20 December 2016, Volume 30 Issue 12
    

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    Induced Mutations for Plant Breeding·Agricultural Biotechnology
  • FENG Yabin, YU Xinguang, ZHUANG Xinchen, WANG Zhonghua
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(12): 2289-2294. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.12.2289
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    HMGR is the first limit enzyme of mevalonate pathway, which play an important role in steroid alkaloid biosynthesis. In order to explore the regulation of HMGR in steroidal alkaloid syntheses in Fritillaria thunbergii, RT-PCR and TA cloning technology was used in this study and the first conserved fragment of HMGR gene in Fritillaria thunbergii, which was named FtHMGR, has been cloned. The total length of this fragment was 390bp. Sequence analysis showed that FtHMGR had high identity (79% to 84%) to nine HMGR genes from various plants, the deduced amino acid sequence had a higher homology with other plants(95% to 88%)and was closely related to that of Paris farqesii, Phoenix dectylifera and etc monocots. Cloning and molecular characterization of FtHMGR would be useful for further analysis of molecular regulation of steroid alkaloid biosynthesis in Fritillaria thunbergii.
  • WANG Yupeng, WANG Genfa, WU Zhifeng, WANG Zhiquan, SHI Qinghua, PAN Xiaohua, WU Ziming
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(12): 2295-2303. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.12.2295
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    The study of the large grain material plays an important role in mining genes of grain shape trait, and can provide high quality germplasm resources for rice breeding. In this study, The F2 segregation population, which was derived from a cross between large grain material lg1 and indica variety 9311, was used to identify QTL with the data of the grain shape traits in 2014, 2015 and the combined data of two years, respectively. The results showed that 22 QTLs were detected on chromosome No. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8 and 11, including 5 QTLs for grain length, 9 QTLs for grain width, and 8 QTLs for grain thickness. There were 3 QTLs detected repeatedly in three situations, including grain length QTL qGL-2-1, grain width QTL qGW-5-1 and grain thickness QTL qGT-5-1, whose alleles were derived from parent lg1. In addition, 7 QTLs were identified in two situations, and 12 QTLs were identified only in one situation. The qGL-2-1, qGW-2-3 and qGT-2-3 were located in the same interval RM5812-RM13174, indicating that they could be influenced by one gene which might be a new grain shape gene. The major QTLs qGL-1-2 and qGW-11-1 could be new QTL loci of grain shape trait. Most of the rest QTLs are cloned gene and some mapped QTLs. These results have built a foundation for further fine mapping and cloning genes of lg1 grain shape traits.

  • Induced Mutations for Plant Breeding·Agricultural Biotechnology
  • CHEN Xi, FENG Hui, SHU Zhaolin, YAO Kebing, WEI Lihui
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(12): 2304-2311. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.12.2304
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    Trehalase involves in energy metabolism, which plays an important role in stress resistance. White tip nematode as an offensive parasite on rice plants, shows strong tolerant capability to various stressful conditions and causes substantial loss of yield in most rice-growing areas. In order to study the function of the trehalase gene in white tip nematode, the full length of a trehalase gene, designated Ab-tre-1, was isolated from this nematode by using RACE-PCR, differential expression of Ab-tre-1 in eggs and different developmental stages of the nematode, as well as under several stresses was analyzed by using real time PCR. The length of cDNA sequence of Ab-tre-1 was 2083 bp with nine introns. Open reading frame encoded a 580 amino acid protein. Alignment of several trehalase proteins revealed two conserved signature motifs in Ab-tre-1. Phylogenetic analysis results indicated that Ab-tre-1 was in different group from other free living nematodes and animal parasitic nematodes. The expression level of Ab-tre-1was highest in nematode eggs but lowest in third and fourth stage juveniles. When exposed to dehydration, reactive oxygen species, high temperature and nematodecide treatment, the expression level of Ab-tre-1 was significantly increased, indicating related to stresses resistance in nematode. Isolation and expression analysis of Ab-tre-1 will provide evidences for further studies on gene functions of nematodes during stress resistance response.
  • ZHU Ziping, LI Na, TANG Xueming
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(12): 2312-2317. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.12.2312
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    To improve the performance of Volvariella volvacea strain V23 during low-temperature storage, The study performed mutagenesis on the protoplasts of V23 via electronic beam and60Co-γ ray radiation, respectively. Mutants with enhanced tolerance to low temperature were selected after three rounds of genome shuffling. One strain VF displaying normal fruiting and stable heredity was successfully obtained. The fruitbody of strain VF could be successfully stored for 20h at 10℃, which was 25% longer than that of the original strain V23. The results proved that it is feasible to improve the low-temperature tolerance of Volvariella volvacea V23 using Genome shuffling technique. This work provides novel insights for cultivating edible fungi with enhanced performance under unfavorable environments.
  • LI Xiaofeng, ZHU Hongfang, ZHU Yuying, HOU Ruixian, ZHAI Wen
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(12): 2318-2325. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.12.2318
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    Genetic analysis of bolting and flowering traits in pak-choi could contribute to the identification for bolting-resistant cultivars of pak-choi.The mixed major gene plus polygene inheritance model was used to analyze the inheritance of bolting and flowering traits in pak-choi with six generations of early bolting variety M10-1(P1), bolting variety M10-2(P2) and their F1, B1, B2 and F2 generations. The results showed that bolting trait was mainly controlled by two major genes expressing in the mode of additive-dominant-epistatic effects, and the additive effects of the two major genes were similar. In addition, the second major gene was the main in the dominant effect. There were additive ×additive interaction effect and dominant × dominant interaction effect of major gene, in which negative additive effects of polygene was the major effect. Heritabilities of major genes in B1, B2, and F2 generations were 83.83%, 87.82% and 88.31%, respectively, while those of polygene in B1, B2, and F2 generations were all 0, the average heritability of major genes and polygene was 86.65%. The rate of environmental variation was 13.35% in the total phenotypic variance. The bolting trait in pak-choi was dominated by major genes, and that environmental factors played a key role in inheritance. Thus, the selection of bolting trait in pak-choi was effective in early generations. The flowering trait was similar to the bolting trait inheritance. Heritability of major genes was 9.57% on average, and the average environmental variance was 90.43%. These findings revealed that the flowering trait in Pak-choi was greatly affected by environmental factors and that the flowering trait should not be considered as an identification indicator of bolting resistance in Pak-choi.
  • CHEN Hongwei, RAO Liqun, QIU Yexian
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(12): 2326-2335. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.12.2326
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    Methionine is the first limited amino acid in legume. To clone Met-rich storage protein gene, primers based on alignment of Met-rich storage protein genes were designed, and the cDNA of Met-rich storage protein genes were amplified by RT-PCR from several gramineae plants such as Leptochloa chinensis (Linn.) Nees, Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud., Echinochloa crus-galli (Linn.) Beauv., Echinochloa colona (Linn.) Link, Oryza rufipogon Griff. (including Dongxiang wild rice, Chaling wild rice and Hunan wild rice), and then for sequence alignment, Motif prediction and evblutionary analysis. Sequence analysis showed that the sequences of Met-rich storage proteins in gramineae plants have regions with different conservativeness. Met-rich storage protein were highly conserved ameng the same genus. Motif prediction indicated that the function of the Met-rich storage protein may be related with some functions like plant disease resistance. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the Met-rich storage protein genes had great variation in different families, there were more conservative in gramineae, especially in Oryza and while existed as different types in maize. The study will help to enrich the pool of Met-rich storage protein genes, and offer more choice for genetic engineering of the Met-rich protein in legume, and serve as reference for further understanding the mechanism of Met-rich storage protein in plant development and metabolism.
  • WANG Ailan, LI Weiwei, LI Hui, NIE Zhenzhen
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(12): 2336-2342. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.12.2336
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    The optimization of SRAP-PCR system is a critical step for SRAP molecular markers. In order to establish a high efficient and stable SRAP reaction system for future study of genetic diversity and germplasm resources analysis in Rheum tanguticum. The study carried out orthogonal design to optimize a SRAP-PCR system for Rheum tanguticum, this system included 4 factors (Mg2+, dNTPs, primer and Taq polymerase) from 3 different levels based on the single factor analysis experiment. The result showed that the optimized SRAP-PCR system for Rheum tanguticum was as following: Mg2+ 0.5 mmol·L-1, dNTPs 0.4 mmol·L-1, each primer 0.2 μmol·L-1, Taq polymerase 0.06 U·μL-1. Based on the optimized system, 30 SRAP primers out of 58 primers were found with abundant polymorphism in Rh. tanguticum population. This study will provide a technology basis for the genetic analysis of Rh. tanguticum in future.
  • WANG Wei, CHEN Chen, OU Qiaoming, YE Chunlei, LUO Junjie
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(12): 2343-2354. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.12.2343
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    Haploid is of valuable in fundenmental research and breeding practice, while anther culture is one of the main methods by far in producting wheat haploid. Based on domestic and foreign relevant papers, the research and application of wheat anther culture were reviewed, especially emphasized on the factors that influence wheat anther culture such as genotype dependence, dedifferential medium and the addition compositions, the application of anther culture in breeding practice, and the technology in combination with irradiation mutagenesis, distant hybridization and transgenic techniques. Wheat genotypes with elite anther culture characteristics that screened by researchers were first summarized completely in this article, the problems in wheat anther culture were analyzed and the relevant suggestions were proposed. This article will provide the reference for the relevant research.
  • Food Irradiation·food science
  • LIU Liang, ZHONG Yunkai, CAO Shaoqian, QI Xiangyang, LUO Tong
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(12): 2355-2362. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.12.2355
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  • ZHANG Le, WANG Zhaogai, YANG Hui, WANG Xiaomin, SHI Guanying
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(12): 2363-2372. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.12.2363
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    With the purpose of choosing suitable drying process for the development of various chestnut products, the effect of five drying methods including natural ventilating drying, microwave drying, hot air drying, vacuum freeze drying, microwave vacuum drying on nutritional components, aroma components and functional properties of dried chestnut were investigated. The results showed that both the nutritional components and functional properties of chestnuts were better by vacuum freeze drying process than other four drying methods. The chestnut quality of microwave vacuum drying was right behind that of vacuum freeze drying. There were not any significant differences between natural ventilating drying and hot air drying on the processing quality of chestnuts. Only the Vc content of natural ventilating drying were higher than that of hot air drying on nutrient components. In terms of texture parameters, the hot air drying was the best. Totally forty-six aroma components were identified and 28 kinds of aroma components were got from the chestnuts dried by vacuum freeze drying and microwave drying methods. Followed by hot air drying was 23, vacuum microwave drying was 21, and natural ventilating drying has only 13 kinds of flavour substances.. The highest relative amount of ingredients in microwave vacuum drying method was pyrazine, 3-ethyl-2,5-dimethyl while it was benzyl alcohol in the other four drying methods. Considering the fast drying rate, low energy consumption as well as relatively better drying quality for chestnut products, the microwave vacuum drying is the suitable dehydration way for industrialization of Chinese chestnut dry processing. Through this study, it provides theoretical basis for further processing and utilization of Chinese chestnut.
  • LIN Li, LIN Lejing, MAO Yangzheng, ZHU Zhiyong, FU Tao
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(12): 2373-2381. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.12.2373
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    In order to develop and utilize resource of flavonoids in Acer elegantulum leaves, response surface analysis methodology (RSM) was applied to optimize the ultrasonic-assisted extraction conditions of total flavonoids from Acer elegantulum leaves, and the antioxidant activities of total flavonoids were also investigated through the measurement of DPPH scavenging activity and total antioxidant capacity. The results under the experimental conditions showed that the optimal parameters for total flavonoids extraction process were determined as follows: extraction temperature 55℃,ethanol concentration 70%,liquid-solid 50∶1 and extraction time 48 min. The total flavonoids yield obtained under such conditions was 58.664 mg·g-1. EC50 for total flavonoids on scavenging DPPH was 0.528 mg·L-1 and the scavenging rate against DPPH free radicals could reached to 95.56%. Total flavonoids in Acer elegantulum leaves maintained higher antioxidant capacity than L-ascorbic acid. In this regard, the optimum extraction conditions of total flavonoids in Acer elegantulum leaves were obtained, and the antioxidant activities of total flavonoids were measured as well, which would provide reliable scientific instruction on the exploitation of flavonoids resource in Acer elegantulum leaves.
  • LAI Pufu, CHEN Junchen, YANG Yilong, WENG Minjie, LI Yibin, SHEN Hengsheng
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(12): 2382-2390. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.12.2382
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    The process of ultrasonic assisting inner ebullition was optimized with Response Surface Method for improving extractive yield of Pleurotus eryngii polysaccharides and to promote its industrial production. Five variables including ethanol concentration, liquid-solid ratio, extraction time, extraction temperature and ultrasonic power applied for setting up the regression model to estimate the validity of the model and the interaction between the variables. Results showed that optimal value for the parameters were ethanol concentration 47%, liquid-solid ratio 23 mL·g-1, extraction time 8min, extraction temperature 90℃, ultrasonic power 475W, respectively. With these conditions, the extractive yield of Pleurotus eryngii polysaccharide could reach to 11.05%. It was also convinced that the ultrasonic-inner ebullition method could effectively improve extractive yield of polysaccharides, shorten the extraction time, increase the extraction efficiency, and was suitable in applying to Pleurotus eryngii polysaccharide extraction. This study provided the technical basis for further developing nutritional food of Pleurotus eryngii polysaccharide.
  • WEI Qiang, XU Fei
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(12): 2391-2401. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.12.2391
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    In this paper, for further development of Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. cv. Atropurpurea Jacg. and drug screening of its active components, the optimal extracting method was selected from water boiling extraction, alcohol reflux extraction, supersonic extraction, microwave extraction, smashing tissue extraction, SFE-CO2extraction and enzymatic hydrolysis based on the flower's flavonoid content and their α-glucosidase inhibition activities. Based on the single-factor experiments, the best extraction conditions were optimized by response surface methodology. The complex enzyme-assisted SFE-CO2extraction technology was the best method with the inhibitory rate of 96.09% and IC50 of 12.16 μg·mL-1 on the α-glucosidase. The optimal extraction conditions were determined as follows: enzymatic temperature was 30 ℃,enzymatic time was 3.5 h, enzymatic dosage was 0.10%, alcohol concentration was 85%, extraction temperature was 45 ℃ and extraction time was 60 min. Under the optimal conditions, the polysaccharides yield reached 11.55%. And this study could be helpful for the development and utillization of total flavonoid components from the flower of Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. cv. Atropurpurea Jacg
  • LIU Qiannan, HA Yiming, JIN Jing
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(12): 2402-2410. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.12.2402
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    To improve the content of crude protein in apple pomace, Aspergillus niger was chosen to ferment apple pomace in this research. Important influence factors of solid-state fermentation such as inoculation size, fermentation time,water-material ratio and fermentation temperature were separately employed as the important influence factors of solid-state fermentation to carry out the optimization firstly according to single factor experiment. Response surface methodology was then designed based on the results of the single-factor experiment. By single factor test and response surface test, the optimal fermentation conditions were obtained as follows: 10% (v/w) inoculum size of A.niger, fermentation temperature at 32 ℃, 3.5 of water-material ratio, cultivation for 6 d.Under the optimized condition, in the final product crude protein was increased from 7.05% to 32.56%, crude fat was increased from 4.75% to 5.57%, crude fiber was yet decreased from 21.8% to 13.53%, total amino acids were increased from 45.17 mg·g-1 to 126.3 mg·g-1, and the essential amino acids were increased from 16.13 mg·g-1to 50.4 mg·g-1respectively. The result shows that solid-state fermentation with A.niger can significantly enhance the nutritional value of apple pomace. It also provides an effective way for apple pomace utilization and alleviating the contradiction between protein feedstuffs supply and demand.
  • WANG Lin, ZHU Jinfeng, XU Zicheng
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(12): 2411-2417. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.12.2411
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    In order to explore the effect of exogenous preparation on the quality of middle leaves among flue-cured tobacco, a field experiment was carried out to analysis the effects of different level IAA and GA3and their interaction spraying on physical characteristics, chemical components, free and glycosidic aroma components in middle leaves among flue-cured tobacco. Results showed that amendment of IAA to fields the same in GA3 level or application of GA3 to fields the same in IAA level improved the physical characteristics, coordinate the chemical components, increased the content of free and glycosidic aroma components of the flue-cured leaves, and the effect of higher concentration is better. The interaction between IAA and GA3had some significantly positive effects on quality weight, filling value, reducing sugar, total nitrogen and nitrogen-nicotine ratio.The application of a high rate of IAA and GA3 was more conducive to improve the content of free and glycosidic aroma components than application of a low rate of IAA plus a low rate of GA3.And the affection which promoted the growth of tobacco plant and improved the quality of leaves is best of the treatment 20 mg·L-1 IAA+20 mg·L-1 GA3. The results provided theoretical basis for the growth and regulation of high quality flue-cured tobacco.
  • isotoPe Tracer Technique·Ecology & environment·Physiology
  • TIAN Yaowu, WANG Ning, LIU Jing
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(12): 2418-2424. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.12.2418
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    To explore the mechanisms controlling the priming effect induced by nutsedge in soil, an indoor control experiment of adding chopped nutsedge (Rhizoma cyperi) and the nitrogen, phosphorus to the soil was adopted, and the values of soil properties such as SOC content, microbial biomass, the change value of soil δ13C were measured during the 75-day experimental period, as well as the dynamic values of “new carbon” (derived from added chopped nutsedge to SOC) and “old carbon” (in the original soil) contents were calculated. The results showed that SOC content of the control group decreased by 11 mg·kg-1, SOC content of N, P treatment decreased by 10 mg·kg-1, SOC content of treatment of single shopped nutsedge added increased first and then decreased (ultimately decreased by 44 mg·kg-1), SOC content of nutsedge treated with N and P also increased first and then decreased (ultimately increased by 75 mg·kg-1). After the chopped nutsedge added, the change value of soil δ13C show that SOC decomposition rate has been obviously improved compared with the control. It was so called the phenomenon of “priming effect”. In the treatments of single chopped nutsedge added, 77.8% of the chopped nutsedge consumed by microbial respiration, 22.2% of which was translated to “new carbon” and locked up in the soil. Getting rid of the “old carbon” consumed by priming effect (144 mg·kg-1), the total SOC content decreased by 30 mg·kg-1; In the nutsedge + N, P treatment, 64.0% of chopped nutsedge was consumed by microbial respiration, 36.0% of which was locked up in the soil Getting rid of the 94 mg·kg-1 “old carbon” consumed by priming effect, the total SOC content finally increased by 68 mg·kg-1. The “old carbon” contents consumed by priming effect in the soil were far lower than the amount of carbon decomposed by nutsedge. In nutsedge treatment, carbon contents consumed by soil priming effect accounted for 37.0% of carbon contents decomposed by nutsedge and 29.3% in the treatment with nutsedge + nitrogen, phosphorus. This paper would provide reference for further exploring the soil priming effect mechanism induced by chopped nutsedge addition.
  • WANG Yonghao, WANG Changquan, LI Qiquan, LI Bin, HE Yuting,JIN Mingqing, CHEN Lin, CHEN Yulan
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(12): 2425-2433. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.12.2425
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    In order to clarify the phosphorus characteristics of tobacco planting soil in the north of Sichuan province, the spatial distribution characteristics of soil available phosphorus (AP) were analyzed by using Geostatistics and GIS. In addition, the influence factors of spatial variation of soil available phosphorous were quantitatively analyzed by regression analysis, providing the theoretical basis for improving soil phosphorus environment. The results showed that the contents of soil AP ranged from 0.5 to 34.3 mg·kg-1 with the mean value is 11.72 mg·kg-1. The variance coefficient of soil AP was 57.94%, which suggested soil AP had moderate variability in this study area. The values of the nugget to sill ratio were 40.3%, which suggested AP had moderate spatial autocorrelation, and was determined by the interaction between structural and random factors, and the AP was more inclined to be affected by structural factors. In the view of spatial hierarchy, soil AP decreased gradually from the southwest to the northeast, and presented sheet distributions. Soil class and type explained 28.8% and 26.1% of AP variability, respectively, which were the main controlling factor in structural factors. Topography had the lowest independent explaining capacity of only 0.7% for AP spatial variability. Soil texture and pH could independently explain 18.3% and 17.5% of AP variability. The results can provide a theoretical basis for balanced fertilization and planting planning of tobacco in the north of Sichuan province.
  • LI Xin, ZHOU Jiheng, HE Danfeng, ZHANG Jili, CHEN Feng
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(12): 2434-2440. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.12.2434
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    In order to investigate the effects of citrate soluble potash and potassium fertilizers on soil improvement and the growth of flue-cured tobacco, potted tobacco was employed to research the influence of citrate soluble potassium fertilizer with different proportions on soil physical and chemical properties (soil bulk density, soil porosity, soil potassium content), soil microbes (fungi, bacteria, and actinomycetes) activity and root growth (root biomass, root configuration parameters, root activity) under drought stress. The results showed that applying citrate soluble potassium fertilizer can reduce soil bulk density, increase soil porosity and the content of available potassium and slowly available potassium, improve microbial quantity, and promote the growth of tobacco roots. Under normal moisture regulation, the treatment of 75% citrate soluble potassium fertilizer and 25% potassium sulfate fertilizer was the best. Under drought stress condition, the best treatment was 50% citrate soluble potassium fertilizer and 50% potassium sulfate fertilizer. In actual production of flue-cured tobacco, it was recommended that tobacco growing areas of poor water retention or low rainfall should apply citrate soluble potassium fertilizer. This study showed significance for improving tobacco planting soils and promoting the quality of tobacco leaves.
  • LIU Jia, ZHANG Jie, QIN Wenjing, XIE Jie, WANG Fangdong, XIANG Xingjia, LIU Guangrong, XU Changxu
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(12): 2441-2450. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.12.2441
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    In order to discuss the effects of nitrogen (N) application and rhizobia inoculation on peanut growth and N accumulation in red soil upland, a randomized block experiment was carried out to study growth and development status, yield promotion level, N accumulation characteristic and N use efficiency of Yueyou256 through different treatments, which were no N fertilizer (N0), 50%N (N50%), 75%N (N75%), 100%N (N100%, traditional local N application amount of 135 kg·hm-2), 125%N (N125%), 150%N (N150%), 50%N with rhizobia inoculation (N50%+RI), 75%N with rhizobia inoculation (N75%+RI), and 100%N with rhizobia inoculation (N100%+RI). The results showed that appropriate N application would promote the growth of peanut, while excessive N would be adverse. The increasing in yield were 9.8%~13.5% under single application of N treatments, and the yield reached maximum under N75% treatment, which was 4651.0 kg·hm-2. The growth and development of peanut were promoted significantly under appropriate N application amount with rhizobia inoculation. The highest yield was 5169.1 kg·hm-2 under N75%+RI treatment, and it increased by 26.1% compared with N0treatment, however, the effect was quite weak under N50%+RI treatment. The N accumulation of peanut among all treatments could be described by Logistic equation. Appropriate N application (≤N75%) would accelerate the maximal speed of N accumulation (vmax), and the time reached maximal speed of N accumulation (tmax) would be advanced slightly, but the duration of N rapid accumulation (Δt) was relatively short. In addition, Δt would be prolonged too much, vmax reduced and tmax reached too late under excessive N application (>N100%) treatments. In contrast, the vmaxwas relatively high under appropriate N application with rhizobia inoculation treatments, and their tmaxand Δt were moderate. N agronomic efficiency and N recovery efficiency of N75%+RI treatment were highest among all treatments, and its N partial factor productivity and N physiological efficiency were quite high. In the case of rhizobia inoculation, the optimum application amount of N was 101.25 kg·hm-2 (N75%) in this study. This research provides a theoretical basis for high yield and high efficiency cultivation, scientific and rational fertilization of peanut in red soil upland in South China.
  • SUN Dezhi, HAN Xiaori, PENG Jing, FAN Fu, ZHANG Qingguo
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(12): 2451-2459. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.12.2451
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    To explore the photo-physiological mechanism for exogenous nitric oxide (NO) relieving the damage of secondary salinization on tomato seedling, a hydrophonic experiment was carried out with tomato seedlings of Qin Feng Bao Guan as test material in greenhouse to investigate the effect of NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) on PSⅡ photochemical efficiency, distribution of excitation energy and absorption and utilization of luminous energy by antenna pigment within tomato seedlings under stress of Ca(NO3)2 of 80 mmol·L-1 by the technique of chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics. The results indicated that spraying SNP effectively relieved the Ca (NO3)2 stress on PSⅡ damage. In addition, the maximum photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm), antenna conversion efficiency (F'v/F'm), practical photochemical efficiency (ΦPSⅡ), photochemical fluorescence quenching quotient (qP), quotient of absorbed light used in photochemical reaction (P) and non-photochemical dissipation used for reaction center (P680) (Ex) were significantly increased by 4.93%, 39.31%, 92.84%, 39.00%, 92.83% and 10.33%, respectively. Moreover, the original fluorescence (Fo), non-photochemical fluorescence quenching quotient (NPQ), the relative deviation (β/α-1) from full balance between two photosystems and quotient of absorbed light used in antenna heat dissipation (D) were significantly reduced by 7.20%, 13.22%, 43.09% and 24.70%, respectively, which was compared with the stress in 15d after the treatment. In conclusion, the results indicate that exogenous NO can alleviate photo-inhibition caused by Ca(NO3)2 stress by improving the photochemical activity of PSⅡ and enhancing non-photochemical dissipation of the PSⅡ center, and enhance the salt-tolerance of tomato seedlings, which provide theoretical and technical basis on utilizing exogenous NO to remit secondary salinization barriers.
  • HE Xin, ZHANG Cunzheng, LIU Xianjin, LU Haiyan, LIANG Ying
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(12): 2460-2466. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.12.2460
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    To determine the mineral content of lettuce under calcium nitrate treatment and improve the nutritional quality of lettuce products, 0.1%, 0.3%, and 0.5% calcium nitrate was sprayed separately on lettuce foliage and distilled water sprayed as control. The growth index, yield, quality and mineral absorption of lettuce were measured, recorded and statistically analyzed. The results showed that calcium nitrate spraying induced the activities of SOD, POD, and CAT. Calcium nitrate treated 28 days; vitamin C content of 3 treatments was lower than control, but the difference was not significant. Nitrate content of 0.5% was remarkably higher than that of control, and other treatments had no significant difference compared with the control. 0.3% treatment of soluble protein and chlorophyll content was dramatically higher than that of control. Sprayed calcium nitrate increased number of leaves, root length and root shoot ratio. Under the 0.3% sprayed condition, the yield increased by 5.9%. What's more, the ground part of the lettuce, calcium nitrate sprayed increased the content of phosphorus, potassium and calcium. Compared with controls, calcium content of 0.3% treatment increased 30.8%, iron content increased 5.3%, but magnesium content decreased 3.2%. In 0.1% treatment, iron and magnesium content increased 30.0% and 20.3%, respectively. However, with the increase of calcium nitrate, iron and magnesium content of 0.5% treatment decreased 13.1% and 1.1%, separately. The higher amount of calcium nitrate concentration, the lower zinc content of ground part of the lettuce, and zinc content of 0.5% treatment was the lowest between treatments, dropping 25.8% compared with controls. In conclusion, spraying proper calcium nitrate can increase the content of calcium, trace element and nutrition quality of hydroponic lettuce. The findings could guide to spraying calcium nitrate in hydroponic lettuce production, which provides a theoretical basis for improving the trace mineral elements content and promote the formation of high nutritional quality.
  • XIE Xiaobing, JIANG Peng, HUANG Min, CAO Fangbo, ZHOU Xuefeng, ZHANG Ruichun, CHEN Jiana, WU Dandan, ZOU Yingbin
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(12): 2467-2476. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.12.2467
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    In order to prove the feasibility of rational close planting based on golden section method for double cropping rice in both the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River and the South of China, field experiments were conducted at Changsha, Hunan Province and Huaiji, Guangdong Province in 2011 and 2012. In Changsha, Xiangzaoxian 24 (XZX 24) and Lingliangyou 268 (LLY 268) were grown in early season, while Xiangwanxian 12 (XWX 12) and Fengyuanyou 299 (FYY 299) were grown in late season. In Huaiji, Yuxiangyouzhan (YXYZ) and Y-liangyou 1 (YLY 1) were grown in both early and late seasons. Each cultivar in each site was grown under five presupposed densities (67.9, 40.1, 26.5, 18.8 and 14.0 hills·m-2), which were determined by golden section method depending on the culm height (50, 65, 80, 95 and 110 cm). Variations in plant and culm height under different planting densities, and some canopy characteristics at heading, dry matter accumulation, grain yield and its components under actual golden densities were analyzed. The results showed that variations in plant height of YXYZ in early reason and plant and culm height of YLY1 in late reason were not significant under different planting densities, while plant and culm height of YLY1 in the early reason were significantly changed. There were no consistent differences in the effective leaf area index (LAI) and dry matter at heading and maturity in other treatments. The treatments of actual golden densities had higher or equal canopy intercepted solar radiation rate and LAI than other treatments of Changsha variety, as well as dry matter accumulation and yield of Changsha and Huaiji variety at full heading stage and maturation stage. Generally, high grain yield was attributed to high effective spike number per plant for shorter culm (49.4-74.5 cm) cultivars, such as double cropping rice at Changsha and late rice at Huaiji, while for higher culm (80.4-84.6 cm) cultivars, high grain yield was due to both high effective spike number per plant and high number of grain per panicle, such as early rice at Huaiji. Therefore, this paper provided theoretical and practical reference for rational close planting in rice production.