To make full use of shark cartilage resources， taking the osteoblasts proliferation rate as an indicator， on the basis of optimizing the enzymatic hydrolysis process of promoting osteoblast proliferation collagen peptides， the relative molecular weight， amino acid composition and stability of the hydrolysates were analyzed in the study. The results showed that acid protease was the optimal protease among all types of protease. Under the conditions of enzyme dosage of 5 100 U·g^-1， solid-liquid ratio of 1∶50 （g·mL^-1）， enzymatic hydrolysis time of 4.14 h and temperature of 55 ℃， the enzymatic hydrolysates yield was 91.23% and the osteoblast proliferation rate and hydrolysis degree of the prepared hydrolysates were 141.23% and 25.03%， respectively. Shark cartilage collagen peptides showed a certain degree of stability and were insensitive to ultraviolet light. Appropriate heating could enhance their osteoblast proliferation rate， but excessively high temperatures led to a significant decrease in osteoblast proliferation rate. After simulated gastrointestinal digestion， the osteoblast proliferation rate of the hydrolysates was significantly decreased. The prepared hydrolysates were mainly composed of hydrophobic amino acids with peptide molecular weights generally less than 3 kDa. They demonstrated the ability to promote osteoblast proliferation， differentiation， and mineralization， with the best effect observed at a concentration of 1.0 mg·mL^-1. This study provides a theoretical basis for the deep processing and high-value utilization of shark resources.

To explore the difference of volatile compounds between the watercore and normal tissue of Qianxuan No.3 apple， and to elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying the formation of characteristic aroma substances in apple watercore， gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry （GC-MS/MS） and Illumina HiSeq^TM high-throughput sequencing techniques were conducted to obtain the metabolome and transcriptome data of the watercore and normal tissue of Qianxuan No.3. Transcriptomics analysis revealed 1 795 differentially expressed genes （DEGs）， including 671 down-regulated genes and 1 124 up-regulated genes. Additionally， 7 genes related to fatty acid synthesis pathway and 8 genes related to alcohol dehydrogenase were explored. In this study， 353 metabolites were detected through widely targeted metabolomics， identifying 20 differential accumulated metabolites， including 8 up-regulated metabolites and 12 down-regulated metabolites. Notably， the relative contents of ethyl hexanoate and nonanal in the apple watercore tissue were significantly higher than those in the normal tissue. The transcriptome-metabolomics association analysis illustrated that 11 DEGs were positively correlated with ethyl hexanoate and nonanal， while 2 DEGs were negatively correlated with ethyl hexanoate within fatty acid synthesis pathway and the alcohol dehydrogenase family. MdFAD6， MdADH2， MdADH3， and MdADH4 were found to be expressed exclusively in watercore tissues. Quantitative real-time PCR （qRT-PCR） results showed that the relative expression levels of these genes in watercore tissues were significantly up-regulated compared to those in normal tissues， suggesting that these genes may play a crucial role in the synthesis pathway of volatile compounds in watercore apples. The differential metabolites and genes identified in this study will not only provide preliminary insights into the biological basis of flavor changes in watercore tissues， but also provide reference information for the quality improvement of watercore apples.

In order to investigate the volatile components in the petals of Camellia varieties Scented Sun， High Fragrance and Chidan at different flowering stages， HS-SPME and GC-MS techniques were employed in conjunction with relative odor activity values （ROAVs） to identify key aroma components. By using transcriptome sequencing technology， floral fragrance biosynthesis pathways and genes related to the floral fragrance were explored. The results showed that the main floral aroma components of three varieties consisted of monoterpenes and benzenoids/phenylpropanoids， with the highest concentration of monoterpenes and significant differences in composition and content among the varieties. A total of 16 characteristic aroma components were identified， with linalool being the key aroma component that plays a dominant role in the overall aroma profile of Camellia. Seven structural genes from the mevalonate pathway and eight structural genes from the methylerythritol phosphate pathway were screened from transcriptome data， among these， CaDXS2 and CaDXS3 are key structural genes involved in monoterpene synthesis. Screening of key enzyme genes CaLIS/NES1 and CaLIS/NES2 in the terpenoid synthesis pathway， as well as CaPAR and CaSAMT in the benzenering/phenylpropanoid compound synthesis pathway， suggests that these genes play a crucial role in the synthesis of key components in floral fragrance， such as linalool， 2-phenylethanol， and methyl salicylate. The results of qRT-PCR and RNA-seq validation of differentially expressed genes showed a high degree of correlation， indicating that RNA-seq sequencing results have high accuracy. These research results provide a basis for further study on the mechanisms involved in the formation of flower fragrance in Camellia.

Plant root exudates refer to a variety of compounds released into the rhizosphere by plant roots， serving as a crucial medium for material exchange between the roots and their surrounding environment. Plant root exudates play an important role in plant growth， nutrient absorption， and disease resistance and so on. Under stress conditions， root exudates are involved in enhancing plant resource use efficiency and promoting interactions between plants and soil microorganisms. This paper reviews the composition and transport mechanisms of root exudates， as well as their application in promoting plant nutrient uptake. It focuses on the research progress in regulating the dynamic release of root exudates by plants under biotic and abiotic stresses. The paper also discusses the application of different root secretions， which produced by planting practices， to control pests and diseases. This review will provide theoretical guidance for a deeper understanding of the ecological functions and adaptive mechanisms of the plant root system.

This study aimed to evaluate the radiation sensitivity of different Pleurotus ostreatus strains and determine suitable radiation dosages for swift and precise identifying hybrid descendants， thereby expediting the creation of new germplasm and accelerating the breeding process. Spore suspensions of four distinct Pleurotus ostreatus strains were irradiated with ten different doses of ⁶⁰Co-γ radiation. The mortality rates were recorded， and monokaryotic spores of mutagenic strains were obtained. Subsequently， hybrid combinations were conducted， and mutation with ⁶⁰Co-γ and hybrid breeding was performed. Genetic diversity analysis was performed using microsatellite markers （SSR） on a total of 39 materials， which included mutagenized materials and hybrid descendants. The results indicated that the appropriate radiation condition for strain 5178 was 500 Gy for 200 minutes， 600 Gy for 240 minutes for strain 9408， 700 Gy for 280 minutes for Hui Mei 2， and 400 Gy for 160 minutes for Pleurotus ostreatus T2. We screened 35 robustly growing hybrids and verified through SSR molecular markers that these strains exhibited distinct bands when amplified with 8 sets of primers. This study provided a technical foundation and theoretical framework for rapid and accurate identification of hybrid offspring， as well as for radiation mutagenesis and the hybrid breeding of Pleurotus ostreatus.

To study the dynamics of physiological responses of quinoa （Chenopodium quinoa Willd.） to continuous drought stress， three cultivars of quinoa， JinLi1 （JL1）， JinLi2 （JL2） and JinLi3 （JL3）， were used to identify drought tolerance at seedling stage under the drought stress of 20 % polyethylene glycol （PEG） 6 000 solution. After 0， 0.5， 2， 8， 24， 48 and 72 hours of continuous drought stress， the physiological and biochemical indexes were measured to evaluate the drought tolerance， screened the identification indexes of quinoa and comprehensively evaluated quinoas at seedling stage. The results showed that with the extension of drought stress time， the leaf relative water content （RWC） was decreased gradually， the contents of malonic dialdehyde （MDA） and soluble sugar （SS） were increased， and the activities of antioxidant enzymes were increased first and then decreased； the activities of superoxide dismutase （SOD）， catalase （CAT）， and ascorbate peroxidase （APX） peaked at 24 h， peroxidase （POD） activity reached the maximum at 48h； the contents of proline （Pro） and soluble protein （SP）， the productive rate of superoxide anion （{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{2}}^{-.}） on each varieties were different； the Pro contents of JL1 and JL2 were increased with the extension of stress time， the Pro content of JL3 was increased first and then decreased， reached the maximum at 48 h； the SP content of JL1 was decreased first， then increased and then decreased， the soluble protein contents of JL2 and JL3 were increased first and then decreased； the {\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{2}}^{-.} production rates of JL1 and JL3 showed continuous rise， JL2 increased first and then decreased. These results suggested that the effect of drought stress duration on each index was different and most of the indexes changed greatly at 24 h and 48 h. In addition， the physiological index had a certain threshold responses to drought stress. Both principal component analysis and membership function analysis showed that the drought tolerance of the tested quinoa germplasm was JL1 > JL2 > JL3. This study results provide theoretical basis for the study of drought tolerance mechanism and breeding of new drought-tolerant varieties.

This study aims to investigate the biological effects of different doses of high-energy heavy ion beam （HIB） irradiation on the seedlings of Astragalus mongholicus （A. mongholicus）， a traditional Chinese medicinal plant， and to determine the optimal dose for HIB irradiation mutagenesis breeding. The 7-day-old seedlings of A. membranaceus were exposed to different doses of HIB irradiation， and the survival rate， seedling height， leaf number， stem diameter， fresh root weight， and leaf morphology parameters were measured on the 10th day after irradiation. Chlorophyll content， chlorophyll fluorescence parameters， antioxidant enzyme activities， and oxidative indices were determined in the leaves at 20-day intervals， starting 20 days after irradiation. The results showed that with increasing irradiation dose， the survival rate， plant height， and fresh root weight of seedlings decreased compare to the control group. After irradiation with 5 Gy and 10 Gy， the fresh root weight decreased by 31.80% and 49.99%， respectively. The leaves on the first and second branches of the irradiated groups exhibited deformities， shriveling， and morphological damage. On the 20th day after irradiation， the levels of reactive oxygen species， membrane lipid peroxides， and chlorophyll content in the irradiated groups decreased significantly compared to the control group. However， by the 60th day， these levels were comparable to those in the control group. After irradiation， there was a slight increase in F_v /F_m， while the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of the seedlings decreased. These results suggest that as the dose of HIB irradiation dose increased， the growth and development of A. membranaceus seedlings were inhibited. However， the inhibitory effect on seedling growth was alleviated as the plant grew post-irradiation. The recommended dose range for optimal results is approximately 10 Gy. This study provides essential basic data for HIB irradiation mutagenesis breeding of A. membranaceus.

Ergothioneine is a naturally accuring active substance found in edible fungi， known for its antioxidant and metal chelating functions. In order to further explore and improve the yield of ergothioneine produced through biological fermentation， this study used ultraviolet mutagenesis （UV）， ethyl methylsulfonate mutagenesis （EMS） and space mutagenesis （SFM） to mutate strains of the Pleurotus Citrinopileatus. The mycelial growth rate and liquid fermentation yield of ergothioneine were used as evaluation indicators to select high-yield straits of Pleurotus Citrinopileatus. The results showed that 46， 40 and 48 mutant strains were obtained through UV， EMS and SFM mutagenesis， respectively. The positive mutation rate for UV mutagenesis was 43.48%. UV， EMS and SFM mutagenesis resulted in 8， 3 and 1 strain of liquid-fermented ergothioneine， respectively， with significantly higher yields than the original strain （P<0.01）. Among the 12 high-yielding ergothioneine mutagenic strains， the yield of the UV-30 strain was the highest， at 2.16 times that of the original strain， while the growth rate of the UV-13 strain was the fastest， at 1.02 times that of the original strain. Genetic distance analysis showed that the mutation degree of the SFM mutant strain was higher than that of the UV mutant strain， and both strains exhibited a higher mutation degree of both strains the EMS mutant strain. The results of this study contribute valuable material for the fundamental research of the ergothioneine biosynthesis pathway and provide a reference for the mutagenesis and breeding of the high yield ergothioneine strain of Pleurotus Citrinopileatus.

To reveal the role of KNOX（ItrKNOX） gene family in the storage root （SR） development of Ipomoea trifida， a close relative of sweetpotato， this study identified the members of ItrKNOX family in I. trifida cv. Y22 at the genome level and analyzed their expressions at different SR development stages by transcriptome sequencing. A total of 12 ItrKNOX genes （ItrKNOXs） distributed on 10 chromosomes were identified. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these ItrKNOXs could be clustered into three categories： Class Ⅰ， Class Ⅱ and Class M. The types and numbers of KNOX genes were conserved in the genomes of four diploid species from the Ipomoea genus， including I. trifida， I. triloba， I. nil and I. purpurea. Among them， I. trifida and I. triloba were closely related. Several cis-acting elements within the promoter regions of ItrKNOXs were found to be associated with plant development， hormones， light and stress. Transcriptome analysis showed that the expression patterns of ItrKNOXs were diversified during the SR development of Y22. ‍The Class M gene ItrKNOX12 was almost unexpressed， while ItrKNOX02， ItrKNOX03， ItrKNOX09 and ItrKNOX10 were highly expressed during root development. The significant up-regulation of ItrKNOX01， ItrKNOX02， ItrKNOX03， ItrKNOX05， ItrKNOX09 and ItrKNOX11， as well as the significant down-regulation of ItrKNOX08，were observed from adventitious root （AR） to SR stages. Notably， the expression of ItrKNOX06 was significantly up-regulated only after the SR exceeded 2 mm in diameter. Meanwhile， the expression levels of ItrKNOX07 in AR and mature SR were significantly lower than those in developing SRs. This study provides a reference for further research on the function and regulatory mechanism of KNOX genes in sweetpotato and its related wild species I. trifida.

Rice fertility is a pivotal agronomic trait that significantly impacts yield， with rice sterile lines， particularly the male sterile lines， being widely utilized in rice breeding. The anther is the male reproductive organ of rice， where pollen development primarily takes place. In this review， we elucidate the fundamental processes of rice anther and pollen development and emphasize the recent research advances on the molecular mechanisms regulating rice male sterility both domestically and internationally. Furthermore， we highlight the applications of male sterility in hybrid rice breeding to provide theoretical insights for agricultural production， especially in innovative rice breeding.

PYR/PYL/RCAR （PYL）proteins serve as direct receptors for abscisic acid （ABA） and play a crucial regulatory role in the ABA signaling pathway. To explore the phylogenetic relationships and expression patterns of PYL genes in tobacco， the complete genome of a common tobacco variety K326 was identified and analyzed with bioinformatics tools. The expression levels of each gene under drought stress conditions at 0， 1， 3， 6， 12， 24 and 48 h were determined by quantitative real-time PCR （qRT-PCR）. The results showed that 26 NtPYL genes were identified and categorized into three subfamilies（‍Ⅰ‍‍-‍Ⅲ‍） based on phylogenetic and structural features， with member counts of 9， 11 and 6， respectively. Physicochemical analysis of the proteins revealed that all tobaccoPYL proteins are hydrophilic， with amino acid lengths ranging form 173 to 586 aa， relative molecular weights between 16 763.26 and 65 709.39 Da， and isoelectric points （pI） between 4.73 and 9.05. Functional motif analysis identified MYB， NAC， WARKY， TCP， ZF-HD， and other stress-responsive elements in the promoter regions of tobacco PYL genes. Gene expression analysis demonstrated that the overall expression trend of tobacco PYL genes， with the exception of NtPYL8， NtPYL9， NtPYL17， and NtPYL21， was upregulated under drought stress. However， significant differences in gene expression were observed among members of different subfamilies. Notably， NtPYL1， NtPYL2， and NtPYL4 in subfamily Ⅱ， as well as NtPYL25 in subfamily Ⅲ， exhibited their highest expression levels at 6 to 12 hours after drought stress， showing a significant increase in relative expression compared to that at 0 h. These genes can be considered crucial candidates for drought stress response. This study lays a foundation for further investigation into the functional roles of candidate drought-resistant PYL genes in tobacco and their potential applications in breeding.

As the secondary metabolites produced by fungi， mycotoxins possess stable chemical structures and can accumulate in the food chain. Mycotoxins pose severe threats to human and animal health causing significant economic losses. The biodegradation method using enzyme has shown great potential in detoxifying mycotoxins due to high safety and environmental friendliness. This review systematically summarized the discovery and functional analysis of degradation enzymes against major mycotoxins， including aflatoxins， zearalenone， trichothecenes， ochratoxin A， and fumonisins. We focued on the progress made in elucidating the three-dimensional structures of mycotoxin-degrading enzymes using X-ray crystallography and others methods， revealing their catalytic mechanisms. The computationally predicted binding pockets and the experimentally determined active sites were compared. Moreover， we elaborated on applying rational design strategies based on protein structures in modifying mycotoxin-degrading enzymes. The immense potential of using computational biology to predict protein structures and functions， elucidate enzyme mechanisms， and guide the design of degradation enzymes were also discussed. This review provided new perspectives for tackling mycotoxin contamination in food and feed.

To clarify the effect of different plants on saline soil improvement， a field experiment was used to study the effects of salt-tolerant plants on soil physicochemical properties and soil salinization degree. The nine salt-tolerant plants were Halogeton glomeratus， Suaeda salsa， Puccinellia chinampoensis， alfalfa （Medicago sativa L.）， Vicia villosa， Vicia sativa， sweet sorghum （Sorghum bicolor cv. Dochn）， barley （Hordeum vulgare L.） and oat（Avena sativa L.）， and bare soil as the control （CK）. The results showed that， compared with CK， the salt-tolerant plants reduced bulk density of topsoil by 9.15%-21.87%， increased total soil porosity and non-capillary porosity by 3.58-9.85 and 6.27-13.37 percentage point respectively. Planting S. salsa had thegreatest reduction of soil bulk density and planting sweet sorghum had the greatest increase of soil porosity. Compared with CK， the nine planting treatments effectively reduced soil salt content and sodium adsorption ratio （SAR） by 0.45-0.52 percentage point and 80.99-90.56%， respectively， and planting V. villosa had the greatest effect on soil salinity and alkalinity reduction， which reduced total salt， electrical conductivity， SAR and pH value by 0.52 percentage point， 26.84%， 84.50%， and 0.35 unit， respectively. After salt-tolerant plant harvested， compared with CK， the alkaline nitrogen content of topsoil increased by 3.43%-151.90%， while the available phosphorus and potassium had no significant change. In summary， planting salt-tolerant plants improved topsoil permeability and reduced its salinization degree， the improvement effect of each tested plant on saline soil was H. glomeratus > alfalfa > S. salsa > barley > V. villosa > sweet sorghum > oat > V. sativa > P. chinampoensis.The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for plant improvement and rational development and utilization of saline soil.

‍In order to investigate the molecular mechanism of gibberellin （GA） promoting Ginkgo seed germination， this study compared the morphology of Ginkgo embryos and related physiological and biochemical indicators of seeds after 15 days of cultivation on MS medium or MS medium supplemented with 5 mg L^-‍¹ GA， Differentially expressed genes （DEGs） were identified using transcriptome sequencing technology. The physiological activities and metabolic pathways associated with the DEGs were analyzed， key genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism pathways were identified， and the functionality of Gb_33733 gene was validated. The results showed that GA significantly increased the length， weight， germination potential， and germination rate of Ginkgo biloba embryos. After 15 days of germination， the starch and protein content in the seeds decreased， while reducing sugar content and alpha amylase activity increased significantly. GO analysis revealed that 179 DEGs under two treatment conditions were mainly enriched in physiological processes such as photosynthesis， light intensity perception， light quality adaptation， and response to biotic and abiotic stress. The KEGG pathway analysis revealed that DEGs were mainly enriched in carbohydrate metabolism， amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism， photosynthesis， mitogen activated protein kinase （MAPK） signaling， nuclear cytoplasmic transport， and energy metabolism pathways. Six important genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism pathways were identified by protein interaction screening. In addition， qRT PCR results confirmed that GA treatment significantly enhanced the expression levels of Gb_33733， Gb_33736， Gb_19037， Gb_01010， Gb_05593， and Gb_35011 genes. Moreover， the heterologous expression of the Gb_33733 gene promotes the germination of Arabidopsis seeds. This study provides a theoretical foundation for further elucidating the molecular mechanism of GA-induced germination of Ginkgo biloba seeds.

In order to explore the effects of satellite carrying on the agronomic traits of wheat， high molecular weight glutenin subunits （HMW-GS） and molecular level variations， the SP₃ agronomic traits variation of Zhoumai 18， Zhoumai 22 and Wennong 14 dry seeds carried by the SJ-10 satellite were examined， and SDS-PAGE technology and simple sequence repeat （SSR） molecular marker technology were used to identify and analyze the polymorphism of HMW-GS and SSR molecular markers in the SP₅ mutant lines. The results showed that there were significant differences in the agronomic traits between the SP₃ generation and its wild type， and different wheat varieties had different sensitivities to the space environment. Space flight generated variations in HMW-GS and genomic DNA. The mutation frequencies of HMW-GS in three wheat varieties were 2.15%， 3.66% and 5.21%， respectively， with Wennong 14 having the highest mutation frequency. Polymorphic detection of 21 SSR molecular markers showed that the number of differential markers between the space-induced mutants of Zhoumai 18 and Zhoumai 22 and their wild-type was less than 2， whereas the number of differential markers between the space-induced mutants of Wennong 14 and their wild-type was greater， and the traits such as plant height and panicle type were genetically distinct. In summary， space mutation can induce variations in wheat genome and proteome， and the excellent mutants obtained can serve as valuable resources for the genetic improvement of wheat and for the research and utilization of functional genes.

Astragalus membranaceus is a traditional food-medicine homologous substance in China， which has the remarkable characteristics of regulating immunity and assisting treatment of cardiovascular diseases. In recent years， the development of the field of drug and food homology makes it a very influential product. Understanding and mastering the research status and development trends of Astragalus membranaceus can provide new ideas for the sustainable development of the Astragalus membranaceus industry. Using bibliometrics （sources： CNKI， Web of Science， etc.） and keyword analysis as methods， this study analyzed the number of articles published on Astragalus membranaceus in the year， core journals in the field of medicine and food， and the number of patents. A total of 7 458 Chinese and English literature and 3 320 patents related to the study of Astragalus membranaceus were retrieved from 2003 to 2023. The results showed that the researches on Astragalus membranaceus in China were significantly higher than that in foreign countries. The research object had formed a diversified development trend with ‘pharmacological effects’ and ‘medicinal food homology’， and the research content was gradually deepening towards the mechanism of action， functional activity. At present， Astragalus membranaceus is in the developing stage. Based on the industrial innovation and the change of the concept of nutrition and health consumption， the research of Astragalus membranaceus should pay attention to the development of functional activity， product diversification and nutrition and health. This study can provide a basis for the innovation and development of Astragalus membranaceus industry.

In order to screen the suitable combinations of high-yield lodging resistance index in ultra-late sown wheat in northern Xinjiang， the microstructural characteristics of the basal internodes of wheat and its correlation with lodging resistance index were investigated. A split plot experiment was used， the main plot was set with three ultra-late sowing dates： S1 （October 25th）， S2 （November 4th）， and S3 （November 14th）， and the sub plot was set with four sowing rates： P1 （337.5 kg·hm^-2）， P2 （450 kg·hm^-2）， P3 （562.5 kg·hm^-2）， and P4 （675 kg·hm^-2）， using the local suitable sowing date and rate （September 25th， 270 kg·hm^-2） as the control （CK）. The effects of sowing date and rate on the microstructure， lodging resistance index and yield of basal internodes during the flowering， milky and wax ripening stages of ultra-late sown wheat were studied. The results showed that， after wheat flowering， the lodging resistance index of wheat gradually decreased with growth， and the microstructure quality of basal internodes from bottom to top deteriorated， with consistent change in the 1^st， 2^nd， and 3^rd internodes. Compared with CK， the microstructure indicators （the number of mechanical tissue layers and thin-walled tissue layers， the thickness of mechanical tissue and thin-walled tissue， the number of large vascular bundles and the number of large vascular bundles， the circumference and area of large vascular bundles） of ultra-late sown wheat stem had decreased， and the microscopic structure had become smaller， and the lodging resistance ability decreased. The microstructure and lodging resistance index of wheat basal stem at the same sowing rate and different sowing dates were all S3>S1>S2. Under the same sowing date， as the sowing amount increased， the microstructure indicators and lodging resistance index decrease. There was no interaction effect between sowing date and sowing rate on various indicators. The lodging resistance index was significantly negatively correlated with the number of small vascular bundles in the basal internodes， and significantly positively correlated with other microstructural indicators， with thin-walled tissue had the highest effect on improving wheat lodging resistance. Increasing the sowing rate of wheat under ultra-late sown conditions was beneficial for increasing the number of spikes， compensating for the loss of grain number and thousand grain weight per spike， thereby improving yield. S2P2 had the highest number of spikes and the highest yield. Thus， sowing 450 kg·hm^-2 of ultra-late sown wheat in northern Xinjiang on November 4th could achieve high yield， while also considering lodging resistance. The results of this study provide a certain theoretical basis for stable and high yield of ultra-late sown wheat.

‍This study aimed to observe the influence of crowding agent dextran-70 on the protein molecules conformation and its residue micro-environment modification. Thus， ultraviolet spectroscopy， fluorescence spectroscopy with various modes， including synchronous， quantum yield， and micro-rheology were used. Lysozyme （Lys）， bovine serum albumin （BSA） and β-lactoglobulin （BLG） were selected as a model protein molecule. The results showed that the presence of dextran-70 induced the ternary structures of protein molecules， and BLG had the most significant change among the three protein molecules. It partially derived from the micro-environmental modification of amino acid residues in protein molecules. In details， fluorescence spectroscopy assessments exhibited that the endogenous fluorescent protein chromophores were quenched， and both the tryptophan residues and the tyrosine residues moved to a more hydrophobic micro-environment with the presence of dextran-70. While this crowding agent presence in solutions had less effect on the quantum yields of protein molecules compared with other assessment features， especially upon Lys with the least influence among all testing protein molecules. Based on micro-rheology assessments， the complex modulus and the complex viscosity of the blending solution prepared by protein molecules with the crowding agent increased with detran-70 concentration. In addition， the motion of protein molecules in solutions also decelerated， which may be attributed to the interactions between protein molecules and dextran-70 molecules. This study provided more knowledge about the structure design and control upon food products made by polysaccharide and protein.

To explore the changes in aroma and sensory qualities of Cabernet Sauvignon wine during the early aging process in different containers and the later bottle storage， wines aged in used old oak barrel， pottery pot， and micro oxygen tank were used as materials. The aroma changes were tracked for 12 months using headspace solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （HS-SPME-GC-MS） technology and quantitative descriptive analysis （QDA）. The wines were then bottled and analyzed for aroma and sensory changes over a period of 18 months. The results showed that the total mass concentration of aroma compounds in the wines varied during aging in the three different containers. Esters increased in mass concentration， while alcohols decreased.There were no significant pattern in the mass concentration of acids， aldehydes， ketones， and terpenes. During the bottle storage， the total mass concentration of aroma compounds first decreased and then increased， reaching its peak at 12 months. Between 3 and 9 months of bottle storage， the mass concentration of esters in wines aged in used oak barrel and pottery pot were lower than that of alcohols， while between 12 and 18 months， the mass concentration of esters was higher than that of alcohols. The mass concentration of most aroma compounds reached its peak between 9 and 12 months of bottle storage， while the mass concentration of isobutanol， n-butanol， and benzyl alcohol decreased continually， and the mass concentration of benzaldehyde， phenylacetaldehyde， and furfuraldehyde continued to increase. Sensory analysis revealed that wines aged in used oak barrel and pottery pot exhibited more intense aroma after bottle storage， with the oak barrel aging enhancing the creamy flavor and the pottery pot aging highlighting the green pepper flavor. Wines aged in micro oxygen tank showed a spicy aroma. Aging in different containers affects the aroma of wine and and their subsequent bottle storage. Both oak barrel and pottery pot aging increase the total mass concentration of aroma compounds and the proportion of esters during bottle storage， while the enhancement of aroma by micro-oxygenation tanks is lower than that of the other two containers. This study provides a theoretical basis for the rational selection of aging methods and determination of bottle storage time for different wines.

To screen for strains with strong spoilage ability， the spoilage bacteria was isolated from homogenate of tray- and vacuum-packaged lamb stored at 4 ℃. The strain’s ability to degrade lamb protein and lipids were determined using the lamb juice， skim milk and tributyrin culture media. Then the drug resistance genes profile was analyzed. The results showed that a total of 191 strains of bacteria were purified from tray-packaged lamb. The main genera were Pseudomonas， Acinetobacter， and Stenotrophomonas. A total of 72 strains of bacteria were purified from vacuum packaging， and the main genera were Latilactobacillus， Lactococcus， Carnobacterium， Serratia and Hafnia. Based on the results of the in vitro spoilage ability， three target strains for subsequent studies were identified from each package， and their species names were determined based on genomic similarity calculations. The target strains for the tray-packaged lamb were MN10 （Pseudomonas paralatics）， MN21 （new species of Acinetobacter） and EF8 （Stenotrophomonas maltophilia）， and the target strains for vacuum-packaged lamb were VMR17 （Latilactobacillus sakei）， VF12 （Serratia proteamaculans） and VE13 （Hafnia proteus）. The drug resistance gene sresult showed that the highly abundant antibiotic genes were those resistant to macrolides， tetracyclines， fluoroquinolones， acridine dyes， imipenem， and aminoglycosides. This study can provide a foundation for subsequent targeted-bacteriostasis and the exploration of the spoilage mechanisms of spoilage bacteria.