10 June 2022, Volume 36 Issue 6
    

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    Induced Mutations for Plant Breeding∙Agricultural Biotechnology
  • TAN Yuanyuan, WANG Qing, FU Haowei, ZHANG Weizhang, WU Sanling, SHU Qingyao
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(6): 1073-1079. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.06.1073
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    To generate new two-line male sterile lines which can be used to breed elite hybrid varieties, a japonica photoperiod/temperature-sensitive male sterile (PTGMS) line Jiang 79S was generated by anther culture and irradiation. Firstly, a japonica PTGMS line S79 was generated through another culture of F1 hybrids derived from Peiai 64S and japonica line H179. Then its dry seeds were treated by high energy carbon ion beam, a mutant line GS79 (Jiang 79S) with changed heading date was obtained. Under the long-day condition, Jiang 79S started heading ~7 days earlier than S79, while under the short-day condition, Jiang 79S headed ~5 days later than S79. Jiang 79S showed partial to complete fertility after the September 8 and set seeds in Jiaxing. While in Lingshui, Jiang 79S showed normal fertility with seed set rates higher than 80%. A photoperiod/temperature sensitivity test in phytotron showed that the fertility transition temperature was lower than 23.5 ℃ under long-day condition. The whole genome sequencing of GS79 showed that besides the photosensitive male sterile genes pms1 and pms3 derived from its progenitor Nongken 58S, it also carries rice blast resistance genes pi21, Pia, Pid3 and Pita, which corroborates its high seedling blast resistance. The inter subspecific hybrid rice “Jiangliangyou 7901” from Jiang 79S has completed the national new variety trial test and been nationally approved. The results provide methods for breeding new two-line male lines by comprehensive use of anther culture and irradiation mutation technology.

  • Induced Mutations for Plant Breeding●Agricultural Biotechnology
  • LIU Fen, CHEN Guihua, WANG Yue, TANG Wenbang
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(6): 1080-1088. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.06.1080
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    In order to analyze the mechanism of photosynthesis in rice chloroplast development and high light efficiency breeding, a pale yellow leaf mutant xws which was found in P88S, a sterile line, was used as the test material in this study. The phenotypic identification and photosynthetic characteristics of the mutant, and fine mapping and candidate gene analysis were performed. The results showed that the leaves of xws displayed faint yellow throughout the growth periods, and its stems and spikes also showed yellow. Compared with the wild type, the content of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids in the leaves, stems and spikes of xws were decreased significantly. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the osmophilic bodies were disappeared and the number of thylakoids was decreased in the mutant compared with the wild type. The net photosynthetic efficiency, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and intercellular CO2 concentration of xws were all decreased compared with that of the thewild type, and the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters also decreased. With the F2 population derived from xws and R032 as the mapping population, the gene was finely mapped between molecular markers WY242 and WY119 on chromosome 3, with the physical distance of 51.7 kb. The results will be helpful for further researches on rice chloroplast development and provide theoretical support for improving rice photosynthesis and molecular regulation network.

  • ZHENG Hao, YANG Qianyu, LI Zhiqiang, SU Shuchai
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(6): 1089-1099. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.06.1089
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    In order to clarify the changes and correlation between appecrances traits and intrinsic qualities of Olea europaea with different maturity, the fruits of Arbequina, Piculal, Ezhi-8, and Lecctno with six kinds of maturity were used as experimental materials in this study. The appearance indicators including fruit size, color, oil content, fatty acid composition, reducing sugar, total phenols, total flavonoids and other internal quality indexes were determined, and the correlation between each index were analyzed. The results indicated that four varieties indicators of Olea europaea were changed with maturity increase, among which the L* value, a* value, b* value was first increased and then decreased, oil content and transverse diameter were increased, longitudinal diameter was not changed significantly; Meanwhile, fruit shape index was decreased and transverse diameter was increased faster than longitudinal diameter, indicating that fruit was appearance gradually became round; The reducing sugar content was decreased first and then increased, total phenols and flavonoids content at the first maturity were significantly higher than those at the other five maturity, and the ratios of saturated fatty acid (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) of Arbequina, Piculal and Ezhi-8 were closer to 1:1:1. There were significant correlation between oil content and the ratio of fatty acid, reducing sugar, total phenolic content, fruit shape index and transverse diameter of olive with different maturity, and correlation coefficients were 0.73 and -0.84, respectively. Additionally, the a*value was significantly negatively correlated with reducing sugar content, and extremely significantly negatively correlated with total phenol and flavonoids content. Total flavonoid content was negatively correlated with SFA and PUFA, but positively correlated with total phenol content, MUFA, reducing sugar content, fruit shape index, L* value and b* value. Comprehensive variation and correlation analysis results showed that a* value and total flavonoid content of Olea europaea could represent most of the indexes. This study provided theoretical basis for reducing the detection amount of fruit quality indexes, and collecting index data for subsequent mechanical harvest recognition system.

  • GU Yujuan, MAO Feng, LU Fangfang, LIU Bin, LIU Lei, GAO Hui
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(6): 1100-1107. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.06.1100
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    Knock-down of TaDEP1 by RNA interference leads to a decrease in spikelet density and a decrease in spikelet number, indicating that decreasing the transcriptional level of TaDEP1 can result in the loss of its function. To uncover the cis-elements required for TaDEP1 transcriptional regulation, this study identified a genetic variation of a 132 bp sequences among different varieties via specifically amplifying and sequencing the TaDEP1 promoter in D subgenome, which is located at 1 529~1 660 bp upstream of the start codon of the TaDEP1 gene. Furthermore, it was observed that the 132 bp sequence is positively associated with the transcriptional level of TaDEP1 in wheat micro-core collection, that is, the transcriptional level of TaDEP1 gene with the 132 bp sequence within the promoter sequence was significantly higher than that without the 132 bp sequences. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that there was no annotated cis-elements in the 132 bp sequences. Based on the LUC activity assay, it was determined that this sequence can significantly increase the transcription activity of LUC in wheat protoplasts, indicating that this sequence can be used as a wheat gene transcription enhancer. This study identified a new wheat gene transcription enhancer sequence, and on the other hand, it also provided gene resources and technical support for wheat molecular marker-assisted selection breeding.

  • WANG Yu, ZHANG Kai, WANG Yanli, SI Zengzhi, WANG Bingbing, QIAO Yake
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(6): 1108-1114. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.06.1108
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    In order to screen germplasm resistant to glyphosate and study the tolerance mechanism of wild soybean, we identified the glyphosate-resistance of 862 wild soybean collected from the eastern of Hebei province, and the contents of shikimic acid, malondialdehyde (MDA) and chlorophyll, the activities of peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the expression of EPSPS gene in high-resistant and sensitive wild soybean materials were determined with glyphosate treatment. The results showed that under glyphosate treatment, the phytotoxicity grades of 82.83% wild soybean materials were 4 and 5, 9.51% materials were 3, 4.87% materials were 2, 2.87% materials were 1. The wild soybean yong-33 was high-resistance to glyphosate, the plants survival rate reached 96.67% after treated with 1.125 kg a.i·hm-2 glyphosate. After glyphosate treatment, compared with the control, the contents of chlorophyll, MDA and shikimic acid in high-resistant material had no significant difference at each time point, the chlorophyll contents in sensitive materials were significantly lower, while the MDA and shikimic acid contents were significantly higher. The activities of POD, CAT and SOD and the expression of EPSPS gene in high-resistant material were significantly higher, but there were no significant difference in the enzyme activities and the expression of EPSPS gene in sensitive materials. These results suggest that there are high glyphosate-resistant germplasm resources in wild soybean. After glyphosate treatment, the increased expression of EPSPS gene may compensate the inhibition of EPSPS enzyme activity, which maybe explain for the high-resistance to glyphosate of the wild soybean. The glyphosate resistant wild soybean materials can provide germplasm resources for cultivating glyphosate-resistance cultivated soybean varieties.

  • CHAI Jichuan, WANG Kang, YANG Minjie, DONG Wanqi, CAO Shifeng, CHEN Wei, YANG Zhenfeng, SHI Liyu
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(6): 1115-1126. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.06.1115
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    In order to explore the correlation between transcription factors and carotenoid accumulation in the red-fleshed Dahongpao and white-fleshed Baisha loquat fruit, one NAC transcription factor named EjNAC82 was preliminarily selected based on the loquat transcriptome database and cloned by RT-PCR. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the characteristics of EjNAC82 were basically consistent with NAC gene in other species with a NAC domain. Subcellular localization revealed that EjNAC82 were primarily localized to nucleus. Higher transcripts of EjNAC82 were observed in mature leaves than in any other tissues such as roots, buds, young leaves, burgeons, mature branches, young and mature fruits. Meanwhile, the expression of EjNAC82 was significantly (P<0.05) higher in Dahongpao pulps than that in Baisha during ripening, and was also higher in Dahongpao peels at stages S1, S2 and S4. Finally, we found that EjNAC82 transcription factor had transcriptional activation effect on the promoters of EjPSY1, EjPSY2 and EjBCH with dual-luciferase reporter assays. Therefore, it can be speculated that EjNAC82 may promote carotenoid synthesis in loquat by regulating the expression of EjPSY1, EjPSY2 and EjBCH genes. These results provide the theoretical foundation for further functional analysis of NAC transcription factors in loquat.

  • WANG Xiaodan, MA Hua, GUAN Mei, GUAN Chunyun
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(6): 1127-1136. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.06.1127
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    A series of negative problems brought by the development of chemical fertilizer industry can be alleviated by green manure. However, it has not been widely studied in China, especially with oilseed rape. In order to screen high-quality green manure rapeseed, a random block field design was adopted to detect the contents of plant nutrients of 12 green manure rapeseed lines at the seedling stage and flowering stage, and the corresponding soil nutrients and soil microbial communities, Youfei No.1 and Youfei No.2 were used as the control, then the correlation and principal component analysis were carried out. The results showed that the nutrient contents of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the seedling stage were higher than that in the flowering stage, while the nutrient accumulation per plant in seedling stage was significantly lower than that in flowering stage. The contents of available phosphorus and potassium in soil varied greatly among different varieties, while the contents of nitrogen varied slighty among different growth stages and lines. Plant nutrient accumulation and soil microorganism are the key factors affecting soil nutrient content, and the former is also the dominant factor for evaluating the nutrient characteristics of green manure rapeseed. In conclusion, the lines No. 11 (Chenxi wax rapeseed) and No. 4 (purple-leaf mustard) are better than CK1 and CK2, which could be used as excellent germplasms to promote green manure rapeseed breeding. This study provides organic substitutes for reducing the application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, which is of great significance to environmental protection and sustainable agricultural development.

  • LIU Huichun, ZHOU Jianghua, ZHANG Jiaqiang, XU Wenting, ZHU Kaiyuan
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(6): 1137-1144. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.06.1137
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    In order to establish the near infrared model of measuring oil content in single seed of oil peony, which is convenient for breeding with high oil content. Oil contents of 200 single seeds of Paeonia suffruticosa Fengdan were measured by Soxhlet extraction method. Spectral data of these 200 samples were collected by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS). The mathematical model of single-seed oil content in Paeonia suffruticosa was established by the methods of partial least squares (PLS) and principal component regression (PCR). The results showed that: with Soxhlet extraction method, dry baking conditions of oil peony seeds were 105℃ for 2 h, and extraction time was 20 h. The oil contents ranged from 10% to 28%, which was basically conformed to normal distribution. The best parameters for NIRS model were as follows: PLS method, fixed optical path, first derivative to eliminate background, Norris derivative filter method for data smoothing, 5 and 3 for smoothing parameters. The correlation coefficient of internal cross validation test r1 was 0.980 1 and the prediction correlation coefficient r2 was 0.957 6. The root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC) and the root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) were 0.463 and 0.705 respectively. The determination coefficient of validation was 0.957 6, and the average error was less than 3%. The results showed that the NIRS model established in this study was reliable and can be applied in single-seed oil content analysis of Paeonia suffruticosa.

  • Food Irradiation∙Food Science
  • HUO Guanghua, ZHANG Xianji, YAN Junqing, CUI Chaoyu, LONG Haozhi, ZHANG Linping, HU Dianming, PENG Wenwen
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(6): 1145-1154. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.06.1145
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    The mechanism of antifungal activity of GSFE (Extract of Fermentation Broth from Gymnopus sp. 0612-9) on Penicillium italicum and P. digitatum was explored. Mycelial growth rate method was used to determine the antifungal activity of GSFE against the tested pathogenic fungi, and the antifungal mechanism was explored by determining the morphology, cell membrane permeability and ergosterol content changes of mycelia. The results showed that the EC50 values of GSFE against P. italicum and P. digitatum were 116.76 μg·mL-1 and 147.74 μg·mL-1, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was 200 μg·mL-1 for both fungi after treatment with GSFE at EC50 and MIC, the mycelia of P. italicum and P. digitatum were shrunken, with a vacuole-like structure and significantly reduced cytoplasm. Compared to the control group, the extracellular electric conductivity was significantly increased (P<0.05), whereas the contents of nucleic acids, soluble proteins and ergosterol were significantly decreased. These results indicated compromised integrity and increased permeability of the cell membrane, leading to the leakage of intracellular components such as nucleic acids. After GSFE treatment at EC50 concentration, the ergosterol content in the mycelia of P. italicum and P. digitatum decreased significantly, down to only 17.92% and 20.13%, respectively, of the control group. Therefore, GSFE can significantly inhibit the synthesis of ergosterol and destroy the cell membrane of pathogenic fungi, causing the leakage of intracellular contents and distortion of the mycelia and inhibiting the growth and development of P. italicum and P. digitatum. This study provides a scientific basis for the development of new microbial agents for postharvest preservation of citrus fruits.

  • HUANG Shian, LIN Xin, ZHANG Qin, CHEN Hong, ZHU Shouliang, MA Yuhua, DONG Xiaoqing
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(6): 1155-1165. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.06.1155
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    To explore the wax characteristics of plum peel of different varieties, three varieties of plum (Kongxin, Fengtang, Cuihong) were used. The surface structure of pericarp was characterized by scanning electron microscope, and the compositions of peel wax were detected and analyzed using non targeted gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) metabonomics. The results showed that an abundance of stacking, flaky and rod-like waxy structures were found in Kongxin; granulated waxy crystals and an abundance of stacking, flaky waxy structures in Fengtang; and a small amount of flaky and stacking, rod-like structures in Cuihong. The peel wax content of Kongxin was the highest, followed byFengtang, and the lowest was Cuihong. A total of 87 wax components of 7 categories were analyzed in the three plum peel waxes. Primary alcohol showed the highest content, followed by alkan, and keton was the least abundant. Principal component analysis showed that the relative contents of waxy components in the peel of the three plums were quite different, and the groups were clearly divided. Clustering heatmap analysis showed that the wax compositions of Kongxin and Cuihong were similar, which were quite different from those of Fengtang. The large number of flake structure waxes on plum peel were related to the number of alcohols and alkanes in the three plum waxes. Symmetrical diols and triterpenoids played an important role in the formation of rod wax structure and frost wax. The results of this study provide theoretical basis for further understanding the response and function of plum peel wax during storage.

  • LI Lili, SHANG Feifei, XIE Yuhua, CHEN Yuntang, CUI Long, DUAN Zhenhua
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(6): 1166-1173. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.06.1166
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    In order to explore the changes of nutrients and hormones in the early germination stage of areca taro, different germination degrees of areca taro were used as the object of this study. The starch, protein, water content, and water migration in different parts of areca taro with different germination degrees were measured, and the distribution of moisture migration of early areca taro germination was explored based on low field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) technology. The levels of abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellin (GA3) were also measured. The results showed that the farther away from the top of the corm, the higher the starch content of the germinated acera taro, and the higher the degree of germination, the lower the protein content at the top of the taro corm. The water content of germination length of areca taro was the lowest at 2 cm from the top of corm. The results of LF-NMR showed that the closer to the center of taro corm, the higher the water activity was, and with the increase of acera germination length, the bound water gradually changed to semi-bound water. The nuclear magnetic resonance imaging showed that the moisture content of short bud taro was the highest and that of long bud taro was the lowest. The content of ABA of root in short bud and middle bud taro three parts (tuber, bud and root) was the highest, while that in long bud taro parts had no significant change (P>0.05). The GA3 content of short bud taro had no significant change in three parts (P>0.05), while the GA3 content of medium bud and long bud taro bud was the highest. The results of this study provide theoretical support for exploring the dormancy and germination behavior of areca taro after storage.

  • HU Dandan, WU Zufang, SUN Zhidong, CHEN Shanqiao, WENG Peifang
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(6): 1174-1182. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.06.1174
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    In order to obtain strains with excellent fermentation performance and to produce high-quality fermented leaf mustard, fermentation strains were isolated from naturally fermented mustard. The fermentation characteristics such as the growth, acid production and nitrite degradation capabilities of lactic acid bacteria, as well as the yeast's gas production, protease activity, and ester production capabilities, and other fermentation characteristics of those strains were screened to obtain excellent fermentation bacteria. The results showed that the 2 strains of lactic acid bacteria L8 Lactobacillus brevis, L9 Lactobacillus plantarum and 1 strain of yeast Y9 Saccharomyces cerevisiae had excellent fermentation performance in pickled leaf mustard. Compared with naturally fermented leaf mustard, the pH value and nitrite content of inoculated fermented leaf mustard were decreased by 2.22% and 88.13%, respectively, and the total acid content and amino acid nitrogen content were increased by 9.02% and 28.09%, respectively. Inoculation and fermentation improved the nutritional quality and safety of pickled mustard greens. The screened fermentation strains of leaf mustard can help for the fermentation and processing industry of vegetables.

  • LUO Lili, XUE Gumei, QI Xiangfan, DU Xuhong, CHEN Yaling
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(6): 1183-1192. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.06.1183
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    To compare the effects aqueous and alcoholic extracts of dandelion root, stem and leaf, and flower, on bacteria activity and metabolite composition across five types bacteria. The antibacterial activity was determined using the drilling method, whereas the metabolite composition was analyzed by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The results showed that the initial extracts of different parts of dandelion showed antibacterial effects against Proteus hauser, Kocuria rhizophila, and Bacillus subtilis, but not on Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The antibacterial activity of the alcoholic extract was higher compared to that of the aqueous extract, and flower extracts had the strongest antibacterial activity, while root extracts had the weakest activity. A total of 449 metabolites were identified in the dandelion root, stem and leaf, and flower, among which elaidic acid (lipids), γ-linolenic acid (lipids), and luteolin (flavonoids), had the highest concentration, in that order. Zero, two, and eight flavonoids were among the top 20 most abundant substances in roots, stems and leaves, and flowers, respectively, indicating that flavonoids may be the main active substances in dandelion responsible for its antibiotic activity. The results of orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) showed that luteolin-7-O-glucoside was the abundant substance in flowers whereas hesperetin C-malonyl hexoside was only in the roots. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for the development and exploitation of different parts of T.mongolicum Hand.Mazz for drug development.

  • Food Irradiation∙Food Science
  • WANG Chun, ZHANG Ruohong, WANG Xiaofang, LI Xiaoran, YIN Shuren, YANG Yang, CUI Shenghui, GUO Yunchang
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(6): 1193-1203. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.06.1193
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    To rapidly detect Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) in dairy products, in this study, nano-titanium hydroxide and nano-cobalt hydroxide were immobilized on a filter paper to eliminate PCR inhibitors. The PCR rapid detection method targeting the nuc primers was established without sample pre-enrichment, and the specificity, sensitivity, and application of the method were determined. The stability of the reagents stored under cryopreservation conditions were evaluated. The results showed that the PCR method had no false positive or negative results after detecting 97 target bacterial strains and 83 non-target bacterial strains. The method took less than 4 h to complete without pre-enrichment, and the detection limit was 101 CFU·25g-1 or 101 CFU·25mL-1. The method was consistent with the traditional detection method on the detection rate and viable bacteria detection rate of S. aureus in natural dairy product samples(the coincidence rate was 100%). Further, the reagents used in the method could be stored stably for at least 12 months under freezing conditions at -20℃. In summary, the PCR method developed in the study has outstanding specificity, high sensitivity and excellent application, and the PCR reaction inhibitors from the sample matrix could be effectively removed by the PCR method, which provides a reference for the rapid detection of S. aureus in dairy products.

  • Food Irradiation∙Food Science
  • TIAN Jie, WANG Qizhang, ZHONG Qiwen
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(6): 1204-1215. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.06.1204
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    To establish a quick and efficient method of fructan content measurement from garlic, the total sugar of garlic was extracted through hot water, ultrasonic and ultrasonic pretreatment-hot water firstly. Le Du purple skin galic was used as the raw material, and the fructan was hydrolyzed using different hydrolytic reagntes under varied pH, concentrations and time, and its optimal degradation condition was obtained with a response surface analysis. The content of degradation products (sucrose, glucose and fructose) before and after fructan degradation was measured by spectrophotometry and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the difference value represented the total content in all tissues of garlic. Finally, the establishment method was optimized and evaluated through methodology validation. The results showed that the hot water method was the most conducive to the extraction of garlic soluble total sugar. The optimum hydrolysis conditions of garlic fructan were hydrolysis temperature of 90℃, HCl concentration of 3 mol·L-1 and hydrolysis time of 1 h. The predicted value of garlic fructan content after hydrolysis under these conditions was 627.903 mg·g-1 FW, which was not significantly different from the actual measured value (620.470 mg·g-1 FW), and the regression model fitted well. The relative standard deviations (RSD) of precision, reproducibility and stability were less than 1.5%. The recoveries ranged from 98.45%~101.04% with RSD 0.59%~1.75%. It was found that the fructan content in the cloves of different varieties of garlic was significantly different from the fructan contents using this method. It was suggested that the detection system established in this study was viable for garlic fructan content determination with high accuracy. The results of this study provides a theoretical basis for deep evaluation of fructan trait of garlic resources.

  • MA Mengyuan, ZHENG Xiaochun, LI Yanlei, CHEN Li, YANG Qi
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(6): 1216-1228. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.06.1216
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    Near-infrared spectroscopy has been used for the detection of fresh meat quality, but the prediction model, single detection index, model stability shall be improved for the effective rapid detection. To achieve simultaneous non-destructive testing of multiple quality indicators of Tan mutton, the visible-near infrared spectroscopy information of different parts of meat at three postmortem stages were collected. A partial least square regression (PLSR) prediction model was established with the two bands of 370~1 050 nm and 900~1 700 nm for quality indexes, including color, pH value, cooking loss, shear force, protein, crude fat and water content. The correlation coefficient of PLSR prediction model for each quality index in the two bands was higher than 0.80, and the correlation coefficient of the PLSR model prediction set for the moisture content in the second band can reach 0.941. The quality index prediction model was good with those two bands, and the spectral range of 370~1 050 nm showed a better prediction of the mutton color. Rapid non-destructive testing could be achieved using visible-near infrared spectroscopy technology, which could assist the quality control of Tan mutton and the production of high-quality products using Tan sheep.

  • Isotope Tracer Technique∙Ecology and Environment∙Physiology
  • ZHANG Zichang, CAO Jingjing, GU Tao, LI Gui, LOU Yuanlai, WANG Hongchun
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(6): 1229-1235. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.06.1229
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    In order to explore the optimal time for barnyardgrass(Echinochloa spp.)control in mechanical direct seeding paddy fields, a plot experiment was conducted to study the effects of different emergence time (0, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days after rice seeds sown) and density (1, 3, 5 and 7 plants·m-2) of barnyardgrass on the root characteristics and yield of mechanized direct seeding rice. The hand weeding was control. The results showed that the emergence time and density of barnyardgrass had different effects on grain yield of rice, and the greater rice reduction occurred when the barnyardgrass have earlier emergence time or the higher density. Rice yield was not affected by emergence time when the density of barnyardgrass was 1 plant·m-2 (emergence time from 0 to 35 d after mechanized direct seeding rice sown). Though the rice yield was dramatically reduced with increasing in barnyardgrass density when the density was raised to 3, 5 or 7 plants·m-2 emerging within 21 days after mechanized direct seeding rice sown, no effect was observed when the barnyardgrass emerged after sown for 21 days. Meanwhile, we also found that a series of root indexes were decreased along with reducing rice yield including total root length, mean root diameter, root dry weight, total root absorption area, active root absorption area, root oxidation activity and contents of zeatin plus zeatin riboside in roots. Therefore, the decreased rice root indexes mentioned above may be the important reason for rice yield loss. The study provides a theoretical basis for barnyardgrass control in mechanized rice direct seeding fields.

  • REN Yun, LIU Han, ZHU Jianfang, LIN Baogang, LI Lupeng, HUA Shuijin
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(6): 1236-1243. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.06.1236
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    In order to uncover mechanism of the effect of nitrogen rates and harvesting plant heights on the carbohydrate accumulation in young stem of oil-vegetable dual usage type of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.), a field experiment, using split plot design, was conducted to assay the contents of carbohydrate profile, to compare the activities of key enzymes for sucrose metabolism including invertase (INV), sucrose synthase (SS), and sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS), and to dissect the transcript amounts of key genes using Fuxi 1 as plant material. Three nitrogen rates including 120, 180, and 240 kg·hm-2 was served as main plot while four harvesting plant heights including 20, 30, 40, and 50 cm was served as sub-main plot. Result showed that all carbohydrate contents in young stem of rapeseed at the nitrogen rate of 180 kg·hm-2 were significantly higher than other treatments except that starch content decreased as nitrogen rates increased. The result indicated that excessive or deficiency in nitrogen application was not benefit for the carbohydrate accumulation in young stem of rapeseed. For the harvesting plant height treatment, fructose, starch, glucose, and sucrose content at 20 cm of plant height was higher than other plant heights in young stem of rapeseed. However, trehalose and sorbierite achieved the highest content at 40 cm of harvesting plant height in young stem of rapeseed. SPS activity was lower than those of INV and SS under different nitrogen rates and harvesting plant heights, indicating that the cleavage of sucrose into small molecules such as glucose and fructose was the main metabolic process in young stem of rapeseed. The complementary of up-regulation mode of sucrose cleavage genes both on sucrose synthase such as SUS1/SUS4 and SUS3, and invetase such as A/N-INVA, CINV1 and CINV2 enhanced the degradation of sucrose under different nitrogen rates and harvesting plant heights. However, few influences on the SPS1/SPS2 expression were found at different harvesting plant heights. The study provides the evidences for appropriate nitrogen application in oil-vegetable duel usage type of rapeseed.

  • YANG Li, GOU Ying, WEN Ziwei, LIU Yuhang, PAN Genxing, YANG Limin
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(6): 1244-1253. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.06.1244
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    The effects of biochar on quality of ginseng, soil fertility, microbial community structure and functional diversity of microbiota in continuous cropping ginseng fields were studied by Biolog, high-throughput sequencing and other technologies, to analysis whether biochar has the potential of biostimulation for remediaton of such soil. The results showed that biochar treatment significantly improved total ginsenoside contents and biomass of two-year-old replanting ginseng compared with the control. To uncover the reasons for the increase, soil properties were examined and it was found that available phosphorus and organic carbon content in the soil responded positively to the addition of biochars with increase rate of 47.04%~237.73% and 8.09%~38.71%. Treatments with different biochars also potentiated the metabolic activity of soil microorganisms, specified by the utilization efficiency of carbon sources including polymers, phenolic acids, amino acids, and carboxylic acid. The number of functional microorganisms which use phenolic acids as substrates also showed a remarkable increase. High-throughput sequencing revealed that while the dominance of single category showed an increase, the species number, abundance and diversity of bacterial species, the dominant bacteria category displayed a reduction in the ginseng-grown land. Application of biochar into soil regulated the deteriorating tendency, the abundance of bacteria increased and dynamic quantity trend of the Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Verrucomicrobia, and Blastomonas was similar with the changes in forest soil. These findings indicate that biochar resulted in better soil quality and increased productivity in replanting ginseng soil, especially in the key fertility factors, microbial metabolism and bacterial community structure. Thus, biochar performed well in this soil remediation and might be considered a novel approach for continuous cropping ginseng field.

  • YAN Xiaoguang, LI Hong, DONG Hongfen, LI Aijun, DU Yanwei, WANG Guoliang, ZHOU Nan, HU Danzhu
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(6): 1254-1261. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.06.1254
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    In order to screen spring maize varieties suitable for mechanical grain harvest in Shanxi and clarify the influence factors of mechanical grain harvest quality of maize, 33 maize varieties were employed as experimental materials and had been mechanically harvested for 3 consecutive years under two planting environment(Changzhi and Jinzhong). The data of grain moisture content (GMC), mechanical harvesting quality and yield were collected and analyzed to research the relationship among them.The results showed that the average grain breakage rate (GBR) was 5.50%, the average impurity rate (IR) was 2.71%, and the average total loss rate (TLR) was 4.75%.TLR was composed of ear loss rate (ELR) and grain loss rate (GLR), which the former accounted for 65.89%.The high grain breakage rate is the main factor affecting mechanical harvest of spring maize in Shanxi Province.The grain moisture content was positively and significantly correlated with the grain breakage rate and impurity rate,negatively and significantly correlated with the ear loss rate, positively and significantly correlated with the grain loss rate, but not obviously correlated with the total loss rate.The grain breakage rate and grain loss rate decreased rapidly with the decrease of grain moisture content, and increased at the later stage. The impurity rate decreased with the decrease of grain moisture content, and tended to be stable at the later stage. The ear loss rate increased with the decrease of grain water content. The relationship between grain moisture content (x) and grain breakage rate (y) is consistent with the binomial model as follows: y=0.018x2-0.788x+13.18(R2=0.615**). When the grain moisture content was 21.89%, the grain breakage rate reached the lowest rate. In addition, the results showed that the grain breakage rate of spring maize could meet the national standard of ≤5% when its grain moisture content was between 16.92% and 24.85% to do mechanical harvesting.Through repeated tests in multiple environments and being combined with yield traits, the experiment proved that Changdan 511, Dica 159 and Changdan 716 were more suitable for mechanical grain harvest. It is of great significance to promote the mechanization of maize harvest and enhancing the core competitiveness of maize industry.

  • JIANG Tonghui, YE Ximiao, YU Bin, WEN Guohong, LI Gaofeng, ZHANG Feng
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(6): 1262-1272. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.06.1262
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    Data analysis was conducted on the regional testing of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) varieties in Gansu Province from 2018 to 2019. The aim of present research was screening high-yield, stable and highly adaptable lines as well as representativeness test sites for future study. In this study, 15 potato lines were bred by breeding institutions in Gansu Province, planted in Anding, Qinzhou, Weiyuan, Yongchang, Linxia and Zhuanglang of Gansu Province in 2018 and 2019. The interactions between genotype and environment were analyzed by AMMI (Additive main multiplicative interaction) and GGE (genotype + genotypes and environment interactions) to evaluate the productivity, stability and adaptability of the lines and the discriminability of the environment. The results of variance analysis showed that yield of potato lines were significantly different on genotype effect, environmental effect and interaction effect between genotype and environment (P<0.01). The square sum of environmental effect on the plot yield accounts for the largest square sum of total variance, followed by genotype effect, and interaction effect accounts for the least. AMMI analysis showed that the high-yielding and stable lines were 0730-185; Highly adaptable lines were KaiShuNo.2, 0730-156 and 0730-185 in Yongchang, were ZhuangShuNo.8 in Anding, were GN-99 and W1 in Weiyuan, were GN-99, GN122 and W1 in Linxia; The orders of discriminability of test-environment from strong to weak were 2018-Yongchang, 2018-Anding, 2019-Linxia, etc. GGE analysis showed that the high-yielding and stable lines was G5; most adaptable lines were KaishuNo.2 in Yongchang, and GN-122 in Weiyuan, Anding, Qinzhou, Zhuanglang and Linxia. The orders of discriminability of test-envirnment from strong to weak are 2018-Yongchang, 2019-Linxia, 2019-Anding, etc. AMMI model and GGE model were used to jointly analyze the yield data of potato regional testing in Gansu Province, which could better evaluate and select the superior varieties. The accuracy of the two models in the analysis of genotype productivity depends on the size of their explained variation. AMMI is superior to GGE in the analysis of genotype stability and discriminability of environment, and GGE is superior to AMMI in the analysis of genotype adaptability. The high-yield and stable lines distinguished by the two models were GN-99 and 0730-185. Combination of highly adaptable lines and test-environment were GN-122-Linxia, GN-122-Zhuanglang, GN-122-Qinzhou, GN-122-Anding, GN-122-Weiyuan, and KaishuNo.2-Yongchang. The two test-environment with the highest discriminability were Yongchang and Anding, and all the other test-environment belong to the mega-environment of the above two test-environment. The results provided the reference data for extension of new potato varieties and subsequent regional testing.

  • Isotope Tracer Technique∙Ecology and Environment∙Physiology
  • ZHANG Yuanbo, TIAN Jiaojiao, YE Lingzhi, YE Zhengwei, ZHANG Lin, XU Jilin
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(6): 1273-1283. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.06.1273
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    To explore effects of light intensity, light quality, nitrogen, and phosphorus on nutrient accumulations inNannochloropsis oceanica, this study was designed into four parts as followed. The light intensity was set as 20, 80, 140 and 200 μmol photons·m-2·s-1, respectively, in the light intensity experiment. In the part of light quality, ratios of red-blue-green light were adjusted to 100%, 50% and 0%, respectively, according to the RGB principle. Nitrogen concentration was set as 55.40, 13.85, 3.46 and 1.73 mg·L-1 in the nitrogen experiment, respectively. Phosphorus concentration was set to 8.96, 2.24, 0.56 and 0.28 mg·L-1 in the phosphorus experiment, respectively. The initial inoculation density was unified and the composition of fatty acids, pigment, protein, and soluble sugar were measured after 25 days. At the light intensity of 200 μmol photons·m-2·s-1, N. oceanicaobtained the fastest growth rate, the highest biomass; besides, the concentration of protein (5.17 mg·mL-1), and soluble sugar (2.40 mg·mL-1) is the greatest. At the light intensity of 20 μmol photons·m-2·s-1, the ratio of chlorophyll a was the highest. Overall, the contents of protein and soluble sugar increased with light intensity. The light quality experiment showed that the red light had a certain effect on promoting the growth and soluble sugar accumulation, while blue and green lights did not. Results also suggested that the green light was conducive to β-carotene accumulation, but 100% green light significantly inhibited the growth of N. oceanica. At the nitrogen concentration of 55.40 mg·L-1, the proportions of unsaturated fatty acids and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) of N. oceanicareached the maximum, which were 68.23% and 20.50%, respectively. With the nitrogen concentration declining, the growth rate, protein, and soluble sugar inN. oceanicasignificantly decreased. Similarly, with the phosphorus concentration declining, the growth rate and protein content significantly decreased. The phosphorus concentration of 2.24 mg·L-1 was beneficial to soluble sugar accumulation. This study provides theoretical support for optimizing the cultivation of N. oceanica under different environmental factors, which has certain practical significance and economic value.