To make full use of shark cartilage resources， taking the osteoblasts proliferation rate as an indicator， on the basis of optimizing the enzymatic hydrolysis process of promoting osteoblast proliferation collagen peptides， the relative molecular weight， amino acid composition and stability of the hydrolysates were analyzed in the study. The results showed that acid protease was the optimal protease among all types of protease. Under the conditions of enzyme dosage of 5 100 U·g^-1， solid-liquid ratio of 1∶50 （g·mL^-1）， enzymatic hydrolysis time of 4.14 h and temperature of 55 ℃， the enzymatic hydrolysates yield was 91.23% and the osteoblast proliferation rate and hydrolysis degree of the prepared hydrolysates were 141.23% and 25.03%， respectively. Shark cartilage collagen peptides showed a certain degree of stability and were insensitive to ultraviolet light. Appropriate heating could enhance their osteoblast proliferation rate， but excessively high temperatures led to a significant decrease in osteoblast proliferation rate. After simulated gastrointestinal digestion， the osteoblast proliferation rate of the hydrolysates was significantly decreased. The prepared hydrolysates were mainly composed of hydrophobic amino acids with peptide molecular weights generally less than 3 kDa. They demonstrated the ability to promote osteoblast proliferation， differentiation， and mineralization， with the best effect observed at a concentration of 1.0 mg·mL^-1. This study provides a theoretical basis for the deep processing and high-value utilization of shark resources.

Phoebe bournei （Hemsl.） Yang is an important and precious tree species in China. This study aimed to establish a genetic transformation system for P. bournei， pCAMBIA1300-GFP plasmid was constructed and transformed into seedlings with Agrobacterium rhizogenes. To optimize the transformation process， injection and soaking in bacterial solution were compared. Subsequently， an orthogonal ［L9（3³）］ experiment was employed to determine the optimal combination A. rhizogenes strain type， bacterial solution concentration， and seedling age. In addition， the effects of light intensity on induction and transformational rate of P. bournei hairy roots were also examined. The results showed that hairy roots induction and transformation rate with injection method were 80.0% and 66.7% respectively， whereas only 41.2% and 35.3%with soaking method. The main factors affecting the hairy root induction rate and genetic transformation of P. bournei were strain species. Notably， strain type exhibited a substantial influence on both induction and transformation efficiency of hairy roots. The maximum induction and transformation rates were 87.5% and 70.6% respectively. The optimal strain was K599 with concentration of OD₆₀₀=1.2， and the seedlings at the three-leaf stage was the best The seedlings growth， hairy roots induction and transformation efficiency of P. bournei seedlings under lower light intensity （50 μmol·m^-2·s^-1） were more favorable for seedling growth and transformation than high light intensity （100 μmol·m^-2·s^-1）. This study established an efficient and steady transgenic system for P. bournei mediated by A. rhizogenes， thereby obtained transgenic hairy roots plants. That provided a useful platform for molecular genetic research of P. bournei and laying the foundation for important gene exploration， new germplasm development and genetic improvement of P. bournei.

Mulching technique is a widely used agricultural technology. The traditional plastic film currently in use brings huge economic benefits， but also induces serious ecological pollution problems and affects the sustainable development of agriculture， so the development of environmentally degradable mulching films is an inevitable trend. This study systematically describes the research progress and application status of the preparation materials， preparation technologies and products of photodegradable mulching film， biodegradable mulching film， photo/biodegradable mulching film， liquid mulching film and plant-fiber mulching film at home and abroad， as well as the advantages and shortcomings of the five types of degradable mulching films， and provides an outlook on the research direction and development prospects of plant-fiber mulching film. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for further development of green， environmentally friendly and completely biodegradable agricultural mulching films to promote green and sustainable development of agriculture.

To explore the difference of volatile compounds between the watercore and normal tissue of Qianxuan No.3 apple， and to elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying the formation of characteristic aroma substances in apple watercore， gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry （GC-MS/MS） and Illumina HiSeq^TM high-throughput sequencing techniques were conducted to obtain the metabolome and transcriptome data of the watercore and normal tissue of Qianxuan No.3. Transcriptomics analysis revealed 1 795 differentially expressed genes （DEGs）， including 671 down-regulated genes and 1 124 up-regulated genes. Additionally， 7 genes related to fatty acid synthesis pathway and 8 genes related to alcohol dehydrogenase were explored. In this study， 353 metabolites were detected through widely targeted metabolomics， identifying 20 differential accumulated metabolites， including 8 up-regulated metabolites and 12 down-regulated metabolites. Notably， the relative contents of ethyl hexanoate and nonanal in the apple watercore tissue were significantly higher than those in the normal tissue. The transcriptome-metabolomics association analysis illustrated that 11 DEGs were positively correlated with ethyl hexanoate and nonanal， while 2 DEGs were negatively correlated with ethyl hexanoate within fatty acid synthesis pathway and the alcohol dehydrogenase family. MdFAD6， MdADH2， MdADH3， and MdADH4 were found to be expressed exclusively in watercore tissues. Quantitative real-time PCR （qRT-PCR） results showed that the relative expression levels of these genes in watercore tissues were significantly up-regulated compared to those in normal tissues， suggesting that these genes may play a crucial role in the synthesis pathway of volatile compounds in watercore apples. The differential metabolites and genes identified in this study will not only provide preliminary insights into the biological basis of flavor changes in watercore tissues， but also provide reference information for the quality improvement of watercore apples.

In order to investigate the volatile components in the petals of Camellia varieties Scented Sun， High Fragrance and Chidan at different flowering stages， HS-SPME and GC-MS techniques were employed in conjunction with relative odor activity values （ROAVs） to identify key aroma components. By using transcriptome sequencing technology， floral fragrance biosynthesis pathways and genes related to the floral fragrance were explored. The results showed that the main floral aroma components of three varieties consisted of monoterpenes and benzenoids/phenylpropanoids， with the highest concentration of monoterpenes and significant differences in composition and content among the varieties. A total of 16 characteristic aroma components were identified， with linalool being the key aroma component that plays a dominant role in the overall aroma profile of Camellia. Seven structural genes from the mevalonate pathway and eight structural genes from the methylerythritol phosphate pathway were screened from transcriptome data， among these， CaDXS2 and CaDXS3 are key structural genes involved in monoterpene synthesis. Screening of key enzyme genes CaLIS/NES1 and CaLIS/NES2 in the terpenoid synthesis pathway， as well as CaPAR and CaSAMT in the benzenering/phenylpropanoid compound synthesis pathway， suggests that these genes play a crucial role in the synthesis of key components in floral fragrance， such as linalool， 2-phenylethanol， and methyl salicylate. The results of qRT-PCR and RNA-seq validation of differentially expressed genes showed a high degree of correlation， indicating that RNA-seq sequencing results have high accuracy. These research results provide a basis for further study on the mechanisms involved in the formation of flower fragrance in Camellia.

Phosphorus deficiency in the soil is a key factor limiting the growth and development of rice （Oryza sativa L.）. It is of great significance to elucidate the morph-physiological changes of rice in response to low phosphorus stress and further understand the mechanism underlying the phosphorus uptake and transport， which is also crucial to alleviate phosphorus stress on rice yield and quality. This paper mainly reviewed the changes in the morphology of roots and shoots as well as the physiological and molecular mechanisms of phosphorus uptake and utilization of rice under low phosphorus stress， and proposed crop management practices to enhance phosphorus uptake and utilization in rice. The key points for future researches were also discussed， that is， effect of interaction between rice roots and soil on the release of soil organic phosphorus， regulation and mechanism of plant hormones， especially new plant hormones， on phosphorus absorption， transport and distribution in rice plants， and development of rice varieties with high phosphorus utilization efficiency and exploring cultivation techniques to improve phosphorus use efficiency. This review is expected to provide theoretical guidance for screening and breeding rice varieties with tolerance to low phosphorus stress （phosphorus efficient varieties） and the cultivation regulation for improving phosphorus utilization efficiency.

Flavonol synthase （FLS） is a key enzyme in the flavonol biosynthesis pathway in plants. To investigate the mechanism of flower color formation in different species of Yulania， the flavonol contents of Y. denudata and Y. liliiflora were measured by the ultra-performance liquid chromatography （UPLC） at five key stages of flowering. The FLSs genes were cloned by RNA-seq in Y. denudata and Y. liliiflora. The expression patterns of FLSs genes in different tissues and tepals at five flowering stages were detected using quantitative real-time PCR （qRT-PCR）. Subcellular localization of FLSs proteins were performed by transient transformation technique in onion epidermis. The functions of FLSs genes were verified by heterologous transformed in tobacco， and the difference in flavonol contents in the transgenic tobacco corolla was analyzed by UPLC. The results showed the flavonol content of Y. denudata tepals was first increased and then decreased during flowering， while the flavonol content of Y. liliiflora tepals gradually decreased. YdFLS and YlFLS were conserved in sequence. The highest expression level of the YdFLS gene was found in flowers， and YlFLS had the highest expression level in young leaves. The expression of YdFLS was gradually increased and peaked at the bloom stage， while YlFLS showed a declining expression pattern. Both YdFLS and YlFLS were located in the cytoplasm. Overexpression of YdFLS and YlFLS genes in tobacco caused a light corolla phenotype and flavonol accumulation. In conclusion， this study verified that FLSs genes conservatively functioned on promoting flavonol synthesis in Yulania species. This study revealed the important function of FLS gene in flower color formation of Magnolia.

To investigate the pattern of chloroplast codon usage in cowpea （Vigna unguiculata）， the complete cowpea genome sequence was downloaded from NCBI and structurally analysed in this study. The sequences were screened to obtain 50 protein-coding sequences （CDS）， which were analysed by CodonW and CUSP to obtain important parameters such as GC1， GC2， GC3， RSCU， CAI， CBI， Fop， ENc， RFSC， and further analysed by neutral plot analysis， PR2-plot analysis， ENc-plot analysis， correspondence analysis， optimal codon analysis and comparative analysis of other species. The results showed that cowpea chloroplast gene codons preferred to end at A or U（T）， and G and C were lower in all positions of codons， with a mean value of 36.31%. The mean value of the effective codon number ENc was 44.903， with weak codon preference； there was correlation between GC1 and GC2 and GC3， indicating that base mutations also had an effect on codon selection. From the neutral plot， PR2-plot and ENc-plot， it is clear that cowpea chloroplast codon usage bias is influenced by both base mutations and natural selection. In this study， totally 20 optimal codons were successfully screened. Compared with other species， cowpea and tomato have high similarity in codon usage frequency. This study provides a reference for improving the efficiency of cowpea chloroplasts genes as an exogenous gene expression.

Irradiation mutagenesis tends to generate chromosome structural variations. So far few studies have been reported using the BSA-seq technique to map radiation-induced mutations. In order to explore the feasibility of using BSA-seq for mapping genes in radiation-induced mutants， this study isolated an Arabidopsis thaliana mutant using irradiation mutagenesis and crossed it with the wild type. Individual plants in the F₂ segregating population were screened based on phenotypes， and two pools of offspring with extreme phenotypes were collected. The two offspring pools and the wild type pool were sequenced using whole genome sequencing， and various strategies including MutMap， QTL-seq， and GPS methods were used to analyze the sequencing data of these three pools. It was found that three strategies generated similar results and the mutated gene was located to an interval of 7 Mb on chromosome 2. With visualizing the genomic region within this interval by IGV software， a 25 189 bp deletion was found in the mutant genome. The deletion region was annotated using the SnpEff annotation program， and 6 genes were found in this region， among which the AT2G28610 gene was identified to be the candidate gene and verified through genetic experiments. This study provided a reference for the application of BSA-seq based approaches to map radiation-induced mutations.

In order to identify the main odors in the high-value processing of bovine bone collagen peptide powder and obtain the optimal deodorization process， this study used GC-MS combined with Relative aroma activity value to identify the main odors in the odors peptide powder. The results showed that isobutyric acid， caproic acid， acetic acid， butyric acid， isovaleric acid and valeric acid were the main volatiles of heteroolfactory flavor， which had unpleasant odor. The deodorization of bovine bone collagen peptide powder was realized by ultrasonic-assisted alkaloid-catalyzed esterification of the isooluminescence substance in the peptide powder with ethanol. The deodorization process of bovine bone collagen peptide was optimized by single factor and response surface method. When the reaction time was 28.43 min， the amount of ethanol was 3.19%， and the reaction temperature was 75.41 ℃， the highest score of sensory evaluation was 71.16， which achieved the goal of deodorization. This study provided technical support for the deodorization process and industrial production of bovine bone collagen peptide powder.

‍Selenium （Se） is an essential trace element for the health of humans， animals， and microorganisms. In recent years， nano-selenium （SeNPs） have emerged as a research hotspot due to their remarkable biocompatibility， bioavailability， and low toxicity. SeNPs have been widely utilized in agriculture to enhance crop photosynthetic capacity， antioxidant activity， nutrient acquisition， as well as to mitigate heavy metal toxicity and stress damage in plants. With the increasing importance of nanotechnology， sustainable agriculture， and environmental issues， studies on the potential impacts of SeNPs on plant growth， development， and metabolism will continue to increase. This review provided a comparative analysis of three synthesis methods， the synthesis process， and the transportation mechanisms of SeNPs within plants. Furthermore， it comprehensively reviewed the roles of SeNPs in improving plant nutrient acquisition， yield and quality. The advantages of SeNPs application in enhancing plant resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses were highlighted. Moreover， factors that affected the efficacy of SeNPs were critically analyzed， and the trends for future development were discussed. The aim of this study was to provide novel insights and methodologies for understanding the molecular mechanisms of crop stress resistance and breeding strategies.

‍To study the active components and antioxidant property in different naked oat （Avena nuda L.） varieties， the polysaccharide contents （including dietary fiber， β‍-glucan and oligosaccharide）， fatty acid composition， phenolic acid contents， total flavonol contents and antioxidant activities of 24 naked oat cultivars were determined. In addition， the differences of active components and antioxidant activities among these cultivars were also compared. As the results， significant differences were found in polysaccharide contents among different varieties of naked oat （P<0.05）. The proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in total fatty acids ranged from 76.62%-80.96%， among which linoleic acid accounted for the highest （37.64%-47.12%）‍， followed by oleic acid （28.33%-39.89%）. The contents of total phenols and flavonoids in naked oat ranged from 865-1 367 and 234-502 μg·g^-1， respectively. The contents of ferulic acid， caffeic acid， sinapic acid and p-coumaric acid ranged from 521-881， 82-152， 55-138 and 43-121 μg·g^-1， respectively. Ferulic acid， caffeic acid， sinapic acid and p-coumaric acid accounted for 54.4%-64.5%， 7.4%-14.4%， 5.3%-12.0% and 4.8%- 11.2%， respectively， which were the main components of naked oat phenolic acids. There were significant differences in the scavenging ability of 1，1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical （DPPH·） and ［2，2′-Azino-bis （3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid） diammonium salt radical］ （ABTS·^+‍） free radicals and ferric ion reducing antioxidant power （FRAP） among different varieties of naked oat polyphenols （P<0.05）. Compared to other varieties， the polyphenol extracted from the Bayou No.3 showed significantly higher scavenging abilities for DPPH· and ABTS·⁺ free radicals， as well as FRAP， with the values of 46.8%， 88.7% and 927 mmol·g^-1， respectively. The free radical scavenging rate of ABTS·⁺ was positively correlated with the content of total flavonoids （P<0.01）， and FRAP was positively correlated with the contents of total phenols， flavonoids and ferulic acid （P<0.05）. This study provides a theoretical basis for breeding high-quality oat varieties with high antioxidant properties and hybrid combinations， and also offers a practical basis for the development of oat-based foods.

Hemerocallis is a traditional garden plant in China， which has high economic value because it can be used as both food and medicine. Although the natural distribution of Hemerocallis is the largest in china， the related research lags behind foreign countries. At present， the horticultural varieties used in China mainly rely on foreign imports， and hortiaultural varieties with our own intellectual property rights are relatively few.In this paper， the germplasm resources of domestic Hemerocallis were introduced in detail， and the breeding achievements of new Hemerocallis varieties at home and abroad were summarized from the perspectives of different breeding objectives， such as flower shape， flower aroma， flower color， flowering period， cold resistance， disease resistance， etc. The breeding achievements of new Hemerocallis varieties at flowering time and cold resistance at home were highlighted. At the same time， the new breeding technology was summarized， and the problems and prospects in the domestic Hemerocallis breeding were discussed， which aimed to provide reference for the breeding new varieties of Hemerocallis.

To investigate the expression of Collagen1 and Collagen3 in pulmonary fibrosis tissue of yak and clarify the roles of Collagen1 and Collagen3 in pulmonary fibrosis process of yak. The normal and fibrosis lung tissue of yak were collected and divided into control group and experimental group. HE staining， Masson staining and transmission electron microscope were used to observe the pathological changes of lung ultrastructure and fibrosis state； qRT-PCR， Western-blot， immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence staining were used to detect the expression of Collagen1 and Collagen3 genes and proteins in groups. The results showed that the yak lung tissue structure of the control group was intact， the alveolar septum was normal and there was no inflammatory exudate in bronchial lumen and alveolar cavity. while in experimental group， lung tissue showed necrosis， nuclear fragmentation and dissolution， severe hemorrhage and extensive pulmonary edema. The expression of Collagen1 in experimental group is higher， while the expression of Collagen3 is lower than that in control group. In experimental group， Collagen1 and Collagen3 proteins were proliferated massively and distributed in alveolar septum extensively. The other distributions were basically the same as control group but stronger than in control group. In conclusion， Collagen1 and Collagen3 play important roles in yak pulmonary fibrosis.

Wheat yellow mosaic disease is a worldwide soil borne virus disease that can lead to a severe reduction in wheat yield. The main pathogen wheat yellow mosaic virus （WYMV） belongs to genus Bymovirus of family Potyviridae， and it is transmitted by Polymyxa graminis. At present， 14 loci conferring resistance to WYMV have been identified， a resistance gene has been cloned by map-based cloning， 3 resistance genes have been confirmed to confer resistance， and a number of resistant varieties have been developed. This paper presented a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in the understanding of pathogen characteristics， disease distribution and resistance breeding of wheat. Finally， we discussed the prospects of researches on WYMV resistant genes and the potential applications in wheat breeding.

Plant root exudates refer to a variety of compounds released into the rhizosphere by plant roots， serving as a crucial medium for material exchange between the roots and their surrounding environment. Plant root exudates play an important role in plant growth， nutrient absorption， and disease resistance and so on. Under stress conditions， root exudates are involved in enhancing plant resource use efficiency and promoting interactions between plants and soil microorganisms. This paper reviews the composition and transport mechanisms of root exudates， as well as their application in promoting plant nutrient uptake. It focuses on the research progress in regulating the dynamic release of root exudates by plants under biotic and abiotic stresses. The paper also discusses the application of different root secretions， which produced by planting practices， to control pests and diseases. This review will provide theoretical guidance for a deeper understanding of the ecological functions and adaptive mechanisms of the plant root system.

To study the changes of sensory properties and starch retrogradation of commercial doughnuts under different frying conditions， the pre-fermented dough was fried under three frying temperatures/time （170 ℃/3 min， 180 ℃/2 min and 190 ℃/1 min） to make doughnuts products. The color difference， texture， sensory evaluation， and other sensory-related tests were analyzed， the thermodynamic changes， amylose content， relative crystallinity， starch structure and other starch retrogradation related indicators of the products were also determined. The results showed that the surface color difference was similar under all three frying conditions， and all doughs were fully cooked. The higher frying oil temperature caused the faster water evaporation from the doughs， and formed thicker hard shells on the surface. When frying temperature reached 180 ℃， the hardness of the product reached the highest. The results of sensory evaluation showed that the product flavor reached the best under the frying condition of lower temperature with longer time. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （FTIR） showed that at 170 ℃/3 min， the starch structure order （1.14） and amylose content （9.89 mg·g^-1） of doughnut were lower. X-ray diffraction （XRD） results showed that the crystal structure of starch in each group changed from A- type to V- type， and the relative crystallinity （20.29%） and starch retrogradation enthalpy （93.60 J·g^-1） in core parts of 170 ℃/3 min fried products were lower. In conclusion， frying at low temperature for long time can effectively inhibit the starch retrogradation in doughnuts. Compared with the traditional frying， the sensory quality of proposed doughnuts was improved and the retrogradation degree of starch was alleviated. The results would provide theoretical guideline for the commercial doughnuts production in the future.

Over past two decades， the application of nuclear techniques has been integrated into many aspects of scientific research and production practice in food and agriculture， and nuclear techniques are unique and irreplaceable in some areas. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the latest developments and major achievements from the nuclear application in major fields of food and agriculture around the world. The application status and innovative development of nuclear techniques in the fields of animal production and health， food safety and control， plant mutation breeding and genetics， water and soil management and agricultural environment， and insect pest control were reviewed emphatically. Considering many severe global challenges faced by the food and agriculture around the world， the authors discussed and showed the prospects and strategic priorities of nuclear application in food and agriculture.

To explore the effect of compound phosphate on the water distribution and microstructure of quantitatively marinated sauce beef， low field nuclear magnetic resonance （LF-NMR） was used to analyze the water distribution and migration of beef with different amounts of phosphate addition. The effect of different phosphate addition on the microstructure and texture characteristics of quantitatively marinated sauce beef was studied. The results showed that the cooking loss rate decreased， while the water content and yield increased with increased amounts of compound phosphate. However， these indexes did not change significantly when the addition of compound phosphate was more than 0.4%. The composite phosphate decreased the transverse relaxation time （T₂₁） of the bonded water and the transverse relaxation time （T₂₂） of the non-flowing water， and increased the percentage of the area of transverse relaxation peak （P₂₂） of less-mobile water， which lead to the conversion of free water into non-flowing water. The hardness and chewiness decreased while the springiness and cohesiveness increased， and the muscle fiber tissue of sauced beef gradually becomes flat， smooth， dense and uniform. Therefore， the optimal addition amount of compound phosphate in quantitatively marinated sauce beef was 0.4%. This study could provide a basis for the quality improvement of sauced beef and the upgrading of marinating technology.

‍To solve the problems of low fertilizer use efficiency， serious nitrogen loss and soil nutrient depletion caused by improper nitrogen management and long-term continuous cropping of maize in dryland. An randomized block experiment was conducted in southwest Shanxi basin with four organic fertilizer substitution nitrogen treatments ［0% organic fertilizer （N1）， 15% organic fertilizer （N2）， 30% organic fertilizer （N3）， 45% organic fertilizer （N4）］ and no chemical fertilizer and organic fertilizer （N0）. The effects of different proportions of organic fertilizer on maize growth and yield， nutrient absorption and utilization， soil fertility were explored. The results showed that compared with 100% nitrogen （N1）， the 30% organic fertilizer substitution （N3） improved the photosynthetic production capacity of maize canopy by increasing net photosynthetic rate （9.6%）， leaf area index （18.1%）， and dry matter accumulation （37.8%）. Meanwhile， N3 increased the rate of dry matter accumulation， reduced the days of growth period （10 days， 2021）， and promoted the absorption， transfer and accumulation of nitrogen， phosphorus and potassium. In addition， organic fertilizers substitution improved soil fertility by increasing soil nitrate， ammonium， organic matter and total nitrogen in the upper soil （0-40 cm）. Especially with N3， the nitrogen use efficiency of maize was increased by increasing ¹⁵N recovery and reducing ¹⁵N residue in soil， resulting in an increase of 3.8%-45.4%， 0.5%-13.1% and 4.4%-64.4% in the number of grains per ear， thousand grain weight and grain yield of maize， respectively. In conclusion， it is recommended to replace 30% chemical nitrogen fertilizer with organic fertilizer in maize production in the brown soil farmland area of the southwestern Shanxi Basin. This substitution ratio could not only promote maize growth， increase maize yield and nitrogen fertilizer recovery rate， but also help improve soil fertilizer supply capacity， which has a positive effect on the sustainable production of maize in the region. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for replacing chemical nitrogen fertilizer with organic fertilizer in the production of rain fed maize in arid areas.