Over past two decades， the application of nuclear techniques has been integrated into many aspects of scientific research and production practice in food and agriculture， and nuclear techniques are unique and irreplaceable in some areas. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the latest developments and major achievements from the nuclear application in major fields of food and agriculture around the world. The application status and innovative development of nuclear techniques in the fields of animal production and health， food safety and control， plant mutation breeding and genetics， water and soil management and agricultural environment， and insect pest control were reviewed emphatically. Considering many severe global challenges faced by the food and agriculture around the world， the authors discussed and showed the prospects and strategic priorities of nuclear application in food and agriculture.

In order to investigate the volatile components in the petals of Camellia varieties Scented Sun， High Fragrance and Chidan at different flowering stages， HS-SPME and GC-MS techniques were employed in conjunction with relative odor activity values （ROAVs） to identify key aroma components. By using transcriptome sequencing technology， floral fragrance biosynthesis pathways and genes related to the floral fragrance were explored. The results showed that the main floral aroma components of three varieties consisted of monoterpenes and benzenoids/phenylpropanoids， with the highest concentration of monoterpenes and significant differences in composition and content among the varieties. A total of 16 characteristic aroma components were identified， with linalool being the key aroma component that plays a dominant role in the overall aroma profile of Camellia. Seven structural genes from the mevalonate pathway and eight structural genes from the methylerythritol phosphate pathway were screened from transcriptome data， among these， CaDXS2 and CaDXS3 are key structural genes involved in monoterpene synthesis. Screening of key enzyme genes CaLIS/NES1 and CaLIS/NES2 in the terpenoid synthesis pathway， as well as CaPAR and CaSAMT in the benzenering/phenylpropanoid compound synthesis pathway， suggests that these genes play a crucial role in the synthesis of key components in floral fragrance， such as linalool， 2-phenylethanol， and methyl salicylate. The results of qRT-PCR and RNA-seq validation of differentially expressed genes showed a high degree of correlation， indicating that RNA-seq sequencing results have high accuracy. These research results provide a basis for further study on the mechanisms involved in the formation of flower fragrance in Camellia.

Chemical mutagenesis is a traditional breeding technique in improving plant resistance to cold， drought， salt， alkali and etc.， which is favored by breeders. Plant tissue culture technology is an effective way to achieve rapid reproduction of cell or plantlet. Combing these two technologies， the mutation frequency can be improved greatly and the range of plant genetic variation would be expanded. In recent years， the combination of chemical mutagenesis and biotechnology has shown a positive prospect in the resistance breeding， and has important practical significance for breeding new crop varieties. This paper mainly reviews the characteristics of chemical mutagenesis， the mutagenesis mechanism and application methods of chemical agents ［mainly ethyl methane sulfonate（EMS） and sodium azide（NaN₃）］， mutagenesis efficiency and its influencing factors. And the applications of chemical mutagenesis in plant stress resistance breeding are also introduced.

B-type ARRs play an important role as positive response factors for cytokinins in plant growth and development. In order to explore the function of ARR11 in response to drought stress in apple， in this study Gala 3 apple （Malus domestica Borkh. cv Gala 3） was used as the test material and the B type cytokinin response factor gene MdARR11 was obtained using PCR amplification technology.The sequence was 2 248 bp in length and encodes 613 amino acids. It contains a type-B REC domain and a MYB like DNA binding domain at the C-terminus.Tissue-specific expression analysis showed that the gene had the highest expression level in the stem. The results of quantitative real-time PCR （qRT-PCR） analysis showed that drought stress inhibited the expression of MdARR11. To further validate the function of MdARR11 under drought stress， MdARR11-overexpressed apple calli was obtained. Wild type and overexpression of calli were treated with 6%， PEG6000 to simulate drought stress， the growth rate， size， and fresh weight， relative conductivity， the malondialdehyde （MDA） and proline （Pro）， the accumulation of soluble protein and superoxide dismutase （SOD）， peroxidase （POD）， catalase （CAT） activity in calli were analyzed. The results showed that overexpression of MdARR11 increased the degree of lipid membrane peroxidation in callus cell membranes， decreased the accumulation of osmoregulation substances， and reduced antioxidant enzyme activity. In summary， MdARR11 reduced the tolerance of apple callus to drought stress. This study lays a foundation for further exploring the biological function and mechanism of action of the MdARR11 gene.

The aim of this study was to investigate the expression and distribution of NUPR1 gene in dairy cows with mastitis. To establish a lipoteichoic acid-induced inflammation model of dairy cow mammary epithelial cells （MAC-T） in vitro， the distribution of Nucleus Protein1（NUPR1） gene in the mammary tissue of diseased dairy cows was determined by immunohistochemistry （IHC）. qRT-PCR and WB were used to detect the expression of inflammation-related factors， NUPR1 gene and its upstream and downstream genes in the mastitis tissue and mammary epithelial cell inflammation model of dairy cows. The results were as follows： qRT-PCR and WB results showed that IL-1β， IL-6， IL-8 and TNF-α were significantly up-regulated （P<0.01） in breast pathological tissues and cell inflammation models. IHC results showed that the expression of NUPR1 in the mammary epithelial cells and diseased mammary tissue of dairy cows was significantly （P<0.05） or extremely significantly （P<0.01） higher than that in the normal group， DNMT1 was down-regulated， KLF4， SESN2 and SOCS3 genes were up-regulated （P<0.01） in the pathological mammary tissue and mammary epithelial cell inflammation model of dairy cows with mastitis. The results provide experimental and theoretical basis for further exploring the regulatory mechanism of NUPR1 gene in the pathological process of mastitis.

To identify the members of TIFY gene family in Rubus chingii Hu and elucidate their expression patterns in different tissues， during vavious growth stages of fruits， and under methyl jasmonate （MeJA） treatment. Bioinformatics were employed to identify the TIFY family members in the R. chingii genome. Their physicochemical properties， conserved motifs， gene structure， phylogenetic tree， chromosomal localization， and cis-acting elements were investigated. Additionally， their expression profiles in different tissues， at different developmental stages， and under treatment with methyl jasmonate （MeJA） were compared using transcriptome analysis and quantitative real-time fluorescence polymerase chain reaction. The results showed that a total of 16 TIFY family members were excavated， which were unevenly distributed on 7 chromosomes， encoding proteins ranging from 118 to 534 amino acids. These proteins were classified into four subfamilies and predominantly targeted to the nucleus. The gene structure， conserved motifs， and secondary structure of RcTIFY members within the same subfamily were similar. Numerous cis-acting elements， including hormone responsiveness and stress responsiveness， were found in the promoter regions of RcTIFY family genes. RcTIFY family genes were differentially expressed in various tissues （roots， stems， leaves， flowers， and fruits）， at different fruit development stages （small green fruits， big green fruits， yellow fruits， and red fruits）， and under the treatment of MeJA. Notably， RcJAZ2 was highly expressed in fruits of R. chingii， and induced by MeJA， suggesting its involvement in the accumulation of flavonoids. The results laid a foundation for in-depth study on the role of RcTIFY family genes in R. chingii.

Salt stress severely restricts the growth and yield of rice（Oryza sativa L.）. S-ABA plays an important role in regulating plant response to various stresses and promoting crop growth in adversity. This study used Xiangliangyou 900 as the experimental material to explore the effects of S-ABA on the phenotypic and physiological characteristics of rice at different growth stages （Tillering， Jointing and Heading） under salt stress. During the two-leaf one-heart stage and tillering stage， the samples were sprayed with a 0.03 mg·L^-1 S-ABA （diluted 1 000 times） solution， while the 0 （CK）， 0.3% （N1） and 0.6% （N2） NaCl stress treatments were carried out at the three-leaf one-heart stage and on the Day 5 after transplanting. As the results， salt stress significantly inhibited the growth of rice plants， and the inhibition effect increased with the increase of salt concentration and the prolonging of growth period. Compared with control （CK） group， samples treated with N1 and N2 inhibited photosynthesis at each growth stage， but the treatments greatly increased antioxidant enzyme activity during each growth period， and the values of malondialdehyde （MDA）， hydrogen peroxide （H₂O₂）， soluble protein content non-enzymatic antioxidants were also increased. In addition， compared with CK， the yield of N1 and N2 treatments decreased by 21.09% and 55.16%， respectively. Foliar spraying of SN1 （S-ABA+0.3% NaCl） and SN2 （S-ABA+0.6% NaCl） promoted the growth of rice plants under salt stress， improved the photosynthetic capacity and chlorophyll content in each growth period， and further enhanced the antioxidant enzyme activity， non-enzymatic antioxidant content and soluble protein content in each growth period. However， these treatments inhibited the accumulation of reactive oxygen species， reduced the content of MDA and H₂O₂， and finally increased the yield of SN1 and SN2 by 37.47% and 70.18%， respectively， compared with N1 and N2 treatments. In summary， foliar spraying S-ABA can effectively alleviate rice salt damage by enhancing photosynthetic characteristics， antioxidant level and osmoregulation ability in each growth period， and ultimately increased rice yield under salt stress. The results of this study provided theoretical guidance for the study of rice salt tolerance and the improvement of rice yield under salt stress.

Ubiquitin-specific proteases are a highly conserved gene family that is widely present in eukaryotes and regulate various physiological activities of cellular proteins through deubiquitination. In order to systematically explore the function of the UBP gene family in grape， this study used bioinformatics to identify and analyze the members of the UBP gene family in grape， and further assayed the expression patterns of VvUBP genes by quantitative real-time PCR under different abiotic stresses. The results showed that the VvUBP gene family included 27 members， with coding sequence （CDS） length between 594-4 812 bp and coding amino acid sequence length of 197-1 603 aa. The results of phylogenetic analysis showed that the UBP gene family could be divided into 8 subgroups （G‍Ⅰ-G‍Ⅷ）. The expression levels of VvUBPs in stems were relatively low， and VvUBP27， VvUBP10 and VvUBP23 were expressed at higher levels in tendrils， flowers and leaves， respectively. Gene expression analysis showed that treatments with exogenous methyl jasmonate （MeJA） significantly induced high expression of four genes， including VvUBP5， VvUBP12， VvUBP18 and VvUBP27， and exogenous salicylic acid （SA） treatment significantly induced high expression of VvUBP5 and VvUBP19. The expression of VvUBP15 increased most significantly under 0.6% salt stress， the expression of VvUBP6 decreased significantly under low light stress and VvUBP25 increased the most at high temperature stress for 6 h. In summary， VvUBP gene family members were able to respond to different abiotic stresses， thereby improve the stress tolerance of grapes. The results of this study provide a scientific basis for revealing the mechanism of UBP regulating grape growth， development and stress resistance.

In order to explore the effects of different lactic acid bacteria fermentation on the nutritional quality and flavor of blueberry mulberry juice， blueberry-mulberry juice was fermented by Lactobacillus bulgaricus， Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus plantarum， respectively， in this study. The electronic nose and headspace microextraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry were employed to investigate the functional nutrients and flavor of the fermented juice. Results showed that there were significant differences in nutritional quality and antioxidant capacity among the three fermentation groups. The sample fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum contained the highest total acid （1.52 g·L^-1）， the lowest total sugar content （789.59 mg·L^-1）， the highest total anthocyanin content （6.04 g·L^-1）， and the strongest antioxidant capacity， respectively. Results from electronic nose significantly distinguished the flavor of the samples fermented by different lactic acid bacteria. A total of 51 volatile components were detected in fermented samples by GC-MS， including 6 alcohols， 14 acids， 9 aldehydes， 7 ketones， 8 esters， and 7 other substances. The content of 2-nonanone was higher in L. plantarum fermentation group， which resulting in the fruity and floral aroma of sample. Overall， the fermentation sample of L. plantarum had a better improvement in nutrients， odor and flavor substances， therefore， it is suitable for the fermentation of blueberry-mulberry juice，contributing to the development of prebiotic blueberry pulp with antioxidant properties. This study can provide some reference for the deep processing of blueberry and mulberry.

Abscisic acid （ABA）， a pivotal phytohormone in plants， plays a crucial role in the response to abiotic stress. ABA mediates stress responses by activating various signal transduction pathways， including calcium ion signaling， reactive oxygen species （ROS） homeostasis， and phosphorylation/dephosphorylation cascades， thereby inducing the expression of stress-responsive genes. The induced pathways facilitate the synthesis of osmotic regulators， heat shock proteins， and cold-responsive proteins， collectively enhancing plant adaptation to environmental stress. Within plant cells， ABA is perceived by its receptors， ABAR/RCAR， that are located either on the membrane or in the cytoplasm， thereby triggering downstream signaling cascades. Additionally， ABA regulates abiotic stress responses through multiple mechanisms including G-protein signaling， SnRK2 kinases activation， transcription factors modulation， and ROS homeostasis maintenance. This review focuses on recent advances in ABA research concerning plant response to abiotic stresses， particularly drought， salinity， and low-temperature stress. The aim is to provide insights that could facilitate targeted breeding approaches or the development of economically important plants species with enhanced tolerance to drought， low temperature， and salinity stresses.

To explore the effects of melatonin， spermidine and salicylic acid on the growth and development of tomato seedlings under high temperature stress， tomato Zhongza No.9 was used as the experimental material. Under high temperature stress （37 ℃/27 ℃）， different concentrations of exogenous melatonin （0.05， 0.15， 0.2， 0.3 mmol·L^-1）， spermidine （0.2， 0.5， 1.0， 1.5 mmol·L^-1） and salicylic acid （0.1， 0.3， 0.4， 0.6 mmol·L^-1） were sprayed on leaf surface. On the 21^st day of treatment （after the end of flower bud differentiation）， the plant height， stem diameter， fresh and dry weight of the aboveground part and underground part， chlorophyll content， root length， root diameter， root surface area， number of branches， flower bud size， and flower bud number of tomato seedlings were measured， and the rate of flower bud differentiation was analyzed. The results showed that， compared with control， high temperature stress significantly reduced the plant height， stem diameter， fresh and dry weight of the aboveground and underground parts， root length and root surface area， as well as the chlorophyll content of tomato seedlings. Meanwhile， the high temperature stress advanced flower bud differentiation， prolonged the process of flower bud differentiation， reduced the size of flower buds， and decreased the number of flower buds. The application of 0.5 mmol·L^-1 spermidine significantly increased the stem diameter， root length， root surface area， root diameter， and number of root tips of tomato seedlings under high temperature stress， restoring them to the level of the normal temperature with the optimal seedling vigor index. The application of 1.0 mmol·L^-1 spermidine and 0.3 mmol·L^-1 salicylic acid restored the flower bud size， flower bud differentiation time， and flower bud differentiation rate of tomato seedlings under high temperature stress to the level of the normal temperature. However， there was no significant effects of melatonin treatments at various concentrations on the growth and development of tomato seedlings under high temperature stress. Therefore， it can be concluded that the exogenous application of suitable concentrations of spermidine and salicylic acid alleviated the damage to tomato seedlings causing by high temperature to varying degrees， enabling normal growth and development of tomato seedlings. This study provides a technical reference for high temperature resistance production of tomato seedlings.

To explore the molecular mechanisms underlying gray mold disease resistance in Panax notoginseng leaves， ultra performance liquid chromatography was utilized to monitor the dynamic changes in the content of ginsenosides Rd， Rb₁， Rc and Rb₃ in Panax notoginseng leaves inoculated with Botrytis cinerea. Moreover， transcriptome sequencing technology was further used to analyze the differentially expressed genes. The results showed that the contents of the four ginsenosides in Panax notoginseng leaves increased by 39.02% to 86.56% after 12 hours of inoculation compared to the control. However， their contents decreased after 24 hours of infection， with a reduction rate ranging from 0.31% to 62.51%. Transcriptome sequencing further indicated that compared to the non-inoculated control， the differentially expressed genes in inoculated leaves at both 12 and 24 hours were significantly enriched in the triterpenoid biosynthesis pathway. Specifically， the expressions of phosphomevalonate kinase （PMVK） and hydroxymethylbutene-4-phosphate synthase （HDS）， which were involved in the biosynthesis pathway of ginsenosides in Panax notoginseng leaves， were upregulated at 12 hours post-inoculation with Botrytis cinerea， leading to an increase in ginsenoside content. However， the elevated expression level of the HDS gene was not maintained after 24 hours of inoculation， potentially explaining the subsequent decrease in ginsenoside content. Our finding identified PMVK and HDS as two key enzyme genes that may play important roles in the chemical response of Panax notoginseng leaves to Botrytis cinerea infection. These results provide a basis for a deeper understanding of the interaction between Panax notoginseng and Botrytis cinerea， and reinforce the efforts towards the molecular breeding of Panax notoginseng resistant varieties.

To reveal the role of KNOX（ItrKNOX） gene family in the storage root （SR） development of Ipomoea trifida， a close relative of sweetpotato， this study identified the members of ItrKNOX family in I. trifida cv. Y22 at the genome level and analyzed their expressions at different SR development stages by transcriptome sequencing. A total of 12 ItrKNOX genes （ItrKNOXs） distributed on 10 chromosomes were identified. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these ItrKNOXs could be clustered into three categories： Class Ⅰ， Class Ⅱ and Class M. The types and numbers of KNOX genes were conserved in the genomes of four diploid species from the Ipomoea genus， including I. trifida， I. triloba， I. nil and I. purpurea. Among them， I. trifida and I. triloba were closely related. Several cis-acting elements within the promoter regions of ItrKNOXs were found to be associated with plant development， hormones， light and stress. Transcriptome analysis showed that the expression patterns of ItrKNOXs were diversified during the SR development of Y22. ‍The Class M gene ItrKNOX12 was almost unexpressed， while ItrKNOX02， ItrKNOX03， ItrKNOX09 and ItrKNOX10 were highly expressed during root development. The significant up-regulation of ItrKNOX01， ItrKNOX02， ItrKNOX03， ItrKNOX05， ItrKNOX09 and ItrKNOX11， as well as the significant down-regulation of ItrKNOX08，were observed from adventitious root （AR） to SR stages. Notably， the expression of ItrKNOX06 was significantly up-regulated only after the SR exceeded 2 mm in diameter. Meanwhile， the expression levels of ItrKNOX07 in AR and mature SR were significantly lower than those in developing SRs. This study provides a reference for further research on the function and regulatory mechanism of KNOX genes in sweetpotato and its related wild species I. trifida.

To investigate the impact of enzyme hydrolysis on Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua rhizome （PC）， this study analyzed the effects of six enzymes （cellulase， papain， pectinase， β-dextranase， xylanase， and hemicellulase） on PC’s total polysaccharides， total saponins， total phenols， and phenolic composition to establish an optimal multi-enzyme combination. Subsequently， the biological activity of PC’s alcohol extract was measured， and correlation analysis was conducted with the main differential substances. The results showed that， papain， β- dextranase， and xylanase notably enhanced the release of phenols and saponins in PC. Furthermore， the antioxidant activity and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of PC’s alcohol extract were significantly improved by the treatment with the multi-enzyme hydrolysis （papain∶β-dextranase∶xylanase=3∶2∶1，P<0.001）. Thirteen phenols and one saponin were closely associated with the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of PC and increased significantly following multi-enzyme hydrolysis （P<0.05）. These findings confirmed that enzyme hydrolysis was an effective method to enhance the release of components and improve the biological activity of PC， which can provide a method reference for the optimization of PC’s extract.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of different sowing dates on the growth， yield， and quality of foxtail millet （Setaria italica）. Three cultivars—Liulenggu （B44）， Wild Foxtail Millet （B111）， and Xiaoshengbaigu （B112）—were selected and subjected to three sowing dates. The change in the growth stages， yield and quality of foxtail millet under different sowing dates were systematically analyzed. The results showed that delayed sowing prolonged the sowing-to-emergence period， shortened both the overall growth period and the emergence-to-heading period， and maintained a relatively stable duration from heading to maturity. From 2021 to 2023， the coefficients of variation （CV） for the overall growth period of B44， B111， and B112 across different sowing dates ranged from 11.86% to 14.60%， 11.91% to 15.05%， and 7.94% to 17.07%， respectively. The sowing dates had a significant effect on both the yield and quality of the foxtail millet. With a delayed sowing date， there were decreases in panicle weight， grain weight per panicle， 1 000-grain weight， head millet rate， amylose content， and overall yield， while protein content， fat content， flavonoid content， and gel consistency increased. Notably， the CVs for panicle weight and grain weight per panicle exceeded 10%. Additionally， the amino acid content was significantly affected by sowing date， with particularly high CVs observed for glutamic acid content in B44， B111， and B112. This study provides valuable insights for identifying the optimal sowing date to enhance the yield and quality of foxtail millet.

In recent years， food safety issues have gradually gained attention. In addition to commonly used methods like simple chemical and instrumental analysis， novel detection techniques including paper-based microanalytical systems have developed. Nevertheless all of these methodologies possess certain limitations. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the research progress of DNA-mediated gold nanomaterials in the field of food safety detection. DNA， as a covering agent， has been applied to mediate the morphological transformation and performance enhancement of metal nanoparticles， in which gold nanoparticles exhibit excellent properties. This review presented the formation mechanism， systematically summarized diverse gold nanomaterials mediated with different forms mediated by physical adsorption and thiolated DNA， and elucidated their stability， recognition properties optical characteristics， catalytic activities， biocompatibility， and biosensing applications. This paper lays the foundation for the growth of DNA-mediated nanomaterials and their applications in fields such as biosensing.

‍To investigate the role of B-box （BBX） transcription factor in response to Phytophthora capsici infection in pepper， the BBX transcription factor CaBBX2 was cloned and its expression patterns were analyzed using pepper variety 007EA as material in this study. The subcellular localization and bioinformatics analysis of its encoded protein were also performed. The PCR amplification and sequencing results showed that the CDS of CaBBX2 was 639 bp in length， encoding a protein containing 212 amino acids. Physical and chemical analysis indicated that CaBBX2 protein had a molecular weight of 23.5 kDa， pIvalue of 6.17， and GRAVY value of -0.559， suggesting that CaBBX2 is a hydrophilic protein. The protein structure prediction and sequence alignment results revealed that CaBBX2 harbored two conserved B-box domains. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that CaBBX2 belonged to the group Ⅳ BBXs and was most closely related to Arabidopsis AtBBX18 and AtBBX19. Promoter analysis revealed that the promoter of CaBBX2 contained a number of stress-， hormone-， and light-responsive cis-acting elements. The results of subcellular localization showed that CaBBX2 was located in both the cytoplasm and nucleus. Tissue expression analysis results showed that CaBBX2 was expressed in different pepper tissues， with the highest expression in leaves and the lowest expression in pericarp. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to examine the expression of CaBBX2 under P. capsici infection and MeJA treatment. It was found that the expression of CaBBX2 was increased after P. capsici infection， while its expression displayed a significantly decreased tendency under MeJA treatment. These findings indicated that CaBBX2 may play a key role in hormone-regulated defense response against P. capsici infection， providing an important candidate gene for molecular breeding of pepper disease resistance.

‍Selenium （Se） is an essential trace element for the health of humans， animals， and microorganisms. In recent years， nano-selenium （SeNPs） have emerged as a research hotspot due to their remarkable biocompatibility， bioavailability， and low toxicity. SeNPs have been widely utilized in agriculture to enhance crop photosynthetic capacity， antioxidant activity， nutrient acquisition， as well as to mitigate heavy metal toxicity and stress damage in plants. With the increasing importance of nanotechnology， sustainable agriculture， and environmental issues， studies on the potential impacts of SeNPs on plant growth， development， and metabolism will continue to increase. This review provided a comparative analysis of three synthesis methods， the synthesis process， and the transportation mechanisms of SeNPs within plants. Furthermore， it comprehensively reviewed the roles of SeNPs in improving plant nutrient acquisition， yield and quality. The advantages of SeNPs application in enhancing plant resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses were highlighted. Moreover， factors that affected the efficacy of SeNPs were critically analyzed， and the trends for future development were discussed. The aim of this study was to provide novel insights and methodologies for understanding the molecular mechanisms of crop stress resistance and breeding strategies.

Tembotrione is a 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase （HPPD） inhibitor herbicide. Studying the degradation of Tembotrione in aerobic soil is crutial for its environmental safety assessment. This study investigated the main degradation products， degradation pathways， and change pattern of degradation product content with time in aerobic soil by liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry and other modern analytical methods using high specific activity ［phenyl-¹⁴C］-Tembotrione as a tracer. Results showed that under aerobic conditions， the degradation of Tembotrione in all the four soil samples followed a first-order kinetic model， and the half-life of Tembotrione in red loam， fluvio-aquic soil， black soil and cinnamon soil was 13.18， 5.05， 10.49 and 2.82 d， respectively. Three main degradation products （M1， M2 and M3） of Tembotrione were identified in the four aerobic soils， and the degradation pathway in aerobic soil was proposed.， In addition， the content of degradation products in all four soils showed the order of M2 （0.5%- 60.8% AR）> M3 （0.0-10.0% AR）> M1 （0.0-3.9% AR） during the whole incubation process， except for the 120-day sampling point of fluvio-aquic soil. Overall， this study provides more knowledge for assessing the environmental safety of Tembotrione.

To explore the optimal process of Snow Pear， Lotus Seed， and Tremella Soup， the effects of cooking time， Lotus root starch addition， Lotus Seed addition， and Snow Pear addition on sensory scores were investigated. Combined with the response surface experiment design， a genetic algorithm-back propagation （GA-BP） neural network and genetic algorithm （GA） were employed to acquire the most suitable process conditions for the soup. A model was established to predict the sensory score of the soup and the optimization condition of the process of it was obtained. Gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer （GC-MS） analysis， electronic tongue detection and sensory evaluation were performed to determine compositions and contents of volatile flavor substances and taste intensity. Results showed that cooking time， Lotus root starch addition， Lotus Seeds addition and Snow Pear addition had significant effects on the sensory scores. Among them， cooking time had the largest influence on the sensory scores， followed by the Lotus root starch addition and Lotus Seeds addition， and the interaction between addition of Lotus root starch and Lotus Seeds was significant. The optimal processing conditions were： cooking time of 20 minutes， Lotus root starch addition of 1.8% and Lotus Seed addition of 1.2%， respectively. Snow Pear， Lotus Seed， and Tremella Soup mainly contained 8 kinds of volatile flavor substances， among which 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural with caramel aroma showed the highest content. The results of electronic tongue detection and sensory evaluation indicated that Snow Pear， Lotus Seed and Tremella soup was mainly sweet， and the intensity of sour and umami taste of soup was weak and similar， without salinity and bitterness. This study provided a data support for the development of Snow Pear， Lotus Seed， and Tremella Soup.