10 October 2016, Volume 30 Issue 10
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(10): 1873-1879. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.10.1873In order to make a clear understanding of the diversity of Water-saving and Drought-resistance Rice (WDR) resource, SSR(Simple Sequence Repeat) was used to construct the DNA fingerprints and analyze the genetic diversity of 24 WDR and 2 normal rice varieties. The results show that 24 pairs of primers amplified 96 polymorphic fragments, averaging 4 alleles per primer. Each SSR locus can detect 2 to 6 of alleles. The polymorphism information content (PIC) of varieties ranges from 0.36 to 0.75, the average value is 0.58, which indicated good polymorphism of these primers. All the 26 varieties could be distinguished each other by the fingerprint map constituted with 6 pairs of core SSR primers (RM71, RM72, RM336, RM337, RM1195 and RM5414). The range of genetic similarity coefficient of the 26 varieties was from 0.54 to 0.98. UPGMA cluster analysis indicated that 26 varieties were clustered into indica and japonica at the level of genetic similarity coefficient 0.65, at the same time, the genetic relationships among cultivars were well revealed. The results can provide evidence for variety protection, identification and parent match of WDR.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(10): 1880-1888. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.10.1880To investigate the function of BAN gene coding anthocyanin reductase and the relationship between BAN gene and the biosynthesis of condensed tannins. Similar cDNA sequence to the BAN was obtained from the total RNA of Sainfoin (O. viciaefolia Scop.cv. Gansu) by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using specific primers designed according to the conserved sequence of BAN gene. The protein function and structure encoded by the similar BAN gene cDNA sequence was predicted and analyzed by related software of bioinformatics technology. BAN gene expression was determined in the tested tissues in O. viciaefolia Scop.cv. Gansu by Real-time PCR. The double-marker expression vector of BAN gene was constructed. The results showed that, the gene sequence shared a high level of similarity with the BAN gene in GenBank (accession No: HM152980) and its homology was 99.41%. The open reading frame (ORF) was 1 020 bp in length, which encoded 339 amino acids containing anthocyanin reductase conserved domain and many important functional sites. The 3D structure of predicted protein showed that it was highly similar to the structure of the monomer of anthocyanin reductase. It was inferred that the protein encoded by BAN should be a member of Short-Chain Dehydrogenase/Reductase family and possibly have function of anthocyanin reductase. Real-time PCR indicated that BAN gene expressed in legume, leaf, bud, flower and stem with the expression level decreased in turn. Based on the cDNA sequence, the double-marker expressing vector of BAN gene with herbicide resistance bar gene and green fluoresce protein gene (GFP) was constructed. The research will provide the fundamental information and method for studying the synthesis and metabolism of condensed tannins and further cultivation of transgenic alfalfa varieties with resistance to herbicide and bloat disease.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(10): 1889-1897. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.10.1889In order to get an insight of the genetic differences and the levels of linkage disequilibrium among different hulless barley material, 88 barley materials were scaned with 56 SSR marker. A total of 160 alleles were detected from these accessions, with an average of 2.857 alleles per marker, ranged from 2 to 7. The genetic similarity coefficient among them was from 0.497 to 0.970, with an average of 0.761. Based on the results of 53 SSR makers with high polymorphism information content and gene diversity, 88 accessions were divided into two subgroups, with principal coordinate analysis, each group included 39 and 47 materials, respectively. But two Tibet materials ZDM5200 and ZDM5457 could not be clustered clearly. These 88 barley materials could also be divided into 2 subgroups by population structure analysis, including 40 and 48 accessions, respectively, which was basically identical with the results of clustering and principal coordinate analysis. Some significant linkage disequilibrium (LD) were detected among linked loci and unlinked loci pairs based on the results of 53 SSR analysis. One hundred and seventy-nine out of 1 378 loci pairs (12.99%) had significant LD (P < 0.01) with an average D' value of 0.56. The loci pairs of LD with high level (D'>0.5) were mainly distributed across six chromosomes, except 1H. These results would provide useful information for the hybridization combinations, exploitation of favorable genes and marker-assistant selection of hulless barley.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(10): 1898-1905. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.10.1898In order to acquaint the survival condition and the adaptability to the environment of wide Lycorissprengeriin Ningbo area, ISSR analysis was conducted on the six populations of Lycorissprengeriin Ningbo area to inverstigate the genetic diversity and the genetic structure.As a result, 74 bands were amplified by 10 informative and reliable primers, of which 67 were polymorphic loci.The percentage of polymorphic loci (PPL) was 90.54%. A relatively high level of genetic diversity was revealed at species level: PPL=90.54%, He=0.2700, Ho=0.4144, and a low level of genetic diversity was revealed at population level: PPL =76.35%, He=0.2517, Ho=0.3800. The Gst was 0.0679 and the Nm was 6.8654. The molecular variance analysis (AMOVA) demonstrated that the among population component accounted for 4.15% of the total variation, which the within population component accounted for 95.85%. The result indicated that genetic differentiation occurred largely within populations. The result of UPGMA cluster analysis indicated that the genetic relationship among the six populations was close. The six populations could be divided into two groups. Beilun, Cixi and Xiangshan were clustered one group, while Fenghua, Zhenhai and Zhoushan were clustered the other group. The Mantel test showedthat genetic distance was no significant correlated with geographical distance.The results of this study provide theoretical basis for the protection and rational utilization of wild Lycorissprengeri resources in Ningbo.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(10): 1906-1913. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.10.1906To establish Heilongiang japonica rice regeneration system, mature embryos of Dongnong 427 and Dongnong 428 were selected as experimental materials, and the effect of various factors including pre-soaked embryos, cold treatment, different mediums, different coagulants, ABA, glutamine, activated carbon, silver nitrate, 2,4-D and 6-BA concentrations on rice regeneration system were studied. The results showed that the culture ability of Dongnong 427 were increased by 6% and 15%, respectively,after pre-soaked embryos and cold treatment, the optimum medium was NB. The addition of ABA and glutamine were suitable in the stage of differentiation and induction;the differentiation ratewere improved by 38% and 9%, respectively, after the addition of activated carbon and silvernitrate. The optimum concentration of 2.4-D and 6-BA were 1mg·L-1 and 4mg·L-1, respectively.While for Dongnong 428, the culture ability were raised by 14% and 9%, respectively,after pre-soaked embryos and cold treatment, MS was the best medium. ABA was suitably added at induction phase, glutamine was suitably added in the whole culture stage, the addition of activated carbon and silvernitrate during differentiationcould increase the regeneration rate by 1% and 9%, respectively and the most suitable concentration of 2,4-D and 6-BA were 1mg·L-1 and 3mg·L-1. Agar was selected as coagulant in the induction stage, while Phytagel was selected in the differentiation stage for both of them. This study would provide a basis for further optimization of regeneration system of rice, and lay the foundation for the subsequent establishment of transformation system of rice.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(10): 1914-1924. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.10.1914To reveal the genetic diversity and relationship among South China ecotypic cucumber germplasms, 24 agronomic traits were investigated with 69 inbred lines. The hereditary variation, correlation, principal component and cluster analysis based on genetic algorithm of these traits were executed. The results showed that the variation coefficient ranged from 6.19% to 73.89% of these agronomic traits, which had an extremely significant or significant correlation with at least one other trait. Considering the anterior 7 principal components which had an accumulated contribution rate of 73.597%, 14 inbred lines were found to have better comprehensive performance (F>1.5) in 17 main agronomic traits. These 69 inbred lines were classified into 4 clusters based on further systematic cluster analysis. Cluster I which was characterized by longer hypocotyl, low first female flower node, short cylindrical fruit with punctate yellow stripes, could be used for early maturing variety breeding. ClusterⅡ was characterized by short hypocotyl and internode, low first branching node, small leaves, lower first female flower node, small fruit with punctate yellow stripes, close to relative wild resources in comprehensive characters, and could be used for early maturing, stable yield and high resistance variety breeding. Cluster Ⅲ was characterized by long hypocotyl and internode, white green fruit with punctate white stripes, for white variety breeding. Cluster IV was characterized by long internode, thick main stem, high first branching node, large leaves, high first female flower node, long cylindrical fruit with punctate white stripes, for high yield variety breeding. These results showed that South China ecotypic cucumber germplasms possessed rich genetic diversity, which can promote the development of excellent resources and variety breeding. The results laid the foundation for the South China Ecotypic cucumber resource utilization and breeding of new varieties.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(10): 1925-1933. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.10.1925In this study, 46 peanut cultivars of Shandong province were used as materials in construction of DNA fingerprinting and analysis of genetic diversity with simple sequence repeat(SSR)markers. 50 of 788 pairs of SSR primers with high polymerphism, stability and clear bands were screened out. The 50 primer pairs amplified a total of 175 alleles (including 122 polymorphic alleles) among the 46 cultivars, and the ratio of polymorphism was as high as 70.52%. Alleles amplified by each pair of primers ranged from 2 to7. The polymorphic information content values (PIC) ranged from0.6753 to 0.8412, with a mean of 0.823.These 46 peanut cultivars could be absolutely identified with only 14 primer pairs. UPGMA cluster analysis of genetic similarity showed that all the materials were clustered in to one group at the genetic similarity of 0.77, and 76% of the cultivars were still clustered together at the genetic similarity of 0.80. The genetic relationships of cultivars were identical to the family tree basically. It is indicated that the genetic basis of peanut cultivars in Shandong province is narrow. Construction of fingerprinting with SSR markers will provide the basis for peanut germplasm resources management and breeding.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(10): 1934-1940. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.10.1934The planting area, yield and export volume of the asparagus in China were the first in the world, but the seeds have been dependent on import for a long time. In recent years, the breeding methods and techniques of asparagus in China, have rapidly developed. This paper mainly summarized the research progresses and key technologies of asparagus breeding in China, including the achievements of clones cross-breeding, andromonoecious breeding, polyploid breeding, molecular marker-assisted breeding, as well as the technologies of hybridization, tissue culture and seed production, meanwhile, some suggestions of breeding techniques and development direction of asparagus in the future were presented.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(10): 1941-1946. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.10.1941The present study aimed to investigate the effects of irradiation on the quality of crayfish meat. After frozen, the crawfish meat was irradiated with 5, 10 and 20 kGy the gamma ray, respectively. The chromatic aberration, texture, amino acid, surface hydrophobicity, protein contents and relative molecular mass of the crayfish meat were analyzed. The investigation showed that the L* value, a* value and b* value decreased after frozen, the hardness, elasticity, cohesion and chewiness increased as the irradiation dose increased. The results also showed that the amino acid contents of the irradiated crayfish meats were higher than that of the non-irradiated samples, when irradiated with 5 kGy, and the amino acid content of the irradiated crayfish meats reached the maximum value of 86.23%, meanwhile, the protein content and the protein hydrophobicity of the irradiated crayfish meats were highest, and the relative molecular mass of the protein was under 55 kDa. In conclusion, irradiation with high dosage of gamma ray has significant influence on the physical and chemical properties of the crayfish meats. This study provided theoretical references for evaluation of the quality of crayfish meat with irradiation.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(10): 1947-1951. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.10.1947To explore the dynamic changes of fatty acid components in the developing seeds of borage (Borago officinalis L.) gas chromatography of fatty acid methyl esters (GC-FAME) was employed to test the relative content of fatty acid components in the seeds. The results indicated that the borage seed oil mainly consists of eight fatty acids including palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, γ-linolenic acid, α-linolenic acid, eicosenoic acid and sinapic acid. 84.05% of the total fatty acids in the seed oil are unsaturated fatty acids with the highest oleic acid (38.20%), followed by γ-linolenic acid (24.59%). All the content of palmitic acid, stearic acid and α-linolenic acid shows a tendency of decrease with the development of seeds, while that of the other unsaturated fatty acids shows a tendency of increase. Correlation analysis of the content changes of various fatty acids during seed development stage indicated that the content of palmitic acid and α-linolenic acid is positively correlated with each other, but the content of both of them is negatively correlated with that of the other fatty acids. The result of the study will provide theoretical support to reveal the mechanism of metabolism and regulation of fatty acids in borage seeds.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(10): 1952-1958. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.10.1952To investigate the effects of chitosan on chilling injury of oranges, Shatangju treated with chitosan by 1.0% concentration was stored under 1℃, and no-coating group was control group, the storage quality and membrane lipid peroxidation of Shatangju were studied. The results showed that chitosan treatment could not only delay the occurrence of chilling injury of fruit, but also increase fresh rate significantly. Chitosan treatment also could inhibit the decrease of TSS, TA, Vc content, and 1.0% chitosan treatment have kept the Shatangju maintain higher POD, CAT and SOD activity under low temperature and inhibited the increase of MDA content. It was visible that 1.0% chitosan treatment could reduce fruit membrane lipid peroxidation and relieve the symptams of chilling injury. This results of study provided a theoretical for alleviation of chilling injury of Shatangju.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(10): 1959-1966. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.10.1959In order to investigate the effect of nitric oxide (NO) treatment on postharvest fresh-keeping mechanism in strawberry fruit, the changes of quality parameters, antioxidants content, membrane peroxidation and phenylpropanoid metabolism in HongYan strawberries were determined during ambient temperature storage. The results showed that NO treatment was effective in preventing decay in strawberry fruit. The optimum concentration of NO treatment was 20 μL·L-1. In addition, NO treatment significantly inhibited the decrease of total soluble solid content, reduced the peroxidation of cell membrane and maintained quality parameters of strawberry fruit. Moreover, the activities of phenylpropanoid metabolism enzymes (phenylalnine ammonialyase, 4-coumarate-CoA ligase, cinnamate 4-hydroxylase and chalcone isomerase), the content of total phenolics, anthocyanins and flavnoids, and antioxidant capacity were also enhanced by NO treatment. Thus, it could be suggested that the proper concentration (20 μL·L-1) of NO treatment is a useful technique in strawberry for maintaining quality and keeping freshness. This study will enrich the theory of postharvest biology in strawberry fruit, and has the potential application in strawberry industry.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(10): 1967-1975. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.10.1967In order to reveal the effects of Solidago canadensis L essential oil fumigation treatment on the storage of strawberry fruits and find a new potential food preservative, fresh strawberries(HongYan)were treated by 0.1% essential oil vapor for 12h before storage and the changes of quality and physiology of fruits during storage were evaluated. Essential oil fumigation treatment was found to effectively reduce decay of strawberry and improve the color, surface texture and smell of fruits. Weight loss and decreased hardness of the strawberry was also effectively delayed. Essential oil fumigation treatment demonstrated no significant effects on soluble solids (TSS) and titratable acidity (TA) of fruit. This treatment improved total antioxidant capacity and delayed accumulation of H2O2 content. In addition, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbic acid peroxidase (APX) and glutathione reductase (GR) of treated strawberries were lower than those of control group. However, this treatment did not significantly improve phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), β-1,3-glucanase and chitinase activities. In conclusion, essential oil fumigation treatment was able to delay postharvest ripening and decay of strawberry. This study provides a potential method for preservation of postharvest fruits and vegetables, also benefit to high value utilization of Solidago canadensis L..
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(10): 1976-1981. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.10.1976In order to select the effective physical and chemical index for predicting the shelf life of pork, and to ascertain the corresponding threshold, 24h expelling acid pork were collected and stored constant temperature and humidity box of 0、2、4、6、8 and 10℃ respectively. The sensory quality, total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N value), pH value, water activity(Aw), color L* value, a* value and b* value were measured, and the storage time of reaching sensory acceptability endpoint were recorded. The results showed that TVB-N value and pH value at different temperatures increased with the extension of storage time. Water activity, L* value, a* value reduced with the extension of storage time, but b* value unchanged significantly. The shelf life of sensory evaluation at different temperatures was 216, 168, 144, 120, 96 and 48h respectively. The TVB-N value, pH value, water activity and a*value could effectively reflect quality changes during shelf-life, and could be selected as the indicators of shelf life for pork, and the shelf life threshold of TVB-N, pH, Aw and a*was 22.87mg·100g-1, 6.13, 0.9903 and 6.11 respectively. The results of this study provided technical support for the establishment of the prediction model of the shelf life of pork logistics and storage period.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(10): 1982-1988. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.10.1982To study the antioxidant activities of Siratia grosvenorii, DPPH,ABTS, FRAP, and ORAC methods were used ot determine the abilities of six different mogroside compounds to scavenge radical and ferric reducing antioxidant power. The results showed that the six mogroside compounds all had antioxidant activities, but it was not consistent among different systems. MogrosideⅡA2 exhibited the strongest radical-scavenging and iron ion-reducing activities, followed by MGV and MGVI. However, the antioxidant activities of MGⅢ,MGIV and 11-O-MGV were varied in different antioxidant systems. In summary,these results suggested mogroside compounds might be utilized as a natural antioxidant. The research provides certain theoretical basis for the develop of Siratia grosvenorii resources.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(10): 1989-1996. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.10.1989To investigate the mechanism of extracting flavonoids from the old leaves of Toona sinensis pretreated with microwaves, wetted time, microwave irradiation time, microwave power and mass of vaporization solvent were identified as main independent variables that affect the yield of total ?avonoids and the four levels were optimized by response surface methodology on the basis of single-factor tests. The cell microstructure was observed by using the scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results indicated that the optimal conditions were as follows: wetted time was 20 min, microwave irradiation time was 75 s, microwave power was 420 W and mass of vaporization solvent was 3 mL. Under the optimized conditions, the yield of total flavonoids was 7.97%. After pretreatment with microwave, the cell microstructure of the old leaves from Toona sinensis was destroyed seriously and the total ?avonoids were desorbed completely.Thus, microwave pretreatment is a perfect extraction method, which can destruct the cell-wall of plants rapidly, shorten extraction time and increase extraction rate. It would increase the added value of Toona sinensis and provide some practical significance for the extraction of total flavonoids from the old leaves of Toona sinensis by microwave irradiation pretreatment.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(10): 1997-2004. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.10.1997Food biotoxins is an important factor leading to food insecurity.Aflatoxins, ochratoxin, zearalenone, fumonisin, algae toxin and shellfish toxins are important biological toxins. Therefore, research and development of biological toxins degradation technology is important. The paper focus on radiation degradation effect, chemical structure of degradation products, toxicity and safety of the product, in order to clarify the advantages, characteristics and laws of biological toxins radiation degradation technology, provide reference for further development of the relevant technology and other biological toxins radiation degradation.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(10): 2005-2011. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.10.2005In order to learn the amino acid flow mechanism in the food chain of key species Engraulis japonicus, living organisms were applied to perform an indoor study on the intermediate and lower trophic levels of key species food chain in the food web of the Yellow Sea and East China Sea, i.e., “phytoplankton-Calanus sinicus-Engraulis japonicus”. After conducting a cultural experiment for 50 days, carbon stable isotope values (δ13C) of the bulk tissue and 12 kinds of amino acids were determined to track the transfer process of amino acids (AAs) in the food chain. The results showed that δ13C values of the amino acids had similar patterns for the three samples, but the mean δ13C value presented a relatively large variation range; for δ13C value of the bulk issue, the three samples followed the order of Engraulis japonicus muscle>Calanus sinicus> Chlorella. The δ13C value of essential amino acids (EAAs) displayed a strongly linear relationship between trophic levels, whereas those of non-essential amino acids (NEAAs) showed a weak correlation; between organisms of each trophic level, δ13C fractionation factor (Δδ13C) value of EAAs was not significantly different from 0‰ (P>0.05), while obvious deviation from 0‰ (P<0.05) was observed for Δδ13C value of NEAAs. Thus can know that transfer and transformation efficiencies of EAAs were high in the food chain, and there were diversified NEAA sources for the consumers, including their autosynthesis, direct food transfer and other means. This study provided a reference for investigating the nutritional ecology of food web by virtue of amino acid δ13C.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(10): 2012-2019. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.10.2012To study the effects of applying trace elements on phytoremediation of uranium contaminated soil,the dry weight and uranium enrichment of chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) seedlings and reproduced seedling were measured under soil which was treated with uranium of 0, 50, 100, 150mg·kg-1 and amended with 0, 1 and 5 times of manganese (Mn), zinc(Zn), copper(Cu), molybdenum(Mo) and boron(B) respectively. The results were shown below. After applying Mn, Zn, Cu, Mo and B, dry weights of both seedlings growing on the uranium contaminated soil and reproduced seedlings (except the Zn treatment) were lower than that of those growing on non-contaminated soil. In the contaminated soil with levels of 50 mg· kg-1 and 100mg·kg-1 uranium, the treatment with 50mg B per kg soil averagely increased the seedlings uranium content of 129.8% per plant, and increased the seedling uranium accumulation by 77.0% per plant. In the contaminated soil with 50mg·kg-1 uranium, the treatment of 50 mg B per kg soil averagely increased both the uranium content and accumulation of reproduced seedlings by 80.1% and 17.87% per plant respectively. It is concluded that applying boron fertilizer with appropriate amount can improve phytoremediation efficiency of chicory seedlings and reproduced seedling in moderate concentration uranium contaminated soil. This study is proposed to provide scientific basis and technical measures for improving the phytoremediation efficiency of uranium contaminated soil.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(10): 2020-2025. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.10.2020Nitrogen fertilization rate was believed to produce great influence on greenhouse gas (GHG) emission in paddy field. Thus, it is important and necessary for paddy field management to provide a suitable nitrogen fertilization rate to ensure rice yield and reduce GHG emission. In this study, six levels (0, 75, 150, 225, 300 and 375 kg N·hm-2) of fertilizer application rates were designed to test the GHG emission flux by measuring methane (CH4), nitrous oxide(N2O) emission flux and accumulation of global warming potential (GWP), meanwhile the correlation between GHG emission and environmental element was also analyzed. Results showed that 225 kg N·hm-2 fertilizer rate presented a relatively high rice yield and a low GWP emission with 0.31 kg CO2-equivalent per kilogram rice yield. More nitrogen fertilization application resulted in more N2O emission and less CH4 emission. CH4 and N2O emission peaks appeared at vegetative and ripening phase of rice growth period. This study provides a scientific basis for suitable nitrogen fertilization rate management at paddy field in Hangzhou.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(10): 2026-2032. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.10.2026To explore the effects of straw returning plus application straw decomposition agent on the rice soil microbial, a field experiment was conducted with treatments of single straw returning (CK) and straw returning plus straw decomposition agent (SM). Soil microbial diversity, mineral nutrient and crop yield were analyzed by routine approaches and Terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP). The results showed that compared with CK, the soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus and grain yield under SM was increased by 15.0%, 31.0%, 98.0% and 5.9%, respectively. Bacteria, Actinomycetes and Moulds were increased by 14.66, 1.50 and 2.78 times higher than that of CK, respectively. In addition, nitritebacteria, nitrobacteria, denitrifyingbacteria, aerobic nitrogen-fixing bacteria, aerobic cellulose decomposing bacteria, inorganic phosphate bacteria, organic phosphorus bacteria, iron bacteria and silicate bacteria were improved by 119.8%, 55.6%, 51.9%, 40.5%, 107.4%, 70.8%, 145.2%, 140.1% and 70.0%, respectively. T-RFLP results showed that the bacterial abundance relating to the cycling of C and S, the anti-pathogen bacteria and other beneficial bacteria raised and phytopathogens bacteria declined in SM soil, and the diversity of microbial community structure was changed significantly. In conclusion, we concluded that straw returning plus straw decomposition agent had more improved for soil mineral nutrient, the soil microbial function diversity and crop yield than single straw returning. Thus this study provides a scientific basis for straw returning.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(10): 2033-2040. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.10.2033A pot experiment was conducted to study the effects of NaCl+Na2SO4 stress to rhizosphere environment of two sugar beet varieties, KWS0143 and Beta464. NaCl and Na2SO4 were mixed together in the proportion of 2∶1. Four treatments (Na percentage in soil mass) were set including 0,0.2%,0.3% and 0.4% (0, S3, S2 and S4) to investigate the effects of different treatments on rhizosphere microbial quantity and enzyme activity. The results showed that the number of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes in rhizosphere soil was significantly different under salt stress, with bacteria number (18.19×105-176.23×105 CFU·g-1) >actinomycetes number (7.08×105-35.18×105 CFU·g-1) >fungi number (0.18×105-0.98×105 CFU·g-1). Soil urease activity, phosphatase catalase activity and total microbial biomass were the highest at S3 at the same sampling period. Rhizosphere soil microbes and enzyme activity of KWS0143 was significantly higher than that of Beta464 at the late period. Correlation analysis showed that there was significantly positive relationship between urease and both the total amount of bacteria and microorganisms. The significantly positive correlation between catalase and actinomycetes was also found in our experiment. Therefore, a certain extent of salt stress is beneficial to the improvement of soil microorganism and enzyme activity in sugar beet rhizosphere. This study provides a theoretical basis for regulating and controlling sugar beet growth and development in saline soil in the future.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(10): 2041-2048. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.10.2041In order to explore the control response of temperature enhancement on growth and soil health of Wheat, a two-year small scale experiment were carried out by the method of Open-top chamber (OTC), and the natural growth under the same condition as a control (CK). The results showed as follows: in the whole wheat's growth stage, the soil temperature for OTC was greater than CK, while the soil humidity was lower than CK. Simulated temperature enhancement increased the soil respiration at wheat’s growth stage, which first increased and then decreased, and for OTC, it was higher than CK at the same stage. Soil respiration was significantly exponential correlated with soil temperature (P< 0.001), and the exponential regression of OTC and CK could explain the variation of soil respiration by 81.24% and 75.38%, respectively. Simulated temperature enhancement increased the soil enzyme activities at wheat's growth stage. The soil enzyme activities of OTC and CK first increased and then decreased at the growth stage. There were significantly exponential relationship between soil enzyme activities and soil temperature (P< 0.001), and the exponential regression of OTC and CK could explain the variation of soil respiration by 87.26% and 82.14%, respectively. The content of chlorophyll a and b of OTC and CK first increased and then decreased, while the content of soluble protein, soluble sugar, leaf N and P content increased gradually with OTC>CK at the same stage. At mature stage, the stem diameter, leaf area index, specific leaf weight, R/S, grains per ear and grain weight under OTC were greater than CK. Taken together, simulated temperature enhancement was beneficial to improve the soil health and promote the growth of wheat, which provide the theoretical basis to realize the high yield and good quality of wheat under the background of global climate change.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(10): 2049-2055. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.10.2049In order to explore the method of determining irrigation quota of paddy rice cropping in upland, rainfall frequency of rice growth period (June to October) and drought period (July to September) was ranked and typical year under different probability of irrigation was ascertained on the basis of the evaporation amount on the corresponding period using the data from 1992 to 2014. Daily effective rainfall and daily water requirement of rice during years was calculated, based on which we drew a trend chart of monthly effective rainfall and rice water requirement. Monthly irrigation quantity was determined by calculating the difference of curve equations using integral method, or by simple calculating the area between the curves. The total quota of irrigation was the sum of monthly irrigation quantity. The water demand quantities of 90%, 75% and 50% of the years to meet the irrigation quota of 416.9mm, 338.7mm and 216.1mm for local single-cropping rice of using the method, respectively. About 50% to 60% of years was determined as the irrigation value of paddy rice cropping in upland. It is verified by using the value of 90% (2013, drought year) and 50% (2014, normal rainfall) of the years may meet halved irrigation quota, respectively. The grain yield of paddy rice cropping in upland was 5924.3 kg·hm-2 in drought year 2013 and 6 511.8 kgohm-2 in the normal rainfall year 2014, accounted for 84.1% and 91.2% under conventional cultivation, respectively. This intuitive method can not only calculate irrigation amount, but also show the distribution trend of irrigation quota during rice growth period.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(10): 2056-2064. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.10.2056This research compared the effects of full day light and shade on the photosynthetic characteristics and the chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters of Abies beshanzuensis M. H. Wu and studied the ecological significance of A. beshanzuensis on light adaptation to the environment. The results showed that the net photosynthetic rate(Pn), light compensation point (LCP), light saturation point (LSP), mitochondrial respiration rate in the night(Rn) and leaf mass per area(LMA) of the A. beshanzuensis decreased under shade condition. The diurnal variation of net photosynthetic rate (Pn) displayed M-type and obvious “midday depression” phenomenon, induced by non-stomatal limitation under full day light. The Pn levelled off around noon and no “midday depression” phenomenon was observed under shade condition. The daily maximum and average of Pn decreased significantly but the efficiency of the solar energy utilization increased in shade condition compared with to full day light. The diurnal variations of Rd and stomata conductance (Gs) in leaves were similar to Pn. Pn, Rd and Gs under full day light and shade condition showed a positive correlation to each other. The contents of chlorophyll a+b, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b in grown leaves under shade condition were significantly higher than those under full day light with the chlorophyll a/b decreased. Moreover, the ratios of Fv/Fm and F'v/F'm increased significantly under shade condition. The above results indicated that A. beshanzuensis can tolerate shade by decreasing LCP, LSP, Rd, LMA and chlorophyll a/b to increase the efficiency of the solar energy utilization, the ratios of Fv/Fm and F'v/F'm, and the contents of chlorophyll a+b, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b under shade condition. Thus, it conclude that A. beshanzuensis can survive both in sun light and shade conditions. These findings lay the foundation for the selection of the suitable light environment for the artificial domestication or restoration of the populations of the A. beshanzuensis.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(10): 2065-2071. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.10.2065In order to explore the relation between cold resistance and root’s physiological indexes change of alfalfa after mix-sowing with meadow fescue, the tested alfalfa varieties included the Longmu806, the Aohan alfalfa and the Caoyuan 3th. The mix-sowing grass for each combination was meadow fescue (Festuca ovina). Single field with only alfalfa and mix-sowing field of alfalfa with the meadow fescue were made, then the over wintering rate of alfalfa was investigated, and four indicator items relative to the cold resistance, namely soluble sugar, soluble protein, free proline and peroxidase (POD) at alfalfa root in each field was determined. The results showed that the average wintering rate with more than 90% mixed sowing effect better than unicast,and the over wintering rate the each field showed significant difference between signal and mix-sowing with the meadow fescue of Caoyuan 3th and Longmu806, the contents of soluble sugar, soluble protein and free praline in the roots of all three alfalfa varieties increased with decreasing of air temperature in late fall, it decreased with air temperature increasing in the next spring of the following year, the contents of soluble sugar reached peak at the end of October, its average content of the soluble sugar was 15.27% and the soluble protein of Caoyuan 3th and Longmu806 reached peak at the end of October, and Caoyuan 3th mixed seeding had the highest value 21.84 mg·g-1,the soluble protein of Aohan signal and mixed seeding reached peak in the middle of November. For the free praline, its content reached peak in the mid-November, among them the Caoyuan 3th with the meadow fescue was the highest with the value of 21.84 mg·g-1. Following the change of air temperature, the POD activity showed up-down-up trend in the whole winter season. Through the Membership function analysis and the over winter rate investigated, the study showed the order of cold-resistance of alfalfa varieties was as follows: Caoyuan3th+meadow fescue> Longmu806+ meadow fescue > Caoyuan3th >Longmu806>Aohan+meadowfescue>Aohan, and finally to increase the cold-resistance of alfalfa, the alfalfa mix-sowing treatment is better than its single sowing treatment.The results provide theoretical basis and technical support for the adaptability of alfalfa in cold area.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(10): 2072-2079. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.10.2072In the present study, we chose two watermelon varieties of zaochunhongyu (Al-resistant variety, HY) and zaomiwang (Al-sensitive variety, ZM) to investigate the alleviating effects of citric acid on watermelon seedlings under aluminum stress (1500μmol·L-1), using different concentrations of citric acid (200,400,800 and 1 200μmol·L-1). The results showed that aluminum stress had an obvious inhibitory effect on the growth and physiology of HY and ZM watermelon seedlings, and compared with HY, ZM had been inhibited more seriously. After adding citric acid, the toxicity of aluminum in HY and ZM watermelon seedlings had been effectively alleviated. Within range of concentrations (≤800μmol·L-1),the alleviating effects of citric acid on HY and ZM watermelon seedlings under aluminum stress were enhanced with the increase of concentration, and the concentration of 800μmol·L-1 was the best, but the detoxification effects became weakly when the concentration increased to 1 200μmol·L-1. The detoxification effects of citric acid for aluminum toxicity were better in ZM watermelon seedlings than in HY watermelon seedlings, and with treatment time increasing, the detoxification effects of citric acid were more obvious. All results showed that citric acid could effectively alleviate the toxicity of aluminum on watermelon seedlings, and the optimum concentration of citric acid was 400~800μmol·L-1 among all concentrations. The results of this study provides theoretical foundation to clear the mechanism of citric acid alleviate aluminum toxicity in watermelon and the high quality and high yield cultivation of watermelon.
