In recent years， the pre-made dishes industry has developed rapidly， providing more convenient and diverse choices for the catering industry and consumers. Pre-made dishes cover a wide range of food raw materials and auxiliary materials such as livestock and poultry， aquatic products， fruits and vegetables， and involve multiple research directions including flavor development， quality control， and process improvement. Based on the current definition and scope of pre-made dishes， this paper summarizes the application of emerging processing key technologies in pre-prepared foods， including storage and preservation technology， freezing and thawing technology， drying technology， sterilization technology， and packaging technology. The paper also sorts out the main processing technology problems such as flavor， nutrition， and equipment， the cold chain logistics problem throughout the process， and the standard system construction problem， with the aim of providing references for the high-quality development of Pre-made dishes.

Cyclic nucleotide-gated channels （CNGCs） play crucial roles in regulating plant growth， development， and responses to abiotic and biotic stress serving as Ca²⁺ channels. To identify the CNGC gene family in foxtail millet， the biological functions of CNGC gene family were firstly investigated. Using bioinformatics technologies， the physicochemical properties， gene localization pattern， family subclasses， conserved motifs， cis-acting elements， expression patterns， subcellular localization， protein channel structures， and Ca²⁺-binding residues of CNGC family proteins from foxtail millet were analyzed. A total of 23 family members were identified， which were classified into 5 subclasses， along with 15 conserved motifs. Transcriptome analysis revealed that Seita.2G305500， Seita.3G18810 and Seita.7G259800 showed significant induction in leaves and panicle following Sclerospora graminicola infection. Quantitative real-time PCR （qRT-PCR） further demonstrated that Seita.3G188100 exhibited 6.6-fold and 8.6-fold higher expression levels to the control at 36 and 48 h postinfection， respectively. Structural prediction of Ca²⁺-binding signatures indicated that these three genes could form a Ca²⁺ channel， with specific binding residues at Ser361， Thr397 and Gln427 respectively. Subcellular localization assays in tobacco cells confirmed their plasma membrane localization. This study provides a reference for further exploring the functions of CNGC family genes and lays a foundation for genetic improvement of disease resistance in foxtail millet.

To investigate plant growth-promoting effects of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic （ACC） deaminase-producing strains on crops under saline-alkali stress， three ACC deaminase-producing strains， including Bacillus arachidis E1-6， Enterobacterpseudoroggenkampii. E1-8， and Bacillus cereus j2-4 were used to investigate the effects of inoculation on the growth of maize. The strains were previously isolated from the plants rhizosphere in saline-alkaline areas of southern Xinjiang. The results showed that compared to neutral conditions， treatment with alkaline salt containing Na⁺ （pH values were 8.23 and 9.15， respectively） for 28 d had no significant effects on plant height， aboveground dry weight， and underground dry weight， but significantly inhibited stem diameter of maize （P<0.05）. Compared to the neutral condition， no significant changes were observed in aboveground and underground dry weight and root system architecture of potted maize of different saline-alkali stresses. However， under high saline-alkali stress at pH 9.15， plant height and stem diameter were significantly decreased， while malondialdehyde （MDA） content was increased. After inoculation treatment， all tested conditions enhanced plant height， stem diameter， and aboveground and underground dry weight of potted maize. Notably， under high saline-alkali stress at pH 9.15， inoculation with strain E1-8 improved root morphology and enhanced peroxidase activity. The results demonstrated that inoculation with ACC deaminase-producing growth-promoting rhizobacteria alleviated the inhibitory effects of saline-alkali stress on maize， highlighting their potential for development as microbial fertilizers. This study expands the resource of salt-alkali tolerant and plant growth-promoting bacteria and provides an efficient microbial remediation strategy for stress-resistant cultivation of crops in saline-alkali soils.

The C2H2 zinc finger transcription factor family plays an important regulatory role in plant non-biological stress responses and growth and developmental processes. To clarify the function of theC2H2zinc finger transcription factor family in the growth and development of mung bean （Vigna radiata L.）， this study used mung bean genome data and bioinformatics techniques to identify C2H2 transcription factors， predict their physicochemical properties， analyze systematic evolution， chromosomal locations， colinearity， promoter cis-regulatory elements， and gene structures， and investigate their expression patterns in different tissues and under non-biological stress conditions using mung bean transcriptome data and real-time quantitative PCR（qRT-PCR）. The results showed that a total of 60 C2H2 transcription factor members were identified， of which 53 were distributed across 9 chromosomes， while chromosomal information for 7 members remained unknown. Motif1 and Motif3 were conserved motifs specific to the mung bean C2H2 transcription factor family， with Motif3 containing the conserved sequence ‘QALGGH’ unique to certain members of the C2H2_{transcription factor family. These proteins contained 155-1 581 amino acids， were all hydrophilic， and localized in the cell nucleus. Phylogenetic analysis divided the mung bean C2H2 transcription factor family into 7 subgroups （V1-V7）. Collinearity analysis revealed that fragment duplication events had undergone purifying selection. Cis-regulatory element analysis of C2H2 gene promoters identified aboundant response elements related to growth， development， stress， and hormones. Expression analysis showed that genes with FPKM values greater than 10 account for 25.0%， 26.7%， 20.0% and 26.7% in the leaf petiole， leaf， lower hypocotyl， and seed coat respectively. qRT-PCR analysis indicated that the relative expression of VrC2H2-22 increased significantly with temperature changes， suggesting its specific regulatory effect on temperature stress. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for further researches on the functional characterization of C2H2 zinc finger transcription factor family in mung bean.}

To investigate the differences in components and bioactivities of Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua （PC）， Lycium chinense Mill （LC） and Panax ginseng C. A. Mey （PG） under varying compatibility ratios， this study determined the contents of total sugar， total phenolic， total saponin， and other substances， and assessedantioxidant capacity in vitro. The optimal formulations were selected through the comprehensive evaluation and the oxidative stress and lipid-lowering activity were validated through the Caenorhabditis elegans model. The results revealed that there was a correlation between herb-ingredients-activity， and some combinations showed synergistic effect on activities. Following comprehensive evaluation， the combination of PC， PC and PG in ratio of 1∶2∶0 （PC-LC）， 2∶0∶1 （PC-PG）， and 1∶2∶1 （PC-LC-PG） demonstrated superior overall performance compared to other proportional combinations within the same formulation. The C. elegans model experiment demonstrated that the PC-LC group could enhance on superoxide dismutase （SOD） activity compared to the control group， and its inhibitory effect on malondialdehyde （MDA） accumulation was better than that of the single- drug administration groups. In terms of lipid-lowering activity， the triglyceride content of PC-LC-PG group （low concentration） and PC-PG group （high concentration） was significantly lower than that of single drug （P<0.05）， thereby indicating a synergistic effect. Consequently， in the compatibility of PC， LC and PG， the changes of herb-components-activities were correlated， and some of the compatibility showed synergistic effects in antioxidant and lipid-lowering. This study reveals the variation patterns of components and activities after the compatibility of PC， LC， and PG， which provide references for the subsequent development of products formulated with PC and the utilization of related resources.

To explore the differences in yield， quality， and metabolites of upper leaves of flue-cured tobacco with different plant architecture， Yunyan 87 was used as material. A comprehensive analysis combing non-targeted metabolomics with chemical， sensory， and economic trait evaluation was conducted to compare the differences between umbrella-type and tube-type plants. The results showed that umbrella-type plants had lower plant height and fewer effective leaf number but larger stem circumference than tube-type plants. While tube-type plants exhibited 30.92%， 23.17%， and 18.71% higher densities of long-stalked glandular hairs， protective glandular hairs， and total glandular hairs respectively， compared to umbrella-type plants. Furthermore， tube-type plants demonstrated more balanced chemical composition and superior sensory quality score. Umbrella-type plants had a 3.43% higher yield， yet tube-type plants showed a higher output value by 22.13%， a higher proportion of high-grade tobacco by 10.72 percentage points， and higher average price by 21.50%. A total of 137 differential metabolites were identified between the two plant types. Among them， organic acids were the most abundant， including sinapic acid， guanidinosuccinic acid， phenylpyruvic acid， 2-pentanedioic acid， jasmonic acid， and palmitic acid； Amino acids included 2-oxoarginine， L-kynurenine， N-methyl-L-glutamic acid， gamma-aminobutyric acid， L-aspartic acid， tryptophanol， L-lysine， and leucine were also differentially expressed. Additionally， alkaloids like confertifolin， cytisine， L-carnitine， and resveratrol showed significant variations. The differential metabolites in mature leaves of the two plant types were mainly enriched in pathways such as alanine metabolism. In addition， the tricarboxylic acid （TCA） cycle and related metabolic pathways exhibited distinct metabolic profiles between umbrella-type tobacco plants and tube-type. In conclusion， tube-type Yunyan 87 plantsin the Nanyang region produce better quality and higher economic benefits than that of umbrella-type plants. These findings provide a theoretical basis for plant type improvement in Nanyang area.

To investigate the effects of different irrigation quotas combined with ameliorants on the saline-alkaline soil and maize growth in the Yinbei Irrigation District， and to determine the optimal combination for soil improvement and high maize yield in Ningxia， a two-factor split-plot experiment was designed. The maize variety Jialiang 0987 was used as the test material in this study. The experiment was conducted in the northern part of the Yinchuan Plain in Ningxia. The main factor was the irrigation quota， with three treatments： 360 mm （W1）， 450 mm （W2）， and 540 mm （W3）. The secondary factor was the soil amendment， with four treatments： no amendment （G0）， microbial agent （G1）， amino acids （G2）， and carboxymethyl cellulose （G3）， with 450 mm of flood irrigation as the control （CK）. The effects of different amendment treatments （early， mid， and late stages） on groundwater level， groundwater mineralization， pH value， total salt content， soil fertility， as well as growth indicators and yield of maize， were analyzed. The results indicated that， compared to pre-treatment， the groundwater level generally decreased after treatment， with a reduction ranging from 0.15 to 0.32 m. Compared to CK， the W2G2 treatment showed the best improvement in soil pH and total salt content， significantly reducing them by 0.62 units and 1.55 g·kg^-1， respectively. Throughout the amelioration process， soil organic matter， alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen， available phosphorus and available potassium generally increased， with more pronounced soil fertility enhancement observed in the later stages of amelioration. The W2G2 treatment resulted in the best overall soil fertility improvement. This treatment also effectively promoted maize growth and yield， increasing plant height， stem diameter， aboveground dry biomass， and grain yield by 27.96%， 26.25%， 59.38%， and 33.67% compared to CK， respectively. Correlation analysis revealed that increases in groundwater level， groundwater mineralization， pH value， and total salt content significantly inhibited the aboveground dry weight and grain yield of maize （P<0.01）. In contrast， increases in soil organic matter and alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen significantly promoted maize aboveground dry biomass and grain yield （P<0.01）. In conclusion， applying 450 mm of irrigation combined with amino acid ameliorant treatment can effectively reduce soil pH value and groundwater mineralization in Ningxia’s saline-alkaline soils， while improving soil fertility and maize yield. This study provides scientific evidence and practical guidance for agricultural production in the saline-alkaline areas of Ningxia.

In this study， the impact of space-induced mutagenesis on key agronomic traits in wheat was investigated by exposing the elite Canadian high-quality spring wheat cultivar Bluesky to this treatment. From the resulting mutant population， a novel spring wheat cultivar， Lanhangxuan L623 with superior quality， high-yielding and stripe rust resistance was successfully developed. Comparative analysis with the parent cultivar Bluesky revealed that Lanhangxuan L623 exhibited a reduced plant height， accompanied by a significant increase in spikelet number， thousand kernel weight， and yield. Lanhangxuan L623 exhibits slow rusting resistance to stripe rust at adult-plant stage and is characterized as a high-quality wheat cultivar with mediate to strong gluten content， making it ideally suited for bread-making purposes. Molecular markers targeting established stripe rust resistance genes and wheat gluten subunit genes were employed to elucidate the genetic profiles of Lanhangxuan L623 and its progenitor Bluesky. Our analysis confirmed the presence of rust resistance genes Yr18， Yr28， Yr29， YrZH22， and YrZH84 in both Lanhangxuan L623 and Bluesky. Furthermore， consistent genetic patterns across various molecular weight gluten subunit loci were observed in both cultivars. Comparison of Lanhangxuan L623 with its parent cultivar Bluesky demonstrated genetic variations in chromosomes 2B， 2D， 4D， 7A， and 7B with a genetic similarity coefficient of 0.86， as identified using simple sequence repeat （SSR） molecular markers for wheat authentication. The successful development of Lanhangxuan L623 underscores the effectiveness of aerospace-induced mutagenesis breeding technology in synergistically enhancing wheat yield， disease resistance， and quality attributes.

To investigate the effects of different concentrations of exogenous 5-aminolevulinic acid （ALA） and boron fertilizer on the growth of sweet potato and the accumulation of soluble sugars in tuberous roots.Sweet potato varieties Violet and Hami were used as test materials. The field experiment was conducted in a split-plot design with different concentrations of boron fertilizer （BNa₃O₃， 0， 2， 4， and 8 g·L^-1） and ALA （0， 50， 100， and 150 mg·L^-1） spraying during the reproductive period of sweet potato. The aboveground vine length， leaf area， the ratio of top to root （T/R ratio）， photosynthetic parameters， and the content of soluble sugar， sucrose， fructose， and glucose in the belowground were measured at 60， 90， and 120 days after transplanting （DAP）of sweet potato， respectively. The correlation between the indexes was analyzed. The results showed that the 8 g·L^-1 boron fertilizer concentration treatment significantly increased the soluble sugar， sucrose， fructose， and glucose contents compared with the treatment without boron fertilizer. The low concentration of ALA promoted the growth and metabolism of sweet potato， and 50-100 mg·L^-1 ALA was more beneficial for promoting the accumulation of soluble sugars in sweet potato tubers. Sweet potato yield gradually increased with increasing boron fertilizer concentration， while exhibited a trend of an initial increase followed by a decrease with increasing ALA concentration. Violet had the highest yield under the interaction treatment of 8 g·L^-1 boron fertilizer and 100 mg·L^-1 ALA， with a theoretical yield of 87 817.50 kg·hm^-2， and Hami had the highest yield under the interaction treatment of 8 g·L^-1 boron fertilizer and 50 mg·L^-1 ALA， with a theoretical yield of 83 497.50 kg·hm^-2. Correlation analysis showed that the soluble sugar content was highly significantly correlated with photosynthetic parameters， sucrose content， fructose content， and yield. In conclusion， the combined application of 8 g·L^-1 boron fertilizer and 50-100 mg·L^-1 ALA had a better effect on the growth， yield， and soluble sugar accumulation of sweet potato. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for the regulation of soluble sugar accumulation and high-quality cultivation of sweet potato.

To investigate the effects of different ⁶⁰Co-γ irradiation doses on the traits， chemical composition and antioxidant activity of Ermiao Pills， the non-irradiated group （0 kGy） and 10， 20， 50 and 100 kGy irradiation dose groups were set up in this experiment. The colorimeter and electronic nose were used to compare the characteristics of each group of samples. The physical structures were characterized by scanning electron microscopy， fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction. Non-volatile and volatile components were analysed by high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）， ultra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry （UPLC-Q/TOF-MS） and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GC-MS）. Antioxidant activity of the samples from each group was compared by 1，1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl （DPPH） radical scavenging method. The results of characteristic observation showed that compared with the unirradiated samples， the yellowness value of Ermiao Pills increased after irradiation， and the concentration of sulfides， terpenes and aromatic substances decreased； irradiation will damage the surface and internal structure of Ermiao Pills. The contents of berberine hydrochloride and atractylodin in Ermiao Pills after irradiation were higher than that of unirradiated samples. After being irradiated at 50 and 100 kGy， the content of phellodendrine hydrochloride decreased compared to the unirradiated samples. There was no significant change in the content of palmatine hydrochloride before and after irradiation. Irradiation could lead to a decrease in the content of terpenes in Ermiao Pills. The antioxidant activity of Ermiao Pills in the 100 kGy irradiation dose group was higher than that in the non-irradiation group， and no radiolysis products of Ermiao Pills were found in all irradiation groups. This study provides a scientific basis for the quality control of irradiation sterilization Ermiao Pills， and also provides ideas and methods for the establishment of irradiation sterilization standards for other traditional Chinese medicine preparations.

Abscisic acid （ABA）， a pivotal phytohormone in plants， plays a crucial role in the response to abiotic stress. ABA mediates stress responses by activating various signal transduction pathways， including calcium ion signaling， reactive oxygen species （ROS） homeostasis， and phosphorylation/dephosphorylation cascades， thereby inducing the expression of stress-responsive genes. The induced pathways facilitate the synthesis of osmotic regulators， heat shock proteins， and cold-responsive proteins， collectively enhancing plant adaptation to environmental stress. Within plant cells， ABA is perceived by its receptors， ABAR/RCAR， that are located either on the membrane or in the cytoplasm， thereby triggering downstream signaling cascades. Additionally， ABA regulates abiotic stress responses through multiple mechanisms including G-protein signaling， SnRK2 kinases activation， transcription factors modulation， and ROS homeostasis maintenance. This review focuses on recent advances in ABA research concerning plant response to abiotic stresses， particularly drought， salinity， and low-temperature stress. The aim is to provide insights that could facilitate targeted breeding approaches or the development of economically important plants species with enhanced tolerance to drought， low temperature， and salinity stresses.

To evaluate the freshness-preserving effects of 1-methylcyclopropene （1-MCP） and ethylene absorber （EA） on the post-harvest storage of prunes， this study evaluated the effects of 1-methylcyclopropene （1-MCP）， ethylene absorbents （EA）， and their combined application （EA+1-MCP） on maintaining postharvest quality and flavor characteristics of ‘French’ plums （Prunus domestica L.） during cold storage （0 ℃， relative humidity 80%-90%）. The results showed that all three treatment groups delayed the deterioration of fruit quality compared to the control group （CK）， with the EA+1-MCP treatment group demonstrating the most significant preservation effect. This combined treatment significantly suppressed the increases in weight loss rate， relative electrical conductivity， and chromatic parameters （L^* and b^* ）， while effectively inhibiting the decreases in a^* values， fruit firmness， and titratable acidity. It maintained higher soluble solids content， postponed respiratory and ethylene production peaks， and resulted in 30.31% higher total phenolic content and 23.53 percentage points higher ascorbic acid retention rate compared to CK at the end of cold storage. Electronic nose and electronic tongue analyses further confirmed that EA+1-MCP treatment optimally preserved prune-specific flavor profiles during cold storage. In conclusion， the synergistic EA+1-MCP treatment demonstrated superior efficacy in maintaining postharvest quality and flavor integrity of prunes. This study provides scientific guidance for the research and development of postharvest storage and preservation technologies for prunes.

MYB is one of the most abundant and functionally diverse transcription factors in fungi， representing a highly conserved family of transcription factors in eukaryotes. To identify the MYB family in Ganoderma lingzhi and the potential role in the metabolism of pharmacodynamic ingredients， based on the whole genome of Ganoderma lingzhi， this study identified members of the MYB gene family in G. lingzhi using a hidden Markov model. Bioinformatics methods were employed to analyze their chromosomal localization， collinearity， gene structure， phylogenetic tree， and cis-regulatory elements. Additionally， qRT-PCR was used to examine the expression levels of G. lingzhi MYB under MeJA and in different tissues. The results revealed that G. lingzhi harbors 9 MYB members （GlMYB1-GlMYB9）， which were classified into 4 subfamilies and distributed across 9 different chromosomes. Interspecies collinearity analysis demonstrated the conservation of G. lingzhi within the Polyporaceae family， while phylogenetic tree and conserved motif analyses indicated the evolutionary conservation of G. lingzhi MYB. Promoter cis-element analysis showed that G. lingzhi MYB contains numerous light responsive elements， hormone responsive elements， and stress responsive elements， particularly jasmonic acid responsive elements. The results of qRT-PCR confirmed that the expression levels of GlMYB varied significantly across different developmental stages， with GlMYB9 showing high expression in mycelium， young fruiting bodies， and mature fruiting bodies. Under MeJA treatment， the expression of most GlMYB members was upregulated， except for GlMYB1， GlMYB5， and GlMYB7. Notably， GlMYB4 and GlMYB9 exhibited the most pronounced upregulation. These findings identified key candidate genes that may play crucial roles in G. lingzhi development and stress responses and provided an important theoretical foundation for further exploration of the physiological mechanisms underlying G. lingzhi growth and development， as well as its responses to hormones and abiotic stress， and offer insights into the genetic regulation of secondary metabolism in G. lingzhi.

Pleurotus tuoliensis is a rare species of edible mushrooms with high economic value due to its rich nutrients and delicious taste. To explore new methods for germplasm creation and breeding of excellent strains， protoplasts of P. tuoliensis TN01 were mutated by atmospheric pressure room temperature plasma （ARTP） technology. The results showed that the optimal ARTP treatment duration was 120 seconds. Mutant strains of 38 were preliminarily screened by antagonistic experiments， and 4 strains with fast mycelial growth rate and strong cellulose decomposition ability were ultimately selected through plate culture and enzyme production capacity assays. The mutant strain TN01-35， exhibiting the strongest decolorization ability， was selected through secondary screening employing the LBL evaluation method. When cultivated on stack， the biological transformation efficiency of TN01-35 reached 61.17%， significantly higher than other strains and 13% higher than that of the original strain. Under the mud wall cultivation method， its biological transformation efficiency reached 73.37%， 12.20% higher than that of the palletizing method. The screening and evaluation of high-yield mutant strains of P. tuoliensis which was conducted by combining the biological characteristics of mycelium， cellulase production capacity and LBL method was simple and effective. The results provide novel insights and methodologies for the varietal improvement and breeding technology in edible fungi.

The effects of different probiotics fermentation on strawberry juice quality， screening of the best strains， and optimization of the fermentation process were studied to develop nutritional， healthy and flavoured strawberry juice fermented with probiotics. Results showed that the pH， total phenolics， total flavonoids and antioxidant capacity of probiotic fermented strawberry juice were significantly reduced， but the total acid content increased by 17.05%-63.07% than unfermented strawberry juice. A total of 64 volatile organic compounds were detected in strawberry juice， including 12 ketones， 20 esters， 8 acids， 7 aldehydes， 13 alcohols， and 4 other compounds. The probiotic fermented strawberry juice had higher levels of ketones （323.7-573.0 µg·L^-1）， acids （677.4-2 592.9 µg·L^-1）， alcohols （576.7-827.4 µg·L^-1） and other compounds （133.7-1 676.6 µg·L^-1） than unfermented strawberry juice. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum showed the best overall performance based on the coefficient of variation method and was the best strain for strawberry juice fermentation. At optimal fermentation time （23 h）， fermentation temperature （34 ℃） and inoculum size （4%），the Lactiplantibacillus plantarum fermented strawberry juicehad 7.48 lg （CFU·mL^-1） of viable cell count， 87.0 of sensory score and 47.24 of composite score. Results of this study could provide insights into the comprehensive processing and high-valued utilization of strawberries.

Hechun No. 3 is a new wheat cultivar distinguished by high yield， superior quality （strong gluten properties）， and water-saving characteristics， jointly developed by the Institute of Crop Research， Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences （formerly the Institute of Nuclear Technology and Biotechnology， Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences） and Xinjiang Jintianshan Agricultural Science and Technology Co.， Ltd.In 2009， the variety was bred by crossing Xinchun 37 （female parent） with 38th-201， an elite spring wheat germplasm from the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center （CIMMYT） （male parent）. The hybrid F0 seeds were irradiated with ⁶⁰Co-γ rays and subjected to shuttle breeding between Yunnan （southern breeding nursery） and Xinjiang （northern breeding nursery）. Through multi-generation single-spike and single-plant selection combined with molecular marker-assisted selection （MAS） and high-molecular-weight glutenin subunit （HMW-GS） screening， this new strain was developed in 2013.After years of comparative trials， regional trials， and production tests， it was officially approved and named by the Xinjiang Crop Variety Approval Committee in 2024， with the approval number Xin Shen Mai 2024 No. 1011.

In order to explore the different fermentation conditions on the antibacterial effect of Artemisia annua solid-state fermentation extracts， the Artemisia annua was used as raw material to explore the effects of fermentation strains， time， material-to-liquid ratio， and inoculation volume on the antibacterial effect using a single factor experimental system. The response surface methodology （RSM） was used to optimize the solid-state fermentation process. The antibacterial effect of Artemisia annua solid-state fermentation extracts on E. coli， S. aureus， and C. albicans was determined using the microdilution method. The results showed that using Meyerozyma caribbica as the fermentation strain， with a fermentation time of 7 d， a feed-to-liquid ratio of 1∶2， and inoculation volume of 6%， the antibacterial effect of solid-state fermentation of Artemisia annua L. extract was optimal， with minimum inhibitory concentration （MIC） and minimum bactericidal concentration （MBC） of 1.25， 5.0 mg·mL^-1 for E. coli and S. aureus， respectively， and 20.0， 40.0 mg·mL^-1 for C. albicans. This study provides an important theoretical basis for development and utilization of Artemisia annua resources deeply and the exploration of natural antibacterial substances.

To improve the accuracy of wheat yield estimation， this study employed 270 recombinant inbred lines （RILs） derived from the ZM 578/JM 22 population. Canopy multispectral data collected at seven key growth stages were used to construct yield prediction models based on seven machine learning algorithms. The results show that， compared to normalized difference vegetation index （NDVI）， the proposed overall differential response vegetation index （ODRVI） demonstrated stronger yield correlations during the flag leaf， early grain-filling， late grain-filling， and wax-ripening stages. 13 vegetation indices and 4 multispectral bands at the flag leaf， flowering， early grain-filling， and middle grain-filling stages exhibited significant correlations with yield （|r|≥0.53）. The early grain-filling and middle grain-filling stages were identified as the optimal periods for single-time series yield prediction， with R² values ranging from 0.53 to 0.63. The R² threshold range for deep learning models （0.69~0.72） was lower than that of other machine learning models （0.66~0.74）， demonstrating more stable fitting performance. By incorporating stratified sampling cross-validation， the R² of the predictive models improved by 2.85%-7.91%. The ridge regression model based on multi-temporal stratified sampling exhibited the highest predictive accuracy ［R²=0.74， root mean square error （RMSE）=0.51 t·hm^-²， mean absolute error （MAE）=0.41 t·hm⁻²］. This study improves the accuracy of wheat yield prediction models through optimized machine learning algorithms， providing technical support for precision management in crop production.

Nitrogen deficiency is one of the major factors limiting high rice yields in medium-low yielding fields. Mining low-nitrogen tolerance （LNT） genes and breeding LNT varieties represent effective approaches to address this issue. To identify LNT quantitative trait loci （QTLs） and mine candidate genes for LNT， this study utilized a population of 409 target-trait selected introgression lines （ILs） developed by introgressing germplasm resources into the Huanghuazhan （HHZ） background. Over two consecutive years， the performance of LNT-related traits in these ILs was evaluated under both normal nitrogen （N） and low nitrogen （L） conditions. The results revealed that grain yield per plant （GYP） and effective panicles per plant （EPN） were more sensitive to low nitrogen stress， while 1000-grain weight （TGW） and filled grain number per panicle （FGN） showed relatively lower sensitivity. Association analysis identified 55 main-effect QTLs influencing GYP， EPN， FGN， and TGW under different N regimes， including 14 QTLs under normal nitrogen， 16 QTLs under low nitrogen， and 25 QTLs for the low-to-normal nitrogen ratio （R）. Candidate gene and haplotype analyses were performed on four newly detected important QTLs related to LNT： LOC_Os01g09240 was identified as the most probable candidate gene for qGYP1/qEPN1.1 within the 4.51-4.71 Mb interval on chromosome 1， LOC_Os06g13200 as the most probable candidate gene for qFGN6.2/qGYP6.2 within the 7.23-7.30 Mb interval on chromosome 6， and LOC_Os10g31220， LOC_Os10g31320 and LOC_Os10g31420 were inferred as potential candidate genes for qTGW10 within the 16.31-16.51 Mb interval on chromosome 10. Following LNT evaluation of important ILs in mountain-converted paddy fields with inherently low N content， two lines （H82 and H414） were selected. These two lines demonstrated high grain yield， strong LNT， and favorable comprehensive traits under both LN and NN conditions， making them valuable parental resources for breeding LNT rice varieties. This research also provides an in-depth discussion on breeding for LNT and abiotic stresses tolerance in medium-low yielding fields， proposing a novel strategy of marker-assisted pyramiding breeding that combines LNT genes and other abiotic stress tolerance genes.

To explore the aging process and changes in the physicochemical properties of Euryale ferox kernel during storage， the properties of color， main nutritional components， polyphenolic substances， microstructure， crystallization and gelatinization regarding the powder and starch of purple flower Suqian （SQ） and purple flower Ciqian （CQ） was explored. The investigations were based on physicochemical analysis， X-ray diffraction， scanning electron microscopy， and rapid viscosity analysis. Results indicated that the particle size of the starch in the Euryale ferox kernel was 1-3 μm， belonging to type A crystals， with a relative crystallinity （RC） of 39.71%. The pasting temperature， peak viscosity， and retrogradation value of Euryale ferox kernel starch were significantly higher than those of rice starch， at 82.1 ℃， 5 146 cP， and 1 736 cP， respectively. Compared to 0 a， after 2 years of storage at 20-25 ℃， the color of SQ and CQ powder significantly deepened， and the amylose content increased significantly （P<0.05）. The pasting temperature increases significantly. However， the peak viscosity， solubility （S）， and swelling power （SP） showed obvious decreases. All above changes with clear signs of aging. In addition， there were significant differences between SQ and CQ in multiple indicators， such as the higher content of amylopectin in SQ， which results in lower pasting temperature， higher peak viscosity， higher S， and higher SP. Compared to 0 a， when stored for 2 a， the amylose content in SQ and CQ increased by 3.23% and 4.28% percentage points， respectively， the pasting temperature increased by 4.2 and 5.3 ℃， and the peak viscosity decreased by 576 and 706 cP， respectively. In conclusion， the Euryale ferox kernel undergoed aging during storage， and CQ was more prone to aging than SQ under the same conditions. There were significant differences between varieties. Furthermore， there were a large number of “starch aggregate” structures in the powder of Euryale ferox kernel， which showed a significant inhibitory effect on the gelatinization process of Euryale ferox kernel starch. This study can provide a basis for the storage and processing utilization of Euryale ferox kernel， and which can also serve as a reference for evaluating the quality of Euryale ferox.