To make full use of shark cartilage resources， taking the osteoblasts proliferation rate as an indicator， on the basis of optimizing the enzymatic hydrolysis process of promoting osteoblast proliferation collagen peptides， the relative molecular weight， amino acid composition and stability of the hydrolysates were analyzed in the study. The results showed that acid protease was the optimal protease among all types of protease. Under the conditions of enzyme dosage of 5 100 U·g^-1， solid-liquid ratio of 1∶50 （g·mL^-1）， enzymatic hydrolysis time of 4.14 h and temperature of 55 ℃， the enzymatic hydrolysates yield was 91.23% and the osteoblast proliferation rate and hydrolysis degree of the prepared hydrolysates were 141.23% and 25.03%， respectively. Shark cartilage collagen peptides showed a certain degree of stability and were insensitive to ultraviolet light. Appropriate heating could enhance their osteoblast proliferation rate， but excessively high temperatures led to a significant decrease in osteoblast proliferation rate. After simulated gastrointestinal digestion， the osteoblast proliferation rate of the hydrolysates was significantly decreased. The prepared hydrolysates were mainly composed of hydrophobic amino acids with peptide molecular weights generally less than 3 kDa. They demonstrated the ability to promote osteoblast proliferation， differentiation， and mineralization， with the best effect observed at a concentration of 1.0 mg·mL^-1. This study provides a theoretical basis for the deep processing and high-value utilization of shark resources.

‍Selenium （Se） is an essential trace element for the health of humans， animals， and microorganisms. In recent years， nano-selenium （SeNPs） have emerged as a research hotspot due to their remarkable biocompatibility， bioavailability， and low toxicity. SeNPs have been widely utilized in agriculture to enhance crop photosynthetic capacity， antioxidant activity， nutrient acquisition， as well as to mitigate heavy metal toxicity and stress damage in plants. With the increasing importance of nanotechnology， sustainable agriculture， and environmental issues， studies on the potential impacts of SeNPs on plant growth， development， and metabolism will continue to increase. This review provided a comparative analysis of three synthesis methods， the synthesis process， and the transportation mechanisms of SeNPs within plants. Furthermore， it comprehensively reviewed the roles of SeNPs in improving plant nutrient acquisition， yield and quality. The advantages of SeNPs application in enhancing plant resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses were highlighted. Moreover， factors that affected the efficacy of SeNPs were critically analyzed， and the trends for future development were discussed. The aim of this study was to provide novel insights and methodologies for understanding the molecular mechanisms of crop stress resistance and breeding strategies.

Plant root exudates refer to a variety of compounds released into the rhizosphere by plant roots， serving as a crucial medium for material exchange between the roots and their surrounding environment. Plant root exudates play an important role in plant growth， nutrient absorption， and disease resistance and so on. Under stress conditions， root exudates are involved in enhancing plant resource use efficiency and promoting interactions between plants and soil microorganisms. This paper reviews the composition and transport mechanisms of root exudates， as well as their application in promoting plant nutrient uptake. It focuses on the research progress in regulating the dynamic release of root exudates by plants under biotic and abiotic stresses. The paper also discusses the application of different root secretions， which produced by planting practices， to control pests and diseases. This review will provide theoretical guidance for a deeper understanding of the ecological functions and adaptive mechanisms of the plant root system.

This study aimed to evaluate the radiation sensitivity of different Pleurotus ostreatus strains and determine suitable radiation dosages for swift and precise identifying hybrid descendants， thereby expediting the creation of new germplasm and accelerating the breeding process. Spore suspensions of four distinct Pleurotus ostreatus strains were irradiated with ten different doses of ⁶⁰Co-γ radiation. The mortality rates were recorded， and monokaryotic spores of mutagenic strains were obtained. Subsequently， hybrid combinations were conducted， and mutation with ⁶⁰Co-γ and hybrid breeding was performed. Genetic diversity analysis was performed using microsatellite markers （SSR） on a total of 39 materials， which included mutagenized materials and hybrid descendants. The results indicated that the appropriate radiation condition for strain 5178 was 500 Gy for 200 minutes， 600 Gy for 240 minutes for strain 9408， 700 Gy for 280 minutes for Hui Mei 2， and 400 Gy for 160 minutes for Pleurotus ostreatus T2. We screened 35 robustly growing hybrids and verified through SSR molecular markers that these strains exhibited distinct bands when amplified with 8 sets of primers. This study provided a technical foundation and theoretical framework for rapid and accurate identification of hybrid offspring， as well as for radiation mutagenesis and the hybrid breeding of Pleurotus ostreatus.

In order to investigate the volatile components in the petals of Camellia varieties Scented Sun， High Fragrance and Chidan at different flowering stages， HS-SPME and GC-MS techniques were employed in conjunction with relative odor activity values （ROAVs） to identify key aroma components. By using transcriptome sequencing technology， floral fragrance biosynthesis pathways and genes related to the floral fragrance were explored. The results showed that the main floral aroma components of three varieties consisted of monoterpenes and benzenoids/phenylpropanoids， with the highest concentration of monoterpenes and significant differences in composition and content among the varieties. A total of 16 characteristic aroma components were identified， with linalool being the key aroma component that plays a dominant role in the overall aroma profile of Camellia. Seven structural genes from the mevalonate pathway and eight structural genes from the methylerythritol phosphate pathway were screened from transcriptome data， among these， CaDXS2 and CaDXS3 are key structural genes involved in monoterpene synthesis. Screening of key enzyme genes CaLIS/NES1 and CaLIS/NES2 in the terpenoid synthesis pathway， as well as CaPAR and CaSAMT in the benzenering/phenylpropanoid compound synthesis pathway， suggests that these genes play a crucial role in the synthesis of key components in floral fragrance， such as linalool， 2-phenylethanol， and methyl salicylate. The results of qRT-PCR and RNA-seq validation of differentially expressed genes showed a high degree of correlation， indicating that RNA-seq sequencing results have high accuracy. These research results provide a basis for further study on the mechanisms involved in the formation of flower fragrance in Camellia.

To identify the members of TIFY gene family in Rubus chingii Hu and elucidate their expression patterns in different tissues， during vavious growth stages of fruits， and under methyl jasmonate （MeJA） treatment. Bioinformatics were employed to identify the TIFY family members in the R. chingii genome. Their physicochemical properties， conserved motifs， gene structure， phylogenetic tree， chromosomal localization， and cis-acting elements were investigated. Additionally， their expression profiles in different tissues， at different developmental stages， and under treatment with methyl jasmonate （MeJA） were compared using transcriptome analysis and quantitative real-time fluorescence polymerase chain reaction. The results showed that a total of 16 TIFY family members were excavated， which were unevenly distributed on 7 chromosomes， encoding proteins ranging from 118 to 534 amino acids. These proteins were classified into four subfamilies and predominantly targeted to the nucleus. The gene structure， conserved motifs， and secondary structure of RcTIFY members within the same subfamily were similar. Numerous cis-acting elements， including hormone responsiveness and stress responsiveness， were found in the promoter regions of RcTIFY family genes. RcTIFY family genes were differentially expressed in various tissues （roots， stems， leaves， flowers， and fruits）， at different fruit development stages （small green fruits， big green fruits， yellow fruits， and red fruits）， and under the treatment of MeJA. Notably， RcJAZ2 was highly expressed in fruits of R. chingii， and induced by MeJA， suggesting its involvement in the accumulation of flavonoids. The results laid a foundation for in-depth study on the role of RcTIFY family genes in R. chingii.

‍Deep eutectic solvents （DESs） are a new class of green solvents that consist of liquid eutectic mixtures formed by hydrogen bond donors and hydrogen bond acceptors with a specific molar ratio via hydrogen bonding interactions. They have the advantages of low vapor pressure， simple preparation， low cost， biodegradability， environmental compatibility and recyclability. Due to these properties， DESs have been widely used in various fields， such as food， medicine and etc. This article presented a comprehensive overview on the composition， classification and physicochemical properties of DESs， as well as their applications in food industry. In particular， the present study highlighted the recent advances of DESs in extraction of food functional ingredients， fabrication of food packaging materials， encapsulation of bioactive compounds， production of cryoprotectants， generation of Maillard reaction products and application of food biotechnology. Furthermore， we also discussed the opportunities and challenges of using DESs in food sector， and proposed the future directions for enhancing and optimizing the performance of DESs in food processing and production. This review aims to offer a theoretical reference and guidance for the application of DESs in food industry.

To reveal the role of KNOX（ItrKNOX） gene family in the storage root （SR） development of Ipomoea trifida， a close relative of sweetpotato， this study identified the members of ItrKNOX family in I. trifida cv. Y22 at the genome level and analyzed their expressions at different SR development stages by transcriptome sequencing. A total of 12 ItrKNOX genes （ItrKNOXs） distributed on 10 chromosomes were identified. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these ItrKNOXs could be clustered into three categories： Class Ⅰ， Class Ⅱ and Class M. The types and numbers of KNOX genes were conserved in the genomes of four diploid species from the Ipomoea genus， including I. trifida， I. triloba， I. nil and I. purpurea. Among them， I. trifida and I. triloba were closely related. Several cis-acting elements within the promoter regions of ItrKNOXs were found to be associated with plant development， hormones， light and stress. Transcriptome analysis showed that the expression patterns of ItrKNOXs were diversified during the SR development of Y22. ‍The Class M gene ItrKNOX12 was almost unexpressed， while ItrKNOX02， ItrKNOX03， ItrKNOX09 and ItrKNOX10 were highly expressed during root development. The significant up-regulation of ItrKNOX01， ItrKNOX02， ItrKNOX03， ItrKNOX05， ItrKNOX09 and ItrKNOX11， as well as the significant down-regulation of ItrKNOX08，were observed from adventitious root （AR） to SR stages. Notably， the expression of ItrKNOX06 was significantly up-regulated only after the SR exceeded 2 mm in diameter. Meanwhile， the expression levels of ItrKNOX07 in AR and mature SR were significantly lower than those in developing SRs. This study provides a reference for further research on the function and regulatory mechanism of KNOX genes in sweetpotato and its related wild species I. trifida.

To study the dynamics of physiological responses of quinoa （Chenopodium quinoa Willd.） to continuous drought stress， three cultivars of quinoa， JinLi1 （JL1）， JinLi2 （JL2） and JinLi3 （JL3）， were used to identify drought tolerance at seedling stage under the drought stress of 20 % polyethylene glycol （PEG） 6 000 solution. After 0， 0.5， 2， 8， 24， 48 and 72 hours of continuous drought stress， the physiological and biochemical indexes were measured to evaluate the drought tolerance， screened the identification indexes of quinoa and comprehensively evaluated quinoas at seedling stage. The results showed that with the extension of drought stress time， the leaf relative water content （RWC） was decreased gradually， the contents of malonic dialdehyde （MDA） and soluble sugar （SS） were increased， and the activities of antioxidant enzymes were increased first and then decreased； the activities of superoxide dismutase （SOD）， catalase （CAT）， and ascorbate peroxidase （APX） peaked at 24 h， peroxidase （POD） activity reached the maximum at 48h； the contents of proline （Pro） and soluble protein （SP）， the productive rate of superoxide anion （{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{2}}^{-.}） on each varieties were different； the Pro contents of JL1 and JL2 were increased with the extension of stress time， the Pro content of JL3 was increased first and then decreased， reached the maximum at 48 h； the SP content of JL1 was decreased first， then increased and then decreased， the soluble protein contents of JL2 and JL3 were increased first and then decreased； the {\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{2}}^{-.} production rates of JL1 and JL3 showed continuous rise， JL2 increased first and then decreased. These results suggested that the effect of drought stress duration on each index was different and most of the indexes changed greatly at 24 h and 48 h. In addition， the physiological index had a certain threshold responses to drought stress. Both principal component analysis and membership function analysis showed that the drought tolerance of the tested quinoa germplasm was JL1 > JL2 > JL3. This study results provide theoretical basis for the study of drought tolerance mechanism and breeding of new drought-tolerant varieties.

‍Glycosyl hydrolases family 17 （GH17） plays an important role in regulating plant growth and development， responding to biotic and abiotic stresses. In order to further identifyGH17 genes in foxtail millet and preliminarily investigate its functions in foxtail millet growth and development as well as stress response， in this study， the bioinformatics of 58 SiGH17s and the expression patterns of foxtail millet in response to S. graminicola infection， low nitrogen， low phosphorus and drought stress were analyzed. The results showed that the length of 58 SiGH17s encoded proteins was different， which had high structural and functional similarity with Oryza sativa and Arabidopsis thaliana. There are many cis-acting elements related to disease resistance in the promoter of this gene family. Collinear segment repeats of 9 pairs in foxtail millet were purified and selected. Totally 6 genes were differentially expressed to varying degrees after the foxtail millet was exposed to low nitrogen， low phosphorus， drought stress and the infection of S. graminicola. Combined with qRT-PCR， it was found that 4 differentially expressed genes （SiGH17_4， SiGH17_20， SiGH17_26， SiGH17_38） among the 6 genes were reregulated to varying degrees in foxtail millet growth and development and stress response. The results of this study provide theoretical basis for further analysis of SiGH17s function.

This study aims to investigate the biological effects of different doses of high-energy heavy ion beam （HIB） irradiation on the seedlings of Astragalus mongholicus （A. mongholicus）， a traditional Chinese medicinal plant， and to determine the optimal dose for HIB irradiation mutagenesis breeding. The 7-day-old seedlings of A. membranaceus were exposed to different doses of HIB irradiation， and the survival rate， seedling height， leaf number， stem diameter， fresh root weight， and leaf morphology parameters were measured on the 10th day after irradiation. Chlorophyll content， chlorophyll fluorescence parameters， antioxidant enzyme activities， and oxidative indices were determined in the leaves at 20-day intervals， starting 20 days after irradiation. The results showed that with increasing irradiation dose， the survival rate， plant height， and fresh root weight of seedlings decreased compare to the control group. After irradiation with 5 Gy and 10 Gy， the fresh root weight decreased by 31.80% and 49.99%， respectively. The leaves on the first and second branches of the irradiated groups exhibited deformities， shriveling， and morphological damage. On the 20th day after irradiation， the levels of reactive oxygen species， membrane lipid peroxides， and chlorophyll content in the irradiated groups decreased significantly compared to the control group. However， by the 60th day， these levels were comparable to those in the control group. After irradiation， there was a slight increase in F_v /F_m， while the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of the seedlings decreased. These results suggest that as the dose of HIB irradiation dose increased， the growth and development of A. membranaceus seedlings were inhibited. However， the inhibitory effect on seedling growth was alleviated as the plant grew post-irradiation. The recommended dose range for optimal results is approximately 10 Gy. This study provides essential basic data for HIB irradiation mutagenesis breeding of A. membranaceus.

Ergothioneine is a naturally accuring active substance found in edible fungi， known for its antioxidant and metal chelating functions. In order to further explore and improve the yield of ergothioneine produced through biological fermentation， this study used ultraviolet mutagenesis （UV）， ethyl methylsulfonate mutagenesis （EMS） and space mutagenesis （SFM） to mutate strains of the Pleurotus Citrinopileatus. The mycelial growth rate and liquid fermentation yield of ergothioneine were used as evaluation indicators to select high-yield straits of Pleurotus Citrinopileatus. The results showed that 46， 40 and 48 mutant strains were obtained through UV， EMS and SFM mutagenesis， respectively. The positive mutation rate for UV mutagenesis was 43.48%. UV， EMS and SFM mutagenesis resulted in 8， 3 and 1 strain of liquid-fermented ergothioneine， respectively， with significantly higher yields than the original strain （P<0.01）. Among the 12 high-yielding ergothioneine mutagenic strains， the yield of the UV-30 strain was the highest， at 2.16 times that of the original strain， while the growth rate of the UV-13 strain was the fastest， at 1.02 times that of the original strain. Genetic distance analysis showed that the mutation degree of the SFM mutant strain was higher than that of the UV mutant strain， and both strains exhibited a higher mutation degree of both strains the EMS mutant strain. The results of this study contribute valuable material for the fundamental research of the ergothioneine biosynthesis pathway and provide a reference for the mutagenesis and breeding of the high yield ergothioneine strain of Pleurotus Citrinopileatus.

In order to explore the antioxidant properties of eucalyptus and citral camphor essential oils and hydrosols， the eucalyptus and citral camphor essential oils were extracted by steam distillation. ‍Chemical composition and relative content of extracted oils were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyzer （GC-MS）. A total number of 15 major compounds with a relative content of more than 0.1% was found in eucalyptus-type camphor essential oil， among which Eucalyptol had the highest content of 57.28%. At the essential oil concentration of 128 g·L^-1， the scavenging rate of essential oil to 1，1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical （DPPH·） was 82.60%， which was higher than that of the positive control（77.85%）. The half maximal inhibitory concentration （IC₅₀） with the strongest scavenging capacity for DPPH· and 2，2-Azinobis-（3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate） radical （ABTS·⁺） were 14.25 and 31.65 g·L^-1 respectively. There were 30 major compounds with a relative content more than 0.1% in citral-type camphor essential oil， among which citral （neral and geranial） had the highest content of 42.32%. The IC₅₀ with the strongest scavenging capacity for DPPH· and ABTS·⁺ were 44.45 and 34.46 g·L^-1 respectively. The hydrosols of essential oil had a certain scavenging effect on DPPH and ABTS， and the optimum antioxidant properties of eucalyptus-type hydrosols （DPPH·： 53.24%， ABTS·⁺： 10.50%） was higher than citral-type hydrosols （DPPH·： 10.58%， ABTS·⁺： 9.06%）. Both chemotypes of camphor essential oils and hrdrosols possessed antioxidant properties， and in a certain concentration range， the antioxidant properties of the essential oils were significantly stronger at higher concentration than the lower concentration. Essential oil of eucalyptus-type camphor had stronger antioxidant activity than citral-type. The research provide a theoretical basis for the development and utilization of camphor essential oil.

In order to explore the effects of satellite carrying on the agronomic traits of wheat， high molecular weight glutenin subunits （HMW-GS） and molecular level variations， the SP₃ agronomic traits variation of Zhoumai 18， Zhoumai 22 and Wennong 14 dry seeds carried by the SJ-10 satellite were examined， and SDS-PAGE technology and simple sequence repeat （SSR） molecular marker technology were used to identify and analyze the polymorphism of HMW-GS and SSR molecular markers in the SP₅ mutant lines. The results showed that there were significant differences in the agronomic traits between the SP₃ generation and its wild type， and different wheat varieties had different sensitivities to the space environment. Space flight generated variations in HMW-GS and genomic DNA. The mutation frequencies of HMW-GS in three wheat varieties were 2.15%， 3.66% and 5.21%， respectively， with Wennong 14 having the highest mutation frequency. Polymorphic detection of 21 SSR molecular markers showed that the number of differential markers between the space-induced mutants of Zhoumai 18 and Zhoumai 22 and their wild-type was less than 2， whereas the number of differential markers between the space-induced mutants of Wennong 14 and their wild-type was greater， and the traits such as plant height and panicle type were genetically distinct. In summary， space mutation can induce variations in wheat genome and proteome， and the excellent mutants obtained can serve as valuable resources for the genetic improvement of wheat and for the research and utilization of functional genes.

To promote the germination of barley seeds and enhance seedling growth， while elucidating the role of microbial seed coating agents in barley production， this study designed a novel microbial seed coating agent， which employed xanthan gum-gelatin （XG-GEL） as the film-forming agent and incorporated Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B1 as the bioactive component （XG-GEL-B1）. The aim of the study to investigate the effects of microbial seed coating agents on barley germination rate， seedling growth， and physiological indicators is to clarify the proportion of microbial seed coating agents used. The results demonstrated that when the ratio of the coating agent to seeds was 1∶75， the germination rate of barley seeds coated with the film-forming agent was increased by 12.67%. Simultaneously， the activity of B1 bacteria after air-drying for 24 hours increased by 13.92% compared to the B1 coating treatment. Further investigation indicated that with a bacterial concentration of 10⁴ CFU·mL^-1 in the film-forming agent， the formulated XG-GEL-B1 enhanced the germination rate of barley seeds by 14.00 percentage points after 24 hours， in contrast to the control group treated with water. Pot experiments revealed that XG-GEL-B1 coating agent increased the plant height， root length， and fresh weight of barley seedlings by 20.39%， 13.51%， and 14.63%， respectively， compared to the water-treated group. The contents of total soluble sugars， soluble proteins， chlorophyll a， chlorophyll b， and total chlorophyll （a+b） were increased by 16.18%， 1.97%， 13.07%， 44.47%， and 26.47%， respectively， compared to the water-treated group. The XG-GEL-B1 coating agent prepared in this study meeted the standards for pH， viscosity， film formation time， coating uniformity， and coating shedding rates for suspended seed coatings and microbial agents， making it suitable for barley seed coating treatment. The results indicated that XG-GEL-B1 coating agent could enhance seed germination rates and crop physiological characteristics. The findings of this study provide a theoretical foundation for the scientific and efficient cultivation of barley.

PYR/PYL/RCAR （PYL）proteins serve as direct receptors for abscisic acid （ABA） and play a crucial regulatory role in the ABA signaling pathway. To explore the phylogenetic relationships and expression patterns of PYL genes in tobacco， the complete genome of a common tobacco variety K326 was identified and analyzed with bioinformatics tools. The expression levels of each gene under drought stress conditions at 0， 1， 3， 6， 12， 24 and 48 h were determined by quantitative real-time PCR （qRT-PCR）. The results showed that 26 NtPYL genes were identified and categorized into three subfamilies（‍Ⅰ‍‍-‍Ⅲ‍） based on phylogenetic and structural features， with member counts of 9， 11 and 6， respectively. Physicochemical analysis of the proteins revealed that all tobaccoPYL proteins are hydrophilic， with amino acid lengths ranging form 173 to 586 aa， relative molecular weights between 16 763.26 and 65 709.39 Da， and isoelectric points （pI） between 4.73 and 9.05. Functional motif analysis identified MYB， NAC， WARKY， TCP， ZF-HD， and other stress-responsive elements in the promoter regions of tobacco PYL genes. Gene expression analysis demonstrated that the overall expression trend of tobacco PYL genes， with the exception of NtPYL8， NtPYL9， NtPYL17， and NtPYL21， was upregulated under drought stress. However， significant differences in gene expression were observed among members of different subfamilies. Notably， NtPYL1， NtPYL2， and NtPYL4 in subfamily Ⅱ， as well as NtPYL25 in subfamily Ⅲ， exhibited their highest expression levels at 6 to 12 hours after drought stress， showing a significant increase in relative expression compared to that at 0 h. These genes can be considered crucial candidates for drought stress response. This study lays a foundation for further investigation into the functional roles of candidate drought-resistant PYL genes in tobacco and their potential applications in breeding.

‍Feline calicivirus （FCV） is an important and highly contagious pathogen that causes upper respiratory tract infections in cats and poses a serious risk to the health of felines. In order to elucidate the variation level and genetic developmental characteristics of FCV Shanxi strains， they were isolated and purified with Crandell Reese Feline Kidney cells （CRFK）. The morphology of the virus was observed by transmission electron microscope， and the median infective dose （TCID₅₀） and growth curve of the virus were determined. The gene， amino acid variation level and genetic development characteristics of FCV Shanxi strain were analyzed through the structural protein VP1. The results showed that three FCV Shanxi strains were isolated successfully （SX-2021-1、SX-2021-2 and SX-2021-3）， with a virus size of about 40 nm and a virus titer of 10^-8.43 TCID₅₀·mL^-1. After infection with FCV for different times （6-72 h）， the highest virus titer was reached at 24 h in CRFK cells （SX-2021-3 strain）. The homology of VP1 gene between SX-2021-1 and SX-2021-2 strains is 99.8%， while the VP1 gene of SX-2021-3 strain shows high variability， with homology to the other two strains at about 77%. Compared with the published FCV strains， the homology of the FCV Shanxi isolated strains is 70.7%-83.9%. SX-2021-1 and SX-2021-2 have the highest homology （83.9%） with the Heilongjiang isolate strain （HRB-SS）， and SX-2021-3 has the highest homology （80.5%） with the Shanghai isolate stain （SH1）. The VP1 protein of the three FCV Shanxi isolated strains had multiple amino acid site mutations in E region， ainly concentrated in 5´ hypervariable region and 3´ hypervariable region. Compared with the other two strains， the amino acid sequence of the VP1 protein in SX-2021-3 strain is obviously different. The results of genetic evolution analysis showed that the FCV Shanxi isolated strains were distant from vaccine strains and VSD strains， while SX-2021-1 and SX-2021-2 were closely related to the Heilongjiang isolate strains （HRB-SS， WZ-1 and XH）. SX-2021-3 and the Shanghai isolate strain （SH1） are in the same branch. In conclusion， our study elucidated the variation level and genetic development of FCV Shanxi strains， which will provide an important basis for studying FCV pathogenesis and vaccine development.

‍In order to investigate the molecular mechanism of gibberellin （GA） promoting Ginkgo seed germination， this study compared the morphology of Ginkgo embryos and related physiological and biochemical indicators of seeds after 15 days of cultivation on MS medium or MS medium supplemented with 5 mg L^-‍¹ GA， Differentially expressed genes （DEGs） were identified using transcriptome sequencing technology. The physiological activities and metabolic pathways associated with the DEGs were analyzed， key genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism pathways were identified， and the functionality of Gb_33733 gene was validated. The results showed that GA significantly increased the length， weight， germination potential， and germination rate of Ginkgo biloba embryos. After 15 days of germination， the starch and protein content in the seeds decreased， while reducing sugar content and alpha amylase activity increased significantly. GO analysis revealed that 179 DEGs under two treatment conditions were mainly enriched in physiological processes such as photosynthesis， light intensity perception， light quality adaptation， and response to biotic and abiotic stress. The KEGG pathway analysis revealed that DEGs were mainly enriched in carbohydrate metabolism， amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism， photosynthesis， mitogen activated protein kinase （MAPK） signaling， nuclear cytoplasmic transport， and energy metabolism pathways. Six important genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism pathways were identified by protein interaction screening. In addition， qRT PCR results confirmed that GA treatment significantly enhanced the expression levels of Gb_33733， Gb_33736， Gb_19037， Gb_01010， Gb_05593， and Gb_35011 genes. Moreover， the heterologous expression of the Gb_33733 gene promotes the germination of Arabidopsis seeds. This study provides a theoretical foundation for further elucidating the molecular mechanism of GA-induced germination of Ginkgo biloba seeds.

‍This study aimed to observe the influence of crowding agent dextran-70 on the protein molecules conformation and its residue micro-environment modification. Thus， ultraviolet spectroscopy， fluorescence spectroscopy with various modes， including synchronous， quantum yield， and micro-rheology were used. Lysozyme （Lys）， bovine serum albumin （BSA） and β-lactoglobulin （BLG） were selected as a model protein molecule. The results showed that the presence of dextran-70 induced the ternary structures of protein molecules， and BLG had the most significant change among the three protein molecules. It partially derived from the micro-environmental modification of amino acid residues in protein molecules. In details， fluorescence spectroscopy assessments exhibited that the endogenous fluorescent protein chromophores were quenched， and both the tryptophan residues and the tyrosine residues moved to a more hydrophobic micro-environment with the presence of dextran-70. While this crowding agent presence in solutions had less effect on the quantum yields of protein molecules compared with other assessment features， especially upon Lys with the least influence among all testing protein molecules. Based on micro-rheology assessments， the complex modulus and the complex viscosity of the blending solution prepared by protein molecules with the crowding agent increased with detran-70 concentration. In addition， the motion of protein molecules in solutions also decelerated， which may be attributed to the interactions between protein molecules and dextran-70 molecules. This study provided more knowledge about the structure design and control upon food products made by polysaccharide and protein.

Rice fertility is a pivotal agronomic trait that significantly impacts yield， with rice sterile lines， particularly the male sterile lines， being widely utilized in rice breeding. The anther is the male reproductive organ of rice， where pollen development primarily takes place. In this review， we elucidate the fundamental processes of rice anther and pollen development and emphasize the recent research advances on the molecular mechanisms regulating rice male sterility both domestically and internationally. Furthermore， we highlight the applications of male sterility in hybrid rice breeding to provide theoretical insights for agricultural production， especially in innovative rice breeding.