10 July 2022, Volume 36 Issue 7
    

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    Induced Mutations for Plant Breeding·Agricultural Biotechnology
  • SONG Ying, ZHANG Mi, ZHANG Changwei, LI Ying, HOU Xilin, WANG Jianjun, LIU Zhaokun, LIU Tongkun
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(7): 1285-1292. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.07.1285
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    Huangxinwu is one of the main varieties cultivated in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, especially in Anhui province. To obtain high-quality new materials, this study used 0.2% (W/V) colchicine solution was used to treat the cotyledon growth points of diploid Huangxinwu seedlings, autotetraploid Huangxinwu plants was screened by morphological and cytological methods, and the agronomic characters and quality was analyzed. Morphological studys showed that tetraploid plants were giant in plant type, leaf, flower, and seed pod. The stomata in tetraploid leaves became were larger and the stomata density was decreased. Leawes of tetraploid had larger stomata and lower stomatal density. Cytological analysis showed that tetraploid plants had twice as many chromosomes as diploid plants. In terms of nutritional quality, the contents of cellulose and organic acid in tetraploid were significantly increased, the contents of chlorophyll and nitrate nitrogen were significantly decreased, while the contents of soluble sugar and soluble protein were not significantly changed. In addition, combined with the light response curve analysis results, the tetraploid is more adaptable to light intensity under strong light. The resistance of tetraploid to Botrytis cinerea was better than that of diploid. In this study, a new autotetraploid Chinese cabbage Huangxinwu with high yield and disease resistance was obtained, which provided a new germplasm resource for Chinese cabbage breeding.

  • GUO Jinju, SHI Liangliang, WANG Rufang, CAO Haishun, TAN Delong, ZHAO Junhong, ZHANG Changyuan
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(7): 1293-1299. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.07.1293
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    For revealing the regulatory molecular mechanism of bitter gourd fruit ripening, the flesh tissue of inbred line E12201-e1 at different maturity stages was used to construct yeast two-hybrid cDNA library by All-Direct method. The library capacity was 1.25×107 CFU (Colony-Forming Units), recombination rate was 100%, and the average length of inserted fragment was longer than 1 200 bp. The library has high quality and it was conformed to the standard of library construction. The bait vector pGBKT7-McRPF was constructed and it has no self-activation activity. Twenty-nine initial positive clones were screened from the library using the co-transformation method. After sequencing and BLAST comparison analysis, 12 proteins that could interact with McRPF were finally identified. This work provides an important basis for studying the regulation mechanism of McRPF on the fruit ripening of bitter gourd.

  • YE Shuifeng, GAO Ningning, CHEN Meiyao, ZENG Haiyun, MA Guohua
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(7): 1300-1307. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.07.1300
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    Great reduction the consumption of pesticides, chemical fertilizers, water, and high grain yield, superior quality, are the breeding objects of the Green Super Rice. In order to breed resource-conserving and environment-friendly rice varieties with “less pesticide, and water saving and drought resistance”, T1C-19 and T2A-1 rice lines were used as cry1C* and cry2A gene donors to cross with Hanhui No.3, a water-saving and drought resistant rice restorer line. The target genes were screened by molecular marker assisted selection (MAS) technology, and finally stable lines containing both cry1C* and cry2A gene were obtained. Through PCR detection of cry1C* and cry2A genes, qualitative and quantitative detection of Cry1C* and Cry2A proteins, combined with the investigation of agronomic traits in the field under normal management and the identification of insect resistance in field management without control of stem borers, a new bivalent insect-resistant, water-saving and drought-resistant rice restorer line named Hanhui 3CA was screened out. The results showed that compared with the control plant of Hanhui No3, Hanhui 3CA had no significant difference in agronomic traits, but with high resistance to rice leaf roller. The results of this study laid a material foundation for the cultivation of new insect resistance rice varieties with water saving and drought resistance.

  • XIAO Liang, BAO Ruxue, CAO Sheng, LU Liuying, SHANG Xiaohong, ZENG Wendan, NIE Xuanhong, YAN Huabing
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(7): 1308-1317. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.07.1308
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    The subtilase (SBT) gene family is an important gene family that controls plant growth and development and responds to environmental stress. In order to understand furtherly the number, basic characteristics, evolutionary relationship of SBT gene family in cassava, the SBT gene family was identified by bioinformatics, and the function of one member of the SBT gene family was characterized. The results showed that a total of 69 SBT members were identified in cassava genome, of which Manes.18G044300 was named MeSDD1 because it is most closely related to Arabidopsis. thaliana SDD1. Of all the SBT members, twenty-two SBT members had no introns, and 69 SBT members carried five highly conserved domains. Some SBT members were tandemly located on chromosomes, and drought response elements were found in their promoters. Two homozygous lines with high expression were screened out by fluorescence quantitative PCR for the subsequent experiments. The results indicated that the relative water contents in leaves of the two transgenic line were significantly higher than that of the wild type (WT), detached leaves of the transgenic lines lost water more solwly than that of WT, and the stomatal density of transgenic lines was significantly lower than that of WT. After water-deficit treatment for 14 d, the wilting degree of transgenic lines was less than that of WT. All the results indicated that MeSDD1 could enhance the drought resistance of A. thaliana. This study will provide gene resources for drought resistance breeding of cassava, and lay a theoretical foundation for the subsequently studying on the molecular mechanism of MeSDD1-mediated drought resistance.

  • XIE Ruiying, ZENG Lugui, JIANG Chaoying, NIE Qiong
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(7): 1318-1328. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.07.1318
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    In order to explore whether NtMYB4a interacts with other proteins to jointly affect the synthesis of tobacco secondary metabolites and response to abiotic stress, in the study, yeast two-hybrid bait vector of NtMYB4a gene was constructed and screened the candidate proteins interacting with NtMYB4a were screened from tobacco cDNA library then their co-expression under low temperature stress were verfied preliminarily by real-time quantitative PCR to preliminatively verify their co-expression under low temperature stress. The results showed 39 proteins interacted with NtMYB4a were initially screened from the cDNA library, after backcross verification to exclude false positives, 6 protein interacted with NtMYB4a were obtained, namely Ralf-like 22 protein, A20/AN1 zinc-finger domain protein, vacuolar sorting protein, aspartic protease, B2 protein and stress enhanced protein. Under low temperature stress, the expression of the six interacting proteins were similar to those of NtMYB4a, which showed an increase-decrease-increase trend. Correlation analysis showed that the expressions of vacuolar sorting protein, B2 protein, Ralf-like 22 protein and stress enhanced protein were positively correlated with those of NtMYB4a, while A20/AN1 zinc-finger domain protein and aspartic protease were weakly negatively correlated with those of NtMYB4a. It is speculated that NtMYB4a may interact with these proteins to participate in the regulation of tobacco responding to low temperature stress. The results provide a basis for further exploring the molecular regulation mechanism of NtMYB4a in response to abiotic stress.

  • FU Lin, LIU Li, YANG Heng, WANG Gaofu, REN Hangxing, ZHOU Peng, DONG Xianwen, ZHANG Li
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(7): 1329-1338. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.07.1329
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    LncRNA was widely transcribed in the mammalian genome and promoted the invasion and metastasis of melanoma through its corresponding miRNA and target genes. To further explore the expression characteristics and melanogenesis function of LncRNA XLOC_015132, the expression profiles of lncRNA XLOC_015132 in different tissues of Youzhou dark goat and Youzhou blank white goat were detected using qRT-PCR. Meanwhile, the expression characteristics of lucRNA XLOC_015132 were detected in B16 cells at different developmental stages. And the target genes were also predicted using miRBase, TargetScan7.2, and miRWalk, and finally the lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA regulatory network was constructed in Capra hircus. The results demonstrated that XLOC_015132 was widely expressed in different tissues of the goat, especially with significantly expression in the spleen, lung, kidney, brain and skin in Youzhou black goat than that of Youzhou local white goats (P<0.05). The qRT-PCR results of LncRNA XLOC_015132 in B16-F10 melanoma cells showed that the expression pattern of the lncRNA was increased during the B16 cell proliferation. The bioinformatics analysis of LncRNA XLOC_015132 and interacting molecules showed that LncRNA XLOC_015132/miR-150-5p/CCND2 axis may play an important regulatory role in the melanogenesis by activating PI3K-AKT and Wnt signaling pathways. Based on the results of this study, the expression of LncRNA XLOC_015132 may be positively correlated with melanin deposition.

  • DONG Yiling, XIAO Xuteng, ZHANG Min, SHEN Leyi, CHEN Tianchi, JIA Yonghong, WU Yueyan
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(7): 1339-1349. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.07.1339
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    9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED) is a key gene in the ABA (abscisic acid) synthesis pathway that regulates fruit growth and development, but how these genes function in regulation of the fruit ripening is yet unclear. In this study, Yinhong grape was used as materials. Girdling was carried out at 50 days after flowering, and no-girdling was used as the control to analyze the changes in fruit maturity, endogenous ABA content and the expressions of 6 genes of the VvNCED family. The pCambia1302 overexpression plant vector was constructed by cloning the target fragments of the coding regions of the six genes. The inflorescence was soaked with Agrobacterium infection at the bud stage, the changes of ABA content and gene expression in the pulp after Agrobacterium infection were analyzed with the empty load and wild type as controls. The results showed that the Yinhong grape berries had higher ABA content and matured about 13 days earlier in girdling veins than no-girdling grapes. Real-time quantitative PCR analysis also showed that the expression of VvNCED1, VvNCED3, VvNCED4 and VvNCED7 in the grape pulp after 7 days of girdling were significantly enhanced, which was related to the change of endogenous ABA in grape pulp. The gene expression and ABA content of VvNCED1, VvNCED3, VvNCED4 and VvNCED7 in the positive transgenic pulp after Agrobacterium-infected panicle were significantly higher than those of the wild type. These results indicated that the expression of VvNCED1, VvNCED3, VvNCED4 and VvNCED7 have roles in regulating the fruit ripening of grapes, which could provide a theoretical basis for researching on the molecular regulation on fruit ripening of grapes.

  • FENG Junyan, LANG Tao, ZHANG Cong, LI Ming, QING Lifang, QU Huijuan, PU Zhigang, KANG Le
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(7): 1350-1361. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.07.1350
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    There are few reports on the development and application of SNP markers in sweetpotato. In this study, we developed SNP molecular markers of HRM (high resolution melt) using sweetpotato reduced-representation sequencing data, and verified in sweetpotato germplasm. By analyzing sequence of 23 sweetpotato germplasm, a total of 835 756 SNP loci were found, 3 650 high-quality reads containing SNP polymorphic loci were selected, and 134 of primers were successfully developed. The results showed that 22 pairs of primers(16.42%) had no amplicons, and 15 primers(11.19%) had more than two amplified bands. The amplification products of 36 pairs of primers had no significant differences. 61 pairs of primers(45.52%) had specific amplification products, and differed among germplasm. Finally, 34 pairs of primers with rich amplification polymorphism were selected to amplify 52 sweetpotato germplasm. The results indicated that the polymorphism of molecular markers among germplasm ranged from 27.27% to 90.91%, and the average polymorphism was 59.35%. Cluster analysis showed that there were little differences among 52 sweetpotato accessions. Most bred varieties were close to the backbone parents Nancy Hall and Xushu 18. In contrast, there were great differences between the exotic sweetpotato germplasm and landraces. This study preliminarily established a new idea of developing sweetpotato SNP molecules markers based on reduced-representation sequencing technology and HRM technology, which provided a reference for the development of sweetpotato SNP molecular markers in the future. Furthermore, the molecular markers developed in this study enriched the types of molecular markers and provided support for sweetpotato rapid and efficient molecular marker study for sweet potato in the future.

  • Original article
  • FENG Yangyang, LI Hangyu, ZHANG Linzi, LIU Qianqian, WU Daiyan, LIANG Haichuan, FENG Haibo
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(7): 1362-1370. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.07.1362
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    In order to study the therapeutic effect of gymnadenia conopsea polysaccharide on the hematopoietic and antioxidant function of mice injured by ionizing radiation, 48 healthy female Kunming mice were selected and randomly divided into 8 groups, i. e., the blank group, the irradiation group, the gymnadenia conopsea polysaccharide administration group with the low, medium and high doses (150, 300, 600 mg·kg-1) and the gymnadenia conopsea irradiation administration group with the low, medium and high doses. The blank group and the administration group were not irradiated. The irradiation group and the irradiation administration group were irradiated with 60Co-γ rays at a radiation dose of 5.0 Gy (dose rate 0.8 Gy·min-1). The gymnadenia conopsea polysaccharide and physiological saline (blank group and irradiated group) were given intragastrically within 30 min after irradiation for 5 consecutive days. Within 48 hours after the last gavage, the peripheral blood, organ index, liver superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, bone marrow DNA content, dismutase (SOD) activity, bone marrow polychromatic erythrocyte micronucleus (MN) number and splenic T lymphocyte subsets of all mice were measured within 48 hours after the last intragastric administration. Compared with the blank group, the anti-oxidation ability and hematopoietic system of the administration group were improved to varied degrees. The peripheral blood cell count, spleen index, bone marrow DNA content, liver antioxidant capacity and T lymphocyte subsets of the irradiated group were significantly reduced, while the MDA content and the MN number, the spleen index, T-AOC and SOD activity in the irradiation administration group were significantly increased; DNA content, and peripheral blood cell count also increased. The CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ T lymph cell ratio increased while the MDA content and the number of MN decreased significantly (P<0.05). The experimental results show that the gymnadenia conopsea polysaccharide has a therapeutic effect on the damage to the hematopoietic and anti-oxidant functions of mice caused by 60Co-γ ray irradiation. This study provides a technical reference for the treatment of radiation damage caused using palmar ginseng polysaccharides.

  • Food Irradiation·Food Science
  • CHENG Fengyun, TIAN Jun, YUAN Lei, NIU Huihui, WANG Fuhai, ZHOU Linyan
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(7): 1371-1380. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.07.1371
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    In order to explore effect of different sterilization methods on the microorganism and color changes of the cloudy pomegranate juice during refrigeration at 4℃, high pressure processing technology (HPP, 450 MPa/1 min, 450 MPa/5 min, 550 MPa/1 min, 550 MPa/5 min), pasteurization technology (PT, 85℃/30 s), and high temperature short time sterilization technology (HTST, 110℃/8.6 s) were used in this study. The kinetics characteristics of ascorbic acid and color parameters changes were studied. HPP and HTST showed good inactivation effect on microorganism in cloudy pomegranate juice during cold storage, and the microorganism was within the standard range. The content of DHAA could be better preserved using HPP treatment, while the DHAA content in PT and HTST treatments were 21% and 35%, which were lower than that of untreated cloudy pomegranate juice, respectively (day 0). The changes of DHAA during cold storage showed a downward trend, and could be fitted by first-order kinetic model. The degradation rate constant k values of DHAA in HPP-treated samples were higher than those of PT and HTST samples. Compared with thermal treatments (PT and HTST), in the early stage of cold storage, HPP treatment can maintain higher L*, a*, b* values and lower ΔE values of cloudy pomegranate juice, and maintain better color quality. The L*, a* and ΔE values were fitted by the first-order fractional transformation kinetic model, and the reaction rate k values of HPP samples during cold storage were all also higher than those of thermal treatment samples. The color quality of the HHP-treated samples gradually deteriorated with the prolongation of the cold storage time. In conclusion, HPP treatment could ensure the microbial safety of cloudy pomegranate juice during cold storage, which could also maintain its color quality. This study provides a theoretical basis for the selection of sterilization methods in the industrial production of cloudy pomegranate juice.

  • LIU Xinyu, ZHANG Haisheng, XU Mingxin, XIN Xiangyu, MU Mingyue, LIANG Xinyu
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(7): 1381-1390. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.07.1381
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    Hippophae rhamnoides L. leaves are rich in flavonoids and other active components. In order to improve the extraction rate and utilization rate, four methods using conventional solvent extraction, ultrasound-assisted, microwave-assisted and ultrasonic-microwave-assisted extraction were used to extract flavonoids from Hippophae rhamnoides L. leaves. The yield of flavonoids from Hippophae rhamnoides L. leaves was determined and the microstructure of Hippophae rhamnoides L. leaves was observed. The extraction method was optimized by a response surface design, and its composition and antioxidant activity in vitro were determined. The results showed that ultrasonic-microwave assisted extraction was the most suitable method for extracting flavonoids from Hippophae rhamnoides L. leaves, the yield of flavonoids was 42.54% higher than that of conventional solvent extraction (P<0.05), and the cell damage of Hippophae rhamnoides L. leaves was the most serious. The optimum conditions for ultrasonic and microwave synergistic extraction of flavonoids from Hippophae rhamnoides L. leaves were as follows: 61% ethanol, extraction time 18 min, microwave power 446 W, and the yield of flavonoids was 42.09 mg·g-1. Six kinds of flavonoids were identified in the flavonoid extract of Hippophae rhamnoides L. leaves, which were catechin, eugenol, kaempferol, quercetin, isorhamnetin and myricetin. The content of catechin was the highest (1.474 8 mg·g-1), the other five were between 0.1 and 0.3 mg·g-1, and kaempferol showed the least value, which was 0.125 2 mg·g-1. The flavonoid extract from Hippophae rhamnoides L. leaves had strong reducing power and high scavenging rates of DPPH, ABTS and hydroxyl radicals, indicating that the antioxidant activity was high. This study provided a scientific basis for the industrial production of flavonoids from Hippophae rhamnoides L. leaves.

  • HU Xuejia, DAI Zhiyuan, ZHANG Xiaodi, DONG Ye, JIN Renyao
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(7): 1391-1401. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.07.1391
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    In order to utilize thelepidotrigla kishinouyi to obtain ACE inhibitory peptide effectively, the Lepidotrigla kishinouyi was used as the material to extract the myofibrillar protein, and then the antihypertensive peptide was prepared by enzymatic hydrolysis. Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity and degree of hydrolysis (DH) of the enzymatic hydrolysates were selected as indexes, and the parameters of enzymatic hydrolysis of lepidotrigla kishinouyi surimi protein were optimized by a response surface analysis (RSM, Response Surface Method). The molecular weight and antioxidant activity of the enzymatic hydrolysates prepared were determined under the optimal conditions. Alkaline protease was the best enzyme for preparing antihypertensive peptide, and the optimal enzymatic hydrolysis conditions for the preparation of antihypertensive peptide by response surface method were obtained as follows: enzyme-substrate ratio of 0.4%, hydrolysis temperature of 54℃, pH 8.6 and enzymatic hydrolysis time of 2 h. Under this condition, the theoretical value of ACE inhibitory rate was 88%, while the actual value was 89.3%. The relative molecular weight of the enzymatic hydrolysates less than 2 000 Da was concentrated by HPLC analysis. 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH·) scavenging rate·OH scavenging rate and reducing power of the enzymatic hydrolysates were determined to assess their antioxidant activity in vitro. The results showed that the enzymatic hydrolysates had strong antioxidant activity. This study provided techinique support for the utilization of the lepidotrigla kishinouyi.

  • WENG Ziyu, LI Shuang, CHEN Juanjuan
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(7): 1402-1412. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.07.1402
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    To understand the metabolic transformation of carotenoids between the dietary microalgae and the growth and development of shellfish, different larval stages of Mytilus coruscus were investigated by feeding with microalgae. High performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) was utilized for carotenoids profiling among trochophore, D-shaped larvae, shell stage, eye point phase and juvenile of M. coruscus. The contents of total carotenoids were 1 290.7±111.3 mg·kg-1 and 1 326.4±117.1 mg·kg-1 in Chaetoceros mulleri and Dicrateria inornate, respectively, which were higher than other microalgae. After feeding by the mixture of C. mulleri and D. inornate, five kinds of carotenoids were detected, including α-carotene, β-carotene, fucoxanthinol, fucoxanthin, and mytiloxanthin, a new synthetic carotenoid in larval stage. The high content of fucoxanthin in M. coruscus was consistent with that in the microalgae. There was no carotenoid found in trochophore, while mytiloxanthin was initial observed since the shell stage of juvenile. A positive correlation was found between the contents of carotenoids and growth stage. The increments of fucoxanthinol, fucoxanthin, α-carotene and β-carotene were fast in D-shaped larvae, increased by about 20.3, 20.3, 8.0 and 1.5 folds when compared to those of shell stage and the contents of carotenoids reached the maximum in juvenile. Besides, the expressions of related genes (ABCA1, βCMOOX, and SR-BI) were upregulated at different larval stages, especially βCMOOX gene, which participated in the biosynthesis of carotenoids. The levels of βCMOOX increased rapidly from D-shaped larva to shell stage about 38.2~43.3 folds, which suggested that βCMOOX might be involved in the synthesis of mytiloxanthin during the shell stage. The results provided data support for elucidation of the metabolism pathway of carotenoids in shellfish.

  • LI Qiao, MA Jibing, YU Qunli, HAN Ling
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(7): 1413-1424. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.07.1413
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    In order to study the effect of NO-AMPK pathway on beef protein properties and meat qualities during postmortem, gluteal quadriceps were treated with nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor L-NAME, adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) inhibitor Compound C, and saline treatment was used as the control. The meat samples were mixed with the treatment solution at 4℃ with a ratio of 1:1 (g:mL) and soaked for 12 h. Protein functional properties, water retention, tenderness, muscle tissue structure and other related indicators were determined at 0 h, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, 120 h. The results showed that the NO content in the L-NAME group was significantly lower than that in the control group at 6~72 h (P<0.05). The AMPK activity in the L-NAME group and Compound C group was 14.78% and 26.75% lower than that in the control group at 6 h, respectively. Total protein solubility in L-NAME group was lower than that in Compound C group and higher than that in control group at 6 and 24 h (P<0.05), the surface hydrophobicity was significantly lower than that in control group at 12 and 48 h (P<0.05) and higher than that in Compound C group; The shear force in L-NAME group was significantly higher than that in control group and lower than that in Compound C group only at 48 h (P<0.05). The cooking loss was the highest in the control group and the lowest in the Compound C group. The above results indicated that NO could improve beef tenderness through the AMPK pathway during post-mortem beef maturation, but it had an adverse effect on the water retention. The results of this study can provide a theoretical reference for the post-mortem energy metabolism and meat quality control of beef.

  • ZHANG Tao, ZHANG Ying, TANG Xinglong, LI Hong, LI Ping, YANG Qinghui, DAI Zhiguo, ZHANG Xianfeng
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(7): 1425-1433. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.07.1425
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    To further explore the mechanical damaged identification technology of corn kernels, which is automatic, accurate and rapid, gray scale method, hue threshold method, multi-scale retinex with color restoration and sobel based convolution method were used to segment corn kernels, to access the comparative segmentation quality. The binary image features of corn kernels were extracted to establish the discriminant analysis and progressive elimination recognition model of corn kernels mechanical damaged. The two models were verified by using the construction and validation set of samples. The results showed that the binary image quality of sobel based convolution method was optimal, with the mean square error, peak signal-to-noise ratio, entropy, and average gradient of 1.813 5, 45.545 5 dB, 2.838 7 bit/pixel and 7.358 4, respectively. The confidence interval method was used to obtain the optimal threshold of morphological characteristics of normal and mechanical damaged samples. The contribution degrees of each morphological index to the mechanical damage showed in the order of area, perimeter, shortest Fetrey diameter and longest Fetrey diameter, and their weight coefficients were 0.299 5, 0.283 2, 0.241 7 and 0.175 5, respectively. The multivariate linear mechanical damage discrimination model of corn kernels was obtained, and its correlation was 0.805. The average accuracy of the discriminant analysis model and the progressive elimination recognition model were 93.00% and 85.67%. Accuracy of the construction set and the verification set were 2.00% and 3.33%, respectively. This study can provide a technique basis for the visual inspection of corn grain quality.

  • Isotope Tracer Technique·Ecology and Environment·Physiology
  • ZHENG Mengjing, ZHAI Lichao, SHEN Haiping, YAO Haipo, JIA Xiuling
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(7): 1434-1445. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.07.1434
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    Due to the restriction of light and heat resources in Hebei province, grain moisture of summer maize is generally high during harvest, which becomes an important factor hindering the popularization and application of mechanical grain harvesting technology. Delaying harvesting can reduce grain moisture, but stem lodging will further increase the difficulty of mechanical grain harvest. Based on this, three cultivars suitable for mechanical grain harvesting were selected as materials in 2019, namely Dika 517 (DK517), Jingnongke 728 (JNK728) and Yudan 9953 (YD9953), with Zhengdan 958 (ZD958) as the control. In 2020, three new cultivars, Zhangdan 258 (ZD258), Zhangli 178 (ZL178) and Zhengyuanyu 432 (ZYY432), were added, and three planting densities were set, which were 6×104 (D1), 7.5×104 (D2) and 9×104 (D3) plants ·hm-2, respectively. The aim of this study was to study the effects of varieties and planting density on lodging rate, stem morphological characteristics, anatomical characteristics, mechanical characteristics and yield during physiological maturity. The results showed that: Except for ZD958, the grain moisture of all the varieties selected in the experiment decreased to less than 25% at 67 d after silking, meeting the requirements of mechanical grain harvesting in GB/T 21962-2008 standard. The total lodging rates of YD9953, ZL178 and ZYY432 were significantly lower than those of other cultivars, and the total lodging rates under D1 and D2 densities were all lower than 5%, which met the requirements of mechanical grain harvesting for lodging rates. And, the grain moisture content of YD9953 and ZL178 decreased by 35.1% and 42.0% at 67 days after silking compared with that at 25 days after silking. The responses of plant height and panicle height to density varied with cultivars. The dry weight per unit volume and breaking strength of the basal third internode decreased with the increase of planting density. Under D3, the dry weight per unit volume of ZL178 decreased the least (7.9%) compared with that at D1. However, the crushing strength of YD9953, ZL178 and ZYY432 under D2 increased by 28.7%, 21.5% and 28.4% compared with the average of all treatments, respectively. The degree of lignification of ZL178, JNK728 and YD9953 were higher than those of other cultivars. Correlation analysis showed that lodging rate and cellulose content of basal third internode was significantly correlated with stem breaking strength (R2=0.70, 0.51), which could be used as key indexes to evaluate lodging resistance of maize. The yield of ZL178 and YD9953 at D2 density was not significant with that of ZD958 and higher than that of other treatments. Considering the characteristics of dehydration, yield and lodging resistance, ZL178 and YD9953 could achieve both high yield and lodging resistance at the density of 7.5×104 plants·hm-2. The results could provide a theoretical reference for promoting mechanical grain harvesting in the solar and thermal resource limited area of summer maize in Hebei province.

  • LI Chunmei, MA Yunzhen, XU Wenxiu, WANG Fang, LI Pengcheng, LI Ling, FANG Yanfei, ZHANG Na
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(7): 1446-1455. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.07.1446
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    To investigate the effects of different nitrogen application rates on cotton yield, soil nutrient content and nutrient use efficiency in cotton field, a field experiment was conducted in Alaer for three consecutive years from 2018 to 2020. Six purity nitrogen treatments of 0 (N0), 90 (N1), 180 (N2), 270 (N3), 360 (N4), 450 (N5) kg·hm-2 were applied to study the effects of fixed-point and quantitative nitrogen fertilization on soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available nutrients, dry matter weight and nitrogen content of cotton, cotton yield and nitrogen use efficiency. Results showed that, soil organic matter, total nitrogen and available nutrients of each treatment decreased as the soil layer deepened. With the increase of nitrogen application rate, there was no significant difference in soil organic matter content within 0~60 cm soil layer in cotton field at harvest period. The total nitrogen and alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen contents in the treatments N0, N1 and N2 were lower than those in the treatments N3, N4 and N5, while the variation of available phosphorus content just appeared oppositely. The content of available K was the lowest in the treatment N3 among different years. By 2020, the average content of available K in 0~60 cm soil layer of the treatment N3 ranging 23.49%~51.13% was lower than that of other treatments.The dry matter weight and nitrogen content per plant of cotton were mainly composed of boll parts. Cotton bolls accounted for the highest percentage of dry matter weight and nitrogen content per plant of cotton, which were 59.04%~62.91% and 56.48%~65.16% in different treatments, respectively. Dry matter weight per plant, nitrogen content per plant, lint yield and nitrogen apparent utilization rate of each treatment increased firstly and then decreased with the increase of nitrogen application rate, and their maximum values appeared at the treatment N3. The average dry matter weight per plant and the nitrogen content per plant in the treatment N3 were 117.25 g and 1.96 g during the study period, respectively. The lint yield of the treatment N3 was 2 419.39 kg·hm-2, which were 29.75%, 14.32%, 8.18%, 8.54% and 10.21% higher than those of other treatments, respectively. The apparent nitrogen use efficiency of the treatment N3 was also highest with 47.26%. Thus, considering the cotton yield and nitrogen use efficiency, it is recommended that the appropriate nitrogen application rate for planting cotton in Alaer region of southern Xinjiang should be 270 kg·hm-2. High cotton yield and less soil nutrient residue at harvest stage can be obtained at this application rate. The results of the study provide a theoretical basis for precise fertilization during cotton production.

  • XU Shaoying, PENG Shuang, LIN Xiangui, WANG Yiming, DAI Xun, CHU Yuege, HUANG Xuecai
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(7): 1456-1465. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.07.1456
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    In order to explore the effects of soil chemical property and microbial community on the fruit quality of Bingtang orange (Citrus sinensis), this study was conducted to analyze the chemical property, the diversity and structure of bacterial and fungal communities in the soil samples collected around the roots of high-quality (H) and normal-quality (N) orange trees. The above-mentioned two groups were under the same conditions the soil type, altitude, agricultural management, and tree age (over 10 years). Relationships among soil chemical property, soil trace element content, microbial community structure and orange quality were also discussed. Results showed that the total potassium content in the H group soil was significantly higher than that in N group soil, while the available manganese content was significantly lower than that in N group soil. In addition, the 0~20 cm soil layer of H group had significantly higher contents of organic matter, exchangeable calcium, and exchangeable magnesium than those in N group. The concentration of total nitrogen and total phosphorus in the 20~30 cm soil layer of H group was significantly higher than that in N group. Through high-throughput sequencing analysis, we found that there was no significant difference in the diversity and structure of microbial communities between the two groups. However, the relative abundance of some bacterial and fungal taxa had changed. Bacterial taxa such as Chloroflexi, Cyanobacteria and Ktedonobacteraceae and fungal taxa such as Nectriaceae, Cladosporiaceae and Stachybotryaceae were significantly enriched in the soil of H group. Through the PLS-PM comparative analysis of the effects of soil chemical property, trace elements and microbial communities on the quality of oranges, it was found that soil fungi and bacterial communities had little effect on orange quality. While soil chemical property (mainly total potassium, total nitrogen and organic matter content) and soil trace element (mainly exchangeable magnesium content) had greater influence on orange quality. Soil chemical property had a positive effect in general, but soil trace element had a negative effect on it. Results of this study provide scientific basis for appropriate fertilization in orange orchards.

  • LIU Hongfei, LIU Rui, ZHAO Minghui, ZHANG Yingquan, LI Qiang, MENG Xianghai, QIAO Wenchen, ZHANG Bo
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(7): 1466-1474. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.07.1466
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    The effects of irrigation on the physicochemical properties of wheat protein were not completely consistent, which might be related to the length of grain storage time during the detection of physicochemical properties of wheat proteins. The aim of this study was to clarify the effect of storage time on irrigation, and to further clarify the effect of irrigation on physicochemical properties of wheat proteins. In this experiment, H4399 wheat grains of three irrigation schemes were stored at room temperature for 120 d and sampled every 30 d. Wheat flour (with a yield of 66%~71%) was made by Buhler mill. The protein quantitative properties, quality properties and dough rheological properties of flour were detected. The results showed that irrigation, storage time and their interaction significantly affected the physicochemical properties of wheat protein. Paired T test showed that the content of crude protein and the wet gluten decreased by 6% and 14% with the increase of irrigation amount and frequency, respectively. The sedimentation index, stability time and maximum resistance rose by 15%, 33% and 95% with the increase of irrigation amount and frequency, respectively. Multiple comparisons showed that storage time affected the effect of irrigation on GMP content, storage modulus value, water absorption of dough and extensibility. Grain storage time affected the effect of irrigation on physicochemical properties of wheat proteins, and the effect of irrigation could be objectively reflected only when grains were stored for at least 90 days after harvesting. This study provided reference for further revealing the effect of irrigation on wheat quality.

  • GOU Jiulan, GU Xiaofeng, ZHANG Meng, WEI Quanquan, LIU Lingling
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(7): 1475-1484. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.07.1475
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    Guizhou is the second largest flue-cured tobacco planting province in China. In order to obtain higher economic benefits, continuous cropping is often used in tobacco areas. In this study, a field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different tobacco planting patterns on soil nutrients, enzyme activities and bacterial community structure. Four treatments were set as tobacco continuous cropping (T), cabbage - tobacco rotation (C-T), pea - tobacco rotation (P-T), and green manure - tobacco rotation (GM-T). Results showed that the tobacco rotation increased the soil organic matter (SOM), cation exchange capacity (CEC), total nitrogen (TN), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) and microbial biomass phosphorus (MBP) were increased by 0.77%~12.44%, 10.78%~38.51%, 11.76%~17.65%, 10.65%~20.67%, 36.58%~160.36% and 14.66%~36.21%, respectively, compared with T treatment. The ammonium nitrogen (AN), nitrate nitrogen (NN), available phosphorus (AP) and available potassium (AK) decreased by 1.01%~71.67%, 19.29%~24.32%, 23.09%~52.21% and 6.18%~10.09%, respectively. Compared with T treatment, tobacco rotation enhanced the activities of soil urease and sucrase by 12.38%~42.96% and 4.00%~22.67%, with the best effect of GM-T treatment. Meanwhile, tobacco rotation increased the number of bacterial OTUs and changed the relative abundance of bacterial communities, but had no effect on the bacterial community composition. In addition, tobacco rotation increased the number of beneficial bacteria in the soil, especially Bacillus spp. The results of redundancy analysis (RDA) resulted show that MBP was the main factor driving community variation, and positively correlated with Rhodanobacter and Chujaibacter. In conclusion, tobacco rotation can balance the soil nutrients and improve the soil microenvironment, and the GM-T treatment has the best effect. The results of this study provided theoretical reference for the tobacco cultivation and provide technical support for solving the problem of tobacco continuous cropping.

  • ZHANG Sihai, DENG Xianjun, ZHAO Chengsen, DING Fenghua, QIU Yonghua, JIN Aiwu
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(7): 1485-1495. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.07.1485
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    A field experiment was conducted to study the effects of adding different amounts of bamboo charcoal (No fertilizer, CK1; organic fertilizer 7 500 kg·hm-2, CK2; organic fertilizer 7 500 kg·hm-2+ bamboo charcoal powder 1 125 kg·hm-2, T1; organic fertilizer 7 500 kg·hm-2+ bamboo charcoal powder 2 250 kg·hm-2, T2; organic fertilizer 7 500 kg·hm-2+ bamboo charcoal powder 2 250 kg·hm-2, T3)on tea quality, soil microbial community structure and soil enzyme. The tea garden soil,which was cultivated for many years,was used as object and the test crop was tea.Adding bamboo charcoal had effects on the total biomass of soil microbes(T), bacterial biomass (B), fungal biomass (F), tea production(Y), Mg, β-glucoside enzyme (BG), catalase (PER), acid phosphatase (ACP),and Sucrase (SU), which all decreased in the order of T2>T1>T3>CK2>CK1. Adding bamboo charcoal also had effects on Actinomycetes biomass(A), fungus, bacteria ratio (F/B), weighs hundreds of bud (BW)、Bud density (BD)、water extraction (WE), caffeine (Caf),tea polyphenol (Po),amino acid (Am),Catechin (Cat)and Vc, which all decreased in the order of T2>T3>T1>CK2>CK1. The application of bamboo charcoal had changed the F/B ratio and polyphenol /amino acid ratio, which is an effective way to improve the structure of food web and nutrient structure of food web in soil ecosystem and quality of tea. Under the same external planting environment, T, B, F, A, F/B, BG, PER, ACP and SU, increased first and then decrease with the increase of the amount of added bamboo charcoal. Polyphenol/amino acid ratio and G+/G- decreased with the increase the amount of bamboo charcoal, and the pressure index decreased first and then increased with the increase the amount of bamboo charcoal. When the applied amount of bamboo charcoal is 2 250 kg·hm-2 treatment (T2), the effect is more significant. Therefore, we have studied response mechanism of soil microorganisms and extracellular enzymes under the application of bamboo charcoal in tea plantations for many years, which can provide a scientific basis for in-depth analysis of the characteristics of soil quality evolution and protection in tea gardens and tea quality.