Over past two decades， the application of nuclear techniques has been integrated into many aspects of scientific research and production practice in food and agriculture， and nuclear techniques are unique and irreplaceable in some areas. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the latest developments and major achievements from the nuclear application in major fields of food and agriculture around the world. The application status and innovative development of nuclear techniques in the fields of animal production and health， food safety and control， plant mutation breeding and genetics， water and soil management and agricultural environment， and insect pest control were reviewed emphatically. Considering many severe global challenges faced by the food and agriculture around the world， the authors discussed and showed the prospects and strategic priorities of nuclear application in food and agriculture.

In order to explore the suitable fertilization formula of Lonicera japonica Flos in the Loess Plateau， the ‘3414’ experimental design was used. The optimum formula of nitrogen， phosphorus and potassium fertilizer was screened by yield and index component content. After the initial determination of the best fertilization treatment， four treatments were set up， that is， organic and NPK combined application group （OF+NPK）， single application of organic fertilizer group （OF）， single application of NPK fertilizer group （NPK） and no fertilization control group （CK） were collected for soil physico chemical properties and bacterial abundance detection. Spearman correlation analysis was performed on soil bacterial abundance and physicochemical properties， as well as L. japonica Flos yield and quality. The results showed that N₂P₂K₂ treatment， apply N： 30 g·plant^-1， P₂O₅：18 g·plant^-1， K₂O： 14 g·plant^-1 could make the yield per plant up to 229.26 g. The fertilizer effect equation showed that the recommended fertilization amounts of N， P₂O₅ and K₂O were 19.5~30.0， 12.6~18.0 and 13.3~16.8 g·plant^-1， respectively， and the yield per plant was 198.2~223.9 g. The results of soil microecology detection showed that the contents of available phosphorus， available potassium and organic matter in the group of OF + NPK were the highest， and significantly higher than those in CK and NPK. At the same time， the microbial community abundance in soil was significantly higher than CK group. Correlation analysis showed that Thermoleophilia， Gemmatimonadetes and Dehalococcoidia were the main beneficial bacteria in soil， which could positively regulate the yield and index component content of L. japonica Flos. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for improvement of fertilization methods and development of special fertilizers in the new producing areas of L. japonica Flos in the Loess Plateau.

To investigate the expression of Collagen1 and Collagen3 in pulmonary fibrosis tissue of yak and clarify the roles of Collagen1 and Collagen3 in pulmonary fibrosis process of yak. The normal and fibrosis lung tissue of yak were collected and divided into control group and experimental group. HE staining， Masson staining and transmission electron microscope were used to observe the pathological changes of lung ultrastructure and fibrosis state； qRT-PCR， Western-blot， immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence staining were used to detect the expression of Collagen1 and Collagen3 genes and proteins in groups. The results showed that the yak lung tissue structure of the control group was intact， the alveolar septum was normal and there was no inflammatory exudate in bronchial lumen and alveolar cavity. while in experimental group， lung tissue showed necrosis， nuclear fragmentation and dissolution， severe hemorrhage and extensive pulmonary edema. The expression of Collagen1 in experimental group is higher， while the expression of Collagen3 is lower than that in control group. In experimental group， Collagen1 and Collagen3 proteins were proliferated massively and distributed in alveolar septum extensively. The other distributions were basically the same as control group but stronger than in control group. In conclusion， Collagen1 and Collagen3 play important roles in yak pulmonary fibrosis.

Phosphorus deficiency in the soil is a key factor limiting the growth and development of rice （Oryza sativa L.）. It is of great significance to elucidate the morph-physiological changes of rice in response to low phosphorus stress and further understand the mechanism underlying the phosphorus uptake and transport， which is also crucial to alleviate phosphorus stress on rice yield and quality. This paper mainly reviewed the changes in the morphology of roots and shoots as well as the physiological and molecular mechanisms of phosphorus uptake and utilization of rice under low phosphorus stress， and proposed crop management practices to enhance phosphorus uptake and utilization in rice. The key points for future researches were also discussed， that is， effect of interaction between rice roots and soil on the release of soil organic phosphorus， regulation and mechanism of plant hormones， especially new plant hormones， on phosphorus absorption， transport and distribution in rice plants， and development of rice varieties with high phosphorus utilization efficiency and exploring cultivation techniques to improve phosphorus use efficiency. This review is expected to provide theoretical guidance for screening and breeding rice varieties with tolerance to low phosphorus stress （phosphorus efficient varieties） and the cultivation regulation for improving phosphorus utilization efficiency.

Regreening is a typical physiological phenomenon of functional chloroplast re-differentiation during the development in Araceae ornamental plants， this phenomenon often occurs in the spathe of calla lily （Zantedeschia hybrida）， but the underlyingly regulatory mechanism remains unclear. In this study， in order to explore the regreening mechanism and improve the ornamental quality of calla lilies， a virus induced gene silencing （VIGS） system was established to verify the gene function of two key genes in chlorophyll biosynthesis during regreening， ZhGluTR and ZhChlH using the yellow variety Florex Gold of calla lily as the material. An integrated evaluation of sample locations and duration of infiltration in isolated spathe discs indicated that， the test group with 5 min of vacuum extraction in the middle spathe showed the latest regreening and the best silencing effect. Compared with the control， the silenced spathe disc of ZhGluTR and ZhChlH exhibited delayed regreening， the hue angle value increased slower. In addition， chlorophyll was less and carotenoids were more. The above results showed that VIGS system in this study can effectively silence the key chlorophyll synthesis genes ZhGluTR and ZhChlH in the spathe. The results of this study laid a foundation for revealing the molecular regulation mechanism of spathe regreening in calla lily in the future.

Ochratoxin A （OTA）， one of the most common mycotoxins in the human and animal diet， is a secondary metabolite produced by Aspergillus or Penicillium. The OTA compound is associated with a range of toxic effects， including hepatotoxicity， nephrotoxicity， enterotoxicity， neurotoxicity， immunotoxicity， carcinogenicity， teratogenicity and mutagenesis， posing a serious threat to the health of both humans and animals. In recent years， various omics researches have been developing rapidly. Genomics， transcriptomics and proteomics have contributed significantly to the identification of key molecular steps involved in OTA biosynthesis. Metabolomics is also widely used to evaluate the toxicity and mechanism of OTA. This paper reviews the researches of OTA in terms of genomic， transcriptomic， proteomic and metabolomic technologies， and proposes the trends and issues to be addressed in related research. The use of multi-omics technology can help to understand OTA comprehensively and provide scientific and theoretical reference for the studies of OTA on biosynthesis， toxicity mechanism and prevention and control.

In order to explore effect of heat stress at different reproductive growth stage on yield loss and quality in rice， two rice varieties， Huanghuazhan （HHZ） and Y-liangyou-1577 （YLY1577）， were used as materials to investigate the changes in plant growth， yield components and rice quality under CK （32 ℃ day /26 ℃ night） and heat stress conditions stimulated by the temperature of 38 ℃ day/32 ℃ night at booting stage and heading stage. The detailed periods included 7 d before heading （HS1）， 1-7 d after heading （HS2）， 8-14 d after heading （HS3）， 15-21 d after heading （HS4） and 22-28 d after heading （HS5）， respectively. Results showed that the growth and development of young panicles was mostly affected by heat stress at booting stage， and the percentage of filled spikelets was mostly affected by heat stress at the treatment of 1-7 d after heading， while the 1000-grain weight was at the treatment of 8-14 d after heading. The greatest yield loss of HHZ and YLY1577 was by heat stress of 1-7 d and 8-14 d after heading， respectively. Heat stress at booting stage caused little influence on rice quality. Compared with CK treatment， the rice quality was affected by heat stress at the stage of 1-28 d after heading， as shown by the increase of the chalky kernel and chalkiness in rice grain. The content of starch， amylose and gel consistency in rice was deceased by heat stress， and content of protein， glucose and fructose was increased by heat stress. Heat stress affected the starch RVA characteristics as shown by the increase of final viscosity， set back and gelatinization temperature and decrease of break down. Rice appearance and eating quality was mostly affected by heat stress at the stage of 8-14 d after heading， moderately by heat stress at the stage of 15-21 d and 1-7 d after heading. Taken together， the heat stress at booting stage suppressed yield formation mainly by inhibiting the growth and development of young panicle. One to fourteen days after heading was the vital stage of yield formation in response to heat stress in rice， and heat stress inhibited yield formation mainly by decreasing the percentage of filled spikelets and 1000-grain weight in this period. Eight to twenty-one days after heading was the most sensitive stage of rice quality response to heat stress， while heat stress at the stage of 8-14 d after heading may cause the double loss of yield and rice quality. Results of this research could provide scientific basis for the evaluation on rice yield and quality under heat stress at different growth stages.

As one of the plant-specific gene families， NAC genes families are widely involved in growth and developmental regulation and abiotic stress response of plant. To characterize the function of tobacco gene NtabNAC087， a direct homolog of Arabidopsis AtNAC072/RD26 tapped earlier in response to drought stress. Genetically transformed strains from the common tobacco variety K326 were constructed by gene overexpression and CRISPR/CAS9 gene edit technology. Seedlings of wild-type K326 and two genetically transformed tobacco pure strains were treated with drought stress， the leaf stomatal structure was observed and the superoxide dismutase （SOD） and catalase （CAT） activities， malondialdehyde （MDA） and proline （Pro） contents and gene expression were detected. The results showed that the overexpressed lines showed stronger drought tolerance under drought stress at bud and seedling stages， while the edited lines showed drought sensitivity. Compared with the control group， the leaves of overexpressed strains had higher stomatal density and smaller pore size. The activity of SOD and CAT and the content of Pro in the overexpressed strain were significantly increased compared with the edited strain， while the content of MDA in the overexpressed strain was significantly decreased compared with the edited strain. The expression of NtabNAC087 gene showed an increasing trend and then decreased， and reached the highest level at 6 hours of treatment. The study indicated that the NtabNAC087 gene caused significant changes in the physiological structure， antioxidant enzyme activity and osmoregulatory substance content of tobacco leaves through altering gene expression or structure， which provided experimental data for subsequent studying on its molecular mechanism in the tobacco drought stress response process.

In order to explore the new technical methods of shortening the aging duration of light aroma-type sorghum liquor， the samples were irradiated with ⁶⁰Co-γ ray， and the treatment doses were 0 （CK）， 1.51， 3.14， 4.65， and 7.37 kGy. The volatile compounds in the liquor samples were detected and the sensory evaluation was carried out. The results showed that the esters content in sorghum liquor increased first and then decreased with the increase of treatment dose. The doses of 1.51 and 3.14 kGy had better effect on the aging of sorghum liquor. After irradiation treatment， the contents of flavor substances such as hexanoic ethyl ester， heptanoic ethyl ester， octanoic ethyl ester， and limonene all increased to varying degrees. These irradiation doses also reduced the type and content of harmful volatile compounds. The sensory evaluation results of these two doses were better than those of CK. In conclusion， the suggested irradiation dose of light aroma-type sorghum liquor aging is 1.5~3.0 kGy. It is evident that irradiation-accelerated aging can save time and space costs compared to the traditional cumbersome aging process and has reasonable practicability. This research provides technical support for aging of sorghum liquor through γ X-ray irradiation.

In order to reduce the usage of herbicides in corn fields and improve the control effect of herbicides， formulation optimization and field efficacy of coconut oil tank mix adjuvant， which has been reported to be synergistic on herbicides in our previous study， were studied. Results showed that the optimum formula of the additives was obtained with n-hexanol as the solvent and 1.40∶3.60 as the compound emulsifier Span-80 versus Tween-80. In the greenhouse test， the synergistic ratios of coconut oil tank adjuvant to nicosulfuron and mesotrione could be increased by 11.24-49.35 percentage points， and those to mixture of nicosulfuron?and atrazine and mixture of mesotrione and atrazine could be increased by 14.71-31.25 percentage points， and the weeds control effect of adding adjuvant after the reduction of herbicide is equivalent to that of the constant amount without adjuvant. In the mixed treatment of oxaflutole and atrazine， the synergistic effect of the coconut oil tank mix adjuvant was 2.33-6.99 percentage points higher than that of the ethyl and methyl ester vegetable oil adjuvants. The field test results showed that the synergistic ratio of coconut oil tank mix adjuvants to post-emergence herbicides such as mixture of nicosulfuron?and?atrazine， mixture of mesotrione and atrazine， was 8.46%-13.57%. It was indicated that the control effect of herbicides at a reduction dosage after adding tank adjuvant was better than of herbicides at the recommended dose without adjuvant. In conclusion， the coconut oil tank mix adjuvant could reduce the herbicide dosage and herbicide cost， and provide a theoretical basis for the development of new pesticide additive products.

Aqueous-enzymatic extraction （AEE） is an emerging modern technique for vegetable oil extraction based on aqueous extraction. The main principle is destring the cell wall of oil plants by enzymatic hydrolysis to promote the release of oil. AEE is simpler， safer and more environmentally friendly compared with the traditional methods， such as pressing and organic solvent extraction. The operation conditions is mild， which is more conductive to the retention of nutrients in the oils. For further improvement of AEE efficiency， many researchers have explored from many aspects， among which the application of non-thermal processing technology is one of the important research directions. Therefore， in order to comprehensively and systematically understand the process of AEE， this work summarized the research progress of several typical non-thermal processing techniques in improving the efficiency of AEE at home and abroad from three aspects： raw material pretreatment， demulsification methods and assistant methods. The mechanism involved was deeply discussed. It provides a reference for improving the efficiency， reducing the cost and expanding the industrial application of AEE in vegetable oil extraction.

With the requirement of reducing costs and improving efficiency during industrialization of the Business-end kitchen， and the changes of Custom-end lifestyle， the prefabricated food markets have been growing rapidly. The prefabricated food meets the customer needs for fresh food， healthy eating habits and new retail models. The ready-to-eat foods， one of the prefabricated food which already have sterilization procedure during preparation， occasionally detected the excessive level results of microorganisms and foodborne pathogenic bacteria in market spot check， which has great safety risks for consumers. Food irradiation technology is a non-thermal sterilization new methods， gradually accepted by the Chinese food market. Combined with the HACCP food management system and fence factors， irradiation can be the last and most effective barrier in controlling the spread of pathogenic microorganisms. In the current review， the integration of irradiation technology on prefabricated food processing technology was studied， and the functional relationship between irradiation sterilization and other food preservation methods was explored. The review could provide references for irradiation enterprises and prefabricated food production enterprises in terms of economic benefits and food safety.

To explore the regulation mechanism of compound leaf development of Adzuki bean， a stable genetic pentafoliate compound leaf mutant pcl （pentafoliate compound leaf） was obtained from Adzuki bean cultivar jingnong 6 with electron beam irradiation. The main agronomic traits， genetic analysis， gene mapping， and transcriptome analysis were carried out. The results showed that plant height， stem diameter， the number of pods per plant and pod width， the number of pods per plant and yield per plant， and 100-seed weight of pentafoliate compound leaf adzuki bean were significantly higher than those of trifoliolate leaf adzuki bean individual. Genetic analysis showed that pentafoliate compound leaf were controlled by a pair of recessive genes. The mutant locus was located with a region of about 500 Kb on the end of chromosome 5， and a total of 27 genes were annotated in this region. A base mutation was found in the TATA-box of the promoter region of VaTMK3 gene by chromosome walking， and the mutation site was co-segregated with the trait. Transcriptome and real-time quantitative PCR （qRT-PCR） analysis showed that the expression of VaTMK3， which is involved in auxin signal transduction and regulation of cell expansion and proliferation， was significantly up-regulated. Meanwhile， the expression levels of auxin transmembrane transporter protein genes VaPIN1a， VaPIN1b， VaLAX1， VaLAX3， and VaLAX5 were increased. It was preliminarily determined that the candidate gene of pentafoliate leaf leaf mutations was VaTMK3， which affected the transport of auxin in leaves and thus affected the development of compound leaves. This study provided a theoretical basis for further analysing the molecular mechanism of the regulation of adzuki bean compound leaf development. It laid a foundation for the development regulation network of Adzuki bean compound leaves.

JAZ protein is an important component of jasmonic acid （JA） pathway， and also a key factor participating in plant growth， development， and stress response. JAZ9 is one of the TIFY family genes encoding JAZs protein. In order to study the function of European grape VvJAZ9 protein involved in low temperature stress， thefull-length of VvJAZ9 was obtained from Chardonnay （Vitis vinifera cv.） by homologous cloning. The ORF of VvJAZ9 gene is 807 bp， encoding 268 amino acids， locates on chromosome 11 and carries 5 exons and 4 introns. The VvJAZ9 protein has the highly conserved TIFY and CCT_2 domains and has the closest identities with AtJAZ1 and AtJAZ2. The qRT-PCR analysis showed that the expression of VvJAZ9 was increased after low temperature treatment from 1 h to 24 h， and the highest expression was observed at 24 h. The subcellular localization results also confirmed that VvJAZ9 was localized in the nucleus. To obtain the VvJAZ9-His fusion protein， VvJAZ9 ORF sequence was cloned into the prokaryotic expression vector pET28b， transformed into E.? coli BL21 and induced by 1.0 mmol?L^-1 IPTG at 37 ℃. After antigen purification and immunization， the rabbit monoclonal antibody of VvJAZ9 protein was obtained. Western blot results demonstrated that the anti-VvJAZ9 antibody could specifically recognize different forms of JAZ9 protein such as grape endogenous JAZ9 protein， VvJAZ9-MYC fusion protein and VvJAZ9-GFP fusion protein. At the same time， the abundance of JAZ9 protein in grape protoplasts decreased with 10 μmol?L^-1 MeJA treatment. The results of this study provide a basis for the biological function research of VvJAZ9 gene.

In order to scrutinize the state of stress during compression bulk milk powder， commercially available infant formula was used as a simulation object. Based on the resting angle， regression model between the powder particle and the simulated resting angle was studied to assess the optimal contact parameter by designing diverse parameters with different combination by using the Plackett-Burman test， the steepest climbing test and the Box-Behnken test. Furthermore， the change trend of compression volume of bulk milk powder， contact force chain distribution between surface particles and upper impact dye， and contact force chain distribution between section particles were assessed. The results demonstrated that static friction coefficient between the milk powder particles was 0.359， the rolling friction coefficient was 0.099， and the milk powder particle-stainless steel static friction coefficient was 0.125. The simulated compression trend of bulk milk powder was basically consistent with the real compression trend of change， indicating that the Edinburgh Elasto-Plastic Adhesion （EEPA） contact model could well simulate the compression process of milk powder. When the pressure reaches 2 500 N， the surface particles of bulk milk powder were highly likely to break due to the undivided load pressure and had a crushing trend from the surface to the inside. It was constant with the analysis results of the compressive strength of bulk milk powder. The compression model could well represent the stress in the compression process of milk powder. The results of this study provides a theoretical basis for selecting process parameters for bulk milk powder.

To obtain the phosphate-solubilizing strains resources and explore their growth-promoting effects on non-halophytes in saline-alkali environment， strains with phosphorus solubilization abilities were screened from typical halophytes in saline-alkali land of Kizilsu Kirghiz Autonomous Prefecture， southern Xinjiang using selected medium. The strains were identified by 16S rRNA PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism （PCR-RFLP） and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Then the excellent strains were selected to verify their effects on plant seedlings. As a result， a total of 141 isolates were screened， and their solubilizing efficiency that the ratios of dissolving inorganic and organic phosphorus were 1.5%-7.6% and 1.1%-4.7%， respectively. Moreover， the inorganic phosphate solubility was negatively correlated with pH values. The isolates were divided into 8 genera by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis， of which Enterobacter were the dominant genera. Pot experiments showed that the inoculation of Arabidopsis thaliana with phosphate-solubilizing strains could significantly increase the biomass of seedlings， especially the organic phosphate-solubilizing strain MHSC29 and inorganic phosphate-solubilizing strain MHCB24. They also had a significant promoting effect on wheat seedling in saline-alkali soil， including the development of root system （root dry weight） and aboveground parts （aboveground stem height， stem diameter， aboveground dry weight， and chlorophyll content）， especially the organic phosphate-solubilizing strains MHSC29， MHCC3 and inorganic phosphate-solubilizing strain APCB2. The strains enriched the plant growth-promoting bacteria resources， which is of great significance to development of microbial fertilizers for agriculture production in saline-alkali areas.

Wheat starch pasting property is one of the important indicators of processing quality in wheat. In order to further explore the QTL for starch pasting property， 237 lines of the F₈ RIL population derived from Zhoumai 23/Zhengmai 366 and their parents were used and a high-density genetic map was conducted by the wheat 55K SNP array. Combining the data of pasting property from 5 environments （three locations in two years）， a total of 96 QTLs were mapped， which located on 21 chromosomes. There are 8 QTLs identified consistently in multiple environments. Among which， Qpv.hau-4A.1 and Qpv.hau-6A.1 regulating the peak viscosity， and Qbd.hau-4A.1 and Qbd.hau-6A.1 regulating the disintegration value accounted for 2.55%~24.23%， 2.60%~6.00%， 11.50%~48.30% and 3.86%~8.09% of the phenotypic variances， respectively. The QTL Qpv.hau-6A.1 may be a new locus for peak viscosity， its enhancing allele was derived from the high-quality gluten wheat cultivar Zhengmai 366 and had significant synergistic effect on the peak viscosity， which was related to the elasticity and toughness of noodles. QTL polymerization effect analysis found that Qpv.hau-4A.1 and Qpv.hau-6A.1 have significant cumulative effect and can significantly improve the peak viscosity. In addition， there were QTL-rich regions or pleiotropism effects on chromosomes 4A and 6A. These important regions and QTL provided important information for improving starch pasting properties in high-quality wheat.

The ideotype of potato plant is the basis of high-quality population. In order to obtain the composition parameters of ideotype， the yield components of twenty-six potato varieties （lines） were analyzed， varieties （lines） with medium and high yield were selected to determine the stem and leaf related characters， the components and parameters of ideotype were determined by variance analysis， correlation analysis and grey correlation analysis in the study. The clustering analysis showed that twenty-six potato varieties （lines） were divided into five yield types， including super high-yield， high-yield， medium-yield， medium low-yield and low-yield. The range of main stems number was 2.29 to 2.89 in the medium and high-yield type. Among the three yield types， the average natural plant height of super high-yield type was the minimum， while that of the high-yield type was the maximum. The erectness E-value of super high-yield type was the maximum， while middle-yield type was the minimum. For the super high-yield type， the average length of the fourth， fifth， seventh and eighth internodes at the base were all the smallest， the average diameter of the fourth， fifth， sixth， seventh and eighth internodes were the highest， and the basal third， fourth， fifth， seventh stem-leaf angles were also the smallest. Except for G6 （super high-yield type） and G4 （high-yield type）， the pinnately compound leaves of other varieties （lines） belonged to loose-type which had 7 or 9 leaflets. The pinnately compound leaves of potato were spirally arranged on the main stem， and the adjacent leaves on the same spiral track showed the horizontal difference of 60° in 66.67% varieties （lines）. The main components of ideotype were as follows： the leaf area index from seeding stage to tuber maturity stage， the stem-leaf angle of the basal third to seventh leaves， the diameter of basal fourth to eighth internode， the number and length of pinnately compound leaves and the absolute plant height. The secondary components of ideotype were the number of main stems and the nature plant height. Analyzing the composition parameters of ideotype provided the theoretical and practical basis for efficient field management and plant architecture breeding.

Jersey yak crossbreeds （Bos taurus） was the offspring of yak （Bos grunniens） improved by frozen semen of Jersey yak， its milk yield was higher than that of yak. However， whether the milk quality of Jersey yak is different from that of yak is still unknown. It is necessary to compare the milk of jersey yak crossbreeds and yak at the peak of lactation through proteomics analysis. The differences of whey and milk fat globule membrane （MFGM） proteins were analyzed by tandem mass spectrometry （TMT） -labeled proteomics. The results showed that a total of 651 kinds of proteins in whey and 990 kinds of proteins in MFGM were identified in jersey yak crossbreeds milk and yak milk at the peak of lactation. These were 145 kinds of differentially expressed proteins （DEPs） in whey， in which 71 kinds of DEPs up-regulated and 74 kinds of DEPs down-regulated in jersey yak crossbreeds milk compared with yak milk. These were 160 kinds of DEPs in MFGM. Compared with yak milk， jersey yak crossbreed milk up-regulated 78 kinds of DEPs and down-regulated 82 kinds of DEPs. Bioinformatics analysis found that the biological processes identified in the peak lactation period of the milk whey and MFGM DEPs were mainly involved in the innate immune response， and the main cellular components were extracellular space and extracellular region. The molecular function of whey DEPs was mainly involved in protein homodimer activity， and the molecular function of MFGM DEPs was mainly involved in guanosine-5'-triphosphatase （GTPase） activity. The important immune pathway which jersey yak crossbreeds milk whey and MFGM DEPs was involved in is complement and coagulation cascade. In conclusion， the main whey and MFGM DEPs with high abundance in jersey yak crossbreeds milk were excellent in promoting calcium and phosphorus absorption， immune protection and immune regulation. The main whey and MFGM differential proteins with high abundance in yak milk were excellent in ensuring cell stability， promoting T lymphocyte proliferation and antibacterial. That indicated milk from jersey yak crossbreeds played a more important role in immune protection and immune regulation than yak milk at the peak of lactation. It is speculated that milk from jersey yak crossbreeds is more helpful for the newborns to establish immune system against microbial infection. The results of this study provide data support for the development of plateau dairy products and provide scientific basis to produce functional infant formula milk powder.

Fungal exopolysaccharides are important natural products with diverse biological functionalities. To explore novel fermentation approaches to enhance the production of exopolysaccharides derived from Floccularia luteovirens （FLEP）， response surface methodology was employed to optimize the influence of microparticle size， ultrasonic stimulus time， and surfactant concentration on the yield of FLEP， utilizing strain WMY10 as the experimental strain. In addition， the antioxidant properties， as well as the moisture absorption and retention capabilities of FLEP， were evaluated. The results demonstrated that the optimal conditions involved a Tween 80 concentration of 0.4 g·L^-1， a microparticle size ranging from 100 to 200 mesh， and an ultrasonic stimulus time of 20 minutes. Under these optimized conditions， FLEP exhibited a maximum yield of 2.44 g·L^-1， which was 1.5 times higher than that of the control group. Furthermore， FLEP displayed considerable in vitro antioxidant activity， with chelation capacities of 71.0% and 58.2% in the DPPH and ferrous ion chelation tests， respectively. The ABTS radical scavenging capacity of FLEP was determined to be 0.044 mmol·g^-1 Trolox. Moreover， in comparison to glycerol， hyaluronic acid， and chitosan， FLEP demonstrated superior moisture absorption at relative humidities of 43% and 81%. At a relative humidity of 43%， FLEP also exhibited better moisture retention ability than hyaluronic acid and chitosan. FLEP displayed the most effective moisture retention capacity under dry conditions. In summary， FLEP could be used as a natural antioxidant or water retention agent in the food， pharmaceutical， and cosmetic industries. This study provides a theoretical foundation for the efficient production and application of FLEP.