To make full use of shark cartilage resources， taking the osteoblasts proliferation rate as an indicator， on the basis of optimizing the enzymatic hydrolysis process of promoting osteoblast proliferation collagen peptides， the relative molecular weight， amino acid composition and stability of the hydrolysates were analyzed in the study. The results showed that acid protease was the optimal protease among all types of protease. Under the conditions of enzyme dosage of 5 100 U·g^-1， solid-liquid ratio of 1∶50 （g·mL^-1）， enzymatic hydrolysis time of 4.14 h and temperature of 55 ℃， the enzymatic hydrolysates yield was 91.23% and the osteoblast proliferation rate and hydrolysis degree of the prepared hydrolysates were 141.23% and 25.03%， respectively. Shark cartilage collagen peptides showed a certain degree of stability and were insensitive to ultraviolet light. Appropriate heating could enhance their osteoblast proliferation rate， but excessively high temperatures led to a significant decrease in osteoblast proliferation rate. After simulated gastrointestinal digestion， the osteoblast proliferation rate of the hydrolysates was significantly decreased. The prepared hydrolysates were mainly composed of hydrophobic amino acids with peptide molecular weights generally less than 3 kDa. They demonstrated the ability to promote osteoblast proliferation， differentiation， and mineralization， with the best effect observed at a concentration of 1.0 mg·mL^-1. This study provides a theoretical basis for the deep processing and high-value utilization of shark resources.

To explore the difference of volatile compounds between the watercore and normal tissue of Qianxuan No.3 apple， and to elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying the formation of characteristic aroma substances in apple watercore， gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry （GC-MS/MS） and Illumina HiSeq^TM high-throughput sequencing techniques were conducted to obtain the metabolome and transcriptome data of the watercore and normal tissue of Qianxuan No.3. Transcriptomics analysis revealed 1 795 differentially expressed genes （DEGs）， including 671 down-regulated genes and 1 124 up-regulated genes. Additionally， 7 genes related to fatty acid synthesis pathway and 8 genes related to alcohol dehydrogenase were explored. In this study， 353 metabolites were detected through widely targeted metabolomics， identifying 20 differential accumulated metabolites， including 8 up-regulated metabolites and 12 down-regulated metabolites. Notably， the relative contents of ethyl hexanoate and nonanal in the apple watercore tissue were significantly higher than those in the normal tissue. The transcriptome-metabolomics association analysis illustrated that 11 DEGs were positively correlated with ethyl hexanoate and nonanal， while 2 DEGs were negatively correlated with ethyl hexanoate within fatty acid synthesis pathway and the alcohol dehydrogenase family. MdFAD6， MdADH2， MdADH3， and MdADH4 were found to be expressed exclusively in watercore tissues. Quantitative real-time PCR （qRT-PCR） results showed that the relative expression levels of these genes in watercore tissues were significantly up-regulated compared to those in normal tissues， suggesting that these genes may play a crucial role in the synthesis pathway of volatile compounds in watercore apples. The differential metabolites and genes identified in this study will not only provide preliminary insights into the biological basis of flavor changes in watercore tissues， but also provide reference information for the quality improvement of watercore apples.

In order to investigate the volatile components in the petals of Camellia varieties Scented Sun， High Fragrance and Chidan at different flowering stages， HS-SPME and GC-MS techniques were employed in conjunction with relative odor activity values （ROAVs） to identify key aroma components. By using transcriptome sequencing technology， floral fragrance biosynthesis pathways and genes related to the floral fragrance were explored. The results showed that the main floral aroma components of three varieties consisted of monoterpenes and benzenoids/phenylpropanoids， with the highest concentration of monoterpenes and significant differences in composition and content among the varieties. A total of 16 characteristic aroma components were identified， with linalool being the key aroma component that plays a dominant role in the overall aroma profile of Camellia. Seven structural genes from the mevalonate pathway and eight structural genes from the methylerythritol phosphate pathway were screened from transcriptome data， among these， CaDXS2 and CaDXS3 are key structural genes involved in monoterpene synthesis. Screening of key enzyme genes CaLIS/NES1 and CaLIS/NES2 in the terpenoid synthesis pathway， as well as CaPAR and CaSAMT in the benzenering/phenylpropanoid compound synthesis pathway， suggests that these genes play a crucial role in the synthesis of key components in floral fragrance， such as linalool， 2-phenylethanol， and methyl salicylate. The results of qRT-PCR and RNA-seq validation of differentially expressed genes showed a high degree of correlation， indicating that RNA-seq sequencing results have high accuracy. These research results provide a basis for further study on the mechanisms involved in the formation of flower fragrance in Camellia.

This study aims to investigate the biological effects of different doses of high-energy heavy ion beam （HIB） irradiation on the seedlings of Astragalus mongholicus （A. mongholicus）， a traditional Chinese medicinal plant， and to determine the optimal dose for HIB irradiation mutagenesis breeding. The 7-day-old seedlings of A. membranaceus were exposed to different doses of HIB irradiation， and the survival rate， seedling height， leaf number， stem diameter， fresh root weight， and leaf morphology parameters were measured on the 10th day after irradiation. Chlorophyll content， chlorophyll fluorescence parameters， antioxidant enzyme activities， and oxidative indices were determined in the leaves at 20-day intervals， starting 20 days after irradiation. The results showed that with increasing irradiation dose， the survival rate， plant height， and fresh root weight of seedlings decreased compare to the control group. After irradiation with 5 Gy and 10 Gy， the fresh root weight decreased by 31.80% and 49.99%， respectively. The leaves on the first and second branches of the irradiated groups exhibited deformities， shriveling， and morphological damage. On the 20th day after irradiation， the levels of reactive oxygen species， membrane lipid peroxides， and chlorophyll content in the irradiated groups decreased significantly compared to the control group. However， by the 60th day， these levels were comparable to those in the control group. After irradiation， there was a slight increase in F_v /F_m， while the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of the seedlings decreased. These results suggest that as the dose of HIB irradiation dose increased， the growth and development of A. membranaceus seedlings were inhibited. However， the inhibitory effect on seedling growth was alleviated as the plant grew post-irradiation. The recommended dose range for optimal results is approximately 10 Gy. This study provides essential basic data for HIB irradiation mutagenesis breeding of A. membranaceus.

Ergothioneine is a naturally accuring active substance found in edible fungi， known for its antioxidant and metal chelating functions. In order to further explore and improve the yield of ergothioneine produced through biological fermentation， this study used ultraviolet mutagenesis （UV）， ethyl methylsulfonate mutagenesis （EMS） and space mutagenesis （SFM） to mutate strains of the Pleurotus Citrinopileatus. The mycelial growth rate and liquid fermentation yield of ergothioneine were used as evaluation indicators to select high-yield straits of Pleurotus Citrinopileatus. The results showed that 46， 40 and 48 mutant strains were obtained through UV， EMS and SFM mutagenesis， respectively. The positive mutation rate for UV mutagenesis was 43.48%. UV， EMS and SFM mutagenesis resulted in 8， 3 and 1 strain of liquid-fermented ergothioneine， respectively， with significantly higher yields than the original strain （P<0.01）. Among the 12 high-yielding ergothioneine mutagenic strains， the yield of the UV-30 strain was the highest， at 2.16 times that of the original strain， while the growth rate of the UV-13 strain was the fastest， at 1.02 times that of the original strain. Genetic distance analysis showed that the mutation degree of the SFM mutant strain was higher than that of the UV mutant strain， and both strains exhibited a higher mutation degree of both strains the EMS mutant strain. The results of this study contribute valuable material for the fundamental research of the ergothioneine biosynthesis pathway and provide a reference for the mutagenesis and breeding of the high yield ergothioneine strain of Pleurotus Citrinopileatus.

As the secondary metabolites produced by fungi， mycotoxins possess stable chemical structures and can accumulate in the food chain. Mycotoxins pose severe threats to human and animal health causing significant economic losses. The biodegradation method using enzyme has shown great potential in detoxifying mycotoxins due to high safety and environmental friendliness. This review systematically summarized the discovery and functional analysis of degradation enzymes against major mycotoxins， including aflatoxins， zearalenone， trichothecenes， ochratoxin A， and fumonisins. We focued on the progress made in elucidating the three-dimensional structures of mycotoxin-degrading enzymes using X-ray crystallography and others methods， revealing their catalytic mechanisms. The computationally predicted binding pockets and the experimentally determined active sites were compared. Moreover， we elaborated on applying rational design strategies based on protein structures in modifying mycotoxin-degrading enzymes. The immense potential of using computational biology to predict protein structures and functions， elucidate enzyme mechanisms， and guide the design of degradation enzymes were also discussed. This review provided new perspectives for tackling mycotoxin contamination in food and feed.

Rice fertility is a pivotal agronomic trait that significantly impacts yield， with rice sterile lines， particularly the male sterile lines， being widely utilized in rice breeding. The anther is the male reproductive organ of rice， where pollen development primarily takes place. In this review， we elucidate the fundamental processes of rice anther and pollen development and emphasize the recent research advances on the molecular mechanisms regulating rice male sterility both domestically and internationally. Furthermore， we highlight the applications of male sterility in hybrid rice breeding to provide theoretical insights for agricultural production， especially in innovative rice breeding.

PYR/PYL/RCAR （PYL）proteins serve as direct receptors for abscisic acid （ABA） and play a crucial regulatory role in the ABA signaling pathway. To explore the phylogenetic relationships and expression patterns of PYL genes in tobacco， the complete genome of a common tobacco variety K326 was identified and analyzed with bioinformatics tools. The expression levels of each gene under drought stress conditions at 0， 1， 3， 6， 12， 24 and 48 h were determined by quantitative real-time PCR （qRT-PCR）. The results showed that 26 NtPYL genes were identified and categorized into three subfamilies（‍Ⅰ‍‍-‍Ⅲ‍） based on phylogenetic and structural features， with member counts of 9， 11 and 6， respectively. Physicochemical analysis of the proteins revealed that all tobaccoPYL proteins are hydrophilic， with amino acid lengths ranging form 173 to 586 aa， relative molecular weights between 16 763.26 and 65 709.39 Da， and isoelectric points （pI） between 4.73 and 9.05. Functional motif analysis identified MYB， NAC， WARKY， TCP， ZF-HD， and other stress-responsive elements in the promoter regions of tobacco PYL genes. Gene expression analysis demonstrated that the overall expression trend of tobacco PYL genes， with the exception of NtPYL8， NtPYL9， NtPYL17， and NtPYL21， was upregulated under drought stress. However， significant differences in gene expression were observed among members of different subfamilies. Notably， NtPYL1， NtPYL2， and NtPYL4 in subfamily Ⅱ， as well as NtPYL25 in subfamily Ⅲ， exhibited their highest expression levels at 6 to 12 hours after drought stress， showing a significant increase in relative expression compared to that at 0 h. These genes can be considered crucial candidates for drought stress response. This study lays a foundation for further investigation into the functional roles of candidate drought-resistant PYL genes in tobacco and their potential applications in breeding.

To clarify the effect of different plants on saline soil improvement， a field experiment was used to study the effects of salt-tolerant plants on soil physicochemical properties and soil salinization degree. The nine salt-tolerant plants were Halogeton glomeratus， Suaeda salsa， Puccinellia chinampoensis， alfalfa （Medicago sativa L.）， Vicia villosa， Vicia sativa， sweet sorghum （Sorghum bicolor cv. Dochn）， barley （Hordeum vulgare L.） and oat（Avena sativa L.）， and bare soil as the control （CK）. The results showed that， compared with CK， the salt-tolerant plants reduced bulk density of topsoil by 9.15%-21.87%， increased total soil porosity and non-capillary porosity by 3.58-9.85 and 6.27-13.37 percentage point respectively. Planting S. salsa had thegreatest reduction of soil bulk density and planting sweet sorghum had the greatest increase of soil porosity. Compared with CK， the nine planting treatments effectively reduced soil salt content and sodium adsorption ratio （SAR） by 0.45-0.52 percentage point and 80.99-90.56%， respectively， and planting V. villosa had the greatest effect on soil salinity and alkalinity reduction， which reduced total salt， electrical conductivity， SAR and pH value by 0.52 percentage point， 26.84%， 84.50%， and 0.35 unit， respectively. After salt-tolerant plant harvested， compared with CK， the alkaline nitrogen content of topsoil increased by 3.43%-151.90%， while the available phosphorus and potassium had no significant change. In summary， planting salt-tolerant plants improved topsoil permeability and reduced its salinization degree， the improvement effect of each tested plant on saline soil was H. glomeratus > alfalfa > S. salsa > barley > V. villosa > sweet sorghum > oat > V. sativa > P. chinampoensis.The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for plant improvement and rational development and utilization of saline soil.

Astragalus membranaceus is a traditional food-medicine homologous substance in China， which has the remarkable characteristics of regulating immunity and assisting treatment of cardiovascular diseases. In recent years， the development of the field of drug and food homology makes it a very influential product. Understanding and mastering the research status and development trends of Astragalus membranaceus can provide new ideas for the sustainable development of the Astragalus membranaceus industry. Using bibliometrics （sources： CNKI， Web of Science， etc.） and keyword analysis as methods， this study analyzed the number of articles published on Astragalus membranaceus in the year， core journals in the field of medicine and food， and the number of patents. A total of 7 458 Chinese and English literature and 3 320 patents related to the study of Astragalus membranaceus were retrieved from 2003 to 2023. The results showed that the researches on Astragalus membranaceus in China were significantly higher than that in foreign countries. The research object had formed a diversified development trend with ‘pharmacological effects’ and ‘medicinal food homology’， and the research content was gradually deepening towards the mechanism of action， functional activity. At present， Astragalus membranaceus is in the developing stage. Based on the industrial innovation and the change of the concept of nutrition and health consumption， the research of Astragalus membranaceus should pay attention to the development of functional activity， product diversification and nutrition and health. This study can provide a basis for the innovation and development of Astragalus membranaceus industry.

In order to explore the effects of satellite carrying on the agronomic traits of wheat， high molecular weight glutenin subunits （HMW-GS） and molecular level variations， the SP₃ agronomic traits variation of Zhoumai 18， Zhoumai 22 and Wennong 14 dry seeds carried by the SJ-10 satellite were examined， and SDS-PAGE technology and simple sequence repeat （SSR） molecular marker technology were used to identify and analyze the polymorphism of HMW-GS and SSR molecular markers in the SP₅ mutant lines. The results showed that there were significant differences in the agronomic traits between the SP₃ generation and its wild type， and different wheat varieties had different sensitivities to the space environment. Space flight generated variations in HMW-GS and genomic DNA. The mutation frequencies of HMW-GS in three wheat varieties were 2.15%， 3.66% and 5.21%， respectively， with Wennong 14 having the highest mutation frequency. Polymorphic detection of 21 SSR molecular markers showed that the number of differential markers between the space-induced mutants of Zhoumai 18 and Zhoumai 22 and their wild-type was less than 2， whereas the number of differential markers between the space-induced mutants of Wennong 14 and their wild-type was greater， and the traits such as plant height and panicle type were genetically distinct. In summary， space mutation can induce variations in wheat genome and proteome， and the excellent mutants obtained can serve as valuable resources for the genetic improvement of wheat and for the research and utilization of functional genes.

In order to screen the suitable combinations of high-yield lodging resistance index in ultra-late sown wheat in northern Xinjiang， the microstructural characteristics of the basal internodes of wheat and its correlation with lodging resistance index were investigated. A split plot experiment was used， the main plot was set with three ultra-late sowing dates： S1 （October 25th）， S2 （November 4th）， and S3 （November 14th）， and the sub plot was set with four sowing rates： P1 （337.5 kg·hm^-2）， P2 （450 kg·hm^-2）， P3 （562.5 kg·hm^-2）， and P4 （675 kg·hm^-2）， using the local suitable sowing date and rate （September 25th， 270 kg·hm^-2） as the control （CK）. The effects of sowing date and rate on the microstructure， lodging resistance index and yield of basal internodes during the flowering， milky and wax ripening stages of ultra-late sown wheat were studied. The results showed that， after wheat flowering， the lodging resistance index of wheat gradually decreased with growth， and the microstructure quality of basal internodes from bottom to top deteriorated， with consistent change in the 1^st， 2^nd， and 3^rd internodes. Compared with CK， the microstructure indicators （the number of mechanical tissue layers and thin-walled tissue layers， the thickness of mechanical tissue and thin-walled tissue， the number of large vascular bundles and the number of large vascular bundles， the circumference and area of large vascular bundles） of ultra-late sown wheat stem had decreased， and the microscopic structure had become smaller， and the lodging resistance ability decreased. The microstructure and lodging resistance index of wheat basal stem at the same sowing rate and different sowing dates were all S3>S1>S2. Under the same sowing date， as the sowing amount increased， the microstructure indicators and lodging resistance index decrease. There was no interaction effect between sowing date and sowing rate on various indicators. The lodging resistance index was significantly negatively correlated with the number of small vascular bundles in the basal internodes， and significantly positively correlated with other microstructural indicators， with thin-walled tissue had the highest effect on improving wheat lodging resistance. Increasing the sowing rate of wheat under ultra-late sown conditions was beneficial for increasing the number of spikes， compensating for the loss of grain number and thousand grain weight per spike， thereby improving yield. S2P2 had the highest number of spikes and the highest yield. Thus， sowing 450 kg·hm^-2 of ultra-late sown wheat in northern Xinjiang on November 4th could achieve high yield， while also considering lodging resistance. The results of this study provide a certain theoretical basis for stable and high yield of ultra-late sown wheat.

In order to obtain the basic mechanical properties parameters of apple fruit and fruit stem， the puncture mechanical parameters of different parts of Granny Smith， Luochuan Fuji， Linyi Fuji， and Huaguan apple， as well as the stem tensile and stem shear mechanical parameters were measured using the biomechanical tester. The critical torque of separating the apple from the branch was obtained using a self-made torsion device. The maximum tensile force of the stem was measured using a digital tension meter in orchards. The static and dynamic friction coefficients of apple with different materials were tested by friction test device. The results indicated that there were significant differences in the actual transverse diameter and weight of apples from different varieties. The distribution of transverse diameter was basically consistent with the normal distribution. There were significant differences in the puncture mechanical properties of apples between varieties and puncture sites. The maximum puncture force from large to small was the bottom， the top， and the equator， indicating that the apple was not isotropic. The maximum tensile force and the tensile stress increased with the increase of the tensile speed. The maximum tensile force measured by laboratory and field tensile tests was 30.95 and 30.03 N， respectively. And the location of the tensile fracture of stem was obtained through the experiment. The shear force range of the middle part and the upper part of stem was 43.44-81.61 and 46.18-103.87 N， respectively. The maximum torque of Fuji and Huaguan apple was 0.373 and 0.364 N·m， respectively. The static friction coefficients of apple equator with silica gel， stainless steel， organic glass and rubber are 1.000， 0.332， 0.696 and 1.026， respectively. The research results provide basic parameters for the research of intelligent apple picking machinery and related machinery.

Yeast is a natural and high-quality protein source， notable for its rich protein content， abundance of essential amino acids， and high nutritional value. However， its functional properties， such as solubility， limit the widespread use of yeast proteins in the food industry. This paper reviewd the effects of various modification techniques on the functional properties and structure of yeast proteins， focusing on physical， chemical， and biological modifications. It also analyzed current challenges and future prospects. The goal of the paper was to expand the application of yeast proteins， address the market gap created by the growing global demand for animal and plant proteins， and support national health protection.

Wheat high-molecular-weight glutenin subunits （HMW-GS） is a key protein component affecting noodles quality， among which the subunits encoded by Glu-D1 locus have the greatest contribution to the quality of dough and flour products. To clarify the effects of different HMW-GSs at Glu-D1 locus on the quality of different noodle products， four BC₆F₄ generation wheat HMW-GS near-isogenic lines with different subunits， 2+12， 3+12， 4+12 or 5+10， at Glu-D1 locus were developed under the genetic background of Xiaoyan 22 and used to compare their different performances on the quality of fresh noodles， Chinese dried noodles （CDN） and frozen cooked noodles （FCN）. The results showed that compared with others subunits， the fresh noodles containing 3+12 subunits had better cooking water absorption and lower cooking loss， and the hardness， elasticity， resilience， and chewiness of the noodles were better. Compared with others subunits， CDN with subunits 3+12 had shorter cooking time， higher water absorption and lower cooking loss， while CDN containing 2+12 subunits had the moderate hardness and chewiness， lower adhesiveness， and higher resilience. Compared with others subunits， FCN containing subunits 3+12 or 2+12 showed better frozen storage stability， and FCN containing 3+12 subunits had moderate hardness， higher chewiness， and better texture characteristics. These findings can provide references for varietal breeding， raw grain selection and tailored flour development of different noodles.

In recent years， the pre-made dishes industry has developed rapidly， providing more convenient and diverse choices for the catering industry and consumers. Pre-made dishes cover a wide range of food raw materials and auxiliary materials such as livestock and poultry， aquatic products， fruits and vegetables， and involve multiple research directions including flavor development， quality control， and process improvement. Based on the current definition and scope of pre-made dishes， this paper summarizes the application of emerging processing key technologies in pre-prepared foods， including storage and preservation technology， freezing and thawing technology， drying technology， sterilization technology， and packaging technology. The paper also sorts out the main processing technology problems such as flavor， nutrition， and equipment， the cold chain logistics problem throughout the process， and the standard system construction problem， with the aim of providing references for the high-quality development of Pre-made dishes.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of different fertilization patterns on soil available nitrogen （N） supply during the soybean growing season in fluvo-aquic soil area. Based on a 33-year long-term fertilization experiment， four fertilization treatments were selected： no fertilization （CK）， NPK fertilizer （NPK）， NPK fertilizer combined with soybean/peanut straw （SNPK）， and NPK fertilizer combined with organic fertilizer （MNPK）， and the dynamic changes in soil ammonium N （NH₄⁺-N）， nitrate N （NO₃^--N）， microbial biomass N （MBN）， and dissolved organic N （DON） during the soybean growing season were analyzed. Additionally， organic N mineralizing enzyme activities， soil ammonification intensity， and potential nitrification rate， which involved in soil N transformation， were analyzed. The results showed that the SNPK or MNPK could increase the concentrations of soil total N， organic carbon （C）， microbial biomass C， and dissolved organic C. The increases promoted the activities of urease， amidase， protease， N-acetyl-β-D-glucosidase， as well as the ammonification intensity and potential nitrification rate. Soil NH₄⁺-N content was extremely significantly positively correlated with the activities of urease and protease， and significantly positively correlated with amidase activity. Meanwhile， soil NO₃^--N content showed an extremely significant positive correlation with ammonification intensity and potential nitrification rate. Higher levels of MBN and DON were observed under SNPK and MNPK treatments compared to NPK and CK treatments. There was a significant positive correlation between the dynamics of DON content and soybean shoot N uptake， and which ultimately affected the growth of soybean. At maturity， the aboveground biomass of soybean under SNPK and MNPK treatments was higher compared to CK and NPK treatments. In conclusion， SNPK or MNPK could positively regulate the intensity of soil N transformation microorganisms and enzyme activities by increasing the concentrations of soil total N， organic C and labile organic C. This， in turn， enhanced soil available N supply capacity and promoted the soybean growth. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for rational fertilization practices in typical fluvo-aquic soil area.

In order to investigate the effects of elevated CO₂ concentration and temperature on leaf anatomy， stomatal characteristics and photosynthetic physiology of maize （Zea mays L.）， four treatments were set up in an open-top artificial climate chamber （OTC）， including CK （control， ambient CO₂ concentration and temperature）， EC （ambient CO₂ concentration + 200 µmol·mol^-1， ambient temperature）， ET ［ambient CO₂ concentration， ambient temperature + （2±0.5） ℃］ and ECET ［ambient CO₂ concentration + 200 µmol·mol^-1， ambient temperature + （2±0.5） ℃］， Zhengdan 958 was used as the experimental material. Results showed that leaf length and leaf area were increased， stomatal density and stomatal length were decreased under EC， ET and ECET treatments， compared with CK. Leaf thickness and interveinal distance of vascular bundle sheath were increased under EC and ECET treatments， while there was an opposite trend in ET treatment. Stomatal conductance and transpiration rate of leaves were significantly decreased by 27.30% and 7.06% in EC treatment， while instantaneous water use efficiency was significantly increased by 7.37%. Conversely， stomatal conductance， transpiration rate and net photosynthetic rate increased under the ET and ECET treatments， while instantaneous water-use efficiency significantly decreased. Ribulose-1，‍5-bisphosphate carboxylase activity was significantly enhanced， and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity was decreased in EC， ET and ECET treatments. Contents of soluble sugars and sucrose were increased， and starch content reduced in EC treatment. However， the opposite results were observed in ET treatment. Starch content increased significantly under ECET treatment. Biomass was increased in EC and ECET treatments. In conclusion， elevated CO₂ concentration can partially alleviate negative impacts of high temperature on the morphology and physiological traits of maize. This study will conducive to understand the effects of climate change on maize leaf morphology and photosynthetic physiology， and provide a theoretical foundation for maize cultivation under future climate change.

‍To expand the utilization of Dendrobium officinale leaves and improve the quality of Hongqu Huangjiu， 5%， 15%， and 25% of D. officinale leaves was added in Hongqu Huangjiu， and then brewed. Their physicochemical properties， total phenolic and total flavonoid contents， the individual phenolic contents of caffeic acid， gallic acid， rutin and quercetin， antioxidant capacity， volatile components， γ-aminobutyric acid content， and sensory qualities were analyzed. The effects of D. officinale leaves on the growth and metabolism of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Monascus purpureus were also explored. The results showed that the addition of D. officinale leaves increased the total protein， amino nitrogen， total phenolics， total flavonoids and γ-aminobutyric acid contents in Huangjiu， and enhanced its antioxidant capacity. Compared with the control， volatile compounds （especially esters） increased in wines brewed with D. officinale leaves， and several components with fruity aromas occured， thereby enriching the Huangjiu flavor. However， the additon of D. officinale leaves exerted a certain inhibitory effect on the growth and metabolism of S. cerevisiae and M. purpureus. An excessive addition of D. officinale leaves led to a decreases in the reducing sugar and alcohol contents in the Huangjiu. Based on the sensory evaluation， functional component content and antioxidant activity， the addition of 15% D. officinale leaves is optimal for brewing Hongqu Huangjiu. These study results can provide a guidance for the production of Hongqu Huangjiu with D. officinale leaves.

This study aimed to clarify the impact of long term fertilization on soil N index and the quantitative relationship between soil N index and crop yield in typical fluvo-aquic soil area. Based on a long-term fertilization experiment， this study was conducted to systematically evaluate the effects of long term fertilization on the concentrations of soil total N （TN）， alkali hydrolyzed N （AN）， acid hydrolysable organic N fractions， microbial biomass N （MBN）. Furtherly， quantitative relationship between soil N index and wheat and maize yield was investigated. The results showed that long-term combined application of chemical fertilizer and straw or organic fertilizer not only significantly increased soil TN content， but also increased the concentrations of AN， total acid hydrolysable N （AHN）， hydrolysable ammonium N （HAN）， amino acid N （AAN）， and MBN， compared to chemical fertilizer or without fertilizer. It was also found that there was no significant difference in the concentrations of the soil N indexes （except TN）， among the combined application of high rate chemical fertilizer and organic fertilizer， the combined application of normal rate chemical fertilizer and straw， and the combined application of chemical fertilizer and organic fertilizer. TN， MBN and AN were relatively important N indexes for crop yield. Specifically， with the increasing of TN content by 0.1 g·kg^-1， the wheat and maize yield increased 822.7 and 968.2 kg·hm^-2. Furthermore， with the increasing of MBN and AN by 1 mg·kg^-1， the wheat yield increased 195.2 and 58.1 kg·hm^-2， and the maize yield increased 189.9 and 79.1 kg·hm^-2. AHN and AAN also had significant influence on wheat yield. It was observed that with the increasing of AHN and AAN by 1 mg·kg^-1， the wheat yield increased 15.8 and 30.0 kg·hm^-2， respectively. Overall， the combined application of chemical fertilizer and straw or organic fertilizer can improve soil N storage and supply capacity. The yield of wheat and maize exhibited a linear increase with the enhancement of TN， MBN， and AN. And a significant positive correlation was also observed between wheat yield and the concentrations of AHN and AAN. This study provides theoretical basis and technical support for enhancing soil fertility and achieving high grain yields in the typical fluvo-aquic soil area.