10 December 2022, Volume 36 Issue 12
-
Select all|
-
Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(12): 2317-2329. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.12.2317
The es33 (early senescence 33) mutant was isolated from a photosensitive japonica rice cultivar Zhejing 99 with Ethyl Methane Sulfonate (EMS) treatment. In order to reveal the molecular regulation mechanism of ES33, we characterized and cloned the gene responsible for the es33 mutation. Results showed that the es33 mutant exhibited a leaf tip dryness and premature senescence phenotype at the second and third leaf tip after sowing 10 days showed significantly reduced levels of photosynthetic pigment, impaired chloroplast structure, lowered capacity of photosynthesis, reduced enzyme activities at tillering stage, and dwarf plants, few tillers, and severe senescence at maturing stage compared with the wild-type. Genetic analysis indicated that the early senescence phenotype was controlled by a single recessive nuclear gene, which was located between SSR markers STS-15 and G24 on chromosome 3 with a physical distance of 977.8 kb by using gene mapping and resequencing technology. Sequencing confirmed that LOC_Os03g31550 was a candidate gene, a bases deletion in its 11th exon was detected in mutant, which resulting in a frameshift mutation lead to premature termination of protein (xanthine dehydrogenase) translation. Phylogenetic tree analysis and amino acid sequence alignment showed that ES33 was highly conserved in gramineous crops. The results laid a foundation for further study of the function of early senescence gene ES33.
-
Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(12): 2330-2337. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.12.2330
To enrich the genetic diversity and mutant library material of foxtail millet, ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) at 1% concentration was used to mutagenize Jingu 40 for 10 hours in the study, the M1 and M2 generations of the mutant material were investigated for phenotypic traits during the growth period of foxtail millet. The results showed that a total of 332 phenotypically different mutant plants were obtained, and these mutant types mainly included plant height, spike type, stem diameter, fertility, bristles, anti-sethoxydim, glume color, heading date, spike stalk, grain color, spike compactness, stress resistance, spike weight, and etc; the phenotypic indicators of quantitative traits were analyzed for variance, with the highest coefficient of variation of 41.25% for plant height and the lowest coefficient of variation of 11.03% for tassel stage; 20 dwarf mutant materials were analyzed for yield traits, and E-13, E-58 and E-98 were found to be dwarf, early maturing and high yielding materials; the mutants were found to have specific and suitable materials for industrialization, such as brown-beige and anti-sethoxydim. The foxtail millet mutant library constructed in this study has a rich variety of mutation types, which provide excellent basic materials for molecular genetics and breeding of foxtail millet.
-
Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(12): 2338-2348. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.12.2338
LBD transcription factors are a kind of transcription factors unique to higher plants. They play critical role in the regulation of nitrate metabolism. In order to study the effect of LBD gene on nitrate absorption, BcLBD37 was cloned by homologous cloning with purple non-heading Chinese cabbage inbred line NJZX3-4. The PRI101 overexpression vector was constructed and transformed into Arabidopsis thaliana to overexpress BcLBD37 gene. Besides, BcLBD37 in non-heading Chinese cabbage seeding was silenced by virus-induced gene silencing technology(VIGS). The effects of overexpression and knocked-down BcLBD37 on the expression of nitrate absorption related genes were analyzed by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR(qRT-PCR). The results showed that the gene was 840 bp in length and encoded a protein with 279 amino acids. Compared with the wild type, the expression of nitrate metabolism related genes NIA1, NIA2, NRT1.1, NRT1.7, NRT2.1, NRT2.5 in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana was significantly reduced, and nitrate reductase activity and nitrate nitrogen content were also significantly reduced. After silencing the gene in non-heading Chinese cabbage, the expression of nitrate metabolism related genes in silenced plant PTY-2/4 was significantly increased, and nitrate reductase activity and nitrate nitrogen content were also significantly increased. In conclusion, BcLBD37 gene regulates the activity of nitrate reductase by inhibiting the expression of genes related to nitrate metabolism, thereby inhibiting the absorption of $\text{NO}_{3}^{-}$. The present study provides a theoretical basis for improving the nutritional quality of non-heading Chinese cabbage.
-
Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(12): 2349-2357. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.12.2349
Expansin plays an important role in plant growth and development and is involved in the response to environmental changes. In order to understand the sequence characteristics of garlic expansin gene and its function under osmotic stress, AsEXPA8 gene was cloned from garlic by reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR). NCBI, ExPASy, SignalP 5.0, and STRING websites as well as DNAMAN and MEGA 5.1 software were adopted to analyze its sequences. Its expression profiles under salt stress and simulated drought stress were determined by quantitative real-time quantitative PCR. Sequence analysis showed that AsEXPA8 contained a 774 bp open reading frame encoding 257 amino acids. The AsEXPA8 protein has a histidine-phenylalanine-aspartate (His-Phe-Asp, HFD) motif. The N-terminal and C-terminal contain 8 conserved cysteine residues and 4 conserved tryptophan residues, respectively. It has signal peptide and transmembrane domain, and may be involved in the process of cell wall remodeling regulated by hormones such as auxin and gibberellin. AsEXPA8 can be expressed in different tissues of garlic, and the expression is relatively high in the leaves. Drought stress and salt stress induced the expression of AsEXPA8 in different tissues. Therefore, it can be speculated that AsEXPA8 gene may be involved in the resistance against salt stress and drought stress in garlic plants. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for revealing the function of AsEXPA8 gene in garlic response to osmotic stress.
-
Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(12): 2358-2365. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.12.2358
Chrysanthemum virus B (CVB) is a member of the genus Carlavirus, which belongs to the family Betaflexiviridae. The CVB widely infected the Chrysanthemum in the Hangbaiju plantation areas of Zhejiang Province, China. In the present study, the tertiary structure of coat protein (CP) by SWISS-MODEL were analyzed, then a specific partial sequence exposed outside of the tertiary structure of CVB CP were selected and four repeats of thus fragment were connected with linker peptides to improve flexibility, and set the corresponding DNA sequence according to the codon preference of Escherichia coli. The specific DNA sequence was ligated to the expression vector pET-28a(+) and transformed into E. coli BL21(DE3) strain, fusion protein was induced by IPTG and the purified fusion protein with a size of about 14 kDa was obtained by Ni-NTA gravity column chromatography. The antiserum was obtained after immunizing New Zealand white rabbits with this antigen; and the corresponding antibody was obtained after purification of the antiserum from the rabbit; the obtained antiserum and antibodies were detected by ELISA and western blot. Interestingly, we observed that indirect ELISA assay with 512 000 folds dilution of antiserum could detect 1 μg of the fusion protein. Furthermore, purified antibody of 15 mg·mL-1 were obtained. In addition, the western blot assay indicated that the purified antibody of 1∶1000 dilutions could detect 500 pg of the purified fusion protein extracted from infected leaves. Our findings showed that the obtained polyclonal antibody can facilitate the detection of CVB and thus enable the development of rapid identification techniques.
-
Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(12): 2366-2373. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.12.2366
In order to understand the genetic diversity of tomato germplasm resources, using kompetitive allele specific PCR (KASP)technology, 60 pairs of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)with high polymorphism were screened in the early stage to analyze the genetic diversity, cluster, principal component and population structure of 504 tomato germplasm resources. The results showed that a total of 181 alleles were detected with 60 SNP markers, the average value of gene diversity was 0.450, the average value of expected heterozygosity (He) was 0.069, and the polymorphism information value (PIC) ranged from 0.171 to 0.583, with an average value of 0.381. Based on clustering, 504 tomato materials were divided into 7 groups when the genetic distance was 0.36, and the average genetic distance between each material was 0.62; The population was divided into three groups by principal component analysis; and according to population structure analysis, 504 tomato germplasm resources were divided into three categories when K=3. The results showed that the polymorphism of 60 pairs of SNP markers screened in this study is moderately high, and the genetic diversity of tomato germplasm resources is rich, which could provide a theoretical basis for the construction of tomato core germplasm and the effective utilization of germplasm resources in Ningxia.
-
Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(12): 2374-2380. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.12.2374
In order to provide a theoretical basis for the sustainable management of Galium aparine L. in wheat fields in Jiangsu Province, the whole plant bioassay method was used to determine the sensitivity of 28 G. aparine L. populations collected from wheat fields in Jiangsu Province to tribenuron-methyl, bensulfuron-methyl, fluroxypr, MCPA-Na, and carfentrazone-ethyl. Besides this, the in vitro activity and gene mutation of acetyllactate synthase (ALS) of representative populations were analyzed. The results showed that among the 28 populations, 23 populations had 2.18~17.10 times relative resistance to tribenuron-methyl, 18 populations had cross resistance to bensulfuron-methyl, and all populations were sensitive to luroxypr, MCPA-Na, and carfentrazone-ethyl. The in vitro activity of ALS enzyme in LHQ-2 and JYS-1 populations with relative resistance index higher than 14 was more than 250 times higher than that in DHX-2, and the 197th position was mutated from proline to threonine. The in vitro activity of ALS enzyme in WJQ-2 population with relative resistance index of 10.39 was 41.45 times higher than that in DHX-2 population, and its 376th position was mutated from aspartic acid to glycine. The in vitro activity of ALS enzyme in RGS-1 population with relative resistance multiple of 8.82 was 15.27 times higher than that in DHX-2 population, and its 574th position was mutated from tryptophan to leucine. The proportion of G. aparine L. population resistant to tribenuron-methyl showed a trend of gradually increasing from southern Jiangsu to northern Jiangsu. There was cross resistance between tribenuron-methyl and bensulfuron-methyl. The strengthening of target enzyme ALS activity and ALS gene mutation were the main reasons for the enhanced resistance. All populations were sensitive to fluroxypr, MCPA-Na, and carfentrazone-ethyl. The results of this study provide theoretical basis and technical support for the sustainable management of G. aparine L. in wheat field in Jiangsu Province.
-
Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(12): 2381-2390. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.12.2381
The genetic diversity analysis and comprehensive evaluation were used to analyze the geographical distribution characteristics and the genetic relationship between populations ofPolygala tenufolia germplasm resources. The study was carried out with 42 samples from 18 different sources by analyzing the morphological data and the contents of three main indicative components including Polygala saponin, Polygalaxanthone Ⅲ and 3,6'-di-spinacyl sucrose. The results showed that Polygala tenuifoliahad significant differences in morphological traits and the content of indicative components, with the coefficient of variation and genetic diversity index of 13%~49%, 19%~30% and 0.7~1.7, 0.9~1.4 respectively. The content of Polygalaxanthone Ⅲ showed significantly positive correlations with flower color and plant height, and significantly negative correlation with wood core diameter. The content of 3, 6'-di-spinacyl sucrose showed a significantly positive correlation with Polygala saponin and a significantly negative correlation with the plant height. The content of Polygala saponin was significantly negatively correlated with the stem branch. With principal component analysis, 15 indicators were simplified into 4 factors with a cumulative contribution rate of 67.764%. Based on the results of cluster analysis with morphological traits and the content of indicative components, Polygala tenuifoliacan be classified into three groups, but the members of each group were not consistent. In this study, 8 elite germplasms were screened by comprehensive evaluationFvalue. The comprehensive score of all materials ranged from -1.15 to 1.23. 7 key indicators were screened out by stepwise regression analysis, which are stem branch, leaf color, flower color, root weight, wood core weight, the content of Polygalaxanthone Ⅲ and the content of 3, 6'-dispiroyl sucrose. The results showed that the genetic diversity of the testedPolygala tenuifoliain morphological characters and indicative components were relatively high, and the variation range was large. 8 excellent individual plants with good comprehensive performance were screened, which can be further developed and provide theoretical basis for comprehensive utilization and improvement ofPolygala tenufolia germplasm.
-
Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(12): 2391-2399. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.12.2391
The application of artificial intelligence in agriculture is a frontier research hotspot curreutly and has good prospects for application in high-throughput phenomics research in crops. To perform accurate, intelligent, and high-throughput phenotyping of germplasm resources, the technique combine the state-of-art target detection algorithms and the corresponding image processing methods. Specifically, the technique use YOLOv5 to identify pod phenotypes of vegetable soybeans. The research shows that this technique can determine the number of single-, double-, triple- and quadruple-seed pods within a single image and fetch the corresponding length and width values automatically. The average accuracy of this technique achieves 98.96%. Meanwhile, compared with the actual length values, the determination coefficients are both above 95.23%. In general, the intelligent data collection technique based on deep learning has faster speed and higher accuracy in recognition. It can significantly reduce the time and labor cost and improve the work efficiency of plant breeding. It can also provide a new research tool for high-throughput, intelligent, and accurate morphology traits acquisition for vegetable soybean pods.
-
Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(12): 2400-2411. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.12.2400
In order to improve the flavor, taste and quality of sweet fermented black hulless barley, the optimal fermentation conditions of sweet fermented black hulless barley was obtained by mixed fermentation, in which Rhizopus oryzae and yeast were used as fermentation strains, and the content of amino acid nitrogen and sensory score as indicators. The phenolic substance content, antioxidant activity and flavor composition of single fermentation and mixed fermentation of sweet fermented black hulless barley products were also compared. The results showed that the optimum mixed fermentation conditions were as follows: Temperature 33℃, time 48 h, strain ratio (yeast J7: Rhizopus oryzae) 1:1.20, and inoculums amount 6.81%. Under these conditions, the content of amnio acid nitrogen reached 9.32 mg·100 g-1, and sensory score was 95.48. Compared with single fermentation, the flavonoid content (32.22 mg·100 g-1), polyphenol content (230.68 mg·100 g-1) and DPPH radical scavenging ability (95.03 μmol·L-1) of mixed fermentation of sweet fermented black hulless barley products was significantly improved. GC-MS results showed that a total of 33 volatile flavor compounds were detected in black hulless barley fermented by yeast alone, 41 volatile flavor compounds were detected in black hulless barley fermented by Rhizopus oryzae alone, and 46 volatile compounds were detected in black hulless barley by mixed fermentation. The content of esters and alcohols in the black hulless barley products of the three fermentation methods was the highest, which were the main flavour components of fermented black hulless barley products. The species and contents of alcohols, esters and acids of the fermented black hulless barley by mixed fermentation were higher than those of the other two fermentation methods, and the relative contents reached 59.09%, 29.44%, and 6.46%, respectively. It has a richer flavor and a higher sensory quality. In conclusion, the mixed fermentation makes the black hulless barley products have certain advantages in terms of function and flavor. This study would lay a foundation for the development and application of fermented black hulless barley products with mixed fermentation.
-
Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(12): 2412-2418. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.12.2412
Dendrobium officinale is beneficial for the stomach, promots fluid production, nourishs yin and could clear heat, and has a good hypoglycemic effect. The preliminary study found that compared with fresh D. officinale strips, Fengdou shows higher α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, and the types and abundance of the chemical components were higher in Fengdou. To clarify the different components between D. officinale Fengdou and fresh strips, the metabolite information of D. officinale Fengdou and fresh strip samples were collected by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole tandem time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS) under positive ion mode. After principal component analysis and partial least squares discriminant analysis, the different compounds were determined and identified by mass spectrometry fragments and database comparison. Finally, cluster analysis was used to study the content changes of these compounds in D. officinale Fengdou and fresh strips. As a consequence, 16 different compounds were obtained. Among them, 12 flavonoids and dibenzyl compounds such as naringenin, 4,4'-dihydroxy-3,5-dimethyldibenzyl, norbilin A, and gigantol were higher in Fengdou, while 4 fatty acids and amino acids such as α-linolenic acid, L-phenylalanine, and herbacetin were higher in fresh strips. These different components are probably the potential hypoglycemic functional components of D. officinale. This study provides the material basis of D. officinale Fengdou, and are of great significance for promoting the utilization of D. officinale.
-
Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(12): 2419-2426. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.12.2419
In order to effectively utilize of by-product of livestock and poultry bone, the lipids of Qinchuan cattle leg bones were extracted by ultrasound assisted by a solvent leaching method. A comprehensive lipidomic analysis was performed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and multi-dimensional mass spectrometry shotgun method (MDMS-SL). Moreover, the oxidation stability, physical and chemical properties such as acid value and peroxide value, phenolic compounds were determined. The results showed that the lipids extracted from Qinchuan cattle leg bones was rich in glycerides, with the triglyceride (TAG) content was 93.85% and a small amount of diglyceride (DAG) was also contained. A total of 24 fatty acids were detected in the lipids, including 62.85% monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and 2.18% polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). There are also 24 kinds of acyl-carnitine (ACar) with a total content of 1.18 nmol·g-1; 17 kinds of sphingomyelin (SM), with a total content was 35.36 nmol·g-1; 38 kinds of phosphatidylcholine (PC), with a total content of 22.16 nmol·g-1. The extracted lipids have good oxidation stability, and the acid value and peroxide value were 16.43 mg KOH·g-1 and 5.22 mmol·kg-1, respectively. Moreover, three phenolic compounds, α-Tocopherol, α-Trienol and γ-Trienol were also detected. The abundant TAG, unsaturated fatty acid and SM in the lipids from Qinchuan cattle leg bones indicated that it has a great potential in increasing the nutrient absorption, lowering blood glucose and lipid, and anti-inflammatory, etc. This study provides a theoretical basis for the development of the lipids from Qinchuan cattle leg bones.
-
Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(12): 2427-2435. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.12.2427
To study the mass spectral fragmentation pathways of primary aromatic amines by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry. The data was collected under electrospray negative ion mode, and the fragmentation pathways of 14 primary aromatic amines were derived by the precise mass-to-charge ratio of the first and second mass spectrometry ions. The results showed that the existence of amino groups in molecular structure could easily be protonated to form [M+H]+, and the cracking process mainly lost the neutral molecule NH3 and produced [M+H-NH3]+. After that, the chlorinated anilines underwent carbocation rearrangement and then lost the chlorine atoms, resulting in characteristic fragment ion [·M+H-NH3-Cl]+. Methoxy substituted anilines lost the CH3O group and produced [M+H-NH3-CH3O]+, or carbocation transferred and rearranged to benzyl, further losing CH3 and CH3O groups. Methyl or methoxy substituted benzidine compounds also can undergo CN bond cleavage to form [M+H-NH]+, and then lost the neutral molecule NH3 to produce [M+H-NH-NH3]+. Azobenzene compounds are not easy to break the azo bond with high bond energy, and the fragment ions are mainly formed by breaking the CN bonds on both sides. The best ionization mode and mass spectral fragmentation pathways proposed in this study provides an important basis for the rapid identification and analysis of such primary aromatic amines.
-
Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(12): 2436-2446. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.12.2436
To explore the mechanism of Eriobotrya japonica in the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes, Network pharmacology and molecular docking technology were used to explore the common target of loquat leaf and type 2 diabetes. In this study, TCMSP, Uniprot, Genecards, Venny, DAVID and other databases were used to map the interaction network and perform GO(Gene Ontology) and KEGG(Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) enrichment analysis. The molecular docking was verified by autodock tools. 19 ingredients and 294 related targets were collected from TCMSP datebase, then 89 common targets of type 2 diabetes and loquat leaf active components were obtained in Venny 2.1.0, corresponding to 10 active substances such as EGCG, quercetin, kaempferol and β-sitosterol. Then the ‘active ingredient-disease target’ network map was constructed. The results indicated that the active components of loquat leaves regulated type 2 diabetes through regulating oxidative stress response, serine/threonine kinase activity, responding to lipopolysaccharide and epithelial cell proliferation, then regulating AGE-RAGE(Advanced glycation end products and the receptor for advanced glycation end products), HIF-1(Hypoxia inducible factor-1) and PI3K-Akt(Phosphatidylinositol 3 Kinase-protein kinase B) signaling pathways. The molecular docking results showed that the binding energy of the main active components on α-glucosidase was less than-9.0 kcal·mol-1, which had very strong binding activity. The semi-inhibitory concentrations of 7 active ingredient such as EGCG, quercetin and kaempferol on α-glucosidase were in the range of 1.11~80.04 μmol·L-1, as measured by in vitro enzyme activity assay. The inhibitory effects were better than those of acarbose, which can be used as efficient α-glucosidase inhibitor as the main active ingredient of loquat leaf in the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes. This study investigated the mechanism of active ingredients of loquat leaf on the prevention and treatment of type II diabetes, and provided research ideas for the follow-up development of hypoglycemic drugs from natural products.
-
Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(12): 2447-2454. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.12.2447
To understand the contamination status and exposure risk of nickel in wheat in China, a total of 3 444 wheat were collected from north winter wheat, south winter wheat and spring wheat growing regions. The nickel content was detected by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry, the pollution level and distribution characteristics of nickel in wheat were analyzed. Monte Carlo method was used to estimate the exposure dose of wheat nickel to adults and children in China, and USEPA’s exposure dose-response extrapolation model was used to evaluate the human health risk of wheat nickel exposure based on the distribution of nickel in whole wheat. The results showed that the average nickel content of wheat in the three main producing areas of China was 0.225 mg·kg-1. The nickel pollution level of winter wheat in south China was significantly higher than that in other producing areas, with the highest value of 4.779 mg·kg-1. Dietary exposure assessment results showed that the average daily dose (ADD) of wheat nickel per unit body weight for Chinese adults and children were 6.31×10-4 and 8.32×10-4 mg·kg-1·d-1, respectively. Compared with the reference dose (RfD) recommended by four different international organizations, the probability range of adults and children whose ADD value exceeds RfD value is 0~0.23% and 0.02%~0.49%, respectively, indicating that exposure of wheat nickel does not cause significant health effects on most Chinese residents, but a small number of people with high exposure may have potential health risk. The results of this study provide a scientific basis for the safety supervision, standard formulation and risk assessment of heavy metal pollution in wheat in China.
-
Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(12): 2455-2461. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.12.2455
In order to reduce postharvest black spot of apricot fruits, the fruits of Saimaiti apricot were treated with 3.0 mg·L-1 2,4-Epilactone (EBR) combined with 2% calcium chloride (CaCl2) by decompression infiltration.After being placed at 1.0 ± 1℃ and 90%~95% relative humidity for 48 hours, Alternaria alternata(A.alternata) was wound-inoculated, and the in vitro antibacterial test of A. alternata was carried out. The results showed that 3.0 mg·L-1 EBR combined with 2% CaCl2 had no direct inhibitory effect on colony diameter and spore germination of A.alternata.EBR combined with CaCl2 treatment could increase the activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase(PAL),cinnamate-4hydroxylase (C4H) and 4-coumarate CoA ligase (4CL), increase the total phenols, flavonoids and lignin content, which could inhibit the incidence rate of disease and the increase of lesion diameter. To summarise, EBR combined with CaCl2 treatment could enhance the resistance of apricot fruit to black spot by inducing phenylpropane metabolic pathway.The results can provide technical support and theoretical basis for mitigating postharvest black spot disease of apricot fruit.
-
Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(12): 2462-2473. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.12.2462
To screen the suitable late japonica rice cultivars for disaster relief and reseeding in the southeast area of Zhejiang province, we directly seeded three indica-japonica hybrid rice cultivars (Yongyou 1540, Yongyou 7850 and Jiayouzhongke 3) and two inbred japonica rice cultivars (Xiushui 519 and Xiushui 417) by staged in the field, and analyzed the effects of different seeding dates on the grain yield and yield components, growth period and utilization of temperature and sunshine resources. The results showed that the grain yield of indica-japonica hybrid rice was higher than that of inbred japonica rice, specifically Yongyou 1540 > Yongyou 7850 > Jiayouzhongke 3 > Xiushui 519 > Xiushui 417. With the delay of seeding date, the grain yield showed a downward trend, which the decreasing range was indica-japonica hybrid rice > inbred japonica rice. For each delay of seeding date for 5 d, the average grain yield of indica-japonica hybrid rice decreased by 0.71 t·hm-2, and that of inbred japonica rice decreased by 0.30 t·hm-2, which was mainly due to the significant reduction of grain number per panicle and seed setting rate. The growth stages of rice were postponed correspondingly with the delay of sowing date, and the growth stages of seeding-full heading and full heading-maturity were shortened. The whole growth periods of indica-japonica hybrid rice were shorter than those of inbred japonica rice. During the whole growth period of rice, the effective accumulated temperature, sunshine hours, and their utilization efficiency, and production efficiency of effective accumulated temperature of all the cultivars basically decreased with the delay of seeding date. The production efficiency of effective accumulated temperature of indica-japonica hybrid rice was higher than that of inbred japonica rice at the same seeding date. The grain yield was significantly positive correlated with the resources of temperature and sunshine from the heading to maturity. Yongyou 1540 was the first choice for indica-japonica hybrid rice cultivars suitable for disaster relief before July 15, followed by Yongyou 7850. Xiushui 519 was the first choice for inbred japonica rice cultivars, and the seeding date could be delayed until July 20. The results of this study could provide practical guidance and scientific basis for selecting suitable cultivars by direct seeding technology after disaster in the southeastern Zhejiang province.
-
Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(12): 2474-2481. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.12.2474
To explore effect of nitrogen application rates and harvesting plant heights on appearance traits, nutrient accumulation, and amino acid composition in young stem of rapeseed, a field experiment was conducted using an oil-vegetable double usage of rapeseed variety, Fuxi 1, as plant material. The experiment was arranged in a split-plot design with nitrogen application rate as main plot and harvesting plant height as sub-plot. Diameter and fresh weight, concentration of nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), and potassium (K), activities of nitrate reductase (NR), glutamine synthetase (GS), and asparagine synthetase (AS), content of nitrite, and 16 amino acid compositions were assayed in the young stem of rapeseed. Results showed that the diameter of young stem of rapeseed significantly decreased as harvesting plant height increased, while nitrogen application rate did not have significant influences. However, increased nitrogen applicaiton rate markedly increased fresh weight of young stem of rapeseed. The fresh weight of young stem of apeseed maximized at the harvesting plant height of 30 cm under each nitrogen application rate. Concentration of N and K in the young stem of rapeseed increased firstly and then decreased as nitrogen application rate increased while no significant impacts on the concentration of P under each nitrogen application rate. The effect of nitrogen application rates on the activity of NR was increased firstly and then decreased, which was in accordance with the change of N concentration in the young stem of rapeseed. However, the activities of GS and AS showed decreasing trend as nitrogen application rate increased. The amino acid composition in the young stem of rapeseed mainly showed increased trend as nitrogen application rate increased at the harvesting plant heights of 20 and 30 cm. At the harvesting plant height of 40 cm, contents of 7 amino acid compositions such as valine had no significant differences among each nitrogen application rate. However, contents of 8 amino acid compositions such as aspatic acid peaked at nitrogen application rate of 180 kg·hm-2. At harvesting plant height of 50 cm, contents of 4 amino acid compositions such as glutamic acid were the highest at application rate of 180 kg·hm-2 while other amino acid compositions had no significant differences among three nitrogen application rates. The above results suggested that the high quality can be available in the young stem of rapeseed under the combination of the nitrogen application rate at 180 kg·hm-2 and harvesting plant height of 40 cm, which provides theoretical basis for the cultivation of high quality of the young stem of rapeseed.
-
Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(12): 2482-2489. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.12.2482
To clarify the effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration and nitrogen application on the absorption and transportation of nutrients elements in C. Lacryma-jobi L. seedlings, a pot control experiment, using an artificial climate chamber to simulate CO2 concentration rising, was conducted to assay the response of elevated CO2 concentration and nitrogen application on nutrient elements in the roots, stems and leaves of C. Lacryma-jobi L. variety Xinrenxiaobaike. The results showed that, elevated CO2 concentration significantly increased the content of TOC in C. Lacryma-jobi L. root by 15.82%, and the TP content in leaves and stems by 18.98% and 29.41% (P<0.05). The content of N in leaves and roots decreased significantly by 8.15% and 8.31% (P<0.05), There was no significant difference in K content among leaves, stems and roots. Nitrogen application significantly increased the N content in the leaves, stems and roots of Coix by 19.52%, 28.42% and 23.29%, and the TP content in the leaves and stems by 14.60% and 51.96%, respectively (P<0.05). The content of K in roots decreased significantly by 22.57% (P<0.05), There was no significant difference in TOC content among leaves, stems and roots. Under the interaction of the elevated CO2 concentration and nitrogen application, the N content in the stems and roots of C. Lacryma-jobi L. increased significantly by 6.49% and 8.99%, and the P content in the leaves increased significantly by 15.33% (P<0.05). The content of N in leaves decreased significantly by 4.22%, and the content of K in leaves and stems decreased significantly by 18.47% and 33.25% (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in C content among leaves, stems and roots. The contents of medium and trace elements in the leaves of C. Lacryma-jobi L. tended to decrease: the contents of S, Cu, Zn and Ni decreased significantly (P<0.05), by 18.06%, 54.01%, 37.96% and 50.49%, respectively, but the contents of Mn, Cu, Zn and Ni in stems increased significantly (P<0.05) by 90.20%, 70.55%, 46.80% and 149.50%, respectively. The elevated CO2 concentration promoted the transportation of Mg and S from root to stem and Zn and Mn from stem to leaf, and the application of nitrogen fertilizer promoted the transportation of Fe from stem to leaf. In conclusion, the elevated CO2 concentration and nitrogen application could affect the absorption and selective transport of mineral ions in different organs of C. Lacryma-jobi L., so as to maintain the balance of nutrient elements in the plant. The results of this study provided scientific basis for further understanding the variation characteristics of demand for nutrients elements of C. Lacryma-jobi L. under the change of atmospheric environment in the future and the selection of fertilization strategies on it.
-
Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(12): 2490-2500. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.12.2490
In order to investigate effect of young ears of sucrose metabolism and endogenous hormone levels of wheat under low temperature at booting stage, a pot experiment was conducted to cultivate two wheat varieties with different cold tolerance, and the young ears of wheat were measured in an artificial climate chamber at the booting stage. The physiological indicators related to the number of cob vascular bundle number, sucrose metabolism related enzyme activity and Invertase gene expression abundance, endogenous hormone content and yield components of young ears were determined. The results indicated that the number of vascular bundles of the spikelet decreased, and the sucrose content of the spikelet and the sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) activity increased. The activity of sucrose synthase (SS) increased at 2℃, but decreased at 0℃ and -2℃. The activity of uridine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase (UGP) and Invertase (Inv) decreased,and the decrease extent was increased with the increase of treatment temperature. The expression levels of cell wall invertase genes IVR1 and vacuolar invertase genes IVR5 were inhibited in young ears florets of wheat under low temperature at booting stage. The contents of auxin (IAA) and gibberellin (GA) decreased, and abscisic acid (ABA) increased in young ears under low temperature stress. Grain number per spike and 1000-grain weight of wheat decreased significantly under low temperature stress. The number of cob vascular bundle number decreased, sucrose content accumulated, the activity of sucrose metabolism related enzyme, gene expression levels and endogenous hormone content of young ears changed under low temperature stress at booting stage, which seriously affected the formation of wheat yield. Overall, this study provides fundamental insights into the resilience, disaster reduction and high and stable yields of wheat.
-
Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(12): 2501-2509. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.12.2501
To clarify the physiological mechanism of drought stress on grain filling and the effect of spraying exogenous spermidine (Spd) on alleviating drought stress, maize varieties with strong drought-resistance, Zhengdan958 and weak drought-resistance, Liyu16 were used as research materials and cultivated in the isolated pool with rain shelter in order to control soil-water conditions. And the combined experimental treatments of soil drought stress and spraying exogenous Spd at silking stage were conducted to analyze the influences of exogenous Spd on antioxidant enzyme activities and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of leaves, endogenous hormone content and grain plumpness during grain filling. The results indicated that drought stress significantly reduced Fv/Fm and Fv/Fo, increased malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation by 16.95%~23.16%, but decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and hydrogen peroxidase (CAT) activities by 11.93%~26.69% of ear leaves for two maize varieties. Simultaneously, drought stress significantly increased the Spd and abscisic acid (ABA) contents by 15.79% ~ 22.28%, and decreased zeatin and zeatin riboside (Z+ZR) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) contents by 10.39% ~ 13.30%, then finally affected the grain plumpness at grain filling stage, resulting in a decrease of 36.33 and 24.03 mg in grain weight for Liyu16 and Zhengdan958, respectively. Spraying exogenous Spd alleviated the effects of drought stress on Fv/Fm and Fv/Fo of ear leaves, contributed to weakening the oxidative damage for cell membrane, and increased the grain weight of 5.60~11.74 mg during grain filling stage. The final grain weight of Liyu16 and Zhengdan958 increased by 11.74 and 9.11 mg, respectively. However, exogenous Spd had no significant effect on endogenous hormone contents in grains. In addition, Zhengdan958 with strong drought-resistance had higher Fv/Fm, Fv/Fo and antioxidant enzyme activities, lower MDA accumulation under drought stress, whereas spraying exogenous Spd had a stronger regulatory effect on Liyu16 with weak drought-resistance. It is suggested that when applying exogenous Spd in maize production, the suitable spraying time should be selected according to the drought-resistance characteristics of varieties to facilitate grain filling and yield formation. This study provides theoretical basis and technical support for drought-resistant cultivation of maize.
-
Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(12): 2510-2518. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.12.2510
This study aimed to explore effects of plant growth regulators on the photosynthetic characteristics and nitrogen metabolism of adzuki bean leaves at the grain-blowing stage, and further explore the mechanism of the regulators for increasing yield. This study was conducted in 2018 and 2019, and the adzuki bean (LongKen 2) was selected as the test material. At the first flowering stage, with spraying 50 mg·L-1 2-N,N-diethylaminoethylhexanoate (DTA-6) and 50 mg·L-1 uniconazole (S3307) as test group, water was sprayed as the control (CK). The morphology, photosynthetic parameters, and nitrogen metabolism related indexes of adzuki bean at the bulging stage (R6) were determined. The results of this study showed that DTA-6 and S3307 increased the dry matter accumulation per plant in adzuki bean at the puffing stage. The SPAD and transpiration rates of leaves treated with DTA-6 were greater than those treated with S3307. DTA-6 significantly increased the soluble sugar content and increased the plant height of adzuki bean, while the net photosynthetic rate of leaves treated with S3307 was significantly higher than that of DTA-6. The activities of glutamine synthetase(GS), glutamate synthase(GOGAT) and glutamate dehydrogenase(GDH) in the leaves of adzuki bean at the sprouting stage were also significantly increased. The application of S3307 significantly increased the nitrate reductase(NR) activity of the leaves, and the promotion effect of the GDH activity was also significantly higher than that of the DTA-6 treatment. The two regulators also increased the nitrate nitrogen content and nitrogen accumulation in adzuki bean leaves. DTA-6 and S3307 regulated the yield components of adzuki bean at different levels. S3307 mainly increased the number of flower and pod, while DTA-6 mainly increased the number of grains per plant and grain weight per plant. In conclusion, DTA-6 and S3307 can effectively regulate the nitrogen metabolism of leaves by improving the photosynthesis level of adzuki bean at the sprouting stage, thereby promoting the growth and development of adzuki bean, and significantly increasing the yield. The findings provided a scientific basis for the promotion and application of chemical control technology in agricultural production.
-
Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(12): 2519-2527. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.12.2519
Chlorophyll content is an important physiological index that is directly linked to crop yield and its synchronous analysis is of great value. During this study, the relationship between the chlorophyll content and fluorescence parameters was analyzed and a regression model was established. Our results depicted a strong positive correlation between the chlorophyll content of soybean and the fluorescence parameters of Fv/Fo, φPO, ψEO, φEO, ETO/CSM, PIABS and VJ with R2 values up to 0.78, 0.76, 0.75, 0.80, 0.82, 0.77, -0.75. Furthermore, multiple stepwise regression model equation was y=-0.138x1+2.154x2+0.002x3+0.077x4+0.076 (R2 = 0.694) ( x1, x2, x3, x4 and y were Fv/Fo, φPO, ETO/CSM, PIABS and chlorophyll content, respectively). The determination coefficient (R2) of the validation model was 0.805 8, the root mean square error ( RMSE ) was 0.293 4, and the prediction residual ( RPD ) was 1.773 8. Overall, the established model had very good predictions and can serve as a non-destructive method to monitor soybean chlorophyll. Furthermore, the regression and path analysis showed that ETO/CSM had the greatest direct effect on chlorophyll contents, followed by φPO and Fv/Fo had a direct negative effect on chlorophyll content, while the PIABS had the least direct effect. The direct path coefficients remained 0.706, 0.382, -0.303 and 0.078, respectively. In short, we presented the relationship of fluorescence parameters on chlorophyll content that could be used for the effective monitoring of soybean crop quality to optimize crop production.
