Sucrose metabolism plays a critical role in plant development, stress response and yield formation. The growth and development process of the plant is promoted through the synthesis and decomposition of a series of sugars. As a signal factor, it participates in regulating the expression of related genes, and can interact with other genes, hormones, and defense signals. However, the coupling mechanism of sucrose metabolism and signal transmission between intracellular and external is different from the signal transduction mechanism of sucrose metabolizing enzymes. This article reviews the function of crucial sucrose metabolism enzymes in plant development and response to abiotic stresses. Combining with the current researches, the future research direction of sugar metabolism and its signal transduction has being proposed, which will contribute to understanding and improving the characteristics of plant growth and development as well as stress resistance.

Cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) are rod-like nanomaterials extracted from natural plant fibers, with a length of several hundred nanometers and a width of 5~50 nm. Because it is natural green, biodegradable, biocompatible with high specific surface area and great reactivity, CNC has been widely investigated by researchers. In this review, the preparation and modification methods of CNC are summarized, and the characterization methods of CNC are also introduced. Furthermore, the applications of CNC materials in biomedicine, photoelectric energy, environmental protection, food and other fields are also summarized, and its future development trend is prospected. This review may provide theoretical references for the development and utilization of cellulose nanocrystals.

The Rhizobacteria plays a crucial role in plant growth, development and health. In this study, rhizosphere soils of seven different crops, including soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], maize (Zea mays), peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp], sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] and cocoyam [Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schoot], were collected in July 2017 to explore the effects of crop taxa on rhizosphere microbiomes. Illumina MiSeq sequencing and phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) were used to investigate the microbial community structure and diversity of rhizosphere soil. The difference in microbial PLFA biomarker contents among different crops were observable. Compared with the other crops, the total PLFAs and the biomass ratio of fungi and bacteria (F/B) in the rhizosphere soil of peanut were the highest, whereas the biomass ratio of gram positive bacteria and gram negative bacteria (G⁺/G^-) was the lowest. Although the seven groups had similar dominant phyla, such as Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria and Firmicutes, their bacterial compositions at the class and order level were obviously different. Alpha diversity analysis showed that the OTU richness (Chao1, P <0.001) and bacterial community diversity (Shannon, P <0.001) in the rhizosphere of soybean was the highest among the seven crops. Non-metric multidimensional scale analysis (NMDS) revealed that the rhizosphere microbial community structure formed significant clustering with different crops under OTU and PLFAs levels. The screening and comparison of sensitive microorganisms in the rhizosphere further showed that crops had distinctive selection of the rhizosphere bacterial community and species-sensitive microorganism. These results indicated that the rhizosphere microbiome was correlated with crop taxa. This study can provide a basis on which to construct a healthy plant rhizosphere microbiome to improve plant breeding.

Phoebe bournei （Hemsl.） Yang is an important and precious tree species in China. This study aimed to establish a genetic transformation system for P. bournei， pCAMBIA1300-GFP plasmid was constructed and transformed into seedlings with Agrobacterium rhizogenes. To optimize the transformation process， injection and soaking in bacterial solution were compared. Subsequently， an orthogonal ［L9（3³）］ experiment was employed to determine the optimal combination A. rhizogenes strain type， bacterial solution concentration， and seedling age. In addition， the effects of light intensity on induction and transformational rate of P. bournei hairy roots were also examined. The results showed that hairy roots induction and transformation rate with injection method were 80.0% and 66.7% respectively， whereas only 41.2% and 35.3%with soaking method. The main factors affecting the hairy root induction rate and genetic transformation of P. bournei were strain species. Notably， strain type exhibited a substantial influence on both induction and transformation efficiency of hairy roots. The maximum induction and transformation rates were 87.5% and 70.6% respectively. The optimal strain was K599 with concentration of OD₆₀₀=1.2， and the seedlings at the three-leaf stage was the best The seedlings growth， hairy roots induction and transformation efficiency of P. bournei seedlings under lower light intensity （50 μmol·m^-2·s^-1） were more favorable for seedling growth and transformation than high light intensity （100 μmol·m^-2·s^-1）. This study established an efficient and steady transgenic system for P. bournei mediated by A. rhizogenes， thereby obtained transgenic hairy roots plants. That provided a useful platform for molecular genetic research of P. bournei and laying the foundation for important gene exploration， new germplasm development and genetic improvement of P. bournei.

The Chinese expression of the terminology “biochar” has created arguments in academic world for many years. This paper looks insight into the concept of biochar and analyzes the confusion nomenclature phenomena, based on the basic method of logistics on concept, phrases, definition and classification. By clarifying the logic problems on the definition and classification of biochar, this work established good practice for the in-depth understanding of biochar terminology, and promoting the spread of the related scientific knowledge and the application of the technological achievements.

In order to alleviate the damage of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seedlings under low temperature, a cold-sensitive cucumber genotype (cv. Zhongnong 106) was used in this study to investigate the effects of compound sodium nitrophenolate (CSN) on seeds germination and seedling growth of cucumber under low temperature via soaking seeds or root application to the substrate of CSN. The results showed that soaking seeds with appropriate concentration of CSN significantly improved the germination rate, germination index, vigor index, number of lateral roots and fresh weight of cucumber during low temperature, and the optimal concentration of CSN was 50 mg·L^-1. Moreover, during the growth of cucumber seedling, addition of 100 mg·L^-1 CSN in substrate could significantly improve the quality and seedling index of seedlings exposed to low temperature, and enhance cold tolerance by increasing the mineral elements absorption, chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, soluble protein content, proline content, root activity, the activities of antioxidant enzyme (superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase, and ascorbate peroxidase), the contents of IAA and BR but reducing the content of hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde. This study provides a new method for cultivating strong cucumber seedlings and improving the cold tolerance of cucumber seedlings, and offers technical support for the application of CSN in the cultivation of protected vegetables.

In order to investigate the influences of combined application of sheep manure-derived organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer on tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) growth and soil fertility, we used flue-cured tobacco variety Zhongyan101 as test materials and conducted a pot experiment to study the effects of different application ratios of sheep manure and chemical fertilizer(T0: 100% inorganic fertilizer N; T20: 20% sheep manure N+80% inorganic fertilizer N; T40: 40% sheep manure N+60% inorganic fertilizer N; T60: 60% sheep manure N+40% inorganic fertilizer N; T80: 80% sheep manure N+20% inorganic fertilizer N; T100: 100% sheep manure N) on tobacco agronomic characters, root morphological parameters, photosynthetic characteristics, soil nutrients and soil enzyme activities under equal amount of fertilizer application, and non-fertilizer application was set as a control (CK). The results showed that T0 and T20 treatments had higher soil available nutrients and could promote tobacco growth at 30 days after transplanting, but the contents of soil available nutrient and the growth potential of tobacco decreased significantly at 60 days after transplanting, and the content of soil organic matter and the activity of soil sucrase were also lower than that of other treatments at 60 days after transplanting. T80 and T100 treatments had higher soil organic matter content, but the activities of soil protease and urease, the contents of soil available nutrients and the growth of tobacco were lower than that of other treatments at 30 days after transplanting. T40 and T60 treatments had slightly lower soil available nutrients than that of T0 treatment at 30 days after transplanting, but the activities of soil sucrase, protease and urease, as well as the contents of soil available nutrient significantly increased at 60 days after transplanting, and could ensure tobacco growth at both 30 days and 60 days after transplanting. Compared with T0 treatment, T40 and T60 treatments increased the maximum leaf area by 11.9% and 10.7%, the shoot dry weight by 11.9% and 9.6%, the root dry weight by 12.1% and 26.8%, and the net photosynthetic rate by 17.6% and 16.2%, respectively, at 60 days of after transplanting. In general, the 40% and 60% sheep manure N application was more conductive to the growth of tobacco and the maintenance of soil fertility. This study provided a theoretical basis for the scientific application of sheep manure-derived organic fertilizer in tobacco-growing area of Luoyang.

In order to screen superior table grape cultivars that are suitable for cultivation in Weinan area of Shaanxi Province and optimize the planting structure of table grape cultivars, ten table grape cultivars including Xinyu, Flame Seedless, Zicui Seedless, Zaoheibao, Summer Black, Zitian Seedless, Hutai No.8, Jumeigui, Shine Muscat, Gold Finger were introduced for cultivation. Field observation and laboratory detection were used in the introduction experiment. The phenological phase and botany properties of the experimental cultivars were observed and recorded, physical and chemical compositions of berries were measured and sensory quality of berries was evaluated. Finally, the berry quality was evaluated comprehensively and ranked with the method of principal component analysis (PCA). The results showed that there were differences among the cultivars in the phenological phase, the botany properties, the physical and chemical compositions and the sensory scores under the conditions of simple rain shelter in Weinan area. The PCA analysis indicated that Xinyu and Hutai No.8 showed better quality, and the quality of Zaoheibao, Shine Muscat, Zitian Seedless were general, but the other cultivars were poor. Xinyu and Hutai No.8 were suggested to be the prior, and the cultivars of Zaoheibao, Shine Muscat and Zitian Seedless could be scaled up moderately. However, the other cultivars were not recommended to plant in large-scale in this area or the cultivation management for planting them had been improved. The results could provide some references for introduction of superior cultivars and planting structure optimization of table grape cultivars in Weinan area.

To identify the GRAS gene family and analysis gene expression levels under exogenous hormones and abiotic stresses treatment in foxtail millet (Setaria italica). In this study, we performed a genome-wide identification of GRAS genes by bioinformatics method, analyzed the expression pattern under four hormones and two abiotic stresses with qRT-PCR, and developed molecular markers of SiGRAS23 based on the sequence differences. The results showed that there were 52 members of GRAS transcription factors in the whole genome of foxtail millet, the putative proteins are 362 to 734 AA in length with molecular weight from 39.81 to 100.09 kD and the isoelectric point from 4.85 to 9.53, most of them are hydrophilic proteins and 82.69% of them are acidic proteins. SiGRAS transcription factors were divided into ten subfamilies. Heatmap of FPKM values showed that the genes of each subgroup had obvious tissue expression specificity. The LISCL, DELLA and SHR subfamily genes have higher expression levels in leaves, stems and roots, respectively. PAT1 and HAM subfamily genes express in constitutive patterns, with the highest expression levels in leaves. The promoter region contains a variety of cis-acting elements responded to plant hormones and stress response. The gene expression levels were diverse even among members of the same subfamily under different hormones and abiotic stresses. Among them, seita.2g369400, belonging to PAT1 subfamily, was the most sensitive to six different treatments, while the expression level of some genes was very low in various tissues and organs, and hormones and abiotic stresses treatments. There were some differences in the gene sequence of SiGRAS23 between Aininghuang and Jingu 21, which are the parents of AJF₅ genetic population. The marker D8-1 developed with SiGRAS23 was closely linked with plant height. This study laid a foundation for analyzing the functions of SiGRASs involved in hormone signal transduction and stress response. The molecular marker developed by SiGRAS23 can be used to select variations in plant height of foxtail millet germplasm in the future.

To explore the mechanism of Eriobotrya japonica in the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes, Network pharmacology and molecular docking technology were used to explore the common target of loquat leaf and type 2 diabetes. In this study, TCMSP, Uniprot, Genecards, Venny, DAVID and other databases were used to map the interaction network and perform GO(Gene Ontology) and KEGG(Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) enrichment analysis. The molecular docking was verified by autodock tools. 19 ingredients and 294 related targets were collected from TCMSP datebase, then 89 common targets of type 2 diabetes and loquat leaf active components were obtained in Venny 2.1.0, corresponding to 10 active substances such as EGCG, quercetin, kaempferol and β-sitosterol. Then the ‘active ingredient-disease target’ network map was constructed. The results indicated that the active components of loquat leaves regulated type 2 diabetes through regulating oxidative stress response, serine/threonine kinase activity, responding to lipopolysaccharide and epithelial cell proliferation, then regulating AGE-RAGE(Advanced glycation end products and the receptor for advanced glycation end products), HIF-1(Hypoxia inducible factor-1) and PI3K-Akt(Phosphatidylinositol 3 Kinase-protein kinase B) signaling pathways. The molecular docking results showed that the binding energy of the main active components on α-glucosidase was less than-9.0 kcal·mol^-1, which had very strong binding activity. The semi-inhibitory concentrations of 7 active ingredient such as EGCG, quercetin and kaempferol on α-glucosidase were in the range of 1.11~80.04 μmol·L^-1, as measured by in vitro enzyme activity assay. The inhibitory effects were better than those of acarbose, which can be used as efficient α-glucosidase inhibitor as the main active ingredient of loquat leaf in the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes. This study investigated the mechanism of active ingredients of loquat leaf on the prevention and treatment of type II diabetes, and provided research ideas for the follow-up development of hypoglycemic drugs from natural products.

Soft and aromatic rice Diantun502 is a main variety for the production of special high-quality rice in Yunnan, which productivity has been severely degraded due to large-scale cultivation for more than 30 years. If there is no control of pests and diseases for the variety, the incidence of rice blast will be 100%, and the yield will be decreased by 41.9%. For the sustainable development of the industry, it is very important to conduct rejuvenation of the rice. In this study, its rejuvenation was carried out using the methods of single panicle selection, plants comparison and lines evaluation, which focused on several crucial and typical characters including rice blast resistance, fragrant and soft characters. The results showed that three lines were selected in 26 700 plants of the variety population with about 0.01% of the selection rate. In comparison with the original variety Diantun502, the selected lines had similar phenotype and taste quality, but their yield and rice blast resistance were increased by 41.1% and 58.3%, respectively. The production captivity of rejuvenation Diantun502 population, which was generated by blending propagation of the lines, was improved obviously. The results would be provided technology and experience references for soft and aromatic inbred rejuvenation in Yunnan.

CRISPR/Cas9 is a genome directed editing technique mediated by small guide RNA. Since 2005, the technology has been developed rapidly and was widely used in biology, medicine and crop genetics and breeding. Compared with meganucleases, zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) and transcription-like activator effector nucleases (TALENs), CRISPR/Cas9 technology has unsurpassed advantages and has become the most important gene editing technology at present due to its simple operation and high editing efficiency. This paper systematically described the origin, development and the characteristics of CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing, summarized the application of this technology in crop gene editing and other aspects. The purpose of this paper is to provide reference for crop germplasms innovation, gene mining and breeding.

To clarify the effects of storage time and low storage temperature on the nutrition quality of rapeseed stem， two oil-vegetable rapeseed cultivars Zheyou 51 and Zheyouza 108 were used as materials. 3 storage times （stored at 4 ℃ for 1， 2， 3 d） and 3 storage temperatures （stored at -20， -40， -80 ℃ for 10 d） were set， and the contents of sugars， vitamins， cellulose and lignin during storage were analyzed. The results showed that vitamin C and vitamin B₁ showed a rising trend first and then falling in two varieties， while vitamin B₆， fructose， sucrose and cellulose showed an upward trend with the extension of storage time under 4 ℃. Vitamin E were raised in Zheyouza 108， while it increased first and then decreased in Zheyou 51. The starch content gradually decreased in two varieties. Paraffin section staining results showed that the cellulose area in Zheyou 51 and lignification area in Zheyouza 108 were increased with the extension of storage time. Under different storage temperatures， the content of all the nutrition except cellulose were the highest in fresh sample， while cellulose contents reached the highest in -20 ℃. Fructose， sucrose and cellulose contents can match the fresh level at -80 ℃ in two varieties， while the content of vitamin B₁ and E were better under -40 ℃ in Zheyou 51. In conclusion， the appropriate shelf life of rapeseed stem should be within 2 d when storing at 4 ℃. For low storage temperature， -40 ℃ and -80 ℃ were better than -20 ℃. The results of this research provides a theoretical basis for daily storage and consumption of rapeseed stem and the multi-functional utilization of rapeseed.

With the continuous development of economy and science technology in China, freeze-drying (FD) technology, as an efficient drying technology that can effectively maintain the cellular structure, functional components, color, flavor, and nutrition of food, has received great attention from the food industry. In recent years, FD has been rapidly and widely applied in the precise design and manufacture of nutritious and healthy foods. This article summarizes the history, current situation as well as development trend of FD technology, equipment and products from the view food technology and industry, which may provide references for its potential application in food industry.

To study the mass spectral fragmentation pathways of primary aromatic amines by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry. The data was collected under electrospray negative ion mode, and the fragmentation pathways of 14 primary aromatic amines were derived by the precise mass-to-charge ratio of the first and second mass spectrometry ions. The results showed that the existence of amino groups in molecular structure could easily be protonated to form [M+H]⁺, and the cracking process mainly lost the neutral molecule NH₃ and produced [M+H-NH₃]⁺. After that, the chlorinated anilines underwent carbocation rearrangement and then lost the chlorine atoms, resulting in characteristic fragment ion [·M+H-NH₃-Cl]⁺. Methoxy substituted anilines lost the CH₃O group and produced [M+H-NH₃-CH₃O]⁺, or carbocation transferred and rearranged to benzyl, further losing CH₃ and CH₃O groups. Methyl or methoxy substituted benzidine compounds also can undergo CN bond cleavage to form [M+H-NH]⁺, and then lost the neutral molecule NH₃ to produce [M+H-NH-NH₃]⁺. Azobenzene compounds are not easy to break the azo bond with high bond energy, and the fragment ions are mainly formed by breaking the CN bonds on both sides. The best ionization mode and mass spectral fragmentation pathways proposed in this study provides an important basis for the rapid identification and analysis of such primary aromatic amines.

To evaluate the effects of oxalic acid treatment on the edible quality of bamboo (Bambusa oldhami ) shoots during postharvest, fresh bamboo shoots without sheaths were soaked in a 5 mmol·L^-1 oxalic acid solution for 10 min and then stored at (6±1)℃ under 80%-85% relative humidity (RH) for 10 d. Quality parameters and activities of key enzymes and gene expression involved in lignification and browning of bamboo shoots were periodically determined during cold storage to investigate the related mechanism. The results indicated that oxalic acid treatment slowed down the increase rates of flesh firmness and contents of cellulose and lignin, delayed the wound browning, enhanced membrane integrity, reduced respiration,the production rate of superoxide anion ($O_2^{·-}$) and the content of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂). It also decreased the activities of phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL), peroxidase (POD), cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and the expression of their encoding genes during cold storage, enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD)and catalase(CAT)and up-regulated the expression of their encoding genes. It was suggested that these regulation effects of oxalic acid on enzymatic activities and the expression of encoding genes may collectively contribute to the reduction of lignification and browning and consequently benefit the edible quality of bamboo shoots during cold storage. This study provided a theoretical foundation for the application of oxalic acid treatment on bamboo shoots storage.

In order to realize the rapid detection of microcystin-LR (MC-LR), a sensitive, simple and efficient detection method was established by optimizing the concentration of salt solution and the aptamer concentration of MC-LR based on aptamers and gold nanoparticles technologies. According to the reported aptamer sequence specific to MC-LR (Apt-1), its secondary structure was fitted and analyzed by Mfold software. Moreover, a new aptamer sequence (Apt-3) was designed and synthesized by the site-directed mutation, which had a completely different secondary structure from Apt-1. The AuNPs colorimetric detection system was constructed using these two adapters, and the concentration of each component in the reaction mixture were optimized. The results indicated that the visual detection limit of MC-LR was 70 ng·mL^-1using the (Apt-1)-AuNPs system, whereas it was 30 ng·mL^-1by the (Apt-3)-AuNPs system. When the concentration of NaCl and Apt-3 was 0.05 mol·L^-1and 0.06 μmol·L ^-1, respectively, a good linear calibration relationship was obtained between A673/A520 and concentration of MC-LR within the range of 0120 ng·mL^-1. The linear regression equation was y = 0.007x + 0.564 (R ²=0.988 5), and the detection limit was calculated to be 7.08 ng·mL^-1. At the same time, the specificity of the AuNPs-Apt system was evaluated. Compared with the Apt-1, Apt-3 has higher specificity and binding affinity to MC-LR. This study would provide a basis for the subsequent optimization of aptamer sequence and structure, and the development of sensitive sensors.

Crown rot (CR) is one of the most common diseases of wheat in China over recent years. To further investigate the incidence and dominant pathogens of wheat CR, diseased samples were investigated and isolated from 96 locations of 11 wheat producing areas in Henan Province in 2019, and the morphological, molecular identification and pathogenicity on wheat were studied. The results showed that CR has been widely distributed in Henan Province, except for the sporadic outbreaks in Zhumadian area. The average incidence of disease for field was 78.85%. Meanwhile, the mean disease index, rate of diseased plant and white head incidence was 17.78, 48.34% and 3.44%, respectively. All of the wheat varieties surveyed were susceptible to the CR disease with different degrees. Among them, mild disease accounted for 30%, severs cases 20% and other 50% were belonged to the moderate disease cases. The Fusarium pseudograminearum was the main pathogen of wheat CR and was divided into 6 categories with strong pathogenicity in Henan Province. Most of the pathogens are belonged to type Ⅰ and type Ⅱ (the pathogenicity index was 42.22 and 77.78, respectively), which were the dominant epidemic isolates in Henan Province. The results have practical significance for accelerating CR precise control, the research on the pathogenesis and disease resistance mechanism of the dominant pathogens and breeding new wheat varieties with disease resistance.

Mulching technique is a widely used agricultural technology. The traditional plastic film currently in use brings huge economic benefits， but also induces serious ecological pollution problems and affects the sustainable development of agriculture， so the development of environmentally degradable mulching films is an inevitable trend. This study systematically describes the research progress and application status of the preparation materials， preparation technologies and products of photodegradable mulching film， biodegradable mulching film， photo/biodegradable mulching film， liquid mulching film and plant-fiber mulching film at home and abroad， as well as the advantages and shortcomings of the five types of degradable mulching films， and provides an outlook on the research direction and development prospects of plant-fiber mulching film. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for further development of green， environmentally friendly and completely biodegradable agricultural mulching films to promote green and sustainable development of agriculture.

Food safety problems caused by food-borne pathogens seriously threaten the public health, which have caused widespread concern. Therefore, how to safety and effectively inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria in food has become a research hotspot in the food field. Current researched show that plant-derived natural products have wide sources, which possess broad antibacterial spectrum and less side effects than chemical preservatives, and can be used as natural preservatives in food. This article reviewed the antibacterial activity, mechanism and application in food preservation of plant-derived natural products, in order to provide theoretical basis for reducing food-borne pathogen contamination in food.