Over past two decades， the application of nuclear techniques has been integrated into many aspects of scientific research and production practice in food and agriculture， and nuclear techniques are unique and irreplaceable in some areas. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the latest developments and major achievements from the nuclear application in major fields of food and agriculture around the world. The application status and innovative development of nuclear techniques in the fields of animal production and health， food safety and control， plant mutation breeding and genetics， water and soil management and agricultural environment， and insect pest control were reviewed emphatically. Considering many severe global challenges faced by the food and agriculture around the world， the authors discussed and showed the prospects and strategic priorities of nuclear application in food and agriculture.

Phosphorus deficiency in the soil is a key factor limiting the growth and development of rice （Oryza sativa L.）. It is of great significance to elucidate the morph-physiological changes of rice in response to low phosphorus stress and further understand the mechanism underlying the phosphorus uptake and transport， which is also crucial to alleviate phosphorus stress on rice yield and quality. This paper mainly reviewed the changes in the morphology of roots and shoots as well as the physiological and molecular mechanisms of phosphorus uptake and utilization of rice under low phosphorus stress， and proposed crop management practices to enhance phosphorus uptake and utilization in rice. The key points for future researches were also discussed， that is， effect of interaction between rice roots and soil on the release of soil organic phosphorus， regulation and mechanism of plant hormones， especially new plant hormones， on phosphorus absorption， transport and distribution in rice plants， and development of rice varieties with high phosphorus utilization efficiency and exploring cultivation techniques to improve phosphorus use efficiency. This review is expected to provide theoretical guidance for screening and breeding rice varieties with tolerance to low phosphorus stress （phosphorus efficient varieties） and the cultivation regulation for improving phosphorus utilization efficiency.

Ochratoxin A （OTA）， one of the most common mycotoxins in the human and animal diet， is a secondary metabolite produced by Aspergillus or Penicillium. The OTA compound is associated with a range of toxic effects， including hepatotoxicity， nephrotoxicity， enterotoxicity， neurotoxicity， immunotoxicity， carcinogenicity， teratogenicity and mutagenesis， posing a serious threat to the health of both humans and animals. In recent years， various omics researches have been developing rapidly. Genomics， transcriptomics and proteomics have contributed significantly to the identification of key molecular steps involved in OTA biosynthesis. Metabolomics is also widely used to evaluate the toxicity and mechanism of OTA. This paper reviews the researches of OTA in terms of genomic， transcriptomic， proteomic and metabolomic technologies， and proposes the trends and issues to be addressed in related research. The use of multi-omics technology can help to understand OTA comprehensively and provide scientific and theoretical reference for the studies of OTA on biosynthesis， toxicity mechanism and prevention and control.

In order to explore effect of heat stress at different reproductive growth stage on yield loss and quality in rice， two rice varieties， Huanghuazhan （HHZ） and Y-liangyou-1577 （YLY1577）， were used as materials to investigate the changes in plant growth， yield components and rice quality under CK （32 ℃ day /26 ℃ night） and heat stress conditions stimulated by the temperature of 38 ℃ day/32 ℃ night at booting stage and heading stage. The detailed periods included 7 d before heading （HS1）， 1-7 d after heading （HS2）， 8-14 d after heading （HS3）， 15-21 d after heading （HS4） and 22-28 d after heading （HS5）， respectively. Results showed that the growth and development of young panicles was mostly affected by heat stress at booting stage， and the percentage of filled spikelets was mostly affected by heat stress at the treatment of 1-7 d after heading， while the 1000-grain weight was at the treatment of 8-14 d after heading. The greatest yield loss of HHZ and YLY1577 was by heat stress of 1-7 d and 8-14 d after heading， respectively. Heat stress at booting stage caused little influence on rice quality. Compared with CK treatment， the rice quality was affected by heat stress at the stage of 1-28 d after heading， as shown by the increase of the chalky kernel and chalkiness in rice grain. The content of starch， amylose and gel consistency in rice was deceased by heat stress， and content of protein， glucose and fructose was increased by heat stress. Heat stress affected the starch RVA characteristics as shown by the increase of final viscosity， set back and gelatinization temperature and decrease of break down. Rice appearance and eating quality was mostly affected by heat stress at the stage of 8-14 d after heading， moderately by heat stress at the stage of 15-21 d and 1-7 d after heading. Taken together， the heat stress at booting stage suppressed yield formation mainly by inhibiting the growth and development of young panicle. One to fourteen days after heading was the vital stage of yield formation in response to heat stress in rice， and heat stress inhibited yield formation mainly by decreasing the percentage of filled spikelets and 1000-grain weight in this period. Eight to twenty-one days after heading was the most sensitive stage of rice quality response to heat stress， while heat stress at the stage of 8-14 d after heading may cause the double loss of yield and rice quality. Results of this research could provide scientific basis for the evaluation on rice yield and quality under heat stress at different growth stages.

Aqueous-enzymatic extraction （AEE） is an emerging modern technique for vegetable oil extraction based on aqueous extraction. The main principle is destring the cell wall of oil plants by enzymatic hydrolysis to promote the release of oil. AEE is simpler， safer and more environmentally friendly compared with the traditional methods， such as pressing and organic solvent extraction. The operation conditions is mild， which is more conductive to the retention of nutrients in the oils. For further improvement of AEE efficiency， many researchers have explored from many aspects， among which the application of non-thermal processing technology is one of the important research directions. Therefore， in order to comprehensively and systematically understand the process of AEE， this work summarized the research progress of several typical non-thermal processing techniques in improving the efficiency of AEE at home and abroad from three aspects： raw material pretreatment， demulsification methods and assistant methods. The mechanism involved was deeply discussed. It provides a reference for improving the efficiency， reducing the cost and expanding the industrial application of AEE in vegetable oil extraction.

In order to scrutinize the state of stress during compression bulk milk powder， commercially available infant formula was used as a simulation object. Based on the resting angle， regression model between the powder particle and the simulated resting angle was studied to assess the optimal contact parameter by designing diverse parameters with different combination by using the Plackett-Burman test， the steepest climbing test and the Box-Behnken test. Furthermore， the change trend of compression volume of bulk milk powder， contact force chain distribution between surface particles and upper impact dye， and contact force chain distribution between section particles were assessed. The results demonstrated that static friction coefficient between the milk powder particles was 0.359， the rolling friction coefficient was 0.099， and the milk powder particle-stainless steel static friction coefficient was 0.125. The simulated compression trend of bulk milk powder was basically consistent with the real compression trend of change， indicating that the Edinburgh Elasto-Plastic Adhesion （EEPA） contact model could well simulate the compression process of milk powder. When the pressure reaches 2 500 N， the surface particles of bulk milk powder were highly likely to break due to the undivided load pressure and had a crushing trend from the surface to the inside. It was constant with the analysis results of the compressive strength of bulk milk powder. The compression model could well represent the stress in the compression process of milk powder. The results of this study provides a theoretical basis for selecting process parameters for bulk milk powder.

The ideotype of potato plant is the basis of high-quality population. In order to obtain the composition parameters of ideotype， the yield components of twenty-six potato varieties （lines） were analyzed， varieties （lines） with medium and high yield were selected to determine the stem and leaf related characters， the components and parameters of ideotype were determined by variance analysis， correlation analysis and grey correlation analysis in the study. The clustering analysis showed that twenty-six potato varieties （lines） were divided into five yield types， including super high-yield， high-yield， medium-yield， medium low-yield and low-yield. The range of main stems number was 2.29 to 2.89 in the medium and high-yield type. Among the three yield types， the average natural plant height of super high-yield type was the minimum， while that of the high-yield type was the maximum. The erectness E-value of super high-yield type was the maximum， while middle-yield type was the minimum. For the super high-yield type， the average length of the fourth， fifth， seventh and eighth internodes at the base were all the smallest， the average diameter of the fourth， fifth， sixth， seventh and eighth internodes were the highest， and the basal third， fourth， fifth， seventh stem-leaf angles were also the smallest. Except for G6 （super high-yield type） and G4 （high-yield type）， the pinnately compound leaves of other varieties （lines） belonged to loose-type which had 7 or 9 leaflets. The pinnately compound leaves of potato were spirally arranged on the main stem， and the adjacent leaves on the same spiral track showed the horizontal difference of 60° in 66.67% varieties （lines）. The main components of ideotype were as follows： the leaf area index from seeding stage to tuber maturity stage， the stem-leaf angle of the basal third to seventh leaves， the diameter of basal fourth to eighth internode， the number and length of pinnately compound leaves and the absolute plant height. The secondary components of ideotype were the number of main stems and the nature plant height. Analyzing the composition parameters of ideotype provided the theoretical and practical basis for efficient field management and plant architecture breeding.

Wheat starch pasting property is one of the important indicators of processing quality in wheat. In order to further explore the QTL for starch pasting property， 237 lines of the F₈ RIL population derived from Zhoumai 23/Zhengmai 366 and their parents were used and a high-density genetic map was conducted by the wheat 55K SNP array. Combining the data of pasting property from 5 environments （three locations in two years）， a total of 96 QTLs were mapped， which located on 21 chromosomes. There are 8 QTLs identified consistently in multiple environments. Among which， Qpv.hau-4A.1 and Qpv.hau-6A.1 regulating the peak viscosity， and Qbd.hau-4A.1 and Qbd.hau-6A.1 regulating the disintegration value accounted for 2.55%~24.23%， 2.60%~6.00%， 11.50%~48.30% and 3.86%~8.09% of the phenotypic variances， respectively. The QTL Qpv.hau-6A.1 may be a new locus for peak viscosity， its enhancing allele was derived from the high-quality gluten wheat cultivar Zhengmai 366 and had significant synergistic effect on the peak viscosity， which was related to the elasticity and toughness of noodles. QTL polymerization effect analysis found that Qpv.hau-4A.1 and Qpv.hau-6A.1 have significant cumulative effect and can significantly improve the peak viscosity. In addition， there were QTL-rich regions or pleiotropism effects on chromosomes 4A and 6A. These important regions and QTL provided important information for improving starch pasting properties in high-quality wheat.

Fungal exopolysaccharides are important natural products with diverse biological functionalities. To explore novel fermentation approaches to enhance the production of exopolysaccharides derived from Floccularia luteovirens （FLEP）， response surface methodology was employed to optimize the influence of microparticle size， ultrasonic stimulus time， and surfactant concentration on the yield of FLEP， utilizing strain WMY10 as the experimental strain. In addition， the antioxidant properties， as well as the moisture absorption and retention capabilities of FLEP， were evaluated. The results demonstrated that the optimal conditions involved a Tween 80 concentration of 0.4 g·L^-1， a microparticle size ranging from 100 to 200 mesh， and an ultrasonic stimulus time of 20 minutes. Under these optimized conditions， FLEP exhibited a maximum yield of 2.44 g·L^-1， which was 1.5 times higher than that of the control group. Furthermore， FLEP displayed considerable in vitro antioxidant activity， with chelation capacities of 71.0% and 58.2% in the DPPH and ferrous ion chelation tests， respectively. The ABTS radical scavenging capacity of FLEP was determined to be 0.044 mmol·g^-1 Trolox. Moreover， in comparison to glycerol， hyaluronic acid， and chitosan， FLEP demonstrated superior moisture absorption at relative humidities of 43% and 81%. At a relative humidity of 43%， FLEP also exhibited better moisture retention ability than hyaluronic acid and chitosan. FLEP displayed the most effective moisture retention capacity under dry conditions. In summary， FLEP could be used as a natural antioxidant or water retention agent in the food， pharmaceutical， and cosmetic industries. This study provides a theoretical foundation for the efficient production and application of FLEP.

Irradiation mutagenesis tends to generate chromosome structural variations. So far few studies have been reported using the BSA-seq technique to map radiation-induced mutations. In order to explore the feasibility of using BSA-seq for mapping genes in radiation-induced mutants， this study isolated an Arabidopsis thaliana mutant using irradiation mutagenesis and crossed it with the wild type. Individual plants in the F₂ segregating population were screened based on phenotypes， and two pools of offspring with extreme phenotypes were collected. The two offspring pools and the wild type pool were sequenced using whole genome sequencing， and various strategies including MutMap， QTL-seq， and GPS methods were used to analyze the sequencing data of these three pools. It was found that three strategies generated similar results and the mutated gene was located to an interval of 7 Mb on chromosome 2. With visualizing the genomic region within this interval by IGV software， a 25 189 bp deletion was found in the mutant genome. The deletion region was annotated using the SnpEff annotation program， and 6 genes were found in this region， among which the AT2G28610 gene was identified to be the candidate gene and verified through genetic experiments. This study provided a reference for the application of BSA-seq based approaches to map radiation-induced mutations.

Red spot is one of the serious diseases of peony cultivation and the pathogen is complex. In order to clarify the pathogen of peony red spot in Yuncheng， the leaves and stem tissues with typical red spot symptoms were collected from Shundi Park. The pathogen was isolated and identified through morphological characteristics and multiple sequence analysis of rDNA-ITS， TEF-1α and RPB2 genes. Results showed that red spot disease of peony in Yuncheng was caused by Alternaria alternata and A. tenuissima. Analysis of its growth conditions showed that the pathogen mycelia grew vigorously and robustly on potato dextrose agar （PDA） and potato saccharose agar （PSA）. The optimal temperature for mycelia growth was 25-30 ℃， and pH was 7-8. On defined Czapek’s media， the optimal carbon source was maltose and soluble starch， and the optimal nitrogen source was NaNO₃ and peptone. Moreover， seven fungicides displayed different degrees of inhibition on the hyphae growth of pathogen in toxicity assays. Among which， 25% pyraclostrobin EC and 50% fluoxonil WP were more efficient in inhibiting the pathogen mycelial growth， and their inhibitory concentration of EC₅₀ was less than 1.0 mg·L^-1. The results would provide a theoretical basis for the precise prevention and control of peony red spot in Shanxi Province.

Phoebe bournei （Hemsl.） Yang is an important and precious tree species in China. This study aimed to establish a genetic transformation system for P. bournei， pCAMBIA1300-GFP plasmid was constructed and transformed into seedlings with Agrobacterium rhizogenes. To optimize the transformation process， injection and soaking in bacterial solution were compared. Subsequently， an orthogonal ［L9（3³）］ experiment was employed to determine the optimal combination A. rhizogenes strain type， bacterial solution concentration， and seedling age. In addition， the effects of light intensity on induction and transformational rate of P. bournei hairy roots were also examined. The results showed that hairy roots induction and transformation rate with injection method were 80.0% and 66.7% respectively， whereas only 41.2% and 35.3%with soaking method. The main factors affecting the hairy root induction rate and genetic transformation of P. bournei were strain species. Notably， strain type exhibited a substantial influence on both induction and transformation efficiency of hairy roots. The maximum induction and transformation rates were 87.5% and 70.6% respectively. The optimal strain was K599 with concentration of OD₆₀₀=1.2， and the seedlings at the three-leaf stage was the best The seedlings growth， hairy roots induction and transformation efficiency of P. bournei seedlings under lower light intensity （50 μmol·m^-2·s^-1） were more favorable for seedling growth and transformation than high light intensity （100 μmol·m^-2·s^-1）. This study established an efficient and steady transgenic system for P. bournei mediated by A. rhizogenes， thereby obtained transgenic hairy roots plants. That provided a useful platform for molecular genetic research of P. bournei and laying the foundation for important gene exploration， new germplasm development and genetic improvement of P. bournei.

In order to investigate effect of different application rates and the shoot killing mechanism of diphenyl ether herbicidal oxyfluorfen， the inhibitory effects of different concentrations of the herbicide on winter shoots of Guiwei lychee were studied using plant tissue sections， trypan blue staining， liquid chromatograph mass spectrometer/mass spectrometer， transcriptome， and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction techniques. The results revealed that the optimal concentration of oxyfluorfen for suppressing lychee winter shoots was 80 mol·L^-1. Oxyfluorfen inhibited lychee winter shoots but had no impact on mature leaves with no wounds. The comparative transcriptome results of water control and 80 mol·L^-1 oxyfluorfen applied to winter shoot samples at 20 h revealed that the significantly different genes were mainly enriched in metabolic pathways such as plant signal transduction， plant pathogen interaction， and the mitogen-activated protein kinase signal pathway. The levels of six endogenous hormones and precursors in the control and treated samples revealed that the contents of jasmonic acid， salicylic acid， and the ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate increased following ethoxyflurane compared with water treatment. In winter shoots treated with 80 mol·L^-1 of oxyfluorfen， the relative expression levels of six important genes in the ethylene signaling system， six key genes in the jasmonic acid pathway， and three essential genes in the salicylic acid pathway were increased. This study established a reference basis for further investigation on the effectiveness and safety of diphenyl ether herbicides in reducing lychee winter shoots， as well as the molecular mechanisms of producing lychee winter shoot cell death and changes in endogenous hormone levels.

The diversity of endophytic yeast in waxy sorghum was investigated in the root， stem， and leaf tissues of the hybrid strain and local cultivar Qingkeyang using culture-dependent and high-throughput sequencing approaches. Enzyme production in the purified strains was investigated. A total of 36 yeast strains were identified after isolation and purification， including 27 strains from Jinnuoliang No.1 and 9 strains from Qingkeyang， with proportions in the roots， stems and leaves of 6， 7 and 23， respectively. These 36 endophytic yeast strains belonged to 1 phylum， 3 classes， 5 orders， 6 families and 7 genera. The dominant phylum was Basidiomycota and Cryptococcus luteolus was the dominant genus. Of these strains， five can produce four types of enzymes， with Cryptococcus accounting for the most. A total of 111 OTUs were clustered and annotated to 80 genera belonging to 2 phyla by the analysis of HTS data of 26S rDNA NL1F and NL2R region genes. There were no significant differences in community diversity and structure between the hybrid Jinnuoliang No. 1 and local cultivar Qingkeyang， while significant differences in both diversity and community structure were observed among different tissues （P<0.001）. The nutritional patterns and ecological functional groups of endophytic yeast were divided into 6 and 16 species， respectively， using FUNGuild function prediction， with the most unique functional groups found in the stems and the least in the leaves. The results indicate the diversity of the yeast communities in different varieties and tissues of waxy sorghum were rich， and aslo showed similarities and differences， with significant differences in diversity and bacterial community composition among tissues. These functional strains obtained in this study can be used for further investigation， development， and utilization.

Chemical mutagenesis is a traditional breeding technique in improving plant resistance to cold， drought， salt， alkali and etc.， which is favored by breeders. Plant tissue culture technology is an effective way to achieve rapid reproduction of cell or plantlet. Combing these two technologies， the mutation frequency can be improved greatly and the range of plant genetic variation would be expanded. In recent years， the combination of chemical mutagenesis and biotechnology has shown a positive prospect in the resistance breeding， and has important practical significance for breeding new crop varieties. This paper mainly reviews the characteristics of chemical mutagenesis， the mutagenesis mechanism and application methods of chemical agents ［mainly ethyl methane sulfonate（EMS） and sodium azide（NaN₃）］， mutagenesis efficiency and its influencing factors. And the applications of chemical mutagenesis in plant stress resistance breeding are also introduced.

In order to explore the physiological and molecular mechanism of low temperature priming on improving low temperature tolerance in rice， four treatments were set up as following： without low temperature priming + normal temperature treatment （N+N）， without low temperature priming + low temperature treatment （N+C）， low temperature priming + normal temperature treatment （E+N）， low temperature priming + low temperature treatment （E+C） to determine the biochemical indexes and gene expression of rice seedlings. The results showed that early low temperature priming significantly increased the root activity， leaf water potential， chlorophyll a content， chlorophyll b content， actual photochemical efficiency and maximum photochemistry efficiency of rice seedlings by 70.39%， 6.20%， 15.89%， 13.69%， 32.11% and 19.07%， respectively， under low temperature treatment conditions. In addition， the activities of antioxidant enzymes catalase， ascorbate peroxidase， peroxidase and glutathione peroxidase were significantly increased by 13.27%-17.83%， malondialdehyde content was decreased by 25.87%， and the relative expression of cold tolerance genes OsLti6a， OsLti6b， OsCOIN and OsTrx23 were increased by 0.15-1.26 folds. The above results indicated that early low temperature priming enhanced the low temperature tolerance of rice seedlings by maintaining water metabolism， alleviating photoinhibition， increasing antioxidant capacity and increasing the relative expression of cold tolerance genes. The results of present study provide a theoretical basis for further elucidating the improvement of plant tolerance by adversity priming.

Investigating the cross-protection mechanism of a mild strain of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus （TYLCV） against fungal diseases， this study employed TYLCV as the viral source， along with a virulent strain of Tomato spotted wilt virus （TSWV）， to examine its inhibit effects on the fungal pathogens Botrytis cinerea （causing gray mold） and Oidium neolycopersici （causing powdery mildew） in tomato plants. Two tomato varieties， namely GZ-R （semi-wild） and 82-TYLCV （sub-heart）， were used as plant materials. The results demonstrated that the incidence and severity of gray mold and powdery mildew were significantly reduced in GZ-R tomato plants inoculated with TYLCV mild strain， as well as in 82-TYLCV and GZ-R-TYLCV plants， compared to the control group. However， there was no significant difference in the incidence and severity of powdery mildew in GZ-R tomato plants inoculated with TSWV compared to the control. Quantitative PCR analysis was conducted to assess the expression of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase gene （SlSTS）， chalcone synthase gene （SlCHS）， pathogenesis-related protein gene （SlPR1）， powdery mildew resistance gene （SlMLO1）， and β-1，3-glucanase gene （SlβGluc） in plants with different treatments. The results indicated that both TYLCV mild strain and TSWV significantly induced the expression of Slβgluc and SlMLO1 genes in GZ-R plants， while there was no significant induction in SlβGluc and SlMLO1 expression in sub-heart 82-TYLCV tomatoes. It was hypothesized that the cross-protection effect of TYLCV mild strain against gray mold and powdery mildew may be mediated by the induction of SlβGluc and SlMLO1 expression， whereas TSWV did not lead to cross-protection in sub-heart 82 plants though the expreaaion of these genes were also induced. These findings suggested that virus-induced cross-protection was not only influenced by the pathogenicity of the virus but also by the genotype of the plant material. This study provides a foundation for further research on the cross-protection of fungal diseases using mild viral strains.

In order to investigate the volatile components in the petals of Camellia varieties Scented Sun， High Fragrance and Chidan at different flowering stages， HS-SPME and GC-MS techniques were employed in conjunction with relative odor activity values （ROAVs） to identify key aroma components. By using transcriptome sequencing technology， floral fragrance biosynthesis pathways and genes related to the floral fragrance were explored. The results showed that the main floral aroma components of three varieties consisted of monoterpenes and benzenoids/phenylpropanoids， with the highest concentration of monoterpenes and significant differences in composition and content among the varieties. A total of 16 characteristic aroma components were identified， with linalool being the key aroma component that plays a dominant role in the overall aroma profile of Camellia. Seven structural genes from the mevalonate pathway and eight structural genes from the methylerythritol phosphate pathway were screened from transcriptome data， among these， CaDXS2 and CaDXS3 are key structural genes involved in monoterpene synthesis. Screening of key enzyme genes CaLIS/NES1 and CaLIS/NES2 in the terpenoid synthesis pathway， as well as CaPAR and CaSAMT in the benzenering/phenylpropanoid compound synthesis pathway， suggests that these genes play a crucial role in the synthesis of key components in floral fragrance， such as linalool， 2-phenylethanol， and methyl salicylate. The results of qRT-PCR and RNA-seq validation of differentially expressed genes showed a high degree of correlation， indicating that RNA-seq sequencing results have high accuracy. These research results provide a basis for further study on the mechanisms involved in the formation of flower fragrance in Camellia.

Light is an important factor affecting the physiological metabolism of fruits. In order to study the effects of light-emitting diode （LED） treatment on carotenoids and soluble sugar metabolism in postharvest nectarines， ‘Zijinhong 3’ nectarine was used as the material in the experiment and treated with blue， red and white LED lights for 8 days taking the darkness storage as the control. The correlations of carotenoids with the pulp color and soluble sugars in nectarine fruits were analyzed. The results showed that all LED treatments promoted the accumulation of carotenoids in nectarine fruits， among which the effects of white light and blue light were significant. A total of 9 kinds of carotenoids were detected， in which β?-carotene and violaxanthin were the main. Different carotenoids had different responses to different LED lights. The accumulation of violaxanthin， luteoxanthin， zeaxanthin， β?-cryptoxanthin， β?-carotene and cis-?β?-carotene were significantly promoted by the blue light at the end of storage， while 9-cis-violaxanthin， antheraxanthin and lutein content were higher under white light. The color of the flesh showed different correlation coefficients with different kinds of carotenoids. L^* value showed an extremely significant negative correlation with total carotenoids， while a^* and CIRG value showed extremely significant positive correlation with the total carotenoids. 3 kinds of soluble sugars （fructose， glucose and sucrose） were detected. Blue light promoted the accumulation of fructose and glucose in fruits， while white light promoted the catabolism of sucrose. The correlations between the compositions and content of carotenoids and soluble sugars were different under different LED treatments. However， the total carotenoids in all treatments showed a significant positive correlation with fructose and glucose. These findings can provide reference data for postharvest quality control of nectarine fruits.

B-type ARRs play an important role as positive response factors for cytokinins in plant growth and development. In order to explore the function of ARR11 in response to drought stress in apple， in this study Gala 3 apple （Malus domestica Borkh. cv Gala 3） was used as the test material and the B type cytokinin response factor gene MdARR11 was obtained using PCR amplification technology.The sequence was 2 248 bp in length and encodes 613 amino acids. It contains a type-B REC domain and a MYB like DNA binding domain at the C-terminus.Tissue-specific expression analysis showed that the gene had the highest expression level in the stem. The results of quantitative real-time PCR （qRT-PCR） analysis showed that drought stress inhibited the expression of MdARR11. To further validate the function of MdARR11 under drought stress， MdARR11-overexpressed apple calli was obtained. Wild type and overexpression of calli were treated with 6%， PEG6000 to simulate drought stress， the growth rate， size， and fresh weight， relative conductivity， the malondialdehyde （MDA） and proline （Pro）， the accumulation of soluble protein and superoxide dismutase （SOD）， peroxidase （POD）， catalase （CAT） activity in calli were analyzed. The results showed that overexpression of MdARR11 increased the degree of lipid membrane peroxidation in callus cell membranes， decreased the accumulation of osmoregulation substances， and reduced antioxidant enzyme activity. In summary， MdARR11 reduced the tolerance of apple callus to drought stress. This study lays a foundation for further exploring the biological function and mechanism of action of the MdARR11 gene.