10 April 2017, Volume 31 Issue 4
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2017, 31(4): 621-626. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2017.04.0621
Soybean incomplete seed coat shows a complex genetic characteristics, and its role in soybean growth and development remains unclear. To reveal the genetic mechanism and new key genes involued in incomplete seed coat, different new mutants were created from soybean varieties by using physical and chemical mutagens for further trait evaluation. It showed that one mutant scd-KF was identified from an M3 line from Kefeng 1 Hao induced population by 60Co gamma ray irradiation, and another one scd-NN was found from the Nannong 1138-2 M4 population treated with ethyl methyl sulfonate. The seed coat of the scd-KF mutant showed longitudinal or transverse crack at back of seed at early stage of seed maturity. The cracking size varied according to the seed size. The seed coat deficiency of scd-NN mutant happened at the early stage of seed development, which was longitudinal at back of seed. There were obvious cracks between two cotyledons, and the seed was significantly smaller than the wild type. Genetic analysis showed that the incomplete seed coat of scd-KF mutant was controlled by a pair of recessive gene while the trait of scd-NN mutant might be controlled by two pairs of recessive genes according to the segregation ratio of F2 generation. The values of the plant height, pods and seed number per plant and seed number per pod of the mutant plants were lower when compared to normal type in F2 generations. However, the differences among the most traits were not significant. The results can provide genetic materials and useful information for further studies on development of the seed coat and seed in soybean.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2017, 31(4): 627-634. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2017.04.0627To determine the changes of DNA methylation under different concentrations of salt stress, the leaves of maize at the seedling stage were used to estimate the levels and patterns of cytosine methylation by methylation sensitive amplified polymorphism (MSAP) method. The results showed that the DNA methylation ratio is 52.79%, 57.47%, 51.98%, 47.39%, 49.16%, 47.06% under 0(control), 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 mmol·L-1 NaCl stress, respectively. However, only 50 mmol·L-1 NaCl treatment showed higher DNA methylation ratio than in the control, and at other concentrations, the DNA methylation ratios were declining as concentrations increased but lower than control, which indicate that the de-methylation might play a significant role in salt stress (1.8% to 12.2%). In addition, sequencing and blast results showed that a total of 16 methylation sites were detected, which may relate to many genes of plant growth and development. These experimental results provided a theoretical basis for further study on the salt resistant mechanism of maize.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2017, 31(4): 635-642. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2017.04.0635Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase(GGPS) can catalyze isoprenyl pyrophosphate with dimethylallyl diphosphate to form diterpeniods precursor. To understand more about the role of GGPS in the carotenoid biosynthesis, the full length cDNA of GGPS gene from Dunaliella viridis was sequenced by HiSeqTM Illumina 2000 and analyzed by using different bioinformatics software. Aacetylsalicylic acid (ASA), ammonium cerous sulfate (ACS) and arachidonic acid (AA) were used to induce the expression of GGPS gene and carotenoid production in D. Viridis. Bioinformatic prediction of GGPS gene revealed that it has a full length of 2 229 bp, containing an open reading frame of 1 041 bp, encoding 346 amino acids. The theoretical isoelectric point of GGPS protein was 5.82, with the relative molecular mass of 37.66 kDa. GGPS protein was hydrophobic, and had neither signal peptide nor transmembrane domain. The secondary structure analysis illustrated that approximately 57.23% of GGPS washelical in structure. Phylogenetic tree results showed that the amino acid sequence of GGPS protein of D. virdis was similar to Haematococcus pluvialis. The RT-qPCR showed that the expression of GGPS gene in D. viridis treated at 62.5 mg·L-1AA, 50 mg·L-1ASA, 0.8 mg·L-1ACS was the highest, and significant increase in the content of carotenoids was also observed. The results showed that the carotenoid biosynthesis was achieved by the induction of GGPS gene. This paper would not only provide reference for molecular mechanism of carotenoid biosynthesis study, but also lay the theoretical basis for improving content of carotenoid though metabolic engineering strategies in D. virdis.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2017, 31(4): 643-653. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2017.04.0643Okra, belonging to a group of edible and medical plants, is rich in various bioactive substances such as anthocyanin, polysaccharide, flavoniod, diterpenoid, etc. In order to explore genetic basis for the synthesis of these active substances, the transcriptome of purple Abelmoschus esculentus was sequenced by Illumina HiSeq 2500 platform which is a new generation of high-throughput sequencing technology. A total of 23 026 500 reads fragment were generated by sequencing. The reads gave 42 484 Unigenes with an average length of 877 bp. 31 931 and 21 926 Unigenes were annotated against the Nr and SwissProt databases respectively. According to COG and KOG databases, the Unigenes were further annotated and grouped into 24 and 25 functional categories, respectively. 20 031 Unigenes were annotated against Pfam database and formed 7 277 protein structural domains. 18 602 Unigenes annotated against GO database were divided into cellular component, molecular function and biological process categories with a total of 51 functional groups. Many of 18 602 Unigenes were closely related to cell part, cell, catalytic activity, binding metabolic process and cellular process. KEGG pathway analysis showed that 7 619 Unigenes could be broadly classfied into 119 classes according to their function, and some of them were involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis (1 Unigene), flavone and flavonol biosynthesis (3), flavonoid biosynthesis (35), N-glycan biosynthesis (61), diterpenoid biosynthesis (13) and terpenoid backbone biosynthesis (70). The Unigenes sequenced and functional annotations would lay a provide the foundation for follow-up study of synthetic ways and related genes of the bioactive substances.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2017, 31(4): 654-662. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2017.04.0654To investigate the functions of LRR-RLKs gene RLK6 in Arabidopsis, a pSuper1300-RLK6 expression vector was constructed and five RLK6 overexpression transgenic lines were obtained. The two lines, OE8 and OE9, were selected for further analysis. The homozygous RLK6 mutants (rlk6-2, rlk6-3 and rlk6-6), OE8, OE9 and WT were characterized for phenotype analysis, and the result showed that RLK6 mutants appeared to show similar phenotype with wild-type (WT) during growth and development. But, OE lines displayed obviously early flowering than WT. Four key genes which relates to flowering were examined in all genotypes by using qRT-PCR. In OE lines, increased expression of floral activator genes (CO,SOC1 and LFY) with the decreased level of floral repressor gene (FLC) was observed, which was consistent with it phenotypes, when compared to WT. These results suggest that RLK6 play a key role in promoting flowering in Arabidopsis, and these results will lay the foundation for understanding the mechanisms of RLK6.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2017, 31(4): 663-670. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2017.04.0663To develop EST-SSR molecular markers for Dendrobium officinale, 15 383 ESTs from Dendrobium nobile (Related Species of Dendrobium officinale) in NCBI were screened using SSRIT software. The primers were designed and evaluated by using Primer 5 and Oligo 7 software, followed by agarose gel electrophoresis for preliminary screening after PCR amplification, and reusing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to detect the effectiveness of the selected primers. The results showed that 379 SSRs were mined from 370 ESTs with a frequency of 2.46%. Dinucleotide, Trinucleotide and Hexanucleotide nucleotide repeats EST-SSRs were dominant, which account for 41.42%, 26.91% and 27.44%, respectively. Among them, AG/CT (20.84%) and GA/TC (18.73%) were highly abundant in Dinucleotide nucleotide repeats, TCT/AGA(4.22%)and GA/TC(3.96%)were highly abundant in Trinucleotide nucleotide repeats, and Hexanucleotide repeat motifs were higher. The average length of EST-SSR was 24bp, and every 8.5 EST sequences contained a SSR site. Among 106 designed primer pairs, 56 primer pairs showed ideal amplifications and the effective amplification rate was 47.17%. Moreover, 43 primer pairs displayed polymorphic, which accounts for 86% of the effective amplification. Taken together, 43 primer pairs developed in this study could be used in genetic diversity analysis, germplasm identification, genetic map construction and functional gene study of Dendrobium officinale to provide an important reference value.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2017, 31(4): 671-679. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2017.04.0671In order to obtain guzmania SAMs(S-adenosylmethionine synthetase) genes sequence and know their function in ethylene biosynthesis pathway, based on full-length cDNA library constructed and batch EST sequencing in the early stage, we performed Primer Walking Sequencing to obtain two SAMs genes, named SAMs1 and SAMs2, respectively. SAMs1(GenBank:KF787113) cDNA is 1 375bp in length, and has a1 086 bp open reading frame that encode 361AA amino acid residuals. SAMs2(GenBank:KF787114) is 1 235bp and has a 945 bp open reading frame that encode 314AA amino acid residuals. Their amino acid composition, physical and chemical properties, conserved domains, secondary structure, and tertiary crystal structure and had been predicted and analyzed. by bioinformatics methods. Molecular phylogenetic analysis showed that SAMs1 were clustered with SAMs gene of grass family into one group, while far from SAMs2. That analysis of gene expression of the two genes and ethylene release production among different tissues in flowering stage showed SAMs1’s gene expression change trend consistent with ethylene release trend. Namely, those of red bracts were the highest, followed by green bracts, finally green leaves. Therefore, we considered that SAMs1 may play an important role in ethylene biosynthesis pathway. SAMs2 may be involved in other S-adenosylmethionine biological metabolic processes in addition to ethylene biosynthesis. The study had an important sense in ethylene biosynthesis, bract coloration mechanism and flower induction in Guzmania.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2017, 31(4): 680-688. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2017.04.0680
MAPK cascade pathways widely exist in eukaryotic organisms and participate in plant growth and responses to adverse stress conditions. Although more and more MAPK cascade pathways and MAPK cascade pathway kinase genes have been identified in plants, the mechanism of MAPK cascade pathway under adverse stressed conditions are not well understood. In this review, based on the genome-wide researches towards plant MAPK pathway gene families recent years, analyzed the quantity and structure of kinase genes, the structure of the kinases, the expression patterns of MAPK pathway genes under adverse stress environment, and the current methods involved in the study MAPK cascade pathways. This review will provide valuable information on the recent trends in MAPK cascade pathways.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2017, 31(4): 689-695. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2017.04.0689Low temperature is one of the major abiotic stress factors that affect plant growth and development as well as crop productivity. Plants have evolved the ability to adapt low temperature stress by regulating their physiological and molecular changes during the process of long-term evolution. Dehydrins is a kind of late embryogenesis abundant proteins, which can protect the protein and membrane structure in the plant cells against unfavorable changes caused by low temperature. It is demonstrated that the overexpression of dehydrin in different plants can improve the low temperature resistance, the expression of dehydrin and their accumulation play an important role in response to low temperature. In this review, the mechanisms of dehydrins(SKn, Kn, YnSKn, KnS and YnKn) in response to low temperature was described, which will provide references for further studies on enhancing the low temperature resistance of plant by molecular breeding using dehydrins.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2017, 31(4): 696-701. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2017.04.0696To investigate the inhibitory effect of electron beam irradiation on anti nutritional factors in cake meal feed,we studied electron beam irradiation effects of soybean antigen, glucosinolate and its hydrolysis products, phytic acid, tannins, free gossypol at the dose of 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9 kGy, which used feed such as soybean meal, rapeseed meal, cottonseed meal as experimental material. The result showed the content of soybean globulin, glucosinolate and its hydrolysis products, phytic acid, tannins, free gossypol in the cake meal feed could be effectively reduced by electron beam irradiation. The content of soybean protein could be reduced 22.63% at 3 kGy electron beam irradiation, isorhodanic ester decreased 17.17% at 7 kGy, oxazolidone, glucosinolate, tannins, free gossypol decreased respectively 14.17%, 15.83%, 18.18%, 13.17% at 9 kGy respectively. But the effect on β-conglycinin and trypsin inhibitor was not obvious. This study provided reference for the application of electron beam irradiation in cake meal in order to inhibit the content of anti nutritional factors.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2017, 31(4): 702-710. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2017.04.0702
Ochratoxin A(OTA) is one kind of mycotoxin which is secondary metabolite produced by Aspergillus ochraceus that is capable of causing bad effects of liver and kidney once enter into body, it had been widely found in grain and feedstuff with high toxicity and strong stability. The capacity of producing toxicity is different with various medium. A variety of solid medium, liquid medium and natural medium have been used in Aspergillus ochraceus cultivation to optimize medium for its growth and producing toxin. And the growth of Aspergillus ochraceus and toxin-producing capability had been compared in study. Moreover, 5 pretreatment methods of OTA in solid medium and liquid medium have been used to comparing the recovery rate by HPLC. It showed that the toxin-producing capability of Aspergillus ochraceus was significant different as a result of different medium, wheat and corn medium were highest with 250 μg·g-1 of OTA in natural medium, While DG18 medium was optimal solid medium in producing OTA with 107.93 ng·mm-2 of OTA. However, Aspergillus ochraceus showed poor ability of producing OTA in liquid medium, OTA only could be detected in YES broth and the OTA content was 15.39 ppb. Methanol extraction method and chloroform extraction method were the best methods of OTA extraction, with highest recovery rate of 106.64% and second highest recovery rate of 87.28%, respectively. This study had provided a theoretical support for OTA detection and exploration of growth and toxin producing mechanism in Aspergillus ochraceus.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2017, 31(4): 711-718. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2017.04.0711To improve the quality of dried betel nuts and extend its storage time, the study based on single factor test and orthogonal test,methods orthogonal experiment design with boiling time, enzyme temperature, enzyme time and enzyme dosage as factors. At the same time, by comparing the total bacteria amount and storage time of dried betel nut, the effect of irradiation treatment was studied.Results shows:at the condition of boiling time at 25 min, enzyme temperature 50 ℃,time 0.5 h and enzyme dosage 0.08%, hardness decreased by 20.5HRC,the betel nut can be produced with better quality with lower hardness and chewiness; and at the irradiation dose of 8 to 10 kGy can effectively sterilize and extend 2 month storage time of dried betel nut.This paper provides a theoretical basis for improving the quality and preservation of dried betel nut.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2017, 31(4): 719-727. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2017.04.0719To extend the shelf life of Portunus trituberculatus, the effect of freezing-point(272 K) storage on the quality of P. trituberculatus was studied using the refrigeration and iced storage as control groups. The prediction model of shelf life of P. trituberculatus was established combining with the physical-chemical indexes, zero order kinetic model and Arrhenius equation, then the remaining shelf life of P. trituberculatus was estimated by this prediction model. The results showed that the freezing-point storage could effectively postpone the quality deterioration of P. trituberculatus. In the process of freezing-point storage, the change rates of Total Volatile Basic Nitrogen(TVB-N), Total Viable Count(TVC) and K value were slower than those of refrigeration and iced storage, the shelf life of P. trituberculatus was extended about 1 to 2 days. At the same time, the prediction model of shelf life of P. trituberculatus had higher fitting accuracy, the relative error between the forecast values and measure values was less than 10%. It was showed that the model could accurately predict the remaining shelf life of P. trituberculatus under certain conditions. The results provided theory basis for the application of freezing-point preservation and assessment of remaining shelf life of P. trituberculatus.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2017, 31(4): 728-735. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2017.04.0728In order to study the the extraction conditions of protein from boletel,on the basis of single-factor test, four factors quadratic orthogonal rotation design was used to investigated the factors(alkali concentration, extraction temperature, extraction time and liquid-solid ratio ) influencing the yields of protein from boletel. And the mathematical regression model was established through stat analysis. The results showed that the obtained regression equation reached to significant level without any lack of fit factor. The optimum extraction conditions of protein from boletel were as follows: NaOH concentration 0.11 mol·L-1, liquid-solid ratio31∶1, extraction temperature 62℃, extraction time 1.70 h. Under these conditions the protein yield was 19.85%. The extraction parameters of protein optimized were accurate, stable, feasible, and provided a theoretical basis and technical support for the further study of protein from boletel.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2017, 31(4): 736-742. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2017.04.0736In order to determinate polysaccharide content of Versicolor extract, the near-infrared scanning, spectral preprocessing spectral and band selection were carried out to establish Versicolor extract quantitative model by interval partial least squares(iPLS) and back interval partial least squares(Bi-PLS). The results showed that the second derivative(SD) pretreatment, the wave numbers range between 9 365.92 to 8 918.76cm-1 and 5 341.48 to 4 894.32 cm-1can be better. The model of Rcal, RMSECV, Rval and RMSEP are 0.9089, 0.00781,0.9879, 0.00292 respectively.The model can effectively compress wavenumbers, reduce model’s complexity to achieve rapidly, non-destructive analysis of polysaccharide content in Versicolor extract.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2017, 31(4): 743-748. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2017.04.0743With the implementation of the strategy of potato as staple food, the quality of dried potato products can not satisfies people's increasing requirement of consumption. And the potato products on the market still have problems about residues of SO2 and the lost of nutrient substance. This paper summarizes the pretreatment method of inhibiting browning, the high-voltage electric field pretreatment technology and pros and cons of 5 kinds of common potato drying technology n the field of potato dry. In addition, the existing problems and the future research directions were analyzed, which provided the reference for the further research of the drying process of the potato.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2017, 31(4): 749-756. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2017.04.0749The cultivation of lily (Lilium spp.) is vulnerable to weeds, hence there is a practical significance to find a suitable novel herbicide and application techniques which has a high-efficiency and low-toxicity. The purpose of this paper was to investigate the effect of ZJ0273 on field weed control, and to study the influence rules of the test herbicide on the growth of lily and detect its residue in lily bulbs by High\|performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In addition, the ZJ0273 residue in lily bulbs from treated plots was detected by HPLC. The results showed that as a soil treatment herbicide applied 60 g ai·hm-2 before weed germination, ZJ0273 could obviously inhibit gramineous and some broad-leaf weeds in lily field with a 87.2% control efficiency of weed fresh weight after amended with 60 g ai·hm-2 before weed germination. The ZJ0273 treatment in lily field in an early stage not only had no phytotoxicity to lily plants in the all growth stage, but it could significantly increase plant height, shoot fresh weight and number of buds and flowers of lily plants. HPLC analysis showed that after spraying ZJ0273 in lily field in an early stage, no ZJ0273 residue was detected in lily bulbs from the treated plots (limit of detection<0.001 mg·kg-1 FW). Thus, our results indicated that ZJ0273 can be used to control weeds in lily fields and is safe for the growth and edible parts of lilies. This study also provided a scientific basis and technical support for field weed control in lily production.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2017, 31(4): 757-767. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2017.04.0757In order to discuss the soil biological mechanism of nitrogen utilization efficiency of rice affected by acidified soil, the correlation between nitrogen utilization efficiency indexes of rice and enzyme activities and microbe quantity in rhizosphere soil under different soil pH was studied by pot experiment. Wuyou308, an acid-sensitive rice variety and Jingchuyou 148, an acid-special rice variety were selected as experimental materials. The results showed that nitrogen grain production efficiency (NGPE) and nitrogen physiological efficiency (NPE) of Wuyou 308 significantly decreased with the decline of soil pH in range of 6.5 to 3.5, while its nitrogen harvest index (NHI) changed inconspicuously, and three indexes of nitrogen utilization efficiency of Jingchuyou 148 reached the maximum when soil pH was 5.0. Enzyme activity in rhizosphere soil of two varieties decreased with the decline of soil pH, while there were differences in two varieties and among different stages. Content of phosphate fatty acid (PLFA) at all stages of Wuyou 308 decreased with the decrease of soil pH, while that of Jingchuyou 148 reached the maximum when soil pH was 5.0. There was a significantly positive correlation between NGPE and NPE of Wuyou308 and activities of three kinds of soil enzyme, and there was a very significantly positive correlation between NHI and invertase activity. As for Jingchuyou 148, there was negative correlation between nitrogen utilization efficiency indexes and soil enzyme activities, and significant correlation was found between nitrogen utilization efficiency and activities of invertase and urease. It was also found a positive correlation between nitrogen utilization efficiency indexes of Wuyou 308 and soil microbe quantity, while the significance showed different among different stages and microbes. As for Jingchuyou148, there was a very significantly positive correlation between nitrogen utilization efficiency indexes and soil microbe quantity at tillering to booting stage, while the very significantly negative correlation existed between nitrogen utilization efficiency and soil microbe quantity at full heading stage. These results indicated that nitrogen utilization efficiency of acid-sensitive rice variety significantly decreased with the decline of soil pH, which mainly deduced by significant decrease of soil enzyme activities and soil microbe quantity, while nitrogen utilization efficiency of acid-special rice variety reached the maximum at pH value 5.0, and its correlation between nitrogen utilization efficiency and soil biological character indexes showed very different between those of acid-sensitive rice variety. This study preliminarily confirmed the soil biological mechanism of nitrogen utilization efficiency of rice affected by acidified soil, and provided reference for screening suitable rice varieties in acidified paddy field.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2017, 31(4): 768-776. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2017.04.0768To explore the effects of drought floods abrupt alternation (DFAA) on the rice yield and its cause of formation, super hybrid early rice Ganxin203 was selected as the material and grown by pot cultivation, and the rice plants were treated by four treatments such as no drought followed by no floods (NDNF), drought followed by no floods (DNF), no drought followed by floods (NDF) and drought floods abrupt alternation (DFAA) during panicle differentiation stage. Moreover, indexes of the yield and the components, leaf chlorophyll contents, photosynthetic parameters, endogenous hormones of the super hybrid early rice were determined as well. The results showed as follows: compared with NDNF, yield of rice plant of DNF, NDF and DFAA decreased by 33.60%, 16.92% and 37.31%, respectively. Significant differences were found between NDNF, DNF and DFAA for yield per plant and DNF was more disadvantageous to yield formation of super hybrid early rice Ganxin203 than NDF. Therefore, there was greater negative effect of DNF than NDF for yield on super hybrid early rice, while yield per plant of DFAA was lower than that of DNF, suggesting there was superimposing damage to rice plant of DFAA. Compared with NDNF, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO2 concentration and leaf chlorophyll contents of DFAA decreased to a certain extent in the reciprocal second leaf, while leaf net photosynthetic rate dropped significantly, suggesting there was superimposing damage to photosynthesis of Ganxin203 during panicle differentiation stage. Besides, the endogenous growth promoted the rise of hormones indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and gibberellin A3 (GA3) contents of DFAA in the reciprocal second leaf, while the contents of zeatin riboside (ZR) decreased, and its endogenous growth inhibited hormone abscisic acid (ABA) contents increased at earlier stage and decreased in later stage clearly after treatment. To sum up, it is highly obvious that relative-critically drought treatment would badly affect yield formation during panicle differentiation stage of super hybrid early rice, and the ability of flood-tolerant for rice plant would decrease markedly. The drop of photosynthetic ability and alteration of endogenous hormones balance may be the main reason of the dramatically fall in yield for DFAA. The results can supply reference for replying the meterological disaster such as drought, floods, especially drought-floods abrupt alternation in double-season early rice.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2017, 31(4): 777-786. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2017.04.0777In older to explore the distribution characteristics of SPAD value in rice leaf and to improve the accuracy of the nitrogen nutrition diagnosis in rice based on SPAD value, differential expression of SPAD value on the sides of the main veins of the flag leaf in super hybrid rice were studied under the condition of six different nitrogen with Qyou6 and zhunliangyou527 as the materials. The results showed that a side is smooth and the other side is rough of the treatments,the probability of smooth or rough surface which was located at left or right side was close to 50%, and the SPAD value of smooth surface was significantly higher than that of rough surface, absolute value of chain growth rate of SPAD value of rough surface was greater than that of smooth surface. The difference of SPAD value between smooth surface and rough surface mostly concentrated in 1.5 and 3.5, with frequency distribution rate of Qyou6hao and zhunliangyou527 of 40.67% and 36.4%, respectively.There was a significantly linear correlation between inverse of normalization SPAD value and fertilizer-N application rate as well as rice yield. It showed that nitrogen application rate and yield attain a higher level when the inverse of normalization SPAD value of Qyou6hao and zhunliangyou527 were in 35 to 40 and 30 to 35, respectively. The results of this study provided a reference for nitrogen nutrition diagnosis of rice based on SPAD value,and attention should be drawn to the difference of SPAD value on the two sides of main veins of rice leaf for enhancing the precision of nitrogen nutrition diagnosis.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2017, 31(4): 787-793. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2017.04.0787In order to investigate effect of water managements after jointing on nitrogen uptake and utilization characteristics and protein yield in winter wheat, AK58 was selected as material, which was planted under rain-proof shelter conditions from 2013 to 2015. Three water treatments, including persistent drought (soil water content of 45%~55% field capacity) from jointing to maturity (W1), suitable water supply (soil water content of 70%~80% field capacity) from jointing to booting + drought (soil water content of 45%~55% field capacity) from anthesis to maturity (W2) and persistent suitable water supply (soil water content was 70%~80% field capacity) from jointing to maturity (W3), were conducted on the basis of seeding at sufficient soil moisture and security overwintering. Under the three treatments, the differences of transport properties of accumulated nitrogen, utilization efficiency, grain yield and protein yield in winter wheat were measured. The results indicated that the accumulation, translocation and utilization of N and grain N uptake in winter wheat cultivar AK58 were significantly affected by different water managements after jointing, and the similar patterns appeared in the two growing seasons. In terms of average, the plant N uptake at maturity, post-anthesis N accumulation amount and its transaction efficiency of AK58 were significantly improved with the W2. Meanwhile, compared with the W1 and W3, the transaction amount and its transaction efficiency of pre-anthesis stored N with the W2 were increased by 12.0% and 21.9%, 2.6% and 21.6%, respectively, and then the N uptake in grain at maturity and its partitioning rate of grain to plant were significantly enhanced. Compared with the W1, the nitrogen uptake efficiency, grain yield and protein yield with the W2 increased by 19.2%, 21.8% and 16.9%, respectively. Moreover, the protein yield with the W2 increased by 3.1% compared with W3. Given consideration to the grain yield, protein content and protein yield, the optimum water management of water saving and high yield, efficiency and quality for AK58 was keeping the soil water content at 70%~80% field capacity from jointing to booting stage and then 45%~55% from anthesis to maturity. The results provided valuable reference for improving the water management practice based on enhancing protein yield of winter wheat.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2017, 31(4): 794-802. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2017.04.0794In order to study the humic acid and inorganic NPK fertilizer on summer maize yield, nitrogen absorption and the influence of nitrogen use efficiency. In the brown soil region of Henan the winter wheat and summer maize rotation system, beginning in 2014 in Henan Province Wolong district Yingzhuang town to carry out field location test, the total 5 treatments,set single PK fertilizer, conventional fertilization, Conventional fertilization+3 000 kg·hm-2humic acid, Conventional fertilization and nitrogen reduction 15%+3 000 kg·hm-2humic acid, conventional fertilization and nitrogen reduction 30%+3 000 kg·hm-2humic acid, and analyzed the characteristics of yield and nitrogen fertilizer utilization of summer maize under different fertilization levels.The Results show that application of humic acid could improve the agronomic characters of summer maize, increase the yield of summer maize, and promote the accumulation of nitrogen and the utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer. Among them, the conventional fertilization reducing nitrogen 15%+humic acid treatment effect is the best, compared with conventional fertilization, the yield increased by 8.68% to 12.96%, grain, grain nitrogen accumulation amount, nitrogen content of above ground total nitrogen accumulation amount increased by 2.83% to 3.92%,11.75% to 19.74%,8.83% to 19.41%, respectively, nitrogen use efficiency increased by 52.00% to 116.55%. Therefore, the conventional fertilization and nitrogen reducing 15%+ humic acid is the best Fertilization mode in the study area, to achieve the high production and efficiency of agricultural production, resource saving and environment protection is of great importance, being worthy of recommended Fertilizer application mode.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2017, 31(4): 803-808. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2017.04.0803To identify cold tolerance of different maize varieties, Qingnong No. 8, Zhengdan 958 and Nongda108 were selected treated at the temperature of 4℃ and 10℃ in the seedling stage. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and contents of malonadehyde (MDA) and soluble protein (SP) were detected. The results presented here showed that Qingnong No. 8 was the best in cold tolerance from seven indexes including the SOD activity, POD activity, MDA content and the change rate of SOD activity, POD activity, SP content, CAT activity. However, other three indexes including CAT activity, MDA content and the change rate of SP content indicated that cold tolerance of Qingnong No.8 was the second among them. Nongda108 and Zhengdan958 had different results in different physiological indexes. The SOD activity, POD activity and their rate of change, SP content and MDA content reflected that cold resistance of Nongda108 is better than Zhengdan958. However, other indicators including CAT activity and the change rate of it, MDA content and SP content reflected that cold resistance of Zhengdan958 was better than Nongda108. To sum extent this study provides a theoretical basis for the promotion of new maize variety Qingnong No. 8 and the breeding of cold resistant varieties.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2017, 31(4): 809-820. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2017.04.0809In order to explore the influence of plant growth regulator on the corn stem mechanical characteristics and the relationship with yield, two kinds of plant growth regulators (Yuhuangjin and KP (a plant growth regulator made by our lab)) were sprayed on Dongnong 253 at the 9-leaf stage, and water was used as control. This paper explored the stem mechanical properties of Dongnong 253 at the early tasseling stage (July 10), tasseling stage (July 22), initial filling stage (August 1), milk stage (August 25) and full maturity stage (September 25), respectively. At harvest stage, the yield was measured and the quality was analyzed. The results were showed as follows: compared with the control group, the plant height of the maize sprayed with KP and Yuhuangjin decreased by 8.87% and 6.65%, respectively; the ear height decreased by 17.79% and 4.04%, and the highest value of the oblateness decreased by 45.86% and15.86%, respectively. The stem cross-fold strength, puncture strength, dry weight per unit length, internode cross-sectional area, flat rate and epidermal thickness were increased by 150.17%, 103.56%, 215.79%, 85.03%, 110.48% and 115.46%, 56.44%, 53.33%, 76.19%, 27.41%, respectively. The characteristics of grain quality at harvest stage showed no significant difference between treatments and CK. The moisture content of maize sprayed with Yuhuangjin was 4.97% less than CK and reached the significant levels at harvest. The yield of maize treated with KP and Yuhuangjin increased by 9.23% and 5.78% higher than control. The correlation analysis showed that these values of thick-skinned, puncture strength, transverse fold strength, cross-sectional area, dry matter weight of unit internode and field lodging to thrust had a positive correlation with yield; the plant height, ear height and flat rate had a negative correlation with yields. In summary, the plant growth regulator improved the strength of corn stalks and grain yield, so this study could provide a theoretical and experimental basis for the cultivation with plant growth regulator of maize in Heilongjiang province.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2017, 31(4): 821-827. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2017.04.0821To explore the change regularity and interrelationship of fruit peel browning and its related enzyme activities, total phenols and antioxidant capacity during development period, Taishanhong and Tanshansanbaitian pomegranate were employed as the experiment materials to study the changes of browning degree, activity of polyphenol oxidase (PPO), peroxidase (POD) and phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL), total phenols content, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radial scavenging rate. The results showed that the browning degree, activity of PPO and POD, total phenols content, DPPH radial scavenging rate of two pomegranate cultivars decreased gradually with increasing of development days. The peak value of above indexes all appeared on July 15th. The variation tendency of phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL) activity of two pomegranate cultivars decreased firstly and increased subsequently, then decreased with development. The peak value of PAL activity presented on July 15th and September 13th. The anti-browning ability of Taishanhong fruit was higher than that of Tanshansanbaitian. The harvest time of Taishanhong and Tanshansanbaitian was September 23th and September 13th, respectively, which could reduce the occurrence of browning. Correlation analysis showed that PAL, PPO, POD, total phenols and DPPH radical scavenging rate were closely related to enzymatic browning of pomegranate fruit. There was significant positive correlation between total phenols content and DPPH radical scavenging rate. The results in this present study provided a theoretical basis for further revealing the browning mechanism of pomegranate fruit.
