and offspring seedling root. Starch granules accumulated in endosperm cells stacked densely and showed a regular polyhedral shape under normal temperature. However, accumulation process of starch in endosperm cells was delayed and starch granules did not show regular shape in high temperature stress. However, the relative water content in ears, seed-setting percent, endosperm development, TCC reduced power in primary root of Over-expression OsPIN1awere higher and better than wild type rice under high temperature stress. It was suggested that high temperature stress caused to water stress of rice spike, and affected endosperm development and seeds germination. In addition, over-expression the gene of OsPIN1a gene can decrease high temperature stress during the stages of heading and booting and promote seed germination. This study can provide scientific and reasonable basis for that high temperature stress how to effect the development of rice endosperm, seed germination and the function of OsPIN1a.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2015, 29(11): 2208-2214. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2015.11.2208In order to investgate the promoting effect on the plants by silicate bacteria, a strain of silicate bacteria was isolated and identified, and its capability of promoting growth of watermelon was studied. Results showed that the silicate bacterium WZW03 was classified as Plantibacter sp., then biomass of WZW03 reached to maximum at 96 hours in silicate liquid medium, and the maximum concentration of potassium was released up to 1.41 mg ·L-1. When 30 mL of Plantibacter sp. WZW03, (two conditions: OD600=0.5 and OD600=1, respectively), were applied to the soil sowed with watermelon (sterilized continuous cropping soil), the dry weights for the underground part of watermelon were increased by 18.6% and 28.0%, respectively, compared with control, root lengths of watermelon were increased by 62.2% and 34.8%, root tips number of watermelon were increased 39.0% and 32.9%, the root diameter root ranged from 0 to 0.5 mm were increased by 59.7% and 55.0%. In unsterilized soil of continuous cropping, when 30 mL of Plantibacter sp. (two conditions;OD600=0.5 and OD600=1, respectively) were applied to the soil on which watermelon was grown, the fresh weights for the underground part of watermelon were increased by 22.0% and 90.9%, respectively;the dry weights for the underground part of watermelon were increased by 99.3% and 215.9%, respectively;heights of watermelon were increased 41.0% and 12.1%, respectively;root lengths of watermelon were increased by 111.8% and 33.6% respectively, the root volume of watermelon were increased by 200.0% and 52.9%, respectively, the root diameter root ranged from 0 to 0.5 mm were increased by 23.6% and 16.4%, respectively. The data obtained in our study suggest that Plantibacter sp. WZW03 can promote the growth of watermelon and has broad promising application in the preparation of bio-bacterial manure. Further, the study indicates that the strain could be developed as a biofertilizer and provides strain resourses and theoretical a basis for further study.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2015, 29(11): 2215-2223. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2015.11.2215In order to further understand the physiological mechanism of Elaeagnus angustifolia L. salt trolerance, pot experiments were carried out to study effects of NaCl stress (NaCl concentration of 0,0.15 and 0.30 mol ·L-1 )and stress time (7, 30 and 60 days) on the biomass, root/shoot ratio and phsiological characteristics of different provenances of E. angustifolia L.(Alaer provenance and Yinchuan provenance). Results showed that biomass accumulation and chlorophyll content were gradually reduced with increasing NaCl concentration and stress time. After treated with salt for 30 days, the largest decrement of the biomass accumulation and chlorophyll content in leaves of Alaer E. angustifolia L. provenance was 36.92% and 14.65%, respectively, and 41.86% and 37.07% for Yinchuan provenance, respectively. With increasing of NaCl concentration, root/shoot ratio and MDA content increase gradully, and Alaer provenance had a lower increasement than that of Yinchuan provenance. Content of proline was significantly increased with increase of the NaCl concentration, but the creased rate of proline content decreased with extention of the stress time. At 7 days after salt treatment, soluble sugar content of E. angustifolia L. decreased with the NaCl concentration incraseing. With the extension of stress time, the soluble surgar content gradully converted to increase with increase of the salt stress. The soluble sugar content of Alaer provenance was increased by 36.69% under the 0.3 mol ·L-1 for 60 days, while Yinchuan provenance was only 7.27%. Therefore, the salt-tolerance of E. angustifolia L. seedlings from Alaer provenance is stronger than that from Yinchuan provenance. Salt-tolerant E. angustifolia L. provenance could better protect the chorophyll, maintain stability of the membrane system, and ability of osmotic regrlation, to ensure the biomass accumulation than salt-sensitive provenance. This provides a theoretical basis for screening excellent salt-tolerant E. angustifolia L. germplasm.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2015, 29(11): 2224-2230. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2015.11.2224In order to investigate the differences of roots mycorrhizal infection efficiency between different tomato varieties and influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi on tomato growth, a pot experiment was carried out between five different tomato varieties and Rhizophagus irregularis CD-1. This study was designed to investigate the effect of AM fungi on tomato varieties. Results showed that all tested tomato varieties could establish a symbiotic relationship with AM fungi, which were observed in tomato roots as various forms, including vesicle, hyphae, spores, and arbuscule, and no significant differences in all root infection rates (over than 90%) were observed among tomato varieties. The agronomic traits of all tomato varieties revealed that AM fungi could significantly improve plant height, number of petiole, shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root fresh weight, and root dry weight of five tomato varieties. Plant height and shoot fresh weight of tomato varieties Z34 were increased by 1.05 and 2.12 times, respectively. The highest increase varieties in petiole number and shoot dry weight was Z30, with an increase of 0.27 and 2.22 times, respectively. Z33 showed the highest increase in root dry weight and root fresh weight, with an increase of 9 and 3.8 times, respectively. AM dependence of all tomato varieties was 58.75% to 72.11%, as a consequence, the AM fungi could promote the growth of tomato varieties. These data suggest that the Rhizophagus irregularis CD-1 can significantly promote tomato growth, and have a nice application prospect. This study will provide theoretical basis and technical support for the large-scale application of AM fungi on the tomato in the future.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2015, 29(11): 2231-2238. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2015.11.2231In order to elucidate the cultivar tolerance of pumkin plants to chilling under low irradiance, five Lines of pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata) plants were exposed to chilling under low irradiance (12℃/8℃,80 μmol ·m-2 ·s-1) for 6 d, and then chilling index, gas exchanges, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and antioxidant enzyme activities were investigated. Results showed that the chilling index was increased evidently by low temperature under low irradiance treatment, and it was less significantly in line S4-1 and S44-1 than line G2-3, G75-1 and G75-2, suggesting that line S4-1and S44-1 were more tolerant. Chilling under low irradiance treatment resulted in the decrease in net photosynthesis rate (Pn), coefficient of photochemical quenching (qP), effective quantum use efficiency of PSII in the light-adapted state (Fv'/Fm') and actual quantum yield of PSII (ΙPSI). Line S4-1 and S44-1 showed less evidence of these parameters compared with other lines. MDA content and electrolyte leakage were increased by chilling under low irradiance, and were less significantly in Line S4-1 and S44-1 plants. The activities of SOD, CAT and GPOD increased firstly and then decreased during the chilling under low irradiance treatment, while APX activities showed the opposite trend. Pn, qP, Fv'/Fm' and ΙPSI were negatively correlated to chilling index, while MDA content and electrolyte leakage were positively correlated to chilling index. Thus these parameters can be used to identify the cultivar tolerance of pumkin plants to chilling under low irradiance. The present study could provide theoretical basis for selection chilling and low irradiance resistant varieties in pumpkin.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2015, 29(11): 2239-2245. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2015.11.2239In order to investigate the antifungal activity of ethanol extract of Inonotus obliquus for plant pathogenic fungi, the ethanol extract was obtained by ethanol precipitation method and the antifungal activity was explored by spore germination and hyphal structure variation of Pyricularia oryzae, and plate confrontation experiments of Bipolaris sorokiniana and Botrytis cinerea. Results showed the extraction rate of Inonotus obliquus ethanol extract by ethanol precipitation method was 7.35%. The inhibition rate of spore germination was 94% for Pyricularia oryzae at the extract concentration of 3.125mg ·mL-1, and the inhibition rate was increased to 100% when the concentrations was higher than 6.25mg ·mL-1. The hyphal structure of Pyricularia oryzae became unsymmetrical and incompact after the treatment of the extracts and its cell wall was also thickened. The obvious inhibition zones appeared on the plates in confrontation experiments of Bipolaris sorokiniana and Botrytis cinerea. Here we establishes the foundation for deep research on mechanism of antifungal activity of ethanol extract of Inonotus obliquus and its application.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2015, 29(11): 2246-2251. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2015.11.2246Phosphorus (P) played important roles on the matter cycling in the peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) field ecosystems. Studies on the demand and supply characteristics of P and its high-efficient management were crucial to solve the problems of resource depletions and environmental risks. The present study summarized the domestic and foreign researches on P demand-supply characteristics, P absorption mechanism and P high-efficient management in peanut fields. Future research on P management was proposed by strengthening the variety breeding, developing the controlled-releasing and high-efficiency P fertilizer, and activating the soil potentially available P. This study would be beneficial to moderate the P resource depletion, improve the P fertilizer use efficiency and reduce the environment pollution.
