10 June 2017, Volume 31 Issue 6
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2017, 31(6): 1037-1045. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2017.06.1037
To find the biological effect of space mutagenesis on P. chlamydosporia. Totally 29 strains isolated from the colonies of survival space-induced strains were tested not only for their biological characteristics, such as morphology, colony growing rate, dry weight of mycelium, spore production, and the parasitism to the eggs of Meloidogyne incognita, but also for salt tolerance and benomyl resistance. The results showed that the biological characteristics of space-induced strains of P.chlamydosporia were significantly different from the original strain. For space-induced strains, the colony growing rate and dry weight of mycelium showed higher negative mutation rates, the spore production showed greater positive mutation rates, and the pathogenicity against the eggs of M. incognita was more great, for instance, the improved parasitic rates of Pc-m-4, Pc-m-6, Pc-m-10, Pc-m-15 and Pc-m-123 were 92.33%, 93.67%, 91.67%, 90.67% and 90.33%, respectively, higher than the parasitic rate of original strain (81.00%), besides, Pc-m-6 had a good resistance to the benomyl and Pc-m-10 was able to survive in the high salinity condition. The influence of space mutagenesis on P. chlamydosporia was significant, and the superior strains obtained showed potential in biological control of M. incognita.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2017, 31(6): 1046-1052. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2017.06.1046In order to study the expression and stability of exogenous genes in adult trees, 6-years-old triploid Populustomentosa contained Ri plasmid were used as the studied materials to test the exogenous genes, the triploid Populustomentosa grown at same time was used as the control, the characteristics of growth and physiology of 21 transgenic lines and the control were studied. PCR results confirmed the tms and rolC genes of the Ri plasmid T-DNA were stable in the genome of the transgenic lines. The growth of transgenic lines was affected at different level: petiole length, leaf length, leaf width and leaf area was lower and the ratio of leaf length to width was higher than that of control. 71% transgenic lines were shorter than the control in the height; the diameter at breast height of 81% transgenic lines were lower than control. The content of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll a+b,the value of Fv/Fm and PI were all less than the control content of endogenous GA3 in the leaves of 81% transgenic lines were higher than control, meanwhile the content of endogenous IAA and IAA/ABA ratio in all of the transgenic lines were higher than control. But there were less content of endogenous ABA in 86% transgenic lines than the control. T-DNA expressed stably in adult triploid Populustomentosa, and increased the content of endogenous auxin and the gibberellin, so the growth was inhibited, but there were big differences among different lines. The result in the present study will provide a theoretical and practical basis for further study of the regulation mechanism of exogenous gene expression in plants.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2017, 31(6): 1053-1060. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2017.06.1053In order to explore the karyotype characteristics and evolutionary relationships of Agastache rugosa from five different areas, A.rugosa,come from Shangqiu, Henan (HNSQ), Chengdu, Sichuan (SCCD), Handan, Hebei (HBHD), Anguo, Hebei (HBAG),and Changchun, Jilin (JLCC), were used as experimental materials. The karyotypes of A.rugosa from five different areas were analyzed using conventional pressed slice method and clustered with resemblance-near coefficient. The results showed that the chromosome numbers of A. rugosa from five different areas were 18. Chromosome types of A. rugosa consisted of sm, m, st and M, asymmetry coefficient was ranged from 59.48% to 65.43%. The karyotype of A. rugosa from HBHD was 3B, the others were 2B. Karyotype clustering analysis showed that the genetic relationship between JLCC and HBAG was closest, with the highest resemblance-near coefficient of 0.9982, and their evolution distance was 0.0018. The farthest genetic relationship was between SCCD and JLCC, and their resemblance-near coefficient was the lowest, 0.9716, and their evolution distance was 0.0284. The karyotype varies within A. rugosa from different areas. Among five areas, the karyotype of A. rugosa from JLCC was the most primitive, and SCCD area was more evolutive. The karyotype differences and evolutionary relationship among A. rugosa from different areas were defined in this study, which lays the foundation for further study of cell classification issues of A. rugosa.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2017, 31(6): 1061-1069. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2017.06.1061The insensitive Na+ KUP/HAK/KT transport protein played an important role in K+ transport protein of plant. In order to elucidate the expression pattern of AsKUP1 in Oat in response to salt stress and its biological function, the K+ transport protein in Oats was cloned with RACE method to obtain the full-length sequence of AsKUP1, and its bioinformatics were analyzed. The plant overexpression vector of pCAMBIA1301-AsKUP1 was successfully constructed, and was transformed into Arabidopsis thaliana, then the expression of AsKUP1 in Arabidopsis thaliana was analyzed with real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR method. The results showed, AsKUP1 full-length was 2 951 bp including an ORF of 2 334 bp and predicted to encode 777 amino acid, its isoelectric point and molecular weight was 8.55 and 87.0kD, respectively. The sequence analysis showed AsKUP1 was closer related to the KUP/HAK/KT family of the Aegilops tauschii and the triticum aestivum, and this protein was predicted to contain 14 transmembrane domains and located on cell membra with greater probability. Under the salt stress conditions,the T2 germination rate of transgenic seeds was 57%,while the wild type was 43%.The two transgenic lines with the ratio of 3∶1 were screened by hygromycin, and the root length of T3 transgenic plant of their progeny was 1.46 and 1.34 times of the wild type plant。The fresh and dry weight of T3 transgenic plant was 1.56 and 1.44 times of the wild type plant respectively,the difference of Na+ content was not significant,and K+ content of transgenic plant was 1.25 times of the wild type plant,which indicated that the expression of AsKUP1 improved the salt tolerance of Arabidopsis thaliana. This study laid the foundation for revealing the salt tolerance mechanism of family gene for the family gene of K+ transport protein in plant, and for improving the salt tolerance ability of plant by transgenic technology.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2017, 31(6): 1070-1075. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2017.06.1070In order to introduce the lobed-leaf trait into a recessive epistatic genic male sterility system of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) to control the purity of hybrid seeds, homozygous male sterile plant was crossed with lobed-leaf line Yuye 87, then lobed-leaf two-type lines and lobed-leaf temporary maintainer lines were selected based on marker assisted selection (MAS) in the progeny populations, and two markers linked to the sterility genes were used in MAS. The results showed that two-type lines and temporary maintainer lines with lobed leaves could be bred by three approaches including selection in F2 population, pedigree method and backcross method, i, e. lobed-leaf trait could be used as a morphological marker to ensure the purity of two-type lines, lobed-leaf temporary maintainer lines and male sterility lines by removing the plants with normal leaf shape in the process of multiplication, and the purity of hybrid seeds can be controlled. Therefore, lobed-leaf trait is an ideal morphological marker for controlling seed purity in hybrid production of rapeseed. The results provided a simple and effective way to control the hybrid purity of rapeseed.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2017, 31(6): 1076-1085. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2017.06.1076Tetraploid watermelon plays an important role in triploid seedless watermelon breeding as the female parent, especially the seed traits of tetraploid watermelon effect the seed germination rate, seedling rate and seed amount of triploid watermelon varieties. In order to research the traits of tetraploid watermelon seeds, lines of 41 T6 autotetraploid seeds induced by colchicine were used in this research, the original diploid was used as the control, the germination rate, single fruit seeds, hundred-grain weight and morphological structure difference were compared. The result showed that the germination rate of tetraploid watermelon seeds were lower and the single fruit seeds is fewer than their original diploid, the tetraploid watermelon seeds had bigger hundred-grain weight, length, width, thickness and width of beak.The number of seeds in single tetraploid watermelon was significantly correlated with that of the original diploid watermelon. And the hundred grain weight, related significantly with the length and width neither for the diploid nor the tetraploid watermelon,the seed shell thickness of tetraploid watermelon has significant correlation with multiple characters, the seed germination rate of tetraploid watermelon correlated only with beaks wide and had no correlation to any characters. Through the comparisons between the characteristics of tetraploid seeds and diploid seeds, a certain theoretical basis would be provided for tetraploid watermelon breeding.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2017, 31(6): 1086-1093. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2017.06.1086Magnesium protoporphyrin Ⅸ methyltransferase (ChlM) is a key enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway of chlorophyll, which plays essential roles in chlorophyll synthesis, photosynthesis and chloroplast development of photosynthetic autotrophs. In addition to affecting the formation of photosystem PSⅠ and photosystem PSⅡ, as well as ABA signaling, ChlM can also influence the activity of magnesium chelatase by regulating expression of its CHLH subunit. MgPME, the product of ChlM, may involve in the retrograde signaling between chloroplasts and nuclei. Meanwhile, ChlM is regulated by light, redox status of chloroplast, and folic acid concentration in leaves. This review mainly summarizes the up-to-date progress about the structures, catalytic mechanism, regulation of the enzyme activities and related metabolism of ChlM, and also highlights future directions of research on ChlM, and will provide some beneficial comments for future research and improving photosynthetic efficiency.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2017, 31(6): 1094-1099. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2017.06.1094For improving the mechanical properties of starch based thermoplastic films, corn starch was exposed to 60Co-γ ray irradiation at doses 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 kGy, respectively. The effects of irradiation on the structure and particle size of irradiated corn starch were investigated. Then, the thermoplastic films were prepared by extrusion granulation and blowing method using irradiated corn starch as raw materials. The effects of irradiated doses on mechanical properties and surface structures of thermoplastic films were investigated. These results showed that 60Co-γ rays can effectively break corn starch molecules’ hydrogen bonds and reduce the polymer rigidity. In addition, 60Co-γ rays can effectively decrease corn starch molecules’ particle size and improve the processing flow properties. The mechanical properties of thermoplastic irradiated corn starch films increased with increasing irradiation dose. And the surface of thermoplastic irradiated corn starch films became more and more smoothed with increasing irradiation dose. Consideration of the 60Co sources’ consumption and mechanical properties, the prepared thermoplastic degradable film using 40 kGy irradiated corn starch as the main materials have more practical value. The results provided the basis of theory and practical experience for fabricating thermoplastic degradable films using irradiated corn starch.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2017, 31(6): 1100-1109. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2017.06.1100In order to determine the effective utilization of industrial potato residue, potato residue flour and potato residue-starch mixed flour were compared with commercial potato flour, lyophilized potato flour and high gluten wheat flour to evaluate the proximate composition, physicochemical and sensory properties and amino acid contents. Amino acid score (AAS), essential amino acid index (EAAI), biological value (BV), nutrition index (NI), amino acid ratio coefficient score (SRCAA) and fuzzy discernment method were used to evaluate the nutritional value of the samples according to FAO/WHO standard. Results showed that the sequence of water-absorbing capacity was potato flour > potato residue flour > potato residue-starch mixed flour > lyophilized potato flour > high gluten wheat flour. The highest SRCAA value showed in potato residue-starch mixed flour (100), followed by potato flour (81.00) and potato residue flour (72.25), the lowest value showed in lyophilized potato flour and high gluten wheat flour (68.89). The sequence of EAAI and BV were the same: the highest value were found in potato residue-starch mixed flour and potato residue flour, the following were potato flour and lyophilized potato flour, while high gluten wheat flour lay at bottom. The order of NI value from top to bottom was high gluten wheat flour, potato flour, lyophilized potato flour, potato residue flour and potato residue-starch mixed flour. Taken together, potato residue-starch mixed flour had lower water-absorbing capacity, better processing characteristics. However, the NI value reflected its low protein content. Subsequently, the lower protein content of potato residue-starch mixed flour can be improved by post-processing addition of protein from alternate source. The study assessed application of potato residues and other ingredients as material to formulate new kind of nutritional flour to develop staple food and to reduce negative effect of residues.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2017, 31(6): 1110-1118. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2017.06.1110In order to explore the rapid detection method of mutton freshness under different storage conditions, the changes of mutton relaxation characteristics under the conditions of freezing (-18℃), refrigeration (4℃) were analyzed by low-field nuclear magnetic resonance techniques, and pH value, volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) content were detected to detect its freshness. The model of correlation among mutton pH value, TVB-N content and its LF-NMR relaxation characteristics were established and verified by the multiple regression analysis. The results showed that the pH value, TVB-N content of mutton under different storage conditions gradually increased with storage and conformed to binomial relationship, and the correlation coeffiecients were R2>0.99 and R2>0.97. During storage, transverse relaxation time T22, T23 significantly reduced, and respectively had a linear relationship(R2>0.98) and good binomial relationship (R2>0.97) with the storage time, while the variation of T2b, T21 had no significant correlation with storage time. The ratio of the peak area S22 decreased (R2>0.97), S23 gradually increased (R2>0.97), but the S2b, S21 had no significant variation with storage. The multiple linear regression analysis showed that TVB-N content and T23, T2,pH value and T22, T2 can establish good correlation model (R2>0.96). The model was validated reasonable, showing that LF-NMR relaxation can be used to predict mutton pH and TVB-N content under different storage conditions, which provides a theoretical basis for detecting of mutton freshness by LF-NMR relaxation.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2017, 31(6): 1119-1127. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2017.06.1119To study the effects of controlled atmosphere (CA) on the activities of antioxidant and disease resistance-related enzymes in Dabaoli green asparagus, the fresh products were treated with five different gas compositions [CA1 (5% CO2+1.5% O2), CA2 (7% CO2+0% O2), CA3 (7% CO2+1.5% O2), CA4 (7% CO2+3.5% O2), CA5 (9% CO2+1.5% O2) ], and stored at 15±1 ℃ with 90%~95% relative humidity. The sensory quality, total number of colonies, relative electrical conductivity, malondialdehyde (MDA) and total phenol contents, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl(DPPH)free radical and hydroxyl radical (·OH) free radical scavenging abilities, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD) and phenylalnineammonialyase (PAL) of postharvest Dabaoli green asparagus were investigated. The results showed that different CA treatments inhibited the root of green asparagus and delayed the increases of total number of colonies distinctly. In addition, the CA treatments delayed the increase of relative electrical conductivity and MDA content, maintained higher total phenol content, DPPH and ·OH free radical scavenging abilities; Moreover, the activities of SOD, PPO and CAT were enhanced by the CA treatments, while the activities of POD and PAL were inhibited by these treatments. Among these CA treatments, the effects of CA3 treatment on the activities of antioxidant and disease resistance-related enzymes in green asparagus was the best. Moreover, according to the time of decay in root, the storage life of CK (0.03% CO2+21% O2), CA1, CA2, CA4, CA5 and CA3 were 1, 2, 2, 2, 4 and 5 d, respectively. Therefore, the treatment of CA3 (7% CO2+1.5% O2) could maintain the postharvest quality of Dabaoli green asparagus, providing theoretical basis and technical support for storage of green asparagus.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2017, 31(6): 1128-1136. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2017.06.1128Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused by Fusarium graminearum, leads to great losses of wheat yield and quality. To explore the potential biocontrol against FHB, 28 Bacillus spp. strains were screened from the infected wheat spikelets by antagonistic trials against F. graminearum. Among which, 20 isolates significantly exhibited antifungal activity against F. graminearum. Based on the analyses of their physiological and biochemical characteristics, and 16S rDNA sequence, these strains were separately identified as B. methylotrophicus (11 isolates), B. amyloliquefaciens (2 isolates), B. subtilis (2 isolates), B. siamensis (3 isolates) and B. tequilensis (2 isolates). These isolates could effectively reduce the severity incidence and index of FHB. The disease incidence was obviously decreased by more than 80% by three isolates, namely IS62N, JS15E and JS29I. JS29I, JS14C, JS62N, JS39C and JS39D could decrease disease severity by over 80%. Moreover, 16 isolates reduced the FHB index by more than 80%. All the isolates could significantly increase (P≤0.01) hundred-grain weight, the best of which was B. methylotrophicus JS12Q (+ 101.4%). The results suggest that these Bacillus strains could be potential biocontrol agents against FHB.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2017, 31(6): 1137-1144. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2017.06.1137Aquatic products are rich in variety and nutrition, but its unique biological characteristics make it easy to corrupt at room temperature. The method of storage currently used is cold storage. During the storage, protein would denature and the functional properties would reduce, which lead to the decrease in flavor and nutrition. Cryoprotectants can effectively prevent aquatic products denaturation during cold storage, but the traditional cryoprotectants don’t meet the current low sugar consumption standard. With the rapid development of aquatic products, the production of more novel cryoprotectants is of great practical significance. This paper discussed the factors that affect fish protein denaturation. Also the mechanism of denaturation and the changes in structural and functional properties of myofibrillar proteins during frozen storage was summarized. Finally the effect of the novel cryoprotectants on the quality of aquatic products and its mechanism were described to lay a foundation for the development of novel cryoprotectants.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2017, 31(6): 1145-1152. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2017.06.1145In order to explore the influences of irradiation the diversity and structural composition of intestinal microflora in Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett), adult females and males from B. cucurbitae genetic sexing strain (GSS) at different ages (5, 8, 11, 13 d respectively) were irradiated by 137Cs at the dose of 100 Gy. Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing platform was used to study the changes of gut microbial communities caused by irradiation. The results showed that 19 major bacteria genera were detected in adults'guts, of which 17 genera were known, and 1 was unclassified with 1 uncultured. The 17 known genera belong to 4 phyla, namely Proteobacteria (accounted for 50% to 98% of total amount), Firmicutes (accounted for 2% to 47% of total amount), Bacteroidetes (accounted for 1% to 16% of total amount) and one unclassified rare phyla (accounted for <1% of total amount), respectively. In addition, the irradiation could significantly reduce the diversity and relative abundance of gut symbiotic bacteria in B. cucurbitae GSS adults, and the influences caused by irradiation had nothing to do with sex and adult ages. These results provide a reference for assessing and repairing the irradiation damage to B. cucurbitae.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2017, 31(6): 1153-1158. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2017.06.1153To explore the tolerance of phalaenopsis to fast neutron irradiation, the shoots of the tissue culture seedlings of Phalaenopsis Taisuco Firebird and Phalaenopsis Neyshanguniang were irradiated with fast neutron pulse reactor, and the effects of different effects of irradiation fluids on antioxidant enzyme activities, osmotic adjustment substances and membrane lipid peroxidation in plants were studied. The results showed that the activities of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the leaf tissue of stem segments increased first and then decreased with the increase of irradiation trend. The lower dose (300×108 n·cm-2) irradiation promoted the activity of antioxidase and improved the anti-irradiation ability of Phalaenopsis. The higher dose (>2 500×108 n·cm-2) irradiation inhibited the activity of antioxidase resulting in phloem injury of Phalaenopsis. Soluble protein content had significant negative correlation with fast neutron irradiation dose (r=-0.734, r=-0.669, p<0.01), while MDA content had significant positive correlation with fast neutron irradiation dose (r=0.929, r=0.926, p<0.01). In other words, low-dose irradiation promoted soluble protein anabolism and high-dose irradiation would exacerbate membrane lipid peroxidation. To sum up, Taisuco Firebird stems were more vulnerable to fast neutron irradiation than Neyshanguniang. The study provides a theoretical basis and technical reference for fast neutron irradiation on mutation breeding of flowers.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2017, 31(6): 1159-1165. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2017.06.1159In order to understand the potential of poplar trees to remediate strontium polluted soil, investigate the strontium accumulation among three poplar species under soil strontium and diesel contamination, Populus alba, P. russkii and P. cathayana seedlings were treated at different stress (100 mg·kg-1 Sr2+,15 mg·kg-1 diesel,15 mg·kg-1 diesel +100 mg·kg-1 Sr2+) for 60 d. The growth index and Sr2+ accumulation in different parts of plants were measured to evaluate the accumulation potential and characteristics of three poplar species. The results indicated that Sr2+ stress could improve growth of P. russkii and P. cathayana seedlings, while the growth of P. alba was inhibited. Diesel could obviously inhibit growth of three poplar species, especially for P. alba. The significant difference was found in enrichment ability among different organs of the poplars under Sr2+ stress alone, with the order as followed root> stem> leaf, as well as the order of enrichment ability was P. alba (2.369 mg·g-1DW) > P. russkii > P. cathayana (1.203 mg·g-1DW). The Sr2+ accumulation of three poplars under strontium-diesel combination stress were decreased obviously, and the Sr2+ content of P. alba was 1.344±0.039 mg·g-1 DW, P. russkii was 1.145mg·g-1DW and P. cathayana was 0.604 mg·g-1DW. However, the organ with maximum accumulation index of P. cathayana was changed from leaf to root. Furthermore, diesel could impact Sr2+ transport capacity of three poplars, and the difference was significant. The combined stress could increase the Sr2+ transport capacity of P. alba by 15.76% and decrease that of P. cathayana's by 61.83%. Our results demonstrated that the poplars were adapted to the stress of Sr and diesel stress and the P. alba was proved to be more suitable for the combined pollution remediation. The results might helpful to support the evidence of phytoremediation of Sr and diesel polluted soil.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2017, 31(6): 1166-1172. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2017.06.1166In order to study the passivation effect of oil cake, an experiment was conducted to simulate field environment for 45 days after added oil cake (mass ratios of 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% and 5%) to Cd-contaminated soil. The distribution characteristics of cadmium in cadmium-contaminated soil, DTPA-Cd content, organic matters content and soil pH were also measured at the end of incubation. The results showed that addition of oil can significantly reduce the proportion of exchangeable cadmium in cadmium contaminated soil. In contrast, the proportion of carbonate bound Cd (Cb-Cd), Fe-Mn oxides bound Cd (Fe-Mnb-Cd) and organic matter bound Cd (OMb-Cd) were increased, and residue lattice bound Cd (RLb-Cd) did not change significantly. The content of DTPA-Cd in cadmium contaminated soil was decreased by up to 49% after amended with oil cake. The pH value of cadmium contaminated soil was about 6.0, with the larger fluctuation in 1% to 4% addition treatments and little fluctuation in 5% addition treatment. Oil cake addition enhanced Cd-contaminated soil organic matter content in all treatments. In short, the addition of oil cake can significantly increase the content of organic matter in cadmium contaminated soil. Therefore, oil cake is an effective soil amendment, which can provide references for remediation of heavy metals contaminated soil and cyclic utilization of agricultural waste.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2017, 31(6): 1173-1178. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2017.06.1173In order to reduce the bioavailability of cadmium (Cd) in paddy soil and ensure the safe production of rice, pure soil culture and pot experiment were carried out to study the effects of different modification methods, matching conditions and application amount of pecan shell and alum slurry on Cd passivation, and an organic-inorganic Cd passivator and its application method have been developed. The results showed that the maximum adsorption capacity of pecan shell was significantly higher than that of alum slurry. The maximum adsorption capacity of Cd was increased by 30% and 233%, respectively, when the pecan shell and alum slurry were modified by 0.5 M oxalic acid and 1 M NaOH. Under flooding condition, the modified pecan shell and alum slurry can reduce the content of extracted Cd in paddy soil by 49.8% at the ratios of 85% and 15%. Furthermore, the degradation of pecan shell was inhibited at this ratio compared with other ratios, which prolonged the Cd immobilization effect throughout 120 days. The decomposition rate of pecans shell decreased when the pecan shell and alum slurry mixed by this ratio, and the effect of fixed soil Cd remained stable within 120 days. Incorporation of 1.0% of passivant (v/v) into the Cd-contaminated soil (Cd<2 mg·kg-1) before the rice was planted, the Cd content in the harvested rice was reduced by 52.1%. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for the passivation repair of the pecan shell and alum slurry in the soil Cd pollution.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2017, 31(6): 1179-1184. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2017.06.1179To better understand the physiological adaptation characteristics of plants in the Northwest Plateau of Sichuan, 13 main plants in the North Sichuan Plateau ecosystem were employed as experimental materials, the chemical characteristics of the leaves were measured as well as the changes of these characteristics under the influence of altitude, life type and vegetation type. The results showed thatthe contents of C,N and P in the leaves of 13 species were 441.74, 18.58 and 0.71 mg·g-1, respectively, and the values of C∶N, C∶P and N∶P were 28.29, 688.61 and 26.59, respectively. There was typical P limitation to plants in Northwest Plateau of Sichuan. Significant positive correlation were observed between C, N and P, as well as N∶P and C∶N (P<0.05). The effects of altitude, life type and vegetation type on the stoichiometric characteristics of plant leaves were found significant. The plants in relative high altitude had higher C∶N ratio and lower N∶P ratio, but the responses of different plants to altitude gradient were different. Compared with herbaceous plants, the leaf of woody plants had higher P contents and lower C∶N ratio. Eight plant species were both collected in grassland and shrub grassland, their leaf N concentration and value of N:P were both significantly different. The results of this study are of great significance to the practice of local ecosystem management and resource selection.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2017, 31(6): 1185-1191. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2017.06.1185In order to explore the critical effects of the function of soil enzyme activity and the balance of soil nutrient on continuous cropping obstacles, flax was used as the main experimental material, and the method of located experiment was adopted. Four treatments was designed as flax-wheat rotation (TR), continuous cropping of flax (TC), flax/wheat intercropping (TI), and uncultivated (TU). The results showed that, at the layer of 0 to 20cm in the soil, TC model obviously decreased the activities of catalase, urease, alkaline phosphatase and sucrase, which is 8.73%, 4.17%, 1.22% and 4.44% lower than TR model, respectively, in the whole growth period. As for the spatial distribution, the four kinds of enzyme activities sharply descended with the increasing of soil depth. However, no significant distinction was found in soil enzyme activity at the layers of 40cm and 60cm. Correlation analysis of soil nutrients and soil enzyme activities indicated that TC model had a significant negative correlation to soil enzyme activity and the balance of soil nutrient, while TR model showed an obvious positive correlation. In a conclusion, TR and TI model could establish a theoretical base and practical experience for reducing and eliminating continuous cropping obstacles.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2017, 31(6): 1192-1199. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2017.06.1192To study the effects of nitrogen application on grain yield and processing quality with two different colors in wheat, a white grain color wheat, Zhongmai 8 and a black grain color wheat, Luozhen 1 as the experimental materials, the split plot was designed and some index for the two kinds of wheat were determined, which includes SPAD reading, yield and yield components, processing quality. The results showed that, at the same application levels of nitrogen, the SPAD value of the flag leaf of the two varieties increased at first and then decreased with the time. With the treatment of nitrogen application amount of 300 kg·hm-2, the maximum value appeared at 20 days after anthesis, which was 57.52 and 63.55, respectively. The application of nitrogen fertilizer could effectively alleviate the degradation of wheat flag leaf chlorophyll and prolong the functional period of flag leaf. In the range of nitrogen application of 120-300kg·hm-2, only the number of grains per spike of Zhongmai 8 had the maximum value under the treatment of nitrogen application of 300kg·hm-2. The grain yield and yield components increased firstly and then decreased with the increase of nitrogen application. The yields of Luozhen 1 and Zhongmai 8 reached the highest under the treatment of nitrogen application of 240 kg·hm-2, which was 6891.09kg·hm-2 and 7670.63kg·hm-2, respectively. With the increase of the nitrogen application, the bulk density, hardness, flour yield and water absorption rate increased gradually. Protein content, sedimentation value, wet gluten content, formation time, stability time and the evaluation value of the powder were increased first and then decreasedand the highest value appeared under the treatment of nitrogen application of 240 kg·hm-2. Grain protein content, sedimentation value, wet gluten content, water absorption rate, forming time and evaluation of the powder quality values of Luozhen 1 were higher than those of Zhongmai 8 except for bulk density, hardness, flour yield and stable time. Under the treatment in the nitrogen application rate of 240 kg·hm-2, the yield and the processing quality of two varieties were apparently improved. This paper provided a theoretical basis for high quality and yield cultivation of two different grain color wheat.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2017, 31(6): 1200-1209. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2017.06.1200In order to elucidate the tolerance of cucumber to low light irradiance, two cultivars of cucumber Deltastar and Jinyan 2 were used to determine the effect of low light stress (75 to 100 μmol·m-2·s-1) on plant physiological and biochemical indexes, photosynthesis, fluorescence Characteristics, Rubisco activity, Rubisco large and small subunit protein contents and their gene expression of cucumber plants, compared with the light intensity of the control treatment (600μmol·m-2·s-1). Results showed that the stomata development of leaves had been restrained under low light, especially for Jinyan 2, the stomatal openness, stomatal density and stomatal index decreased by more than 20%. After treated with the low light, leaf chlorophyll content, the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), actual quantum yield of PSII, Rubisco activity, Rubisco large and small subunit protein contents and their transcript levels had obviously decreased, and Jinyan 2 decreased by more than 30%. Compared with Jinyan 2, Deltastar maintained a higher pigment content, and showed strong ability to capture and utilize the light energy. The distribution of photosynthesis was higher in quantum yield, and higher rubisco activity, Rubisco size subunit protein content and size subunit gene expression. Thus Deltastar may possess low-light tolerance with a lower decrease of Pn by 30.9%, while for Jinyan 2, the Pn decreased by 54.5 %. Thus, Pn of Deltastar and Jinyan 2 was 30.9% and 54.5% lower than that of CK, respectively, and showed strong resistance to low light.The results of this study provided a reference for the further study of low light resistance mechanism of cucumber and the selection and cultivation of low light cucumber varieties.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2017, 31(6): 1210-1216. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2017.06.1210To explore the physiological mechanism of the economic flower marigold in response toelevating of CO2 concentration, the OTC (open top chamber) system was used to control the CO2 concentration and the morphological characteristics, leaf tissue structure, pigment content, photosynthesis and changes in carbohydrate metabolites of the marigold were measured. The results showed that there was no floral hoop structure in the vascular bundles of marigold in this experiment, which was C3 plant in Compositae. When the CO2 concentration increased, the number of chloroplasts, the photosynthetic pigment content and the net photosynthetic rate were increased. Meanwhile, leaf stomatal conductance and transpiration rate was decreased in the squaring stage and the initial flowering stage under elevated [CO2], but was increased in full flowering stage; Water use efficiency of marigold was significantly increased in different growth period due to the increased photosynthesis. In addition, the contents of increased reducing sugar, soluble sugar, starch and cellulose content in the leaves of marigold were increased after elevated CO2 concentration. The plant height, stem weight per plant and total biomass weight of marigold were increased by 14.45%, 25.33% and 26.59%, respectively, and flowers yield was increased by 27.46% in the whole stages under elevated [CO2] concentration. To sum up, the increase of CO2 concentration promoted the leaf photosynthesis and carbon metabolism of marigold, which was beneficial to the growth and development of marigold. The achievement of this study will be helpful to reveal the physiological mechanism of marigold in response to elevated CO2 concentration, and provides the basis for marigold production and development in the future.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2017, 31(6): 1217-1225. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2017.06.1217To investigate the mitigation mechanism of H2S on the low temperature injury of sweet cherry organ, effect of different concentrations of NaHS that is donor of H2S on AsA-GSH circulatory system in sweet cherry stigma and ovary under low temperature stress were analyzed with sweet cherry variety Zaodaguo.The results showed that spraying 0.02, 0.05 and 0.1 mmol·L-1 NaHS could reduce the contents of superoxide anion (
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2017, 31(6): 1226-1233. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2017.06.1226In order to explore effects of different cultivation measures coupling on TSNAs contents and quality of the burley tobacco, an orthogonal experiment was conducted at varieties (Eyan1LC, TN90 and Eyan3LC), nitrogen application rate (210, 270 and 330 kg·hm-2), and BSM doses (0.10, 0.30 and 0.00 μmol·L-1) to analyze contents of conventional chemical components, nitrate nitrogen, alkaloids and TSNAs and evaluate the appearance quality and sensory quality of middle burley tobacco leaves. The results showed that, tobacco varieties were the main factor of influencing NNN, nornicotine, nicotine and total alkaloids contents. When planting Eyan3LC variety, the content of TSNAs were lower, nitrogen application rate was the main influencing factor of the contents of burley tobacco NAT, NAB, TSNAs, nitrate-nitrogen and nitrite-nitrogen, while the contents of TSNAs increased with the increase of nitrogen application rate; the contents of TSNAs with different BSM treatments were different, and TSNAs contents with 0.30 μmol·L-1 BSM treatment after topping were lower. In conclusion, in the Enshi area, the content of TSNAs in the middle leaves of burley tobacco can be effectively reduced by using Eyan3LC, nitrogen application rate of 210 kg·hm-2 and 0.30μmol·L-1 BSM, and the conventional chemical components were well coordinated with good appearance quality and sensory quality. The results of this study provide a technical reference for the production of high quality burley tobacco.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2017, 31(6): 1234-1243. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2017.06.1234Veterinary drug metabolism and residue depletion research is of great significance in guiding the clinical safe medication, thus ensuring domestic animal and human health. Radioactive tracer technique is highly reliable and accurate for qualitative and quantitative analysis of veterinary drug, especially in veterinary drug metabolism and residue depletion, so it has been widely used. This review discussed veterinary drug metabolism and residue depletion research based on radioactive tracer technique, summarized the advantage of the radioactive tracer technology in the study of veterinary drug pharmacokinetics, metabolism, material balance, and also summarized the widely application and greatly significance of the radioactive tracer technology in determining the residue target tissue and marker residue, and aimed at providing theoretical support for the application of the radioactive tracer technology in veterinary medicine safety assessment.
