In order to investigate the volatile components in the petals of Camellia varieties Scented Sun， High Fragrance and Chidan at different flowering stages， HS-SPME and GC-MS techniques were employed in conjunction with relative odor activity values （ROAVs） to identify key aroma components. By using transcriptome sequencing technology， floral fragrance biosynthesis pathways and genes related to the floral fragrance were explored. The results showed that the main floral aroma components of three varieties consisted of monoterpenes and benzenoids/phenylpropanoids， with the highest concentration of monoterpenes and significant differences in composition and content among the varieties. A total of 16 characteristic aroma components were identified， with linalool being the key aroma component that plays a dominant role in the overall aroma profile of Camellia. Seven structural genes from the mevalonate pathway and eight structural genes from the methylerythritol phosphate pathway were screened from transcriptome data， among these， CaDXS2 and CaDXS3 are key structural genes involved in monoterpene synthesis. Screening of key enzyme genes CaLIS/NES1 and CaLIS/NES2 in the terpenoid synthesis pathway， as well as CaPAR and CaSAMT in the benzenering/phenylpropanoid compound synthesis pathway， suggests that these genes play a crucial role in the synthesis of key components in floral fragrance， such as linalool， 2-phenylethanol， and methyl salicylate. The results of qRT-PCR and RNA-seq validation of differentially expressed genes showed a high degree of correlation， indicating that RNA-seq sequencing results have high accuracy. These research results provide a basis for further study on the mechanisms involved in the formation of flower fragrance in Camellia.

Abscisic acid （ABA）， a pivotal phytohormone in plants， plays a crucial role in the response to abiotic stress. ABA mediates stress responses by activating various signal transduction pathways， including calcium ion signaling， reactive oxygen species （ROS） homeostasis， and phosphorylation/dephosphorylation cascades， thereby inducing the expression of stress-responsive genes. The induced pathways facilitate the synthesis of osmotic regulators， heat shock proteins， and cold-responsive proteins， collectively enhancing plant adaptation to environmental stress. Within plant cells， ABA is perceived by its receptors， ABAR/RCAR， that are located either on the membrane or in the cytoplasm， thereby triggering downstream signaling cascades. Additionally， ABA regulates abiotic stress responses through multiple mechanisms including G-protein signaling， SnRK2 kinases activation， transcription factors modulation， and ROS homeostasis maintenance. This review focuses on recent advances in ABA research concerning plant response to abiotic stresses， particularly drought， salinity， and low-temperature stress. The aim is to provide insights that could facilitate targeted breeding approaches or the development of economically important plants species with enhanced tolerance to drought， low temperature， and salinity stresses.

To identify the members of TIFY gene family in Rubus chingii Hu and elucidate their expression patterns in different tissues， during vavious growth stages of fruits， and under methyl jasmonate （MeJA） treatment. Bioinformatics were employed to identify the TIFY family members in the R. chingii genome. Their physicochemical properties， conserved motifs， gene structure， phylogenetic tree， chromosomal localization， and cis-acting elements were investigated. Additionally， their expression profiles in different tissues， at different developmental stages， and under treatment with methyl jasmonate （MeJA） were compared using transcriptome analysis and quantitative real-time fluorescence polymerase chain reaction. The results showed that a total of 16 TIFY family members were excavated， which were unevenly distributed on 7 chromosomes， encoding proteins ranging from 118 to 534 amino acids. These proteins were classified into four subfamilies and predominantly targeted to the nucleus. The gene structure， conserved motifs， and secondary structure of RcTIFY members within the same subfamily were similar. Numerous cis-acting elements， including hormone responsiveness and stress responsiveness， were found in the promoter regions of RcTIFY family genes. RcTIFY family genes were differentially expressed in various tissues （roots， stems， leaves， flowers， and fruits）， at different fruit development stages （small green fruits， big green fruits， yellow fruits， and red fruits）， and under the treatment of MeJA. Notably， RcJAZ2 was highly expressed in fruits of R. chingii， and induced by MeJA， suggesting its involvement in the accumulation of flavonoids. The results laid a foundation for in-depth study on the role of RcTIFY family genes in R. chingii.

To reveal the role of KNOX（ItrKNOX） gene family in the storage root （SR） development of Ipomoea trifida， a close relative of sweetpotato， this study identified the members of ItrKNOX family in I. trifida cv. Y22 at the genome level and analyzed their expressions at different SR development stages by transcriptome sequencing. A total of 12 ItrKNOX genes （ItrKNOXs） distributed on 10 chromosomes were identified. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these ItrKNOXs could be clustered into three categories： Class Ⅰ， Class Ⅱ and Class M. The types and numbers of KNOX genes were conserved in the genomes of four diploid species from the Ipomoea genus， including I. trifida， I. triloba， I. nil and I. purpurea. Among them， I. trifida and I. triloba were closely related. Several cis-acting elements within the promoter regions of ItrKNOXs were found to be associated with plant development， hormones， light and stress. Transcriptome analysis showed that the expression patterns of ItrKNOXs were diversified during the SR development of Y22. ‍The Class M gene ItrKNOX12 was almost unexpressed， while ItrKNOX02， ItrKNOX03， ItrKNOX09 and ItrKNOX10 were highly expressed during root development. The significant up-regulation of ItrKNOX01， ItrKNOX02， ItrKNOX03， ItrKNOX05， ItrKNOX09 and ItrKNOX11， as well as the significant down-regulation of ItrKNOX08，were observed from adventitious root （AR） to SR stages. Notably， the expression of ItrKNOX06 was significantly up-regulated only after the SR exceeded 2 mm in diameter. Meanwhile， the expression levels of ItrKNOX07 in AR and mature SR were significantly lower than those in developing SRs. This study provides a reference for further research on the function and regulatory mechanism of KNOX genes in sweetpotato and its related wild species I. trifida.

Allene oxide cyclase （AOC）， a key enzyme in jasmonic acid biosynthesis， regulates plant growth， development， and stress responses. In order to preliminarily identify and analyze the function and expression pattern of AOC gene family in the genome of A. villosum， in this study， three candidate AvAOC genes were identified from A. villosum. Their functions were characterized using bio-informatics approaches and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）， and their tissue-specific expression patterns were analyzed. Results revealed that A. villosum harbors three AOC candidate genes. The candidate AvAOC proteins are unstable， hydrophilic， and non-secretory， sharing conserved motifs. AvAOC₁ and AvAOC₃ were predicted to localize in chloroplasts. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the three candidate AvAOC genes clustered into a clade with those orthologs of monocotyledonous plants Zea mays and Oryza sativa. The genes were unevenly distributed across different chromosomal regions. Heterologous expression of the three candidate AvAOC genes in Pichia pastoris was performed， and ELISA confirmed that the recombinant proteins could bind to purified plant AOC antibodies. The quantitative real-time PCR （qRT-PCR） analysis confirmed the transient expression of the three candidate AvAOC genes in tobacco. These findings indicate that the three candidate AvAOC genes belong to theAOC gene family. RNA-seq expression profiling revealed that the three AvAOC genes were expressed in various tissues of A. villosum， including leaves， stolons， pericarps， seed clusters， and flowers. Notably， AvAOC₂ expression was strongly induced in leaves upon infection by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. This study provides a foundation for further exploration of AOC gene functions in A. villosum.

In order to explore the effects of different lactic acid bacteria fermentation on the nutritional quality and flavor of blueberry mulberry juice， blueberry-mulberry juice was fermented by Lactobacillus bulgaricus， Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus plantarum， respectively， in this study. The electronic nose and headspace microextraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry were employed to investigate the functional nutrients and flavor of the fermented juice. Results showed that there were significant differences in nutritional quality and antioxidant capacity among the three fermentation groups. The sample fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum contained the highest total acid （1.52 g·L^-1）， the lowest total sugar content （789.59 mg·L^-1）， the highest total anthocyanin content （6.04 g·L^-1）， and the strongest antioxidant capacity， respectively. Results from electronic nose significantly distinguished the flavor of the samples fermented by different lactic acid bacteria. A total of 51 volatile components were detected in fermented samples by GC-MS， including 6 alcohols， 14 acids， 9 aldehydes， 7 ketones， 8 esters， and 7 other substances. The content of 2-nonanone was higher in L. plantarum fermentation group， which resulting in the fruity and floral aroma of sample. Overall， the fermentation sample of L. plantarum had a better improvement in nutrients， odor and flavor substances， therefore， it is suitable for the fermentation of blueberry-mulberry juice，contributing to the development of prebiotic blueberry pulp with antioxidant properties. This study can provide some reference for the deep processing of blueberry and mulberry.

‍To investigate the role of B-box （BBX） transcription factor in response to Phytophthora capsici infection in pepper， the BBX transcription factor CaBBX2 was cloned and its expression patterns were analyzed using pepper variety 007EA as material in this study. The subcellular localization and bioinformatics analysis of its encoded protein were also performed. The PCR amplification and sequencing results showed that the CDS of CaBBX2 was 639 bp in length， encoding a protein containing 212 amino acids. Physical and chemical analysis indicated that CaBBX2 protein had a molecular weight of 23.5 kDa， pIvalue of 6.17， and GRAVY value of -0.559， suggesting that CaBBX2 is a hydrophilic protein. The protein structure prediction and sequence alignment results revealed that CaBBX2 harbored two conserved B-box domains. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that CaBBX2 belonged to the group Ⅳ BBXs and was most closely related to Arabidopsis AtBBX18 and AtBBX19. Promoter analysis revealed that the promoter of CaBBX2 contained a number of stress-， hormone-， and light-responsive cis-acting elements. The results of subcellular localization showed that CaBBX2 was located in both the cytoplasm and nucleus. Tissue expression analysis results showed that CaBBX2 was expressed in different pepper tissues， with the highest expression in leaves and the lowest expression in pericarp. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to examine the expression of CaBBX2 under P. capsici infection and MeJA treatment. It was found that the expression of CaBBX2 was increased after P. capsici infection， while its expression displayed a significantly decreased tendency under MeJA treatment. These findings indicated that CaBBX2 may play a key role in hormone-regulated defense response against P. capsici infection， providing an important candidate gene for molecular breeding of pepper disease resistance.

To investigate the impact of enzyme hydrolysis on Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua rhizome （PC）， this study analyzed the effects of six enzymes （cellulase， papain， pectinase， β-dextranase， xylanase， and hemicellulase） on PC’s total polysaccharides， total saponins， total phenols， and phenolic composition to establish an optimal multi-enzyme combination. Subsequently， the biological activity of PC’s alcohol extract was measured， and correlation analysis was conducted with the main differential substances. The results showed that， papain， β- dextranase， and xylanase notably enhanced the release of phenols and saponins in PC. Furthermore， the antioxidant activity and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of PC’s alcohol extract were significantly improved by the treatment with the multi-enzyme hydrolysis （papain∶β-dextranase∶xylanase=3∶2∶1，P<0.001）. Thirteen phenols and one saponin were closely associated with the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of PC and increased significantly following multi-enzyme hydrolysis （P<0.05）. These findings confirmed that enzyme hydrolysis was an effective method to enhance the release of components and improve the biological activity of PC， which can provide a method reference for the optimization of PC’s extract.

To investigate plant growth-promoting effects of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic （ACC） deaminase-producing strains on crops under saline-alkali stress， three ACC deaminase-producing strains， including Bacillus arachidis E1-6， Enterobacterpseudoroggenkampii. E1-8， and Bacillus cereus j2-4 were used to investigate the effects of inoculation on the growth of maize. The strains were previously isolated from the plants rhizosphere in saline-alkaline areas of southern Xinjiang. The results showed that compared to neutral conditions， treatment with alkaline salt containing Na⁺ （pH values were 8.23 and 9.15， respectively） for 28 d had no significant effects on plant height， aboveground dry weight， and underground dry weight， but significantly inhibited stem diameter of maize （P<0.05）. Compared to the neutral condition， no significant changes were observed in aboveground and underground dry weight and root system architecture of potted maize of different saline-alkali stresses. However， under high saline-alkali stress at pH 9.15， plant height and stem diameter were significantly decreased， while malondialdehyde （MDA） content was increased. After inoculation treatment， all tested conditions enhanced plant height， stem diameter， and aboveground and underground dry weight of potted maize. Notably， under high saline-alkali stress at pH 9.15， inoculation with strain E1-8 improved root morphology and enhanced peroxidase activity. The results demonstrated that inoculation with ACC deaminase-producing growth-promoting rhizobacteria alleviated the inhibitory effects of saline-alkali stress on maize， highlighting their potential for development as microbial fertilizers. This study expands the resource of salt-alkali tolerant and plant growth-promoting bacteria and provides an efficient microbial remediation strategy for stress-resistant cultivation of crops in saline-alkali soils.

To explore the effects of melatonin， spermidine and salicylic acid on the growth and development of tomato seedlings under high temperature stress， tomato Zhongza No.9 was used as the experimental material. Under high temperature stress （37 ℃/27 ℃）， different concentrations of exogenous melatonin （0.05， 0.15， 0.2， 0.3 mmol·L^-1）， spermidine （0.2， 0.5， 1.0， 1.5 mmol·L^-1） and salicylic acid （0.1， 0.3， 0.4， 0.6 mmol·L^-1） were sprayed on leaf surface. On the 21^st day of treatment （after the end of flower bud differentiation）， the plant height， stem diameter， fresh and dry weight of the aboveground part and underground part， chlorophyll content， root length， root diameter， root surface area， number of branches， flower bud size， and flower bud number of tomato seedlings were measured， and the rate of flower bud differentiation was analyzed. The results showed that， compared with control， high temperature stress significantly reduced the plant height， stem diameter， fresh and dry weight of the aboveground and underground parts， root length and root surface area， as well as the chlorophyll content of tomato seedlings. Meanwhile， the high temperature stress advanced flower bud differentiation， prolonged the process of flower bud differentiation， reduced the size of flower buds， and decreased the number of flower buds. The application of 0.5 mmol·L^-1 spermidine significantly increased the stem diameter， root length， root surface area， root diameter， and number of root tips of tomato seedlings under high temperature stress， restoring them to the level of the normal temperature with the optimal seedling vigor index. The application of 1.0 mmol·L^-1 spermidine and 0.3 mmol·L^-1 salicylic acid restored the flower bud size， flower bud differentiation time， and flower bud differentiation rate of tomato seedlings under high temperature stress to the level of the normal temperature. However， there was no significant effects of melatonin treatments at various concentrations on the growth and development of tomato seedlings under high temperature stress. Therefore， it can be concluded that the exogenous application of suitable concentrations of spermidine and salicylic acid alleviated the damage to tomato seedlings causing by high temperature to varying degrees， enabling normal growth and development of tomato seedlings. This study provides a technical reference for high temperature resistance production of tomato seedlings.

Ergothioneine is a naturally accuring active substance found in edible fungi， known for its antioxidant and metal chelating functions. In order to further explore and improve the yield of ergothioneine produced through biological fermentation， this study used ultraviolet mutagenesis （UV）， ethyl methylsulfonate mutagenesis （EMS） and space mutagenesis （SFM） to mutate strains of the Pleurotus Citrinopileatus. The mycelial growth rate and liquid fermentation yield of ergothioneine were used as evaluation indicators to select high-yield straits of Pleurotus Citrinopileatus. The results showed that 46， 40 and 48 mutant strains were obtained through UV， EMS and SFM mutagenesis， respectively. The positive mutation rate for UV mutagenesis was 43.48%. UV， EMS and SFM mutagenesis resulted in 8， 3 and 1 strain of liquid-fermented ergothioneine， respectively， with significantly higher yields than the original strain （P<0.01）. Among the 12 high-yielding ergothioneine mutagenic strains， the yield of the UV-30 strain was the highest， at 2.16 times that of the original strain， while the growth rate of the UV-13 strain was the fastest， at 1.02 times that of the original strain. Genetic distance analysis showed that the mutation degree of the SFM mutant strain was higher than that of the UV mutant strain， and both strains exhibited a higher mutation degree of both strains the EMS mutant strain. The results of this study contribute valuable material for the fundamental research of the ergothioneine biosynthesis pathway and provide a reference for the mutagenesis and breeding of the high yield ergothioneine strain of Pleurotus Citrinopileatus.

To explore the molecular mechanisms underlying gray mold disease resistance in Panax notoginseng leaves， ultra performance liquid chromatography was utilized to monitor the dynamic changes in the content of ginsenosides Rd， Rb₁， Rc and Rb₃ in Panax notoginseng leaves inoculated with Botrytis cinerea. Moreover， transcriptome sequencing technology was further used to analyze the differentially expressed genes. The results showed that the contents of the four ginsenosides in Panax notoginseng leaves increased by 39.02% to 86.56% after 12 hours of inoculation compared to the control. However， their contents decreased after 24 hours of infection， with a reduction rate ranging from 0.31% to 62.51%. Transcriptome sequencing further indicated that compared to the non-inoculated control， the differentially expressed genes in inoculated leaves at both 12 and 24 hours were significantly enriched in the triterpenoid biosynthesis pathway. Specifically， the expressions of phosphomevalonate kinase （PMVK） and hydroxymethylbutene-4-phosphate synthase （HDS）， which were involved in the biosynthesis pathway of ginsenosides in Panax notoginseng leaves， were upregulated at 12 hours post-inoculation with Botrytis cinerea， leading to an increase in ginsenoside content. However， the elevated expression level of the HDS gene was not maintained after 24 hours of inoculation， potentially explaining the subsequent decrease in ginsenoside content. Our finding identified PMVK and HDS as two key enzyme genes that may play important roles in the chemical response of Panax notoginseng leaves to Botrytis cinerea infection. These results provide a basis for a deeper understanding of the interaction between Panax notoginseng and Botrytis cinerea， and reinforce the efforts towards the molecular breeding of Panax notoginseng resistant varieties.

In order to investigate the molecular regulatory mechanisms of apomictic embryo development in walnuts， the apomictic embryo（CL） and fertilized embryo （CK） of Xinxin 2 walnut were used as experimental materials in this study. The transcriptome and metabolome data were used to analyze the differentially expressed genes and differentially accumulated metabolites between CL and CK. The results indicated that a total of 227 differentially expressed genes and 22 differentially accumulated metabolites were identified in the CL and CK. Transcriptome-metabolome integrative analysis showed that the differentially expressed genes and metabolites were majorly enriched in pathways associated with metabolism， the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites and plant hormone signal transduction. Among them， the content of differential metabolites such as indole-3-acetic acid， jasmonic acid， and jasmonic acid-isoleucine were significantly higher in CL compared to CK. Moreover， genes such as （s）-genistein-9-o-methyltransferase （SMT）， Chitinase （CHIT）， Fumarylacetoacetase （FAH）， Moxilactone-A synthase （MAS）， Phospholipase A1 （DAD1）， Auxin response factor （ARF） and Phytochrome interaction factor 3 （PIF3） were found to positively regulate these differential metabolites. On the other hands， genes including Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase （MEE）， Caffeic acid 3-O-methyltransferase （COMT）， β-glucosidase （BGLU）， Fatty acid α-dioxygenase （DOX）， SAUR family protein （SAUR）， Auxin response GH3 gene family （GH3）， Ethylene receptor （ETR） and Transcription factor MYC2 （MYC2） negatively regulated these metabolites. Eight genes that related to differentially metabolites were verified by quantitative real-time PCR （qRT-PCR）， and the results were consistent with the transcriptome analysis. ARF， GH3， SAUR， DAD1 and MYC2 were involved in regulating apomictic embryo development in walnut by regulating plant hormone signal transduction， such as auxin and jasmonic acid pathway. These results can provide scientific guidance for understanding apomictic embryo development in walnuts.

As the secondary metabolites produced by fungi， mycotoxins possess stable chemical structures and can accumulate in the food chain. Mycotoxins pose severe threats to human and animal health causing significant economic losses. The biodegradation method using enzyme has shown great potential in detoxifying mycotoxins due to high safety and environmental friendliness. This review systematically summarized the discovery and functional analysis of degradation enzymes against major mycotoxins， including aflatoxins， zearalenone， trichothecenes， ochratoxin A， and fumonisins. We focued on the progress made in elucidating the three-dimensional structures of mycotoxin-degrading enzymes using X-ray crystallography and others methods， revealing their catalytic mechanisms. The computationally predicted binding pockets and the experimentally determined active sites were compared. Moreover， we elaborated on applying rational design strategies based on protein structures in modifying mycotoxin-degrading enzymes. The immense potential of using computational biology to predict protein structures and functions， elucidate enzyme mechanisms， and guide the design of degradation enzymes were also discussed. This review provided new perspectives for tackling mycotoxin contamination in food and feed.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of different sowing dates on the growth， yield， and quality of foxtail millet （Setaria italica）. Three cultivars—Liulenggu （B44）， Wild Foxtail Millet （B111）， and Xiaoshengbaigu （B112）—were selected and subjected to three sowing dates. The change in the growth stages， yield and quality of foxtail millet under different sowing dates were systematically analyzed. The results showed that delayed sowing prolonged the sowing-to-emergence period， shortened both the overall growth period and the emergence-to-heading period， and maintained a relatively stable duration from heading to maturity. From 2021 to 2023， the coefficients of variation （CV） for the overall growth period of B44， B111， and B112 across different sowing dates ranged from 11.86% to 14.60%， 11.91% to 15.05%， and 7.94% to 17.07%， respectively. The sowing dates had a significant effect on both the yield and quality of the foxtail millet. With a delayed sowing date， there were decreases in panicle weight， grain weight per panicle， 1 000-grain weight， head millet rate， amylose content， and overall yield， while protein content， fat content， flavonoid content， and gel consistency increased. Notably， the CVs for panicle weight and grain weight per panicle exceeded 10%. Additionally， the amino acid content was significantly affected by sowing date， with particularly high CVs observed for glutamic acid content in B44， B111， and B112. This study provides valuable insights for identifying the optimal sowing date to enhance the yield and quality of foxtail millet.

‍Selenium （Se） is an essential trace element for the health of humans， animals， and microorganisms. In recent years， nano-selenium （SeNPs） have emerged as a research hotspot due to their remarkable biocompatibility， bioavailability， and low toxicity. SeNPs have been widely utilized in agriculture to enhance crop photosynthetic capacity， antioxidant activity， nutrient acquisition， as well as to mitigate heavy metal toxicity and stress damage in plants. With the increasing importance of nanotechnology， sustainable agriculture， and environmental issues， studies on the potential impacts of SeNPs on plant growth， development， and metabolism will continue to increase. This review provided a comparative analysis of three synthesis methods， the synthesis process， and the transportation mechanisms of SeNPs within plants. Furthermore， it comprehensively reviewed the roles of SeNPs in improving plant nutrient acquisition， yield and quality. The advantages of SeNPs application in enhancing plant resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses were highlighted. Moreover， factors that affected the efficacy of SeNPs were critically analyzed， and the trends for future development were discussed. The aim of this study was to provide novel insights and methodologies for understanding the molecular mechanisms of crop stress resistance and breeding strategies.

To investigate the effects of α-arbutin treatment on post-harvest browning of longan pericarp and its regulatory role in reactive oxygen metabolism， different concentrations of α-arbutin （0.1， 0.5 and 1 g·L^-1） were applied to Shixia longan fruit， with water serving as the control （CK）. Samples were collected every 2 days to determine the inner epidermal coloration， cell membrane permeability， browning index in the longan fruit pericarp， and the breakdown index in the pulp， as well as physiological indicators related to reactive oxygen metabolism in the pericarp. The results showed that α-arbutin at the concentration of 1 g·L^-1 was the optimal treatment. This treatment significantly enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase （SOD）， catalase （CAT）， ascorbic acid peroxidase （APX） and glutathione reductase （GR） in the pericarp， maintained high levels of ascorbic acid （ASA） and glutathione （GSH）， and reduced the content of malondialdehyde （MDA）， hydrogen peroxide （H₂O₂）， and the production rate of superoxide anion radical （O₂{}^{\overline{·}}）. These findings suggested that 1 g·L^-1 α‍-arbutin can sustain the balance of reactive oxygen metabolism and the integrity of cell membrane in the pericarp of post-harvest longan fruit， thereby delaying browning. The results of this work provides theoretical supports for the application of α-arbutin in the preservation of post-harvest longan fruit.

To explore the difference of volatile compounds between the watercore and normal tissue of Qianxuan No.3 apple， and to elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying the formation of characteristic aroma substances in apple watercore， gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry （GC-MS/MS） and Illumina HiSeq^TM high-throughput sequencing techniques were conducted to obtain the metabolome and transcriptome data of the watercore and normal tissue of Qianxuan No.3. Transcriptomics analysis revealed 1 795 differentially expressed genes （DEGs）， including 671 down-regulated genes and 1 124 up-regulated genes. Additionally， 7 genes related to fatty acid synthesis pathway and 8 genes related to alcohol dehydrogenase were explored. In this study， 353 metabolites were detected through widely targeted metabolomics， identifying 20 differential accumulated metabolites， including 8 up-regulated metabolites and 12 down-regulated metabolites. Notably， the relative contents of ethyl hexanoate and nonanal in the apple watercore tissue were significantly higher than those in the normal tissue. The transcriptome-metabolomics association analysis illustrated that 11 DEGs were positively correlated with ethyl hexanoate and nonanal， while 2 DEGs were negatively correlated with ethyl hexanoate within fatty acid synthesis pathway and the alcohol dehydrogenase family. MdFAD6， MdADH2， MdADH3， and MdADH4 were found to be expressed exclusively in watercore tissues. Quantitative real-time PCR （qRT-PCR） results showed that the relative expression levels of these genes in watercore tissues were significantly up-regulated compared to those in normal tissues， suggesting that these genes may play a crucial role in the synthesis pathway of volatile compounds in watercore apples. The differential metabolites and genes identified in this study will not only provide preliminary insights into the biological basis of flavor changes in watercore tissues， but also provide reference information for the quality improvement of watercore apples.

To elucidate the mechanism by which fucoxanthin promotes the apoptosis in human acute lymphoblastic leukemia （CEM/C1） cells， the following experimental approaches were employed. Cell viability of CEM/C1 cells after fucoxanthin treatment was assessed using the MTT assay. Early and late apoptosis rates， as well as cell cycle distribution of CEM/C1 cells， were determined using flow cytometry. Fucoxanthin’s impact on pyruvate kinase （PK） and hexokinase （HK） activity， glucose uptake， adenosine triphosphate （ATP） production， and lactate production in CEM/C1 cells was measured using assay kits. The expression levels of relevant proteins in CEM/C1 cells were assessed through Western blot analysis. Molecular docking was performed to validate the interactions. Results indicated that fucoxanthin significantly inhibited the viability of CEM/C1 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. With increasing fucoxanthin concentration， the early and late apoptosis rates of CEM/C1 cells increased， accompanied by a significant or extremely significant decrease in the proportion of cells in the G1/G2 phase and significant or extremely significant increase in the proportion of cells in the S phase. Fucoxanthin markedly inhibited the activity and expression levels of glycolytic enzymes （PK， HK）， and also reduced the expression levels of phosphorylated mTOR and phosphorylated AKT proteins. Molecular docking analysis revealed that the binding energy between fucoxanthin and AKT and mTOR proteins was less than -5 kcal·mol^-1， primarily through hydrogen bonding at the enzyme’s active site. In conclusion， fucoxanthin significantly promoted the apoptosis in CEM/C1 cells， and its mechanism of action may be associated with the regulation of glycolysis through the AKT/mTOR signal pathway. These findings provide a theoretical basis for the development of high-value-added products from Sargassum fusiforme and the screening of natural， safe anti-leukemia drug precursors.

To clarify the effect of different plants on saline soil improvement， a field experiment was used to study the effects of salt-tolerant plants on soil physicochemical properties and soil salinization degree. The nine salt-tolerant plants were Halogeton glomeratus， Suaeda salsa， Puccinellia chinampoensis， alfalfa （Medicago sativa L.）， Vicia villosa， Vicia sativa， sweet sorghum （Sorghum bicolor cv. Dochn）， barley （Hordeum vulgare L.） and oat（Avena sativa L.）， and bare soil as the control （CK）. The results showed that， compared with CK， the salt-tolerant plants reduced bulk density of topsoil by 9.15%-21.87%， increased total soil porosity and non-capillary porosity by 3.58-9.85 and 6.27-13.37 percentage point respectively. Planting S. salsa had thegreatest reduction of soil bulk density and planting sweet sorghum had the greatest increase of soil porosity. Compared with CK， the nine planting treatments effectively reduced soil salt content and sodium adsorption ratio （SAR） by 0.45-0.52 percentage point and 80.99-90.56%， respectively， and planting V. villosa had the greatest effect on soil salinity and alkalinity reduction， which reduced total salt， electrical conductivity， SAR and pH value by 0.52 percentage point， 26.84%， 84.50%， and 0.35 unit， respectively. After salt-tolerant plant harvested， compared with CK， the alkaline nitrogen content of topsoil increased by 3.43%-151.90%， while the available phosphorus and potassium had no significant change. In summary， planting salt-tolerant plants improved topsoil permeability and reduced its salinization degree， the improvement effect of each tested plant on saline soil was H. glomeratus > alfalfa > S. salsa > barley > V. villosa > sweet sorghum > oat > V. sativa > P. chinampoensis.The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for plant improvement and rational development and utilization of saline soil.