10 May 2022, Volume 36 Issue 5
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(5): 865-875. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.05.0865
In order to clarify the different tolerance of cucumber germplasm to NaCl, the salt-tolerant material MC2065 and salt-sensitive material White cucumber were used to verify the appropriate concentration of 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 mM NaCl. And nine physiological and biochemical indexes, including salt tolerance index, chlorophyll, and protective enzymes under NaCl treatment were used to evaluate the salt-tolerances of 21 germplasms. The results showed that 100 and 150 mM could be the appropriate concentration.The salt injury index of White cucumber was 35.94% in 100 mM NaCl, showing obvious damage to leaves, while that of MC2065 was 4.69% and showed no obvious damage. Under 150 mM, both showed obvious damage, more than half of leaves were withered for White cucumber, but less than half for MC2065. With cluster analysis, 21 germplasms were divided into 3 groups. The first group categorized as salt-tolerant germplasm, including ZQ3, N26-5-1, Shoushui 1, DRTJY-2, Laixi, Cuiyu, 20S077-1. The second group, including DJ04, DY-1, XY1, YY9123, M2XT, D1503, X805, was medium salt-tolerant germplasm. And the third group was salt-sensitive germplasm, which included F6-3-1, SJ11-1, XB23, 20S091-1, HLT-921h, AZ-1, DRT345. The trend of comprehensive scores of cucumber germplasm by the compoment analysis was basically consistent with that obtained by cluster analysis and seedlings survival rate. The study will provide references for investigating cucumber salt-tolerant mechanism and lay a foundation for the breeding of cucumber salt-tolerant varieties.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(5): 876-884. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.05.0876
Ethylene response factors play an important role in plant abiotic stress response. In order to understand the molecular mechanism of TaERF2 under waterlogging in wheat, the sequence characteristics of TaERF2 gene and its coding protein were analyzed, and the expression characteristics and prokaryotic expression of TaERF2 were detected in different waterlogging tolerant cultivars. The results showed that TaERF2 gene contained two exons and one intron encoded 355 amino acid sequences which had typical AP2/ERF conserved domain and YRG and RAYD motifs. The evolution and homology comparison analysis of AP2/ERF family transcription factors showed that TaERF2 belonged to group B2 of AP2/ERF family, which had high homology with Arabidopsis AtRAP2.12, AtHRE1 and rice OsSNORKEL1 and OsSNORKEL2. The promoter region of TaERF2 contained anoxic and anaerobic cis elements. It was speculated that TaERF2 might be a response gene to wet stress. After waterlogging stress, TaERF2 was specifically expressed in wheat roots. The expression was significantly up-regulated in the roots of waterlogging tolerant cultivar Ningmai 9, which reached the highest expression in 2-4h, and then decreased, but not up-regulated in the roots of waterlogging sensitive cultivar Zhengmai 1354. Prokaryotic expression showed that TaERF2 could respond quickly to stimulation induction, which was similar to the expression pattern of that in the root of Ningmai 9. The results suggested that TaERF2 plays an important regulatory role in wheat moisture tolerance, which provides reference for the study of AP2/ERF transcription factor in the molecular regulation mechanism of wheat waterlogging tolerance.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(5): 885-894. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.05.0885
Zearalenone is a secondary metabolite with estrogen effect, which can be degraded into non-toxic substances by lactone hydrolase derived from Gliocladium roseum. In order to realize the expression of zearalenone degrading enzyme gene zlhy-6 in Bacillus subtilis, and obtain food-grade recombinant Bacillus subtilis without antibiotic resistance gene. The single-promoter and double-promoter expression plasmids containing Hpa Ⅱ and P43 were constructed by one-step cloning and overlap extension PCR. The plasmids were transformed into Bacillus subtilis to obtain recombinant strains 168/pMA5-zlhy-6 and 168/pMA5 -P43-zlhy. Then, the recombinant integration vector amy-p43-zlhy was constructed to integrate the zlhy-6 gene into the genome of Bacillus subtilis 168. Then, the antibiotic resistance gene was knocked out by the Cre/lox system, while the food-grade recombinant Bacillus subtilis 168-zlhy with integrated of the BZ-zlhy expression cassette was generated. The three recombinant strains were cultured at 37℃ and pH 7.5 for 36 h. The results showed that the highest enzyme activity of the dual-promoter expression vector recombinant strain was 2.2 U·mL -1, which was 1.2 times that of the single-promoter strain. The degradation rate of zearalenone (4μg·mL-1, 30min) by the degrading enzyme expressed by the double-promoter recombinant strain was 65.1%. As for the recombinant strain Bacillus subtilis BZ-zlhy, it has the lowest expression level (0.4 U·mL -1), which may be due to the low copy number of the target gene. In this study, zearalenone degrading enzyme was expressed in Bacillus subtilis, and a food grade recombinant Bacillus subtilis without antibiotic resistance gene was constructed. This is the basis of industrial production of zearalenone degrading enzyme, and also provides ideas for solving ZEN pollution in grain storage and feed production.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(5): 895-906. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.05.0895
Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) plays important roles in plant growth, development and senescence, as well as in coping with adversity stresses. In order to explore the roles of MnSOD genes in fruit ripening and softening, and during postharvest storages, two MnSOD genes (AdMSD1and AdMSD2) were cloned using the Actinidia chinensis var. deliciosa Miliang-1 as materials in this study. AdMSD1 contained a 675-bp open reading frame(ORF), encoding 224 amino acids, and its accession number was KY471358, while AdMSD2 contained a 690-bp ORF, encoding 229 amino acids, and its accession number was KY471359. Bioinformatics analysis showed that both AdMSD1 and AdMSD2 encoded hydrophilic and stable basic proteins that having the conserved metal binding domain “DVWEHAYY”, Mn 2+metal binding sites and characteristic amino acids. Both the genomes of AdMSD1 and AdMSD2 consisted of six exons and five introns. The phylogenetic tree showed that the two proteins were clustered into different evolutionary branches of dicot, which suggested that they should be two distinct members of the MnSOD family. Quantitative analysis showed that AdMSD1 had the highest transcription level in leaves and the lowest transcription level in flowers, while AdMSD2 had the highest transcription level in flowers and the lowest transcription level in ripe fruits. The transcription of AdMSD1 and AdMSD2 during fruit ripening and softening showed dynamic changes, both of them increased in the start stage of fruit softening, then decreased in the softening phases Ⅰ and Ⅱ, and rising again after entering softening phase Ⅲ. Both the expressions of AdMSD1 and AdMSD2 in fruits were down-regulated during storage at low-temperature. AdMSD1 was up-regulated on the 1 stand 5th days of ABA treatment, while AdMSD2 was down-regulated after ABA treatment; AdMSD1 was down-regulated after gibberellin treatment, while AdMSD2 was up-regulated on the 1 st day of gibberellin treatment and then down-regulated. These results demonstrated that AdMSDs genes were involved in fruit ripening and softening of kiwifruit, as well as postharvest storages, which provided foundations for further studies on the mechanism of SOD in the quality regulation of kiwifruit postharvest.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(5): 907-917. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.05.0907
It was previously demonstrated that the expression of CsGR-RBP3 under low temperature was closely associated with the chilling tolerance of cucumber fruit. However, the regulation mechanisms of its expression are still unknown. To identify the MYB transcription factors which regulated CsGR-RBP3 expression, this study analyzed the transcriptomic changes of cucumber fruit after treatment under 5℃ were analyzed through RNA-seq. The expression patterns of MYB genes which were consistent with those of CsGR-RBP3 were identified by co-expression analysis. The results showed that CsMYB62 and CsGR-RBP3 showed similar expression pattern during cold treatment, and cold treatment induced the expression of both genes. Therefore, we speculated that CsMYB62 might regulate CsGR-RBP3 expression. To further analyze the function of CsMYB62, the full length of CsMYB62 cDNA was cloned from cucumber peels. The open reading frame of CsMYB62 was 834 bp in length, which encoded 277 amino acids. CsMYB62 protein contained SANT and MYB DNA binding domains, and distributed in the nucleus. Plant MYB62 proteins were highly conserved during evolution. Cucumber CsMYB62 could directly bind to CsGR-RBP3 promoter and activate promoter activity, suggesting that CsMYB62 enhanced chilling tolerance of cucumber fruit by directly activating CsGR-RBP3 expression. The results of this study stretched the MYB regulatory network and laid a foundation for further studying the function of CsMYB62.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(5): 918-928. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.05.0918
The process of drought stress in plants is often accompanied by the participation of growth inhibitory hormones such as abscisic acid and ethylene, recent studies have shown that auxin can also respond to drought stress. In this study, the role of CkLAX3 gene in drought response was analyzed and identified by means of genome walking, bioinformatics analysis and subcellular localization. A Caragana korshinskii auxin internal flow carrier gene CkLAX3 with the full length of 1 398 bp was obtained by PCR amplification. Bioinformatics analysis found that the sequence encodes 465 amino acids with a molecular weight of 52.47 kDa. The encoded protein is a stable hydrophobic protein. The secondary structure is mainly composed of α-helix and has a 10-fold transmembrane structure. The results of subcellular localization showed that CkLAX3 was located on the plasma membrane. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that CkLAX3 was closely related to LAX3 genes in Trifolium pratense, Cicer arietinum and other plants. The length of unknown promoter region of CkLAX3 gene cloned by combining genome walking and HiTail-PCR was 1 352 bp. Based on the analysis of cis-acting elements in the promoter sequence, it was found that there were a large number of drought response elements, light response elements and hormone response elements in the promoter region of CkLAX3 gene. Further quantitative analysis of Caragana korshinskii treated with drought showed that the expression of CkLAX3 was induced by drought stress, and it was speculated that the gene played an important role under drought stress. This study provided a foundation for further investigating the regulation mechanisms of auxin in drought stress responses.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(5): 929-936. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.05.0929
In order to establish a highly efficient tissue culture and genetic transformation system for Lycium ruthenicum. The callus and adventitious buds of Lycium ruthenicum were induced on the medium with different concentrations of NAA and BAP by using leaves,internodes and stems as explants. The leaves were selected as materials, and a binary vector with green fluorescent protein gene (sGFP) was transferred to the leaves of Lycium ruthenicum by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, the effects of infection time and antibiotic concentration on genetic transformation were studied. The results showed, the optimal plant regeneration system was as following: the leaves are taken as explants, callus and adventitious buds were induced on MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg·L -1 NAA and 0.3 mg·L-1 BAP, the callus induction rate was 88.56%, the induction rate of adventitious buds was 54.54%, the adventitious buds were placed in 1/2 MS medium for rooting induction, the rooting rate was 95%. The stable and efficient genetic transformation system was as following: the OD600 of Agrobacterium tumefaciens solution was 0.25, co-culture for 3 days, the concentrations of kanamycin and carbenicillin were 50 mg·L-1 and 250 mg·L-1,respectively. The positive callus was 85.47% by double selection of kanamycin and fluorescein labeling in callus and adventitious bud induction, and the positive transformants rate was 29% by PCR identification after rooting. The quantitative real-time PCR detection confirmed that the sGFP was transcribed and expressed in the tested transgenetic plantlets. The optimized protocol provides a basis for further genetic alteration of L. ruthenicum.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(5): 937-949. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.05.0937
To investigate the effects electron beam irradiation pretreatment on taro starch octenylsuccinylation. Fenghua taro starch was used under irradiation pretreatment with different doses. The granular structure, thermal, swelling, digestion and emulsion properties of modified starches were investigated. The physicochemical and functional properties of octenylsuccinylated starch were affected by electron beam irradiation pretreatments. With the irradiation dose increasing from 2 to 50 kGy, the octenylsuccinylated taro starch (OSTS) granule gradually increased in crumbs, the wrinkles and protrusions on the granule surface continued to deepen, and even the granule ruptured. The content of rapidly digestible starch (RDS) and water solubility index increase with the increase of irradiation dose; while, the relative crystallinity, slowly digestible starch (SDS), peak temperature of gelatinization (Tp) continued to decline; amylose content and swelling power show a trend of initial increasing and then decreasing, but enthalpy of gelatinization, resistant starch (RS), emulsion stability and peak intensity of 1 047 cm-1/1 022 cm-1 in FTIR spectrum show a trend of initial decreasing and then increasing. This study provides theoretical basis for improving the functional properties of octenyl succinate esterified starch by electron beam irradiation pretreatment.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(5): 950-956. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.05.0950
In order to study the influence of different lactation period and origin on the mineral content in milk, and establish the origin traceability model, a total of 120 milk samples were collected from four provinces of China (Hebei, Ningxia, Shaanxi and Inner Mongolia). The contents of 12 mineral elements in milk were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The characteristics of mineral elements in milk at different stages of lactation were studied and the origin of milk was traced. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the contents of mineral elements in lactation samples at different stages (P>0.05). In the same lactation period, the highest content is potassium, followed by calcium, and the lowest content is chromium. Except molybdenum, the contents of the other 11 elements were significantly different among the four regions (P<0.05). The results of partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and cross validation showed that mineral elements could be used to classify milk samples accordng to different origin, and the accuracy of cross validation was 88.3%. The key factors for origin identification were strontium, chromium, zinc and manganese. Therefore, multivariate mineral elements are an effective tool to identify the geographical origin of milk, it will provide a reference for ensuring the safety and authenticity of dairy products.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(5): 957-966. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.05.0957
In order to explore the influence of different deep soils of famous and high-quality tea producing areas in Guizhou Province on the traceability effect of tea mineral elements, the tea producing areas were traced by soil tea multi mineral element method combined with principal component analysis (PCA), BP neural network method and stepwise linear discriminant analysis (SLDA). The results showed that tea and soil from different producing areas had unique mineral element fingerprints. The contents of Fe, Mn, K, Ca, Mg and Cu in tea were correlated with the contents of elements in soil (P<0.05). The geographical origin of tea could be successfully distinguished using the contents of these six mineral elements combined with PCA. Different deep soils have different effects on the origin traceability of tea. Results of SLDA and BP neural network show that the effect of origin traceability in 60~80 cm soil layer is the best. The discrimination rates of origin traceability verification are 98.5% (SLDA method) and 100% (BP neural network method), respectively. The origin traceability model of famous high-quality tea in Guizhou was constructed using Zn, Cu, P, Mn, Fe, Mg and K. In addition, the origin traceability of tea was hardly affected by tea varieties. The results provide a technique support for the construction of mineral element fingerprints of famous and high-quality tea in Guizhou Province.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(5): 967-977. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.05.0967
In order to develop a new plant-resource Citrusreticulata preservative, the effects of Syzygium aromaticum, Cinnamomum cassia, Houttuynia cordata and Pogostemon cablin on the preservation of Citrusreticulata were studied, and the best preservative was selected by single factor and response surface test. The results showed that the treatment group with 0.20 mg·mL -1 Syzygium aromaticum water extract + 0.10 mg·mL-1 Houttuynia cordata aqueous solution +1.50% pullulan polysaccharide compound coating preservative had the best preservation effect on Citrusreticulata. Comparing with CK1 (control group) and CK2 (coated with sterile water), the weight loss of the compound coating preservative group was reduced by 10.89 and 9.04 percentage points, respectively, under the condition of 28℃, relative humidity75% and 10 days of storage; The spoilage loss was reduced by 15 and 30 percentage points, respectively. The respiratory intensity was reduced by 42.97% and 36.62%, respectively. The soluble solid content was increased by 2.70 and 3.51 percentage points, respectively. The content of VC was increased by 57.72% and 23.29%, respectively. Titratable acid content was increased by 0.15 and 0.16 percentage points, respectively. Meanwhile, the compound coating preservative treatment group increased activities of the defense enzymes involved in POD and PPO, significantly reduced the content of malondialdehyde, improving Citrusreticulata’s disease resistance. The fresh-keeping effects of the composite coating treatment had no significant difference from that in positive control group (0.225 g·L -1 prochloraz). Our data provide theoretical support for the development of new safe preservatives for Citrusreticulata.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(5): 978-987. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.05.0978
To maintain the sensory and nutritional quality of fresh-cut lotus roots during shelf life, three preservative agents, calcium chloride, ferulic acid and ethanol solution, were selected for single factor experiment. Then, the preservative formula was optimized by response surface methodology using the ΔE *, the weight loss rate and the aerobic bacterial count as response indexes, and the preservation effect of the optimized preservative on fresh-cut lotus root was verified. The results showed that combination of the three preservative agents had a significant effect on short-term storage of fresh-cut lotus roots. The optimal formula was determined by variance analysis and regression fitting to be calcium chloride 0.68%(m/m), ferulic acid 0.18%(m/m), and ethanol 15%(v/v). All the above solutions were prepared with sterile water. In the verification test, the ΔE *, the weight loss rate and the aerobic bacterial count of fresh-cut lotus root were determined as 8.64, 2.85% and 7.26 lg (CFU·g-1) after storage for 12 days, respectively, which were similar to the predicted values. It can also maintain the hardness and microstructure, retard the loss of nutrients like soluble solid and ascorbic acid, inhibit the decrease of phenolics content and the accumulation of soluble quinones in fresh-cut lotus roots. The results can provide theoretical basis and reference for the research and development of compound preservatives to improve the storage quality of fresh-cut lotus root.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(5): 988-997. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.05.0988
In order to investigate the quality differences of highland barley powder prepared by different milling methods, ultra-fine grinding, stone milling, and industrial milling equipment are used to grind highland barley. Different milling methods did not have significant impact on the apparent structure of highland barley flours, but they significantly affected the nutrient content and flour characteristics. Superfine flour showed a bright color (L* value of 88.45) and high content of damaged starch (24.76%). Its powder disintegration value, bulk density and tap density are 643 mPa·s, 0.34 g·mL-1, and 0.50 g·mL-1, respectively. The superfine grinding flour showed good thermal paste stability and high solubility (19.57%), retrogradation value (583.8 mPa·s) and swelling degree (8.74%). Stone milling flour had low damaged starch content (11.48%), but high oil holding capacity (1.03 g·g-1), water holding capacity (7.18 g·g-1) and freeze-thaw stability (water separation rate <66%). Industrial milling flour showed high repose angle (55.5°), slip angle (70.5°), bulk density (0.39 g·mL -1), tap density (0.63 g·mL-1) and peak viscosity (2 407 mPa·s-1), but low retrogradation value (110 mPa·s) and solubility (14.98). This study provides a reference to select suitable grinding methods for the improvement and application of highland barley flour.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(5): 998-1007. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.05.0998
The rheological properties of enzymatic treated ultrasonic yak milk were studied to understand how the protein hydrophobicity and the particle size of fat ball affect the formation of gel network of ultrasonic-treated yak milk. Yak milk was treated with ultrasonic treatment (5 min and 10 min, power of 300, 400 and 500 W), numbered as US1 (300 W, 5 min ), US2 (300 W, 10 min ), US3 (400 W, 5 min ), US4 (400 W, 10 min ), US5 (500 W, 5 min ) and US6 (500 W, 10 min ), and untreated yak milk was used as control. The rheological information of gel formation was obtained through time scanning of small amplitude oscillation. There is no significant change in the fat content, protein content and pH of yak milk before and after ultrasonic treatment (P>0.05), but the homogenization efficiency and emulsion stability of yak milk were significantly improved (P<0.05). Ultrasonic treatment increased the storage modulus of gel and the elasticity of the yak milk enzymatic gel. The storage modulus of US5 and US6 increased the most (6824 Pa and 7189 Pa, respectively), but the gel time was long. Compared with yak milk CK, ultrasonic yak milk US1, US2, US3 and US4 shortened the gel time of emulsion by 1.78, 3.72, 5.75 and 4.74 min, respectively. The surface hydrophobicity of milk protein was changed and the size of fat globules reduced after ultrasound treatment. Compared with control, the maximum fluorescence intensity of US3 was significantly increased by 51.22% (P<0.05), and the fat globule size distribution ranged from 0.300 to 4.002 μm, concentrated at 1.974 μm. The maximum fluorescence intensity of US4 was significantly reduced by 5.31% (P<0.05), and the size of fat globules showed a bimodal distribution, ranging from 0.131 to 4.502 μm. In summary, after ultrasonic treatment with different time and power for US1~US6, the hydrophobicity of milk protein surface and the size of fat balls were varied, which changed the gel network systems with different gel properties.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(5): 1008-1016. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.05.1008
Sowing date of intercropped crops will influence the symbiosis period of crops, which in turn affects intercrop productivity and interspecific interaction. In order to determine the effect of sowing date of foxtail millet on crop productivity in foxtail millet/peanut intercropping system, varieties Jinxuan 6 and Da 606 were selected as experimental materials for foxtail millet and peanut, respectively. The sowing date of peanut was fixed on May 15, while six sowing date treatments of foxtail millet were applied in the period of May 15 to June 9 at the interval of 5 days. The changes of crop yield, system productivity and interspecific competitiveness of foxtail millet/peanut intercropping system under different sowing dates were analyzed by measuring crop yield and yield components in both intercropping and monoculture systems. The results showed that, with the delay of foxtail millet sowing date, the yield of foxtail millet and peanut in the intercropping system increased first and then decreased. The yield of intercropping foxtail millet (4.07 t·hm-2) and land equivalent ratio (LER=1.24) were the highest at the sowing date of May 25 (S3). The yield of intercropping peanut (2.51 t·hm-2), total output value of intercropping system (4.64 ten thousand yuan·hm-2) and system productivity (SP=2.93 t·hm-2) were the highest at the sowing date of May 30 (S4). The actual yield loss of foxtail millet/peanut intercropping system was greater than 0,which indicated that the yield of intercropping was superior to monoculture. The encroachment force of foxtail millet was greater than 0 and the competition ratio was greater than 1, while the indices of peanut were at the opposite. Foxtail millet in the intercropping system had a competitive advantage, and its competition ability for resources was higher than peanut and was greatly affected by the sowing date. Correlation analysis and path analysis revealed that panicle length contributed the most to foxtail millet yield, which had significant positive correlation with panicle length, and was positively correlated with panicle width, panicle weight and panicle grain weight. The results had certain guiding significance for the practice of intercropping of foxtail millet with peanut.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(5): 1017-1025. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.05.1017
In order to investigate the growth promoting effect of two Bacillus strains on the tea chrysanthemum, Hongxinju was used as experimental material to study the effect of control (CK), Bacillus amyloliquefaciens inoculation treatment (Ba), Bacillus subtilis inoculation treatment (Bs), Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and Bacillus subtilis mixed inoculation treatment (Ba+Bs) on the physiological indexes of Hongxinju. The results at different growth periods showed that the promoting effect at the seedling stage were significantly better than those at the growth stage and flowering stage. The results of flowering stage showed that the quality and yield of the Hongxinju were improved after inoculated with Bacillus strains in different degrees. Compared with the CK, the contents of chlorogenic acid, luteolin and 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid were increased by about 20% on average, and there were no significant differences among the three inoculation treatment groups. The flavonoid content of Ba+Bs treatment were the highest, and it was increased by 15.64% compared with the CK. The estimated yield of Hongxinju treated with Ba+Bs was the highest, and it was increased by 152.00%, 64.12% and 33.61%, compared with CK, Ba and Bs trestment group respectively. In conclusion, at the seeding stage, mixed inoculation with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and Bacillus subtilis (Ba+Bs) treatment could significantly improve appearance indexes, flowering production and tea quality of Hongxinju. The results of this study lay a good foundation for the research and development of functional microbial organic fertilizer for tea chrysanthemum.
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Safety Assessment of Different Herbicides to Bar-transgenic Potato and Control Effect on Field WeedsJournal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(5): 1026-1033. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.05.1026
In order to safely control the weeds in glufosinate-resistant transgenic potato field, the Bar-transgenic potatoes were used as test materials, and the control effect of weeds, the indicators of potato growth, tuber yield and quality characteristics, and pesticide residues were compared among the test plots. That were treated with 1 440 g·hm-2 bentazone (T1), 99 g·hm-2 11% sulfensulfuron·quizalofop-p-ethyl (T2), 1 440 g·hm-2 bentazone + 99 g·hm-2 11% sulfensulfuron·quizalofop-p-ethyl (T3), 1 695 g·hm-2 glufosinate-ammonium (T4), 923 g·hm-2 glyphosate (T5) and clear water (CK). The results showed that glyphosate killed both weeds and potato plants with a damage rate of 100%. Neither bentazone, 11% sulfensulfuron·quizalofop-p-ethyl nor glufosinate-ammonium had any toxicity to potato, but the effect of increasing potato yield was significantly different due to the different control effects on weeds. At 45 d after treatment, the plant and fresh weight control effects of the mixed preparations of bentazone and 11% sulfensulfuron.quizalofop-p-ethy1(T3) on broadleaf weeds increased by 35.13 and 38.71 percentage points respectively compared with the treatment of bentazone alone (T1), and increased by 23.88 and 16.29 percentage points respectively compared with the treatment of 11% sulfensulfuron·quizalofop-p-ethyl alone (T2). The plant and fresh weight control effects on gramineous weeds increased by 78.36 and 80.92 percentage points respectively compared with T1, and increased by 11.85 and 8.23 percentage points respectively compared with T2. The per plant yield of potato tubers increased by 58.39%, 35.52% and 11.44%, respectively, compared with CK, T1 and T2. The control effects of glufosinate-ammonium (T4) on broadleaf and gramineous weeds were significantly higher than those of T1, T2 and T3, and the per plant yield of potato tubers were 67.40%, 43.24%, 17.79% and 5.6% higher than those of CK, T1, T2 and T3, respectively. Therefore, the glufosinate-ammonium with effective ingredients of 1 695 g·hm-2can effectively control weeds in the field of Bar-transgenic potatoes. However, in order to prevent the risk of inducing the resistance of weeds to glufosinate-ammonium due to the single action of the target herbicide glufosinate-ammonium during continuous planting of Bar-transgenic potatoes, the mixed preparations of bentazone and 11% sulfensulfuron·quizalofop-p-ethyl respectively with effective ingredients of 1 440 g·hm-2 and 99 g·hm-2 is recommended to use to control weeds in rotation with glufosinate-ammonium. This study provided a scientific basis for the scientific control of weeds in the field of large-scale planting of Bar-transgenic potatoes.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(5): 1034-1041. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.05.1034
In order to explore the effects of slow-release fertilizer with N reduction and side deep fertilization on rice growth, nitrogen utilization and soil fertility, two-line hybrid rice Jingliangyou 534 and three-line hybrid rice Yixiangyou 2115 were used as test materials in this study. Different nitrogen application treatments were set, namely, R150 (150 kg·hm-2 slow-release fertilizer with one-time side deep mechanical application), R120 (120 kg·hm-2 slow-release fertilizer with one-time side deep mechanical application and 20% nitrogen reduction), R96N24 (96 kg·hm-2slow-release fertilizer with side deep mechanical of basic fertilizer, 24 kg·hm-2urea with scattered panicle fertilizer), N150 (90 kg·hm-2 urea with scattered panicle fertilizer, 60 kg·hm-2urea with scattered panicle fertilizer) and N0 (no nitrogen application). The effects of nitrogen reduction and mechanical side-deep fertilization on yield formation and nitrogen uptake and utilization efficiency of mechanically transplanted rice were analyzed.The results showed that compared with conventional fertilization, the application of slow-release fertilizer in lateral depth significantly increased the tiller number, nitrogen accumulation, nitrogen use efficiency and soil fertility of mechanical transplanting rice, and had significant effects on the yield and nitrogen use of mechanical transplanting rice. The application of slow-release fertilizer in lateral depth significantly increased the effective panicle number and grain number per panicle of mechanically transplanted rice. The yield of the two varieties was the highest under the R150 treatment with one-time mechanical lateral depth application of slow-release fertilizer with conventional nitrogen application rate, which was 13.05% higher than that under the N150 treatment with twice artificial application of conventional urea. There was no significant difference in yield between R96N24 and R120 treatments with 20% nitrogen reduction and N150 treatment with conventional nitrogen application. The nitrogen agronomic efficiency, nitrogen absorption efficiency and yield of R96N24 treatment were higher than those of N150 treatment. In summary, compared with the conventional urea application by artificial seeding, the application of mechanical side deep basal fertilizer can ensure the demand for nitrogen in the whole growth period of rice, and significantly improve the nitrogen utilization rate of mechanical transplanting rice. The reduction of slow-release fertilizer by 20% in lateral depth could maintain soil fertility and yield, and achieve the purpose of reducing nitrogen and increasing yield.The results of this study provide theoretical guidance and practical basis for high-quality green production of mechanical transplanting rice.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(5): 1042-1051. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.05.1042
Improving the zinc(Zn) bioavailability of cereal edible part is an effective measure to solve Zn deficiency of human. A field experiment was conducted with ZD958 and GSY66 of maize hybrids. Three nitrogen rates(90, 180 and 225 kg N·hm-2) and two foliar zinc application(0 and 4.5 kg·hm-2 ZnSO4·7H2O) were set to analyse the variation of the maize grain yield, N and Zn concentration and photosynthetic characteristics of leaf in the grain filling stage of maize, to evaluate the effect of N and Zn fertilizer application on the Zn nutrition of maize grain. The results showed that, compared with N application of 90 kg·hm-2, N rate with 180 and 225 kg·hm-2 had the higher leaf SPAD, and NR, GS, SOD, POD and CAT activity after silking, PSⅡ comprehensive performance index(PI) in the later grain filling, and the lower content of MDA after silking. Foliar Zn increased leaf CA, SOD, POD and CAT activity after silking and SPAD, PI in the later grain filling and decreased content of MDA. Between two cultivars, higher leaf SPAD, Fo and Fm in the later grain filling was obtained in GSY66 and higher leaf PI in the early grain filling, NR, CA, SOD and POD activity after silking was found in ZD958. Grain yield was 8.55 t·hm-2 with N application of 90 kg·hm-2 and increased with N application increased. The N content with 180 kg·hm-2 had the highest grain N concentration (14.85 g·kg-1). Grain Zn concentration was higher in the N application of 90 and 180 kg·hm-2, averagely 27.2 mg·kg-1, compared with 225 rate kg·hm-2. Compared with no Zn application, foliar Zn had no effect on the grain yield, but increased the N and Zn concentration of grain by 11.7% and 18.0%, respectively. Relative to GSY66, ZD958 had improved grain yield by 3.8% but decreased N and Zn concentration by 11.9% and 5.3%, respectively. These results suggested that N application with 180 kg·hm-2 and foliar ZnSO4·7H2O with 4.5 kg·hm-2 could enhance maize leaf SPAD and fluorescence parameter, and increase the enzyme activity of nitrogen and zinc metabolize and oxygen free radical scavenging system, thus to reduce the damage of membrance lipid peroxidation and promote the absorption and accumulation of N and Zn in the maize grain. The result could provide a theoretical guide for enhancing the Zn biofortification in the maize production.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(5): 1052-1060. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.05.1052
In order to explore effects of different application methods of starter phosphate fertilizer on maize growth and yield, a field experiment was set up with three treatments (starter phosphate fertilizer applied by drip application (T1), hole application (T2), and no starter phosphate fertilizer (CK)) to investigate the effects of different application methods of starter phosphate fertilizer on maize growth, nutrient uptake and yield composition. The dose of the starter phosphate fertilizer was P2O5 30 kg·hm-2. A rhizo-box experiment was conducted with treatments: drip application (P1), hole application (P2) and no starter fertilizer (CF), to study the spatial distribution of the starter phosphate fertilizer in the soil, and the starter phosphate fertilizer rate was P2O5 0.2 g·kg-1 soil. The results indicated that T1 and T2 treatments significantly increased the total root length, the root surface area, the shoot and root biomass and the N, P and K nutrient uptake of maize at four-leaf stage and six-leaf stage. At the six-leaf stage, compared to CK, the root length in T1 and T2 increased by 21.10% and 30.35%, the root surface area increased by 23.48% and 29.20%, and the shoot and root biomass increased by 31.24% and 52.38%, 33.61% and 57.81%, respectively. Compared to CK, T1 and T2 promoted nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake, and promoted the transfer of nutrients from vegetative organs to reproductive organs. From the silking stage to the mature stage, compared to CK, the amount of nutrient transfer of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in T1 and T2 increased by 29.75 kg·hm-2 and 44.73 kg·hm-2, 10.76 kg·hm-2 and 14.65 kg·hm-2, 2.20 kg·hm-2 and 24.67 kg·hm-2, respectively. The ear length, the grain ear row number, and the yield and partial productivity of phosphorus fertilizer of maize followed the order of T2>T1>CK, while the bald tip length of maize had a T2<T1<CK arrangement. In P1 treatment, the available phosphorus content was mainly distributed at a depth of 0~9 cm and at a horizontally distance of 0~10 cm in the soil, while in the P2 treatment, it was mainly distributed at the depth of 6~15 cm and at a horizontal distance of 0~6 cm in the soil. In conclusion, the starter phosphate fertilizer promoted the growth and construction of the root system of maize at the seedling stage, thus providing an advantage for the maize's nutrient absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in the seedling stage and enhancing nutrient transfer to the reproductive organs at the reproductive stage, and further increasing maize yield. The hole application of the starter phosphate fertilizer showed better effects than drip application, mainly due to the deeper and more intensive distribution of available phosphate nutrients in the soil. Overall, this study provides an experimental basis for the rational and efficient application of starter phosphate fertilizer in maize production.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2022, 36(5): 1061-1071. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.05.1061
The current study aims to characterize the potential relationship between grain quality parameters and yield related traits, including yield components and morphology traits, of wheat varieties differ in gluten compositions under rain-fed condition. During the three wheat growing seasons in 2017-2020, five strong gluten wheat varieties and eleven medium gluten wheat varieties from the Huang-Huai-Hai region were planted in field trials in Shandong province. Harvested grains were analyzed using near-infrared spectroscopy to determine water absorption, grain hardness, test weight, Zeleny sedimentation value, protein content, wet gluten content, dough development time, dough stability time, and extension and maximum resistance of dough. In addition, grain morphological traits such as grain length, grain width, grain thickness and grain area were measured through seed image analysis. Results showed that the sixteen varieties could be classified into five groups by cluster analysis based on the general quality index. The highest quality index was found for group Ⅴ varieties (Shiluan 02-1, Jimai 20 and Taikemai 33). Among the five strong gluten varieties, Jimai 20 displayed the highest yield. For the eleven medium gluten wheat, Yannong 999, Taimai 1918 and Yannong 173 had significantly higher yield than the others, with Taimai 1918 displaying a superior and stable grain quality. Grain morphology traits showed a positive correlation with thousand grain weight (TGW), while both grain morphology traits and TGW showed negative correlations with grain quality traits. In conclusion, Jimai 20 and Taimai 1918, representing the strong and medium gluten varieties, respectively, were superior in yield and quality and suitable for planting in the rain-fed condition of eastern Shandong province. This study also showed that near-infrared spectroscopy and seed image analyses are effective techniques for wheat quality evaluation. The results of the current study provide guidelines for both the selection and quality analysis of high yield and high quality wheat varieties in eastern Shandong province.
