10 August 2017, Volume 31 Issue 8
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2017, 31(8): 1453-1462. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2017.08.1453In order to study the characteristics and functions of Carya cathayensis miR169 (cca-miR169), bioinformatics and molecular biology methods were used in this article. The phylogenetic tree showed that miR169 apparently distributed into dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous plant, and cca-miR169 clustered in dicotyledonous branch. Sequence analyses indicated that miR169 in dicotyledonous plants was more conservative than in monocotyledonous plants. The psRNAtarget server (http://plantgrn.noble.org/psRNA Target) was used to search for potential targets of cca-miR169 from hickory and Arabidopsis. Three and four potential targets were predicted to be regulated by cca-miR169 through cleavage or translational repression with a mismatch score of 4.0 or less in hickory and Arabidopsis respectively, and AT2G41820 and Unigene17062 are homologous genes. qRT-PCR results showed that the expression of AT2G41820 and Unigene17062 decreased in reproduction stage. Overexpress cca-miR169 in Arabidopsis found that the transgenic plants were more than 4 days ahead of the WT. The transgenic plants and WT plants were analyzed by qRT-PCR. The results revealed that the mRNA levels of LFY gene in the transgenic plants significantly increased. In short, cca-miR169 has a strong sequence conservation. In Arabidopsis, over expression of cca-miR169 can promote the flowering in Arabidopsis, which indicates that cca-miR169 can regulate the flower development by acting target genes in Carya cathayensis. The result was provided some experimental basis to clarify hickory flowering mechanism.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2017, 31(8): 1463-1468. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2017.08.1463In order to promote the product development of Pleurotus eryngii, the protoplast of strain PL7 was treated by ethyl methyl sulfonate (EMS) to select the mutants with significantly increased contents of mycelial polysaccharide. The results showed that the appropriate EMS concentration and treatment time for protoplast mutagenesis were 0.20% and 15 minutes respectively. Mutants of 22 were selected from 160 regenerating colonies by antagonistic test. After the measure of mycelial polysaccharide concentration, 7 mutants exhibiting significant increase of mycelial polysaccharide concentration were selected. After observing the growth rate of myelium, Rep-PCR analyses and mushroom cultivation, the strain D3-12 with high yield of mycelial polysaccharide was finally selected. The research provided a new pathway for germplasm innovation and novel variety selection of P. eryngii.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2017, 31(8): 1469-1474. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2017.08.1469
In order to explore the irradiation effects of 60Co-γ ray on hybrid seeds of Iris germanica, variations in germination and seedling survival rate of the hybrid seeds irradiated by 5 different dosages (0, 20, 40, 60, and 80 Gy) of 60Co-γ ray, and some horticultural traits of the M1 were investigated in the present study. The results indicated that the germination rate of seed irradiated by 20 Gy and 40 Gy 60Co-γ ray was respectively 68.33% and 87.91%, markedly higher than the control (41.25%), but seedling survival rate was not significantly affected. Compared with the control (96.29%), the seedling survival rates of the hybrid seeds exposed to 60 and 80 Gy sharply was decreased to 70.72% and 68.37%, respectively, thus indicating a significant lethal effect to some extent. Subjected to irradiation with 60 and 80 Gy 60Co-γ ray, leaf length and leaf width of the M1 plants were reduced significantly, moreover a notable decrease in standard petal width and increase in standard petal length were found for 60 Gy 60Co-γ rays in the M1 plants. Therefore, irradiation by 20 to 40 Gy 60Co-γ ray could improve seed germination, and mutagenesis could be induced by 60 to 80 Gy 60Co-γ rays irradiation. The findings provide a reference for future seed germination improving and irradiation breeding in Iris germanica.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2017, 31(8): 1475-1485. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2017.08.1475In this study, the salt tolerance ability of transgenic AhDREB1 poplar after 9 years was tested and the different influence of the condition to grow the transgenic poplar by field-grown and in vitro cultured was explored. Transgenic poplar line T46 from the hybrid poplar((Populus tomentosa × Populus bolleana)×P. tomentosa) grown in field and transgenic poplar line T46,T12 of hybrid poplar from the plant in vitro consecutive subculture after 9 years, the foreign gene stability of the hybrid poplar was detected by PCR. The result showed that AhDREB1 gene was still existed in the transgenic poplar after 9 years. In order to compare the salt tolerance ability of field-grown and in vitro consecutive subcultured transgenic hybrid poplar after growing for 9 years, the relative electrical conductivity was measured and analyzed under different concentration salt stress. The physiological parameters, including the height and ground diameter growth, SOD activity, POD activity, MDA content, proline content and chlorophyll content were measured under 0.6%NaCl stress. The results showed that the relative electrical conductivity and MDA content of all poplar lines were increased along with increased salt stress. However, the relative electrical conductivity and MDA content of transgenic lines were significantly lower than control under high salt concentration treatment. Overexpression of the AhDREB1 gene can significantly increase SOD activity, POD activity and proline content in transgenic poplar whether exposed to 0.6%NaCl stress or not. Under 0.6%NaCl stress, the SOD activity of transgenic poplar line T46-F, T46, T12 were 2.51, 3.20 and 2.55 folds respectively compared with CK. The POD activity of transgenic poplar line T46-F, T46, T12 were 1.23, 1.63 and 1.10 folds compared with CK. And the proline content of transgenic poplar line T46-F, T46, T12 were 1.51, 1.69 and 1.62 folds compared with CK. In addition, chlorophyll content decrease of transgenic lines significantly lower than control. Transgenic poplar maintained higher height and larger ground diameter growth than CK. Among the transgenic poplar, the proline content, plant height growth of in vitro cultured transgenic lines were significantly higher than field-grown transgenic poplar line after 9 years. While relative electrical conductivity of the former significantly lower than the latter suggesting that in vitro culture is a better way to maintain the ability of salt tolerance of transgenic poplar. It is concluded that AhDREB1 confers salt tolerance ability of transgenic poplar via an increase in antioxidant capacity, proline accumulation and a decrease in lipid peroxidation so as to maintain a lower relative electrical conductivity under salt stress. In summary of all the physiological traits, the salt tolerance order of all tested lines was T46>T12>T46-F>CK. This research provided a reference to enhance plant salt tolerance by AhDREB1 gene transformation.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2017, 31(8): 1486-1493. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2017.08.1486HSP60 plays an important role in regulating the development of testis and spermatogenesis. Sertoli cell is the only somatic cell in testis that have direct influence on germ cells, which would affect spermatogenesis and sperm mature. In order to study the effect of HSP60 on proliferation of white yak sertoli cells, the sertoli cells were isolated and purified by using enzymatic digestion, differential adhesion and Tris-HCL buffer, and identified by immunofluorescence staining and Feulgen staining. The results showed that the purity of sertoli cells were 96.2% by flow cytometry. The over-expression vector pIRES2-EGFP-HSP60 and siRNA-HSP60 was synthesized. After transient transfection, the expression of HSP60 mRNA was up-regulated in over-expression groups and down-regulated in silent groups at 24、48、72h. The cell proliferation detected by MTS showed that the over-expression groups were significantly higher than the negative control (NC) at 24、48、72h. The silence groups were lower than NC at 24、48、72h, but the difference was not significant. qPCR showed that in over-expression groups the expression of cyclin D1 gene at 48h was significantly higher than NC and PCNA gene at24、48、72h were significantly higher than NC. In silence groups, the expression of cyclin D1 gene and PCNA gene at 24、48、72h were lower than NC, but the difference were not significant. This study suggested that the regulation of HSP60 gene in white yak sertoli cell of cell proliferation was positive.This study provides the theoretical foundation for the effect of HSP60 on white yak testis development and spermatogenesis.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2017, 31(8): 1494-1499. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2017.08.1494CIDEC (also known as FSP27) is highly expressed in adipose tissue that promotes intracellular triglyceride (TAG) storage.To explore the mechanism of CIDEC promoting lipid droplet fusion, it had been studied that the diameter and the number of lipid droplets in HepG2 cells incubated with fatty acid were detected, and the result found there were no significant difference before or after treatments. After cells transfected with recombinant vector containing CIDEC was incubated in fatty acid for 24 h, the diameter and number of lipid droplets were measured, its subcellular localization were analyzed by confocal microscopy, and expression of genes related to lipid droplet formation and growth were detected. It indicated that the diameter of lipid droplets increased and the number decreased significantly after overexpression of CIDEC.Moreover, the expressions of PLIN1, CREB1,CREB8 were decreased,while the expressions of CIDEA, CFD were increased. It is speculated that CIDEC may interact with these proteins to cause lipid droplet fusion. This study provides theoretical basis study the mechanism of lipid droplet fusion promoting by CIDEC.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2017, 31(8): 1500-1508. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2017.08.1500This paper reviewed the advances since the 21st century on the study of germplasm resources of mutant obtained by irradiation in Zhejing province, including panicle, plant height, leaf shape, leaf color, floral tube in rice, and also described the related researches on molecular mapping, cloning, the genetic mechanism of gene mutation and the promotion in rice breeding. The paper analyzed the genetic background of 245 rice varieties bred by radiation, which released by Zhejiang province government since the 21 century. Among which 89.9% came directly or indirectly from Funong709 and Zhefu802, and 81.8% sterile line of Indica-Japonica hybrid rice Yongyou series in production were from Funong709. Further research on molecular biology of radiation induced mutation in rice is beneficial to enrich the germplasm resources and improve the efficiency of breeding.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2017, 31(8): 1509-1514. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2017.08.1509
In order to investigate the effect of tea polysaccharide on the radiation resistance of 60Co-γ ray radiation injury mice, tea polysaccharide extracted from Ya'an Tibetan tea was used as material, Mice were treated with different concentrations of tea polysaccharide for 15 days. On day 6, 5Gy60Co-γ ray was used to irradiate mice in each group, The total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) activity and total protein (TP) content in the peripheral blood cells and liver tissues of each group were measured on the 16th day after intragastric administration.The results showed that compared with the radiation group alone, the tea polysaccharides in Ya'an can significantly increase the number of peripheral blood cells in radiation-injured mice,the liver tissue T-AOC, T-SOD activity was significantly increased, the liver MDA content was significantly reduced, the femoral bone marrow DNA content was significantly increased and relieves the immune organ thymus atrophy, And with the increase of tea polysaccharide concentration, its anti-radiation effect is enhanced. In conclusion, the tea polysaccharides in Ya'an had a strong protective effect on the anti-oxidative function and hematopoietic function of mice irradiated by60Co-γ ray radiation, and had a certain dose effect. The results of this study provide a new reference for further study on the mechanism of polysaccharide radiation, and also provide a theoretical basis for the study of radiation health care in Ya'an Tibetan tea.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2017, 31(8): 1515-1520. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2017.08.1515So far, there is none of standard for Chinese medicine radiation dose setting. To regulate and demonstrate radiation dose setting of Chinese medicine, it could be calculated theoretical dose by standard distribution of resistances (SDR). Nine kinds of Chinese medicine powder and one kind of pills were chosen to be radiated in this paper. It could be calculated deviation by comparring theoretical dose with practice dose and calculate deviation. The results show that theoretical dose of seven kinds of Chinese medicine powder can reach practice dose. Deviation is about 1kGy. Deviation of pills and some Chinese medicine powder is very big. It is about from-88% to-50%. It is possible to make a decision that most Chinese medicine powder could get reasonable dose by SDR. Do not set radiation dose of pills by SDR. In this paper, we give a demonstration of reasonable radiation sterilization dose setting. Increase efficiency and decrease the risk for radiation sterilization dose setting.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2017, 31(8): 1521-1527. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2017.08.1521To evaluate the effect of electron beam irradiation on the quality and shelf life of salmon. Iced-fresh Salmon was irradiated by an electron beam source with doses of 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 kGy respectively. The changes of TVB-N, APC, acid value, weight loss, color and texture were measured during the storage at 0℃ after irradiation. The results showed that electron beam irradiation dose could inhibit the production of TVB-N and the growth of APC, and the effect was increasingly obvious with the increase in radiation dosage. Similar changes were obtained with the acid value, and there was no obvious increasing trend during storage. It also showed that the doses of 1.0 kGy and 2.0 kGy made the color of salmon dim significantly, but 0.5kGy was no significant difference to 0kGy. At the end of storage, the adhesiveness of salmon which were irradiated was smaller, and there was no significant difference among doses in hardness, springiness and chewiness. Under comprehensive consideration, 0.5 kGy was the best irradiation dosage to maintain the quality of salmon. This research provides an effective technical method and certain reference basis for the preservation of salmon.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2017, 31(8): 1528-1536. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2017.08.1528In order to extend the shelf-life of iced sea bass meat, the preservation effect of antioxidant of bamboo leaf(AOB), tea polyphenols(TP), Nisin on the sea bass meat during iced storage was studied. The optimal component proportion of compound fresh-keeping agent was determined by the single-factor and orthogonal experiment according to the pH, TVB-N value, sensory index and total bacteria count(TBC) of iced sea bass meat. The results indicated that the optimal concentration of single AOB, TP, Nisin were 0.3, 0.4 and 0.7g·L-1 respectively and the best formula in compound fresh-keeping agent was 0.3 g·L-1 AOB, 0.4 g·L-1 TP and 0.7 g·L-1 Nisin. Coated with the compound fresh-keeping agent, the freshness of fish meat surpassed the first, second and third grade at 13th, 19th and 23rd day respectively, the storage period prolonged correspondingly for 6 days, 4 days and 6 days compared with the control group. This composite bio-preservatives exerted a good preservation effect on sea bass meat, which can provide theoretical basis for the biological preservation of the sea bass.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2017, 31(8): 1537-1545. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2017.08.1537To improve the texture, colour and flavor of sauced duck, sauced duck was processed by adding low-temperature air-drying based on the traditional sauced duck during the processing in the experiment. The dynamic changes of physico-chemical properties (moisture contents, colour parameters, shear forces and texture properties) and volatile flavor components were investigated during the sauced duck processing. The results showed that the moisture contents of sauced duck decreased from 76.50% to 58.27% during the processing (P <0.05). Compared with raw meat, L* values decreased significantly at the 6 h of air-drying and a* values decreased after marinating and air-drying. B* values and chewing increased at the stage of saucing, then decreased during sterilizing. And hardness increased after saucing. However, the springiness and cohesiveness decreased at sterilizing. Gumminess showed a marked decrease at sterilizing compared with the 24 h of air-drying (P <0.05). The shear forces increased from raw meat to saucing, then decreased. 70 volatile flavor components were identified at the final sauced duck including terpenes, aldehydes, furans, ketones, hydrocarbons and alcohols. Among them, camphene (16.51%), hexanal (10.44%) and 2-pentylfuran (11.88%) were the primary volatile flavor compounds in sauced duck. These experimental results provided a theoretical basis for the study of changes of quality characteristics of sauced duck of low-temperature air-drying.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2017, 31(8): 1546-1555. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2017.08.1546Vacuum nitrogencharge blanching technique was used to process green wheat berry. To control the enzymatic browning during processing and storage, the polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity and the chromatic aberration were selected as indexes to calculate comprehensive scores. Three optimal parameters (blanching temperature, blanching time and vacuum) were separately determined using single factor experiment and response surface methodology. The results indicated that the three parameters had notable effects on the effectiveness of color-protection and the optimal processing parameters were determined as blanching temperature at 99.6℃, blanching time for 5.7min and vacuum for 0.08MPa, resulting in PPO specific activity of 80.04U and chromatic aberration of 0.57. The established regression model was significant (R2=0.9851). The predicted and experimental results were found to be in good agreement. Thus, the model can be used to predit the effectiveness of color-protection for green wheat berry.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2017, 31(8): 1556-1566. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2017.08.1556In this paper, the head of Penaeus japonicus was used as raw material for further development of offal reso-urce. Antioxidant peptides were prepared by ultrasonic assisted hydrolytic method. Based on the degree of hydro-lysates (DH) and DPPH scavenging, a series of enzyme-screening pre-experiments were carried out. The neutral protease was chose as hydrolysis, and we optimized the conditions of hydrolysis by single-factor test and respon-se surface methodology. Moreover, the purified antioxidant peptides were prepared from hydrolysates by ultrafiltr-ation (UF) membrane system,gel filtration chromatography and reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatog-raphy (RP-HPLC) in turn. Their structures were further identified by ultra performance liquid chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-TOF-MS/MS).The results showed that the optimal ultrasonic-assisted hydrolytic conditions for the neutral protease with 3 000 U·g-1 enzymatic activity and pH 7.0 were 41 minutes of ultrasonic time, 55 ℃ of ultrasonic temperature, 22 kHz of ultrasonic power and 1:9 of ratio of solid to liquid. The DPPH scavengingrate increased to 69.50% under these conditions. Compared with the non-ultrasonic assisted enzymatic method, the DH and DPPH scavenging rate increased by 17.95%, 18.83% within 0.5 to 2.5 h. The improved technique showed good results in reducing the reaction time and saving energy. Hydrolysates with <3 kDa (SHP4) relative molecul-ear mass that were purified by UF showed significant antioxidant activity. Four components were then separated by Sephadex G-25 gel chromatography. Among the four components, SHP4-II has the highest DPPH scavenging.Four components were also separated from SHP4-II by RP-HPLC. SHP4-II-4 has the highest DPPH scavenging with the value of 85.69%. One peptide with strong antioxidant activity was purified from the hydrolysates. Of which the structure was Gly-Asn-Gly-Leu-Pro (MW: 455.99 Da). The results of my research provided a certain scientific basis for the development of the new health foods with antioxidant activity.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2017, 31(8): 1567-1575. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2017.08.1567To investigate effects of tillage model and nitrogen rate on grain quality of dryland winter wheat, field experiments were carried out in the Qingshui Experimental Station of the Wheat Research Institute, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Science, which is located in the typical dryland rainfall farming area, selecting 4 soil tillage models (conventional tillage, CT. Conventional tillage with straw integrated in soil, CTI. No tillage with straw mulching, NTS. Conventional tillage with plastics mulching, PM) and 4 nitrogen rates (75 kg·hm-2, N1. 150 kg·hm-2 N2. 225 kg·hm-2, N3. 300 kg·hm-2, N4). The result showed that tillage model and nitrogen rate have significant effects on grain yield, protein content, protein components, wet gluten and dough stability time. Compared to CT, PM availed to improve the processing quality by significantly increasing the grain protein content, Glu/Gli and dough stability time. Conversely, the values in protein content, wet gluten, globulin, glutenin and Glu/Gli observed under no tillage with straw mulching (NTS), were much lower than under CT. Nitrogen application significantly increased protein content, wet gluten, protein components, as well as dough extensibility and water absorption. Compared with N1, the content of gliadin, glutenin, globulin and albumin under N4 were increased by 56.38%, 27.60%, 20.87% and 17.03%, respectively. Among the four types of protein components, nitrogen application was most benefical to accumulate of gliadin, hence excessive nitrogen application decreased Glu/Gli, dough stability time and R/E. Under the same nitrogen rate, the average grain yield under the various tillage methods followed the order of PM>CTI>CT>NTS, and the grain yield under PM amounted to 6259.63 kg·hm-2 which was higher by 6.24%, 10.54%, 20.95% than those of CTI, CT and NTS, respectively. Under the same tillage model, the average grain yield under the various nitrogen rates were accorded with the order of N2>N3>N4>N1, and the grain yield under N2 amounted to 6184.64 kg·hm-2 which was higher by 5.78%, 7.31% and 19.06% than that of N3, N4 and N1, respectively. The study results confirmed that conventional tillage with plastics mulching and 150 kg·hm-2 nitrogen application, is not only capable of dramatically increasing the wheat grain yield but also conducive to improve the processing quality, and is the optimal model of tillage and nitrogen application for the purpose of achieving high yield and quality in wheat production in the Gansu dryland rainfall farming area. This study provides a theoretical basis for the cultivation winter wheat with high yield and good quality in this area.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2017, 31(8): 1576-1584. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2017.08.1576
The NH3 volatilization of N nutrient in the single season rice cropping ecosystem was worth to be investigated to provide a theoretical evidence on the legume green manure mitigating the environmental risks related to N losses and improve N efficiency in the Chinese milk vetch - single season rice cropping system of South China. A pot experiment which included 3 treatments [without N nutrient(CK), solely nitrogen fertilization(N), combined nitrogen fertilizer with Chinese milk vetch (NM)], was carried out to study the effects of Chinese milk vetch on the ammonia volatilization from paddy field in mono-rice based cropping system of South China. The fluxes of ammonia volatilization peaked on the third day after fertilization either applied urea solely or integrated with Chinese milk vetch residues (10.8 kg·hm-2·d-1 and 9.27 kg·hm-2·d-1 respectively), and then decreased rapidly. During the monitoring period, the cumulative amount of NH3 volatilization was 93.4 kg·hm-2 and 79.8 kg·hm-2, accounting for 25.7% and 21.9% of total nitrogen respectively. Furthermore, the NH3 volatilization rate and its cumulative amounts were significant positive linear correlated with the NH4+ content and pH value as well as the activities of hydroxylamine reductase of paddy soil at tillering stage of rice plants. Compared with N treatment, the NM treatment remarkably decreased the ammonium nitrogen content and pH value of surface soil water, as well as reduced the activities of hydroxylamine reductase of paddy soil at tillering stage of rice plants by 37.8%. Thus the volatilization of NH3 from soil was suppressed. NH3 volatile cumulates and volatile coefficient significantly decreased by 14.6% and 14.8%, respectively. In summary, applying Chinese milk vetch with urea to paddy field in South China had a significant effect on improving the nitrogen use efficiency as well as decreasing NH3 volatilization from paddy fields and the related environmental risks in single season rice-based cropping system, which will provide a theoretical basis for mitigating the gas loss and improving the utilizing efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer in the single rice based cropping systems.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2017, 31(8): 1585-1593. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2017.08.1585In order to investigate the formation and physiological mechanism of nitrogen deficiency compensatory effects in double-season hybrid early rice, super hybrid early rice variety Ganxin 203 was selected as the material and planted by pot cultivation. At tillering stage of nitrogen deficiency sensitive stage, and five treatments was designed with T0 (Nitrogen fertilizer was no applied in all stages of growth, blank control), T1 (Nitrogen at different stages of growth by constant distribution), T2 (After nitrogen deficiency at tillering stage, no recovery at young panicle differentiation stage), T3 (After nitrogen deficiency at tillering stage, normal application at young panicle differentiation stage), T4(After nitrogen deficiency at tillering stage, times compensatory application at young panicle differentiation stage). In addition, the physiological indexes of the rice yield and its components, tiller numbers per plant, panicle formation rate, and net photosynthetic rate, SPAD value, nitrogen metabolism enzyme (NR and GS) activity, endogenous hormones, root bleeding sap were compared. The results showed that the yield per plant showed the equivalent compensatory effects, wherein the yield per plant was very close to T4 and T1 (CI=0.99), and no significant difference was observed between the two treatments. Compared with T1, the leaf net photosynthetic rate, SPAD value, NR and GS activity of T4 could be maintained at a higher level. And in the late compensatory growth stage, the four physiological indexes of T4 were still higher. As shown that it had a more significant deficiency and compensatory effects. In the late compensatory growth stage, leaf ABA content in rice plants was the lowest under T4 treatment, and the abscisic acid (ABA) contents for T4 and T3 were significantly lower than those for T0, T1 and T2. The ratios of growth promoted hormones (GA3+IAA+ZR) and growth inhibited hormones (ABA) in T3 and T4 were significantly higher than those in T0, T1 and T2. After 10 d for nitrogen deficiency compensation, root bleeding sap of T0 was the lowest, while the root bleeding sap in T3 and T4, was higher than that in T1, and the T4 and T1 reached significant difference. In the late compensatory growth stage, the tiller numbers per plant and panicle formation rate of T4 were higher than those of T1 and T3. The results of this study further defined the formation of the nitrogen deficiency compensatory effects for the double-season super hybrid early rice during tillering stage, it also could be helpful to explain the physiological mechanism for the formation of the rice nitrogen deficiency compensatory effects, and provide a scientific basis for rice improper application of nitrogen fertilizer then additional supplemental nitrogen fertilizer and the high and stable yield cultivation in double-season early rice.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2017, 31(8): 1594-1603. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2017.08.1594In order to investigate the growth and development effects of susceptible and resistant barnyardgrass on rice, two barnyardgrass varieties (susceptible for T1 and resistant for T2) separately against quinclorac, penoxsulam and bispyribac-sodium, were employed under the co-culture condition with rice nanjing 9108 during the period from rice transplanting to maturity and with weed free as a CK. The results showed that resistant barnyardgrass significantly reduced tiller number, dry matter accumulation, spikelets per panicle and shorted growth period, but increased the 1 000-grain weight when compared with susceptible-herbicide barnyardgrass. After co-cultured with barnyardgrass, compared with CK, both treatments of T1 and T2 significantly reduced the grain yield of rice for by 32.5%~33.4% and 24.8%~26.7%, respectively. The lose rate in rice grain yield of T2 was slightly lower than T1, but statistical analysis showed no significant difference was observed between T1 and T2. Furthermore, T1 and T2 substantially reduced LAI at heading stage, flag leaf photosynthetic rate, root oxidation activity, dry root biomass, contents of zeatin+zeatin riboside, activities of sucrose synthase and adenosine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase in grains during grain filling stage and dry matter accumulation at maturity stage of rice as comparison with CK. Moreover, there was no significant difference as above described parameters between T1 and T2 treatments. In conclusion, all results preliminary detected the decrease in flag leaf photosynthetic rate, root oxidation activity, dry root biomass, contents of zeatin+zeatin riboside, activities of sucrose synthase and adenosine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase in grains during grain filling stage and dry matter accumulation in maturity of rice might be the important reasons for rice loss when co-cultured with barnyardgrass. The above results provide a theoretical evidence for high yield cultivation of rice and integrated weed management.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2017, 31(8): 1604-1611. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2017.08.1604In order to investigate the difference of grain number and grain filling of hybrid japonica rice with large panicle under different treatments with water and nitrogen. Using Yongyou 1538 as test material, the effects of irrigation patterns (W0: water-saving irrigation, W1: alternate wetting and moderate soil drying) and nitrogen (N) rates (N1: 225 kg·hm-2, N2: 300 kg·hm-2, N3: 375 kg·hm-2) on the spikelets formation and grain filling of hybrid japonica rice with large panicle were studied. The results showed that the formation of the total branches and spikelets was significantly influenced by the irrigation patterns and N rates. Compared with W0, the number of differentiated, retrograded and survived total branches and spikelets under W1 were significantly increased. The number of differentiated and survived total branches and spikelets at the N rate of 300 kg·hm-2 were the highest among the three different treatments of nitrogen, while the retrograded number and percentage were the lowest. The branch and spikelet formation of large panicle hybrid rice varied with their position at the rice panicle. The irrigation patterns and N rates had no significant effects on the formation of the primary and secondary branches and spikelets at the upper part of a panicle. But the W1 and N2 treatments significantly increased the differentiated number and decreased the retrograded number of secondary spikelets at the basal and middle part. It was worth noting that the differentiation and degradation of secondary spikelets at the basal part greatly affected the formation of the total spikelets. The irrigation patterns and N rates showed no significant effects on the 1000-grain weight and grain plumpness of superior grains, while significantly influenced those of medium and inferior grains. Combination of alternate wetting and moderate soil drying N2 could promote the formation of secondary branches and spikelets, increase the grain number per panicle, grain weight and plumpness. This study provides a theoretical basis and practical guidance for the high yield cultivation and water and nutrient management of hybrid rice variety with large panicle.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2017, 31(8): 1612-1617. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2017.08.1612In order to study the effect of total N content of soil and nitrogen(N) fertilizer application level on dry matter accumulation, seed cotton yield and N use efficiency of cotton, a pot experiment was carried out with five total N contents of soil(0.58, 0.64, 0.74, 0.83, and 1.29 g·kg-1) and three N application levels (0, 1.75, 3.50 g of every pot, respectively). The results showed that seed cotton yield and dry matter weight of cotton plant increased significantly with the increase of N application level, and N application level and total N content of soil had significant interaction effect on dry matter accumulation of root, stem, and boll shell in cotton plant. Under the same total N content of soil, N accumulation of the cotton plant increased significantly with the increase of N application level. Apparent N recovery of cotton plant decreased when total N content of soil increased from 0.58 to 0.74 g·kg-1, then increased when total N content of soil was 0.83 g·kg-1 and declined when total N content of soil was 1.29 g·kg-1. No significant differences were found in N recovery of cotton plant under different N application level when total N content of soil ranged from 0.58 to 0.83 g·kg-1. Agronomic N use efficiency of cotton plant declined with the increase of total N content of soil, while physiological N use efficiency with total N content of soil 0.74 g·kg-1 was higher than that with total N content of soil 0.58, 0.64 and 0.83 g·kg-1. When total N content of soil was 1.29 g·kg-1, apparent N recovery, agronomic N use efficiency and physiological N use efficiency of cotton plant at low N application level was significantly superior to that at high N application level. When total N content of soil ranged from 0.58 to 0.74 g·kg-1, higher N input improved both seed cotton yield and N use efficiency, while when total N content of soil ranged from 0.83 to 1.29 g·kg-1, less N input could maintain both higher seed cotton yield and N use efficiency. The results should provide references for input of N fertilizer in cotton field under different total N content of soil.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2017, 31(8): 1618-1625. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2017.08.1618Six soil available microelement contents (available Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Mo and B) were analyzed as well as their influencing factors using geostatistics, correction analysis, regression analysis and GIS technology to reveal their spatial variability and influencing factors. The results indicated that soil available Fe, Mn, and Cu were rich in the study area over the medium level on the whole; available Zn and B contents were lacking at a poor level while available Zn content was at the medium level. Semi-variance analysis showed the ratio of nugget to sill of the six soil available microelements ranged from 29.72% to 67.59% with a moderate spatial autocorrelation indicating that the spatial variability of the six soil available microelement contents were affected by structural and random factors. For the spatial distribution, soil available Fe, Mn, Cu and Mo contents displayed the similar distribution tendency with a high content in north and low in south and available Zn and B showed a similar distribution tendency with a high content in west and low in east. Influencing factors analysis showed the six microelement contents were positively correlated with soil organic matter and negatively correlated with pH value, and the correlation between soil available microelement contents and main nutrient was higher than terrain factors. Soil organic matter had extremely significant impact on the spatial variability of soil available Fe, Cu, Zn and B, and can explain 5.5%~27.2% of the variability for the four soil available microelements. Except available Zn, soil pH value had extremely significant influence on the spatial variability of the other soil available microelements, and the explanatory ability of soil pH value was between 5.0% and 30.4%. Soil type had extremely significant impact on the spatial variability of available Fe, Mn and Cu, and the explanatory ability of soil type is between 8.4% and 12.3%. In contrary, cooked and cropping system had weaker effect on the spatial variability of the six soil available microelements than soil organic matter, pH value and soil type, indicating that the spatial variability of soil available microelement contents were affected by structural and random factors while the effect of structural factors played a more important role than random factors in the study area. This result can provide a reasonable reference for soil fertilization management of microelements and high quality tobacco cultivation in Guangyuan tobacco growing area.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2017, 31(8): 1626-1632. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2017.08.1626In order to investigate effect of endogenous hormones on fertility control of the thermo-sensitive male sterile line GS-19 in cauliflower, taking GS-19 as the material, high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) was adopted to comparatively analyze the dynamic changes of gibberellin(GA), auxin(IAA), abscisic acid(ABA) and zeatin riboside(ZR) of the leaves different development stages buds in sterile and fertile plantsat. The results showed that the changes of endogenous hormone (GA, IAA, ABA and ZR) of sterile and fertile plants had obvious differences in leaves and different developmental stages buds. GA and ABA content of buds of sterile plants appeared upward trend in general, and GA content was significantly higher than that of fertile plants at sporogenous stage, tetrad stage and pollen maturation stage. They were 281.54, 355.37 and 350.13 μg·g-1 respectively, which was 45.1%, 210.4% and 54.5% higher than the fertile plants, while ABA content was higher than the fertile plants only in tetrad stage and pollen maturation stage, was 2.22 μg·g-1and 2.88 μg·g-1, which was 82% and 35.2% higher than the fertile plants. IAA content of buds of sterile plants decreased at first and then increased, which was significantly higher than the fertile plants in sporogenous stage and pollen maturation stage, was 1.97 μg·g-1and 2.55 μg·g-1, which was 52.7% and 82.1% higher than the fertile plants respectively. But ZR content rose at first and then decreased, which was significantly higher than the fertile plants in tetrad stage and pollen maturation stage, was 320 μg·g-1and 170 μg·g-1, which was 580.9% and 243.9% higher than the fertile plants. Compared with fertile plants, IAA/ABA of the sterile plants buds appeared a V type change, which was minimum in tetrad stage. While GA/ABA and ZR/ABA of which appeared an inverted V change, which was maximum in tetrad stage. ABA and ZR were not detected in leaves and GA and ABA content of the sterile plants were significantly higher than the fertile plants. The results showed that the rise of endogenous hormones and the break of balance on many hormones hindered the normal development of microspore, which led to the pollen abortion of GS-19. The investigation was very important in revealing the relationship between endogenous hormones and male abortion, and provided much important information for revealing the genetic mechanism of the cauliflower thermo-sensitive male sterility.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2017, 31(8): 1633-1639. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2017.08.1633In order to investigate effects of antimony (Sb) pollution on the growth and photosynthesis of economic crop-maize, the effects of different Sb concentrations [0(CK), 50, 250, 500 and 1 000 mg·kg-1] on the biomass, gas exchange parameters, chlorophyll fluorescence and antimony accumulation of maize plants (cv. Huayu 14) were investigated in a pot experiment. The biomass, chlorophyll content, gas exchange parameters (net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate) and the maximum quantum yield of PSⅡ (Fv/Fm) all exhibited a decreasing trend with an increasing Sb level in the growth medium whereas instantaneous water use efficiency (iWUE) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content displayed an opposite tendency. At a high concentration of Sb (1000 mg·kg-1), maize biomass, total chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate and Fv/Fm decreased by 47.90%, 34.22%, 52.70% and 7.84% as compared with CK, respectively; iWUE and MDA content increased by 66.71% and 34.02% as compared with CK, respectively. Besides, with increasing Sb level, the Sb content was increased in the underground part and aboveground part of maize, and the differences among Sb treatments were significant (P < 0.05). The translocation coefficient from underground part to aboveground part also exhibited an increasing trend and its values (between 0.52 and 0.82) were lower than 1.0, indicating that a relatively small amount of Sb could be transferred from underground part to aboveground part, which may help this maize variety to protect its photosynthetic apparatus and enhance its tolerance to heavy-metal tolerance. This study provides some useful information based on the economic crop, maize, that can be applied to the remediation of heavy metal contaminated soils.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2017, 31(8): 1640-1646. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2017.08.1640
In order to reveal the photosynthetic tolerance and accumulation characteristics, a pot experiment with soil Cd concentration gradients was conducted to investigate the growth, photosynthetic pigments, gas exchange parameters and Cd accumulation ability of Corchorus capsularis L.. The result showed that its root length, plant height and biomass have a slight decrease compared with control at soil Cd concentrations lower than 10 mg?kg-1. While they sharply declined at soil Cd concentrations larger than 20 mg?kg-1.The chlorophyll contents decreased significantly with increasing soil Cd concentrations, but the ratio of Chl a/b maintained at a high value, which is beneficial to the Cd tolerance of C. capsularis. The photosynthesis rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), and transpiration rate (Tr) obviously reduced with soil Cd increment, while intercellular CO2 concentrations (Ci) increased slowly, indicating that non-stomatal limitation was the dominant factor to bring Pn down. In addition, the Cd concentrations and accumulations in organs of C. capsularis increased gradually with increasing of Cd concentrations, and reached the maximum vales of 232.46 and 186.98 mg?kg-1 in the root and shoot after treated with 100 mg?kg-1, respectively. Meanwhile, the bioconcentration factors of the plants were larger than 1.0 under soil Cd stress, and the translocation factors between 0.85 to 1.65, indicating that C. capsularis larger than is a plant which can accumulate and transport Cd. The metal extraction ratio of C. capsularis exceeded 1.9% at soil Cd concentrations of 5~10 mg?kg-1. Therefore, C. capsularis is a Cd-accumulator for the Cd polluted soils. This study provides a theoretical basis for identification new phytoremediation materials.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2017, 31(8): 1647-1655. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2017.08.1647Cinnamon soil is one of the main Chinese wheat and maize producing areas. To explore the evolution characteristics of Cinnamon soil nutrients and guide the fertilization scientifically, the overall trend of the soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (TN), alkaline-hydrolyzable nitrogen (AN), available phosphorus (AP), available potassium (AK) content, and soil pH value were summarized form 1988 to 2013. The principal component analysis were carried out for the role and influence of the six fertility indicators to soil comprehensive fertility. The results showed thatthe content of soil available phosphorus was significantly increased from 8.8 mg·kg-1 to 30.9 mg·kg-1(P<0.05), the content of soil available potassium was increased from 70.75 mg·kg-1 to 162.2 mg·kg-1(P<0.05), pH was decreased by 0.35,the content of organic matter and total N were also increased significantly (P<0.05). The main contribution factors for soil comprehensive fertility followed the order of SOM>TN>AN.In a word, the soil nutrients of Cinnamon Soil increased under farmer’s habitual fertilization model, and SOM,TN were the key influence factors of agricultural sustainable production and development in Cinnamon soil. So organic fertilizer inputs needs to be strengthened in the future fertilization systemto increase the soil comprehensive fertility.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2017, 31(8): 1656-1663. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2017.08.1656As the largest carbon pool in the earth surface layer, the tiny changes of soil organic carbon (SOC) will affect the atmospheric CO2 concentration and make soil a source or sink of CO2. The elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration changes the SOC transformation in the spatial and temporal scales. Due to the differences of soil characteristics and environmental conditions, effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 on SOC transformation are changing under the special condition. To clarify these differences and clear whether the soil is "carbon sink" or "carbon source", it's necessary to fully understand the SOC transformation process responses to elevated atmospheric CO2. However, most of the current studies focused on the effects of elevated CO2 on above-ground plants. After reviewing the literatures published mainly in the recent 10 years, and based on discussing the effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration on SOC content, we revealed the SOC transformation mechanism in response to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration from soil microorganisms, soil enzymatic activities, the coupling effect with other factors and so on. Finally, we prospected the main directions for the future researches, aims to provide a theoretical basis for soil management.
