10 November 2022, Volume 36 Issue 11
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(11): 2093-2103. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.11.2093
The shortage of water resources has always been one of the main factors restricting rice production in the Northwest aird area in China. Saving water in a certain or whole growth period of rice is conducive to alleviate agricultural water usage in this area. Therefore, it is of great significance to identify and evaluate drought tolerance of japonica rice germplasm resources in northwest arid area for digging out drought tolerant rice germplasm resources and breeding drought tolerant varieties. In this study, six rice materials with different drought tolerance were firstly treated with PEG-6000 an osmotic agent to simulate drought, then the germination of japonica rice seeds under the stress of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% PEG-6000 solution were investigated via analyzing the relative germination potential, relative germination rate, relative root length, relative shoot length, vigor index, relative root shoot fresh weight, relative root shoot dry weight and germination drought tolerance index. The results displayed that the optimum concentration of PEG-6000 for identifying drought tolerance of japonica rice seeds during germination was 15%. On this basis, 139 japonica germplasm resources with different origins were further evaluated for drought tolerance at the germination stage. 8 drought tolerance indexes selected in the concentration screening were used as evaluation indexes, and the relative germination potential, relative shoot length, vigor index and germination drought tolerance index were identified as 4 key indexes by principal component analysis. The comprehensive evaluation value D of drought tolerance of japonica germplasm resources at germination stage was obtained by using the affiliation function combined with weight analysis. Five japonica germplasm with strong drought tolerance at germination stage were screened and identified according to the ranking of D value: Songjing 3, TongYuan 515, Longjing 807, Songjing 20 and Farry. 139 japonica germplasm resources were classified into four subgroups by cluster analysis, and subgroups I and III (except for some germplasm with medium drought tolerance) were drought-sensitive subgroups, subgroup II was a mixed drought-tolerant and medium drought-tolerant subgroup, and subgroup IV was a medium drought-tolerant subgroup. The vigor index and D value illustrated good agreement in the cluster diagram constructed in this study, which could provide reference for rapid identification and evaluation of drought tolerance of japonica rice germplasm resources during seed germination.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(11): 2104-2114. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.11.2104
In order to evaluate the genetic diversity of Japanese chestnut cultivar resources in China and construct their fingerprinting map, the loci of 17 high-quality fluorescent SSR markers were detected by capillary electrophoresis in this study. The results showed that Castanea crenata and Castanea seguinii have a relatively close relationship. A total of 131 alleles were detected from 59 Japanese chestnut cultivars, with an average of 7.706, polymorphism information content (PIC) was 0.375~0.815, with an average of 0.605, the tested Japanese chestnut cultivars (lines) showed rich genetic diversity. Phylogenetic tree, population structure and principal coordinate analysis consistently (PCoA) supported that part of Japanese chestnut cultivars (lines) in China formed an independent cluster, and most of the test cultivars (lines) were hybrids. According to the analysis of multi-locus matching, CmSI0922, CmSI00702 and CmSI0658 were identified the core primers. Then, a uniqu fingerprinting map of 59 Japanese chestnut cultivars (lines) was constructed with these three primers. In conclusion, although the distribution range of Japanese chestnuts were narrower than that of other chestnut plants, they had rich genetic diversity and there was extensive gene flow among Japanese chestnut cultivars. Meanwhile, the fingerprints of 59 Japanese chestnut cultivars (lines) resources with unique correspondence were successfully constructed with unique correspondence in this study, which will provide strong support for the resource identification, protection and utilization of chestnut plants.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(11): 2115-2123. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.11.2115
In order to compare the differences in leaves between diploid and its autotetraploid cassava, the morphological structure and stress physiological indexes and mite resistance of the diploid plant SC205 and autotetraphloid plant NZ199 were determined and the correlation analysis was carried out. The results of leaf morphological structure and physiological indexes showed that the autotetraploid cassava exhibited higher indices in the thickness of leaf, palisade and spongy tissue, lower epidermis and lower cuticle, the ratio of palisade to sponge tissue, mid-lobed leaf width, tannin content, polyphenol oxidase, and phenylalanine ammonialyase enzyme activities than those of the autotetraploid. However, mid-lobed leaf length, leaf shape index, stomatal density and malondialdehyde content in autotetraploids were lower than those in the diploids. The results of mite resistance identification found that the mite resistance of cassava autotetraploid was stronger than that of its diploid. The results of correlation analysis showed that the mite damage index was highly significantly negatively correlated with the thickness of leaves, palisade tissue, sponge tissue, lower epidermis and lower cuticle, and polyphenol oxidase and phenylalanine ammonialyase enzyme activities, while it was negatively correlated with tannin content, but significantly positively correlated with stomatal density and malondialdehyde. This study provides a scientific basis for cassava ploidy breeding and resistance breeding work, and also lays the foundation for subsequent experiments.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(11): 2124-2136. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.11.2124
Thousand grain weight (TGW) is one of the three important components of crop yield. Increasing grain weight is an effective way in the improvement of crop yield. In this study, to elucidate the genetic machanism of 1000-grain weigth an association mapping panel consisting of 242 sorghum landraces/cultivars collected mainly from 16 sorghum planting provinces across China was genotyped using whole-genome re-sequencing method. TGW of each accession was phenotyped across seven environments over three years from 2018 to 2020. Multi-locus association analyses based on 2 015 850 SNPs were carried out using mrMLM 4.0 R package which comprises the mrMLM, FASTmrMLM, FASTmrEMMA, ISIS EM-BLASSO, pLARmEB, and pKWmEB models. Results showed that TGW displayed a continuous and normal distribution as a typical quantitative trait. The variations of TGW were ranged from 10~50 g under seven environments. A total of 323 quantitative trait nucleotides (QTNs) for TGW were detected using six models. The phenotypic variation explained by individual QTN varied from 0.4% to 26.6%. Six multi-locus models revealed differential QTN numbers associated with TGW. The maximum number of associated QTNs was observed in FASTmrMLM model followed by pKWmEB model, pLARmEB model, mrMLM model, ISIS EM-BLASSO model, and FASTmrEMMA model. After merging the same QTNs, 96 consistently reliable QTNs were detected using multi-locus GWAS methods and/or at least two seasons, which were distributed unevenly on 10 chromosomes. Among them, 4 QTNs overlapped with previously reported QTLs. Besides, 5 candidate orthologous to documented rice grain weight genes, like GW7/GL7, BG2, OsARF4, RSR1, TGW6, were found to be located within four QTNs. These results help us to understand the genetic architecture of grain size and pave the way for exploration of underlying molecular mechanisms and molecular design breeding of this trait in sorghum breeding practices.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(11): 2137-2147. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.11.2137
Studies have found that aging of Hibiscus esculentus L. is caused by the massive accumulation of cellulose and lignin, and plant MYB transcription factors, which are involved in the biosynthesis and deposition of cellulose and lignin, play important regulatory roles in the formation of secondary cell wall. To investigate the roles of the MYB transcription factor in the aging of Hibiscus esculentus L., ten fragments annotated as MYB gene family were screened from the RNA-seq database of Hibiscus esculentus L. fruit, then the full-length cDNA sequences of HeMYB4, HeMYB6, HeMYB26, HeMYB28, HeMYB44, HeMYB46, HeMYB59, HeMYB86, HeMY108, HeMYB113 genes were cloned. Expression of these ten genes of cellulose synthase gene family in Hibiscus esculentus L. were estimated. The nucleotide sequence and encoded amino acid sequences were analyzed for subcellular localization, phosphorylation site, functional domain, and evolution using bioinformatics methods. The ten MYB genes were all located at the Plasma membrane, with abundant phosphorylation sites and functional domains similar to MYB involved in lignin and cellulose synthesis in Arabidopsis and other species. Expressions of these ten genes of the MYB gene family in Hibiscus esculentus L. during fruit development and postharvest normothermic storage were analyzed by reverse transcript quantitative PCR. The results showed that HeMYB46、HeMYB86 and HeMYB108 were significantly positively correlated with the contents of cellulose, HeMYB46 and HeMY59 were significantly positively correlated with the content of lignin, which led to the speculation that they play important roles in the synthesis of cellulose during aging of Hibiscus esculentus L. fruits, while the expression levels of HeMYB46 and HeMY59 showed a highly significants positive correlation with lignin content, it was speculated that these two genes play an important regulatory role in lignin synthesis. It is important to initially define the function of the Hibiscus esculentus L. MYB transcription factors during aging, which may provide a rational basis for okra production, molecular breeding.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(11): 2148-2157. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.11.2148
Temperature is an important environmental factor that affects the growth, development and geographical distribution of peach trees. In order to analyze the cold resistance mechanism of Dingjiaba and explore the key genes for cold resistance, leaves of low-temperature tolerant peach Dingjiaba and sensitive peach Kanoiwa were selected as experimental materials, compared and analyzed the physiological and biochemical changes and transcripts of leaves treated at 4℃ for 2, 6 and 12 h. The results showed that the electrolyte permeability and malondialdehyde content of the two cultivars’ leaves increased gradually with the extension of cold induction time, and increased sharply at 6 h. At the same time, osmoregulation substances also gradually increased with the increasing of treatment time, such as soluble sugar, soluble protein and proline, especially in Dingjiaba. Transcriptome analysis showed that 569 and 505 differential genes were identified in Dingjiaba and Kanoiwa under cold treatment, respectively. The 569 differential genes identified in Dingjiaba were significantly enriched in plant pathogen interaction, MAPK signal pathway, sesquiterpene and triterpene biosynthesis and other metabolic pathways. It was found that the plant pathogen interaction, MAPK signal pathway and MPK3/6, WRKY22, WRKY24 and other related genes did play an important role in the cold-resistance mechanism of Dingjiaba. The results of this study lay a theoretical foundation for further study on cold resistance mechanism of peach, and provide candidate genes for breeding new cold-resistant peach varieties.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(11): 2158-2165. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.11.2158
Short chain dehydrogenases/reductase (SDR) is a kind of NAD (P) (H)-dependent oxidoreductase, which is responsible for catalyzing the redox steps of various metabolic activities in organisms. In order to explore the function of MdSDR, the MdSDR genes were transient expressed in Malus domestica cv. Fuji by agrobacterium, and then the disease resistance was studied by prick inoculation method. The expression level of fatty acid biosynthesis related genes in apple leaves expressing MdSDR were detected with real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR). The content of fatty acids in apple leaves expressing MdSDR were analysed by Gas chromatography (GC) technology. The lipid droplets in apple leaves expressing MdSDR were stained by nile red. The results showed that the apple leaves expressing MdSDR significantly enhanced the resistance to Valsa mali. The lesion diameter of the experimental group decreased by about 14.46% compared with the control group (P<0.001). The transcriptional level of fatty acid biosynthesis related genes in apple leaves expressing MdSDR was significantly up-regulated (P<0.001). The transcriptional level of MdACCase was up-regulated 49.41times, MdKAR was 130.79 times, MdENR was 169.20 times, MdHAD was 9.67 times, and MdβCT, MdKASⅠ and MdKASⅡ were about 6 times. However, the accumulation of fatty acids in apple leaves expressing MdSDR did not increase significantly. However, the transcriptional level of lipid droplet regulatory genes in apple leaves expressing MdSDR was significantly up-regulated (P<0.05). The quantity of lipid droplets was significantly increased in apple leaves expressing MdSDR. In conclusion, this study preliminarily proved that MdSDR indirectly increase the quantity of lipid droplets by promoting the synthesis of fatty acids to improve the disease resistance of apple. This paper provides a theoretical basis for the study of apple breeding for disease resistance.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(11): 2166-2174. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.11.2166
In order to determine the pathogen species and screen the effective fungicides for Scutellaria baicalensis leaf spot disease, the leaves infected by spot disease were collected from Longxi county, Dingxi, Gansu province and were used for the isolation of pathogens. The isolates were identified based on their morphological characteristics and the sequences of internal transcription spacer, allergen gene, plasma membrane adenosine triphosphate ATPase and histone 3. The results showed that the disease pathogens were identified as Alternaria solani and Alternaria tenuissima, in which A. tenuissima was the dominant species. Meanwhile, the mycelia growth rate was applied to test the toxicity of four fungicides and 97% Fludioxonil exhibited the strongest inhibitory activity on A. solani and A. tenuissima with EC50 at 0.06 and 0.04 mg·L-1, respectively. In summary, this is the first report on leaf spot in S. baicalensis caused by A. solani and A. tenuissima in China, which provides a theoretical basis for the diagnosis of disease, understanding of the disease development, prevention and control of the disease in field.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(11): 2175-2182. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.11.2175
To investigate the effects of electron beam irradiation on the sterilization and quality of Gastrodia rhizoma, Gastrodia rhizoma powder was irradiated at the doses of 0 (CK), 5, 7, 9, 11 and 13 kGy, the microbial populations, color, physicochemical, HPLC (high performance liquid chramatography) fingerprint similarity and bioactive components were measured. The results showed that the aerobic bacteria, molds and yeasts in the Gastrodia rhizoma were not detected with 9 kGy irradiation. The L* value was decreased by irradiation, and the total color difference reached the lowest value under 9 kGy. Electron beam irradiation had no significant effect on the moisture and total ash, but the content of alcohol-soluble extracts of Gastrodia rhizoma increased significantly under 9~13 kGy (P<0.05). The similarity of Gastrodia rhizoma fingerprints under the different doses was 0.995~0.998. Irradiation had no significant effect on the total content of the main active components of Gastrodia rhizoma (P>0.05). Overall, electron beam irradiation at 9 kGy can both reduce the microbial populations and maintain the quality of Gastrodia rhizoma, Gastrodia rhizoma powder, which facilitates the application of electron beam irradiation in Gastrodia rhizoma sterilization process.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(11): 2183-2189. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.11.2183
To study the distribution of traditional stable isotopes in different leaf positions of Camellia sinensis and their changing characteristics with time, the δ13C, δ15N, δ2H and δ18O of leaves at different leaf positions in Longjing 43# were analyzed by elemental analysis-isotope ratio mass spectrometer (EA-IRMS). The results showed that δ13C, δ15N, and δ2H of leaves were significantly depleted from top to bottom of leaf position. But δ18O was not significant depleted compared with other three isotopes, which showed the highest (21.0‰~25.0‰) from second to fifth leaf position. There was no significant difference in isotopic fractionation coefficients between adjacent leaf positions. Affected by the sampling time and environmental climate, δ13C, δ15N of the former 3 position leaves became enriched during our research date, while δ2H and δ18O were depleted and then enriched. This study would provide data support for exploring distribution of traditional stable isotopes in leaves at different positions and establish a foundation for studying of fractionation mechanism and database construction.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(11): 2190-2198. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.11.2190
In order to utilize broad bean resources, the changes of protein and its antioxidant capacity during the germination were studied. The protein content of germinated broad bean was determined by Kjeldahl nitrogen determination method, and the content of amino acid components was determined by amino acid analyzer. The changes of broad bean protein composition were observed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and the antioxidant ability of broad bean protein was analyzed by measuring the scavenging ability of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH·) and 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid ammonium salt) (ABTS·). The results showed that the content of protein and amino acid increased during broad bean germination, as the some high molecular weight broad bean proteins were transformed and degraded into low molecular weight proteins, and improved the antioxidant capacity of broad bean protein. Moreover, the protein content was 34.1%, the amino acid content was 29.16% and at the protein concentration of 1.5 mg·mL-1, the scavenging capacity of ABTS· was 99.53% on the 9th day of broad bean germination, all reached the maximum value. Therefore, the germination process of broad bean could increase the content of nutrients and enhance the efficacy of broad bean, which was conducive to the development and utilization of functional food such as broad bean protein and broad bean bud.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(11): 2199-2209. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.11.2199
To further utilize the resources of fish by-products, the skin of bighead carp was pretreated by microwave followed by enzymatic hydrolysis with alkaline to obtain bighead carp skin hydrolysate (FSH), which was subjected to a Maillard reaction with glucose, xylose and ribose. The antioxidant activity and volatile flavor compounds of the Maillard reaction products (MRPs) were evaluated. The results showed that the Maillard reaction (MR) significantly improved the antioxidant activity of FSH, and the highest antioxidant activity was found for the ribose MRPs. At 135℃, 35 min, the total antioxidant activity of ribose MRPs was 2 156 μmol ·L-1 FeSO4, and the DPPH and superoxide anion radical scavenging activity were 96.53% and 88.08%, respectively. The volatile compounds of MRPs were analyzed by solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS). The results showed that the relative contents of pyrazine and furan heterocyclic compounds with meaty flavor increased, which improved the flavor of FSH. The results of this study provide experimental support for the synthesis of natural antioxidants from food products, which cauld also enhance the utilization of fish by-products with high value.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(11): 2210-2217. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.11.2210
To explore the effect of melanin nanoparticles (MNP) on the gelatin/pullulan (Gel/Pul)-based composite films, MNP were prepared by dynamic high pressure microfluidization technology with sepia ink as the raw material. The nanocomposite films were prepared with Gel/Pul matrix incorporated with varied amounts of MNP. The effects of MNP addition on the physical properties and antioxidant capacity of the nanocomposite films were investigated by water vapor permeability (WVP), oil permeability, optical properties, mechanical properties and free radical scavenging rate. The interaction between MNP and Gel/Pul matrix was characterized using fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). There was hydrogen bond interaction between MNP and Gel/Pul matrix, indicating that they had good biocompatibility. The incorporation of MNP could improve the water vapor barrier and mechanical properties of nanocomposite films. When the amount of MNP was 1 wt%, the WVP of the nanocomposite films was the lowest and the tensile strength reached the maximum. With the increase of MNP, the nanocomposite films showed superior UV barrier and antioxidant properties. This study provides a possible way to utilize MNP in the modification of edible films and in the field of food packaging.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(11): 2218-2228. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.11.2218
To utilization of soybean by-products and develop new nutritional flour products, soybean dregs sourdough was prepared using soybean dregs as raw material and Leuconostoc citreum E12 as the starter. The effects of addition amounts of soybean dregs sourdough (0%, 20%, 30% and 40%) on the fermentation activity, dynamic rheological characteristics, antioxidant activity and dietary fiber content of steamed bread dough (corresponding numbers as S0, S20, S30 and S40 respectively) were studied. Meanwhile, the sensory quality of bean dregs sourdough steamed bread (corresponding numbers as CS0, CS20, CS30 and CS40 respectively) and changes of texture and moisture content of steamed bread during storage were studied. The results showed that adding soybean dregs sourdough could reduce the elasticity and viscosity of steamed bread dough, and could also reduce the overall viscoelasticity of the steamed bread dough.The antioxidant activity and dietary fiber content of steamed bread dough increased significantly with the addition of soybean dregs sourdough. When soybean dregs sourdough was added at 40%, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging rate and 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate) diammonium salt (ABTS) free radical scavenging rate reached 15.61% and 79.59%, respectively, which increased by 5.10 percentage points and 15.02 percentage points compared with S0. The total dietary fiber content reached 3.91 g·100g-1, which increased by 138.79% compared with S0. In addition, there was no significant difference in the specific volume and elongation of steamed bread prepared with 20% soybean dregs sourdough and CS0, but positive influences were observed in appearance, color, flavor and taste of steamed bread with the overall acceptability reached 7.8. After 5 days of storage, hardness, chewiness and gumminess of CS0 increased by 180.85%、69.62% and 98.08%, respectively, while that of CS40 increased by 76.19%, 30.88% and 33.96%, which was significantly lower than CS0. The moisture content of CS40 was always higher than that of CS0 during the storage period. The results showed that soybean dregs sourdough could slow down the aging of steamed bread. This study provides a technique support for the application of soybean dregs resources and the development of sourdough products.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(11): 2229-2238. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.11.2229
To investigate the effect of milling methods and particle size on the rheological characteristics and processing quality of black wheat, the whole black wheat flour made from Yunhei 161 by crushing method and backfill method with passed through different sieves (80, 100, and 120 mesh) was used. The black wheat flour is used as control. The starch content, hydration characteristics, fermentation characteristics and rheological characteristics were analyzed. The amylopectin content was the highest ( 80.18%) when prepared by the direct crushing method and passed through an 80 mesh sieve, and the content of broken starch is the lowest, which was 9.93%. The solubility and swelling power of whole wheat flour prepared by the direct crushing method and passed through an 80 mesh sieve were 2.5% and 3%, respectively. The whole wheat flour dough prepared by the backfill method showed a lower fermentation height, total released volume, and air-holding rate than the direct crushing method. The particle quality index of whole wheat powder was the highest, which was 59.5. The formation time and stability time were 3.45 min and 3.2 min, respectively, similar to those of black wheat flour. The resistance value and maximum resistance of 80 mesh sieved whole wheat flour prepared by direct crushing method were maximum at 135 min of fermentation. The sensory score was the highest using directly crushing with passing through 80 mesh sieve. The above data showed that the whole wheat bread was of good quality when directly crushed and passed through 80 mesh sieve, which supports the development of whole black wheat bread.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(11): 2239-2248. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.11.2239
To utilize the large amount of leaf residues produced by grape pruning in vineyards, leaves of three red-leaved grape cultivars, 8612, Muscat Hamburg and Hongjixin, and three green-leaved grape cultivars, Queen of vineyard, Meigulu and Qiuhong, at different developmental stages were used as materials of this study. MATLAB software was used to extract the data of the entire leaf and calculated chromatic aberration. Subsequently, the composition and content of anthocyanins were identified by using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) to investigate the changes of different components of anthocyanins in leaves at different developmental stages. The changes of the chromatic aberration index L*, a*, and b* of red and green leaves at different developmental stages were different. Aggregation of 18 anthocyanin compositions was identified in grape leaves by using LC-MS including four cyanidin derivatives, four peonidin derivatives, four delphinidin derivatives, two petunidin derivatives, and four malvidin derivatives. All of the five types of anthocyanin derivatives were identified in red-leaf grape cultivars. However, the delphinidin and petunidin types of anthocyanin derivatives were not identified in green leaf grape cultivars. The anthocyanin content of red leaves at different developmental stages was in the range of 123.468~855.001 mg·100g-1, and the anthocyanin content of green leaves was ranged from 4.407 to 44.517 mg·100g-1. Classified based on methylation and unmethylation, the proportion of methylated anthocyanins gradually increased with the leaf development stage. The correlation analysis and types of anthocyanin acylation modification were found, that the contents of p-coumaroyled anthocyanin were higher than that of other anthocyanins, which accounted for a higher proportion of the total anthocyanin contents. In contrast, the content of feruloyl and glucosyl anthocyanins was lower. These correlation analyses between chromatic aberration and different types of anthocyanin components showed that the correlation between chromatic aberration and the content of various anthocyanins was significant in red leaf grapes. The anthocyanins in red leaf grape cultivars were much higher in types and contents, which could be served as a potential source of anthocyanin compounds with high value. Through the detailed investigation of anthocyanin component and content in leaves, our study provides a data basis for the utilization of leaves in vineyards.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(11): 2249-2257. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.11.2249
Dufulin is a novel plant antiviral agent independently created in China. It is of great significance to study the environmental behavior and fate of Dufulin for scientific evaluation of its environmental risks. The degradation dynamics and residue transformation of Dufulin were studied in two water-sediment systems(A and B) under aerobic condition using [thiazyl-2-14C]-Dufulin as a tracer combined with 14C isotope tracer technology. The results were as follows: the water phase dissipation and degradation of Dufulin in the two tested water-sediment systems follow a single first order, with water phase dissipation half-lives of 7.23 d (A) and 13.86 d (B), respectively, while parent degradation half-lives were 121.60 d (A) and 65.39 d (B). There were significant differences in the residual transformation of Dufulin in the tested water-sediment systems. At the end of the cultivation (DAT=100 d), the extractable residues in the A and B systems were 77.41% and 43.71% of applied amount, the mineralization was 1.11% and 2.83% of applied amount, and the bound residues were 24.11% and 49.25%, respectively. Dufulin and its metabolites were more likely to bind with the sediments in B system as the result of higher degradation rate and the cationic exchange capability. The findings of the study give fundamental facts for a scientific evaluation of Dufulin’s safety in water-sediment systems.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(11): 2258-2265. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.11.2258
In order to study the effect of maize after natural pollution by gibberellin (ZEN) and 60Co-γ irradiation on the reproductive performance of Australian white rams and Hu sheep ewes in timing artificial insemination of sheep. In this experiment, maize samples containing ZEN were selected and irradiated with 60Co-γ at doses of 0, 3, 5, 8 and 10 kGy, respectively, and the changes of main nutrients in maize after irradiation were determined. Then, unpolluted maize (control group Ⅰ), contaminated maize irradiated by 10 kGy 60Co-γ (test group Ⅱ) and contaminated corn (test group Ⅲ) were fed to sheep with regular artificial insemination. The semen quality of Australian white rams was tested, and the reproductive performance index of lake sheep ewes was measured. The results showed that maize without 60Co-γ irradiation contained 2 153 μg·kg-1 ZEN, and the degradation rate of ZEN in maize was 83.7% at 10 kGy 60Co-γ irradiation dose.When the irradiation dose of 60Co-γ was lower than 10 kGy, the surface structure of maize starch did not change, and the main nutrients did not change significantly. The semen volume, sperm motility and sperm density in group Ⅱ were significantly higher than those in group Ⅲ (P<0.05). On the 30th day, the sperm abnormality rate of Australian white rams in Group Ⅲ was significantly higher than that in Group Ⅱ and Group Ⅰ (P<0.05). In conclusion, corn with ZEN content less than 2 153 μg·kg-1 after 10 kGy 60Co-γ irradiation had no adverse effect on sheep timing artificial insemination. This study provides a theoretical basis for the effect of changes in zearalenone and quality in maize on sheep timing artificial insemination under 60Co-γ irradiation.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(11): 2266-2274. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.11.2266
In order to clarify effect of foliar application of sodium selenite on the selenium (Se) uptake and translocation characteristics and seed Se speciation in black beans, a plot experiment with five treatments (0, 6, 12, 18 and 24 mg·m-2 Se in sodium selenite) was conducted by a one-time foliar spray of sodium selenite in black beans at the poding stages to analyze and compare the differences in yield, Se content of organs, conversion rate of organic Se in seeds, and quality traits in black soybean treated with different concentrations of sodium selenium. The results showed that the total Se content of all organs in black beans was enhanced by foliage spraying at each level. The total Se content of all organs reached the maxium after treated with Se at 24 mg·m-2, and the selenium content in roots, stems, pods and seeds was increased by 8.74, 8.37, 9.85 and 65.21 times, respectively, compared with the control. The total Se concentrations in different black bean tissues after Se treatment showed the characteristics of seed> root≈ pod> stem. Se in black bean seeds mainly is present as organic Se, and the conversion rate of organic Se was decreased with the increase of sodium selenite concentration. The organic Se concentrations were 0.071 4, 1.101 8, 1.510 6, 1.811 1 and 2.093 5 mg·kg-1, and the organic Se conversion rates were 94.52%, 84.81%, 70.30%, 60.11% and 52.43%, respectively, at the spraying treatment of 0, 6, 12, 18 and 24 mg·m-2. Spraying sodium selenite in leaves significantly enhanced protein synthesis, but had little effect on fat content in black beans. Compared with control, protein content and Se concentration in isolated protein increased by 2.4 percentage points and 117.35 times, and the Se concentration in isolated protein accounted for 90.29% and 47.39% of organic Se and total Se, respectively. Foliage spraying with appropriate concentration of sodium selenite could promote the yield of black bean, but the effect was weakened if the concentration was too high. In conclusion, foliar application of sodium selenite can increase the total Se content of various organs in black bean, but the conversion rate of organic Se in black bean seed decreased with the increase of spraying concentration. The organic Se in black bean seeds mainly exists in the form of protein. This study provides a scientific basis for the production of Se-rich black beans through strengthening technology of exogenous selenium fortification.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(11): 2275-2285. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.11.2275
Polysaccharide from Agrocybecylindracea spent mushroom substrate (SMS) was used to prepare polysaccharide-nano-selenium (PNS) by adding ascorbic acid (Vc) as a reducing agent. Meanwhile, the effect of PNS on rice seed germination and the influence of foliar spraying of PNS on rice seedlings were investigated. The results showed that the minimum particle size of PNS with good stability could be obtained at a polysaccharide content of 10%, a ratio of Vc to sodium selenite of 4∶1, reaction time of 4 h, and reaction temperature of 50℃. In vitro, it was shown that PNS had a favorable capacity for antioxidation. Prepared PNS showed significant promotion effect on rice growth, especially on rice root. Further studies showed that both treatments, including foliar spraying and root watering, could enhanced morphological features and increase the content of macromolecules. When the concentration of PNS sprayed on the leaves of rice seedlings was 20 mg·L-1, the content of soluble protein in root and leaf increased by 72.67% and 27.80%, respectively, the content of soluble sugar in leaf also increased by 180.87%, and the contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoid increased by 67%, 58% and 21%, respectively. Additionally, the promoting effect of foliar spraying was significantly higher than that of root watering. This study provided a theoretical and practical reference for the use of exogenous substances to promote crop growth.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(11): 2286-2294. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.11.2286
A field experiment was conducted from 2018 to 2020 to study effects of biochar and straw under chemical fertilizer N, P, K reduction to carbon fixation and soil fertility in lime concretion black soil. Five treatments were set up including conventional application of chemical fertilizer (F), chemical fertilizer plus biochar (F+B), 20% reduction of chemical fertilizer plus biochar (80%F+B), chemical fertilizer plus straw returning (F+S), and 20% reduction of chemical fertilizer plus straw returning (80%F+S). The contents of soil total organic carbon and active organic carbon, carbon pool management index and nutrients were determined in rice planting season. The results showed that the contents of soil total organic carbon significantly increased by 19.6% in F+B treatment compared to F treatment. The application of organic materials under chemical fertilizer reduction significantly increased the contents of dissolved organic carbon, particulate organic carbon and labile organic carbon by 21.6% ~ 28.6%, 46.2% ~ 61.1% and 16.2% ~ 36.3%, respectively, of which the contents and proportion of labile organic carbon and particulate organic carbon and carbon pool management index were the highest in 80%F+S treatment. The maximum available phosphorus and available potassium were observed in F+B treatment, with 11.1% and 30.8% higher than that in F treatment, respectively, whereas the contents of available phosphorus in other treatments decreased by 6.5% ~ 15.7%. Principal component analysis showed that, active organic carbon and carbon pool management index had higher loading in 80%F+S treatment, and the scores of available phosphorus, pH and available potassium were higher in F+B treatment. Straw returning under chemical fertilizer reduction was beneficial to improve the contents and proportion of active organic carbon and carbon pool management index in lime concretion black soil, and the combined application of biochar under conventional fertilization promoted the accumulation of soil total organic carbon and the availability of phosphorus and potassium. The results provided technical support for the application reduction and efficiency improvement of chemical fertilizer and the resource utilization of agricultural waste in the rice-wheat rotation area in the Huai River Plain.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(11): 2295-2306. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.11.2295
In order to determine the effect of night warming on wheat yield formation, wheat cultivars Sumai 188 and Annong 0711 were used as experimental materials in the two wheat growing seasons, 2019—2020 and 2020—2021, and passive night warming method was adopted. Three stages of wheat early growth stage (tillering stage to jointing stage, jointing stage to booting stage, booting stage to flowering stage) were subjected to nighttime warming treatment, with no warming as control. The effects of different night warming treatments on dry matter accumulation, transport, distribution and yield of wheat were studied. The results showed that night warming treatments from the tillering stage to jointing stage and the jointing stage to booting stage increased the flag leaf area at booting stage and anthesis stage of wheat, and night warming from tillering stage to jointing stage and control showed significant differences. Night warming from the booting stage to anthesis stage was associated with a smaller flag leaf area than that of the control. At the jointing stage and booting stage, night warming from the tillering stage to jointing stage and the jointing stage to booting stage increased the plant height of wheat relative to the control, but there was no significant difference between each night warming treatment and the control at the anthesis stage. Night warming from the tillering stage to jointing stage and the jointing stage to booting stage increased dry matter accumulation and yield of wheat. Compared with the control, the yields of Sumai 188 and Annong 0711 increased by an average of 5.63% and 6.77% in two years under the night warming treatment from the tillering to jointing stage. In the present study, night warming from the tillering stage to jointing stage significantly increased the leaf area and plant height. So that it could obtain more light energy for photosynthesis and ultimately increased the dry matter accumulation and yield of wheat. This study provides a scientific basis for formulating agricultural strategies to adapt to future climate change.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(11): 2307-2315. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.11.2307
To explore the relationship between the major metabolic components and the compression wood formation of Cunninghamia lanceolata, three-year-old erect seedlings of C. lanceolata were selected as materials for the research, observe its growth characteristics after being placed at an inclination of 45° to the vertical for 30, 60 and 90 days, and determine the lignocellulose content, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS)was used to identify and analyze the metabolic components of the xylem. Tracheid anatomy revealed that the cell walls of the compression wood were deformed. Chemical composition analysis showed that the content of total lignin and hemicellulose increased, and the content of cellulose decreased. The GC-MS results identified 20 components in compression wood(CW), opposite wood(OW)and control/straight wood(CK). These include seven organic acids, three monosaccharides, two disaccharides, three types of alcohol, two types of amino acids, one phenol and one glycoside. Principal component analysis and significance test identified 11 common metabolites between different treatments and time intervals. Among them, the content of glycolic acid, glycine, ribonic acid and palmitic acid in CW was significantly lower than that in OW and CK. In addition, galactose and sucrose content in CW was much higher than that in OW and CK. The experimental results give a new insight to reveal compression wood formation of C. lanceolata at a metabolic level. Understanding the molecular mechanism in compression wood formation benefits the directed breeding of high-quality wood species. This study provides theoretical basis for functional improvement of wood.
