27 September 2016, Volume 30 Issue 9
    

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    Induced Mutations for Plant Breeding·Agricultural Biotechnolog
  • ZHAO Qian, WANG Wei, ZHANG Meng, SHI Jinming, HAN Lu, SUN Yeqing
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(9): 1665-1671. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.09.1665
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    To investigate the epigenetic effects of different doses of heavy ion radiation on plants, dry rice seeds were exposed to12C6+heavy ion radiation with different doses (0, 0.2, 2Gy). Leaves of plants at seeding stage and tillering stage were obtained for DNA methylation analysis by methylation-sensitive amplified polymorphism (MSAP). Results showed the epigenomic alterations were induced by heavy ion radiation in rice, especially for high-dose, the effects on demethylation was more obvious than those on hypermethylation, and DNA methylation changes tended to occur on CNG site rather than CG site. The effects of heavy ion radiation on DNA methylation were further anfirmed by methylome sequence analysis from rice exposed to the same radiation doses. This research will provide an important evidence for the molecular mechanism of the epigenetic in rice induced by radiation in space.
  • ZHAO Yizhou, NI Shanjun, ZHANG Zhan, LI Xin, MAO Ting, ZHANG Lili, LIU Yan, LIU Fucai
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(9): 1672-1678. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.09.1672
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    In order to understand the feature of mutagenic progenies which was mutagenized by space flight, we performed morphologic diversity of on the SP1and SP2progenies of japonica rice yanjing188 were analyzed. There were no significant difference between the SP1and control variety, while the other hand, the bidirectional separation of each traits was observed in SP2. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index varied from 1.786 to 2.082. The morphologic distance coefficient ranged from 0.58 to 91.08. The variation coefficient of each trait in SP2 generation population was from 1.17% to 39.21%. Diverse morphological types were observed and the mean variation of Shannon-Wiener diversity index among each type was from 0.419 to 0.536. Large variations and high morphologic diversity of most traits in SP2 generation were presented in this study. These were clear differentiation between mutagenic progenies and control variety. The results of study provided the basis for artificial selection in space breeding practice.
  • LIU Liying, CHAI Xiaojie, CONG Yuting, WU Tianxiang, LIU Yiqiong
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(9): 1679-1683. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.09.1679
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    The open reading frame sequence of DsPLC was amplified by RT-PCR technique, and the prokaryotic expression vector pGS21a-DsPLC was constructed with DsPLC and the plasmid pGS21a. Then the recombinant plasmid was introduced into the E.coli BL21 (DE3) competent cells, and the fusion protein was successfully induced by IPTG (isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactoside). The fusion protein was presented as the supernatant proteins and inclusion body proteins. The soluble protein was purified by His column and analysed by SDS-PAGE. The result showed that there was a single protein band about 96KD, indicating that the fusion protein was effectively purified. The western blot results showed that the obvious hybridizing band was about 96KD, and it proved that the purified protein was the phospholipase C with His tag. The successful expression and purification of DsPLC has laid sound foundation for further research on the function of DsPLC.
  • WU Yueyan, FU Tao, WANG Zhonghua, RAO Huiyun, LIU Rong, YANG Zhenfeng
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(9): 1684-1692. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.09.1684
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    To screen plants with excellent characteristics of potential applied value, Yinhong grape and its eight elite individuals i.e. 5-1, 5-2, 10-1, 10-2, 20-1, 20-2, 40-1, 40-2 were used as material to investigate major morphological characteristics and trait differences including leaves, branches and fruits. Genetic differences of the eight elite individuals and their parent Yinhong were analyzed by simple sequence repeat(SSR) markers. Morphological observations showed that with there were larger differences in maturity, leaf morphology and skin color between 5-2, 10-2, 20-1, 20-2 and parent Yinhong. The results of molecular markers showed that twenty-four highly efficient amplification primers obtained from 122 arbitrary primers, total 219 out of 237 bands amplified showed polymorphisms, and the mean ratio of polymorphism was 93%. The clustering analysis showed that the genetic similarity coefficient among the seedlings and their parent ranged from 0.60 to 0.79. At the point of 0.65, 9 samples were classified into two groups. The first group included 10-2 and 20-1, the second group included 5-2, 20-2, 5-1, 10-1, 40-1, 40-2 and parent Yinhong. It was found that in genetic similarity coeffecient between individuals 5-2, 10-2, 20-1 and 20-2 were lower and the degree of variation was larger. Individuals 5-2, 10-2, 20-1 and 20-2 had excellent strains with premature, excellent appearance quality.
  • LIN Zhenghe, ZHONG Qiusheng, SHAN Ruiyang, CHEN Changsong, CHEN Zhihui, YOU Xiaomei
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(9): 1693-1698. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.09.1693
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    In order to understand the expression character of cold-resistant CsCBF1 and CsICE1 genes from tea plant, the corresponding homologous of the CsCBF1 and CsICE1gene were cloned by homology cloning method in using a material according to the sequences of cold tolerance gene CBF1 and ICE1 had been reported in other plant species. The lengths of CsCBF1 and CsICE1gene were 456 bp and 643 bp, respectively. Based on the alignment results compared with other reported CBF and ICE genes, the CsCBF and CsICE gene were found to belongs to the CBF1 and ICE1 familiy and named as CsCBF1 and CsICE1, respectively. By real-time quantitative PCR, the expression level of the CsCBF1 and CsICE1 gene were analyzed in the cold condition were analyzed and found that the expression of both genes reached peak at eight hours after 4℃ treatment. The result showed that CsCBF1 and CsICE1 was expressed the highest in leaves among all of the tissues, including roots, stems, leaves and flowers. In addition, CsCBF1 and CsICE1 gene was induced by cold stress, and the both gene expression level of both gene in tea varieties 0306I and Huangdan were higher than in tea varieties 0306F and 0306D. These results may provide basis for further study of regulation function of gene expression CsCBF1 and CsICE1 in during low temperature stress.
  • MA Jingjing, LIU Shinan, ZHU Longfei, QI Tiantian, LIN Xinchun
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(9): 1699-1705. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.09.1699
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    In Arabidopsis thaliana, VERNALIZATION 1(VRN1) gene plays an important role in the regulation of flowering time through mediating vernalization pathway. To investigate the function of homologue VRN1 from bamboo, a VRN1-like gene was isolated from Phyllostachys violascens, named as PvVRN1. Sequence analysis showed that PvVRN1 encoded a protein with 245 amino acids and shared a homology of 86.56% and 88.98% with VRN1 from Triticum aestivum and Oryza.sativa, respectively. qRT-PCR analysis indicated that the expression level of PvVRN1 was higher in flowering bamboo than in non-flowering bamboo. In flowering bamboo, PvVRN1 was relatively expressed high in stem, flower and leaf bud. Subcellular localization analysis revealed that PvVRN1 protein was mostly located in the nucleus. Meanwhile, ectopic expression of PvVRN1 in Arabidposis showed a dwarf phenotype and produced short sepals and petals compared with wild-type plants, while no significant difference in flowering time was observed. These results suggest that PvVRN1 may be involved in many development processes in bamboo other than flower development. This study will provide scientific evidence underlying the mechanism of bamboo flowering.
  • MA Jin, ZHENG Gang, PEI Cuiming, ZHANG Zhenya
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(9): 1706-1715. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.09.1706
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    Integrative analysis of multi-omics data would provide innovative perspectives on the complex mechanisms of plant adaptation to salt stress. In order to investigate the molecular mechanism of salt tolerance, the transcriptomes and proteomic of southern type Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) “Millenium” leaves under control condition were compared with those under NaCl-treated condition. The results indicated that the correlations between the quantitative protein and mRNA differentially expressed proteins and mRNA expression with opposite expression trend, differentially expressed proteins and mRNA with same expression trend were 0.2485, -0.2440 and 0.8122, respectively. The number of the differential expression proteins which were expressed at the same trend with differential expression genes was 109, among which 77 and 32 were detected to be up-and down-regulated, respectively. These differential expression proteins were revealed to be involved in various biological processes such as photosynthesis, oxidation resistance, signal transmission, posttranslational modification, protein turnover, chaperones, defense against stress, energy and transport, metabolism and other as well as function unknown proteins. The down regulated proteins were principally involved in photosynthesis, while the up regulated proteins were oxidation resistance, signal transmission and defense against stress. Candidate differential expression proteins closely related to salt stress resistance, such as class III peroxidase, ferritin, lutathione S-transferase, phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C, ABA-responsive protein, heat shock 70 kDa protein, calnexin 2, vacuolar H+-ATPase subunit C and NADP-malic enzyme were selected through correlation analyses proteomic and transcriptomic. Through integrative analysis of multi-omics data, the potential target proteins(genes) found in this paper would lay a solid basis for a holistic understanding of the molecular regulatory mechanism in alfalfa in response to salt stress.
  • LANG Chunxiu, WANG Fulin, WU Xuelong, SHI Jianghua, CHEN Jinqing, WU Guanting
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(9): 1716-1721. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.09.1716
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    In order to decrease linoleic and linolenic acid contents and to make them stable in Brassica napus seeds, the endogenous BnFAD2 gene in a high oil cultivar CY2 was knocked down by RNA interference(RNAi) to inhibit desaturation reaction of oil acid. Three independent transgenic lines with linoleic and linolenic acid contents lower than 6% were obtained. Compared with CY2, the contents of linoleic acid and linolenic acid in these lines were decreased by 78.2%-86.5% and 53.4%-65.8%, respectively. In F1 hybrid seeds derived from reciprocal crossing between the transgenic lines and two high linoleic and linolenic cultivars, the contents of linoleic and linolenic acids still remained similar low levels as those in transgenic parents. These results indicate that rapeseed can be endowed with an ability to stably maintain low linoleic and linolenic acid contents by RNAi-mediated silencing of BnFAD2 gene, which will has important significance for accumulating and stably maintaining high oleic acid content in outcrossed Brassica napus cultivars.
  • TAO Yi, WANG Yingge, LI Hongjie, LI Wanchen, FU Fengling
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(9): 1722-1730. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.09.1722
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    Abscisic acid (ABA) is a phytohormone. It regulates many physiological processes, and also mediates signal transduction in plant responses to inclement environments. Analysis of structural molecular biology elucidated that pyrabactin resistance 1-like protein (PYL) has an activity center for ABA binding. ABA level ramains low under non\|stress inclement environments. Protein phosphatase type 2C (PP2C) binds to sucrose non-fermenting1-related protein kinase 2 (SnRK2), catalyses its dephosphorylation and inhibits its activity. In inclement environments, increasing ABA promotes PYL to bind to PP2C and inhibits its dephosphorylation activity. SnRK2 is activated by autophosphorylation, catalyses phosphorylation of basic leucine zipper, basic helix-loop-helix and other kinds of transcription factors, and controls the expression of downstream resistance-related genes, or directly catalyses the phosphorylation of downstream resistance-related proteins. This paper summaries the research advances of the mechanism of PYL、PP2C and SnRK2 under the stress of ABA, and suggests to define PYL、PP2C and SnRK2 as the direct perceptor, the second messenger, and the third messenger of ABA signal transduction pathway, respectively and establish complicated abscisic acid of corn upstream signal transmission network.
  • Food Irradiation·Food Science
  • CHEN Liang, WU Xiaofen, CHEN Jingping, SU Xiaojun, ZHANG Yong, QI Hui, TU Xiaoyi, WANG Keqin
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(9): 1731-1737. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.09.1731
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    To study the degradation mechanism of straw irradiated by γ rays,microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) was used as a model substrate, the impacts of irradiation dose on the physical, chemical structure and irradiated-degradation components of MCC under 60Co-γ irradiation (0、200、400、600、800、1 000、1 200、1 400 kGy) was comprehensively investigated. SEM analyses showed that,after irradiation, MCC became poriferous and its specific surface area increased, meanwhile, its chemical structure also changed, and FT-Raman analyses confirmed that irradiation resulted new carbanyl group. GC-MS results showed that there were large amount of small molecules including 20 aliphatic acids, 9 saccharides and 3 furan compounds in ethyl acetate extractives of MCC. This paper provides data basis for investigating degradation mechanism of lignocellulose irradiated by γ rays.
  • FENG Min, WANG Ling, ZHU Jiating, YANG Ping, WANG Dening, GU Guiqiang
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(9): 1738-1743. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.09.1738
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    In order to study the degradation of deoxynivalenol (DON) in different medium exposed to γ ray, DON standard in aqueous solution, ethyl acetate solution and naturally DON in contaminated grains were used to detect concentrations of DON after irradiation at 3 to 9kGy, meanwhile, radiolytic products were analyzed. The results show that, contents of DON standard in aqueous, ethyl acetate solutions and naturally DON in contaminated rice were effectively reduced after irradiation treatment. In the same conditions, DON in the aqueous solution were better degraded than in ethyl acetate, when irradiation with 9kGy, the degradation rate of 800μg·mL-1 DON in ethyl acetate is 27.5%, but it is 73.1% in aqueous solution. The degradation rate of DON in rice what contaminated DON amount is 112.5 μg·kg-1 closes to 90%. The product with molecular weight (m/z) of 373.5 may be one radiolytic product of DON. The chromatograms of products with m/z of 373.5 in the aqueous solution exhibited 3 isomers. This study provided reference to further study about radiolytic products of DON and the mechanism of degradation.
  • WANG Fang, LI Zhaozhou, LI Daomin, LIU Erwei, CHEN Xiujin, CAO Li, GAO Hongli, HOU Yuze
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(9): 1744-1753. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.09.1744
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    In order to prepare high adsorptive and specific fenthion molecularly imprinted polymers, a series of molecularly imprinted polymers were synthesized on the surface of modified silica, using fenthion as template molecule,synthesized N,O-bismethacryloyl serinol as functional monomer. The FT-MIPs was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopic and adsorption experiments. The results showed that a layer of FT-MIPs was successfully grafted on the surface of silica gel carrier. There were two different kinds of binding sites in FT-MIPs, the equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd) and apparent maximum binding capacity (Qmax) of high affinity sites and low affinity sites were Kd1=0.282 μg·mL-1, Qmax1=1.071 μg·mg-1; Kd2=0.669 μg·mL-1, Qmax2=0.483 μg·mg-1, respectively. The FT-MIPs reached the adsorption equilibrium for FT within 60 ~ 80 min. The FT-MIPs had selective recognition property for FT and was expected to be used as solid phase extraction medium, which would provide research basis for detecting fenthion residue in food.
  • YANG Huan, SHI Yanling, LU Dalei, LU Weiping
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(9): 1754-1762. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.09.1754
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    In order to clarify the optimum sowing date of summer waxy maize, the starch physicochemical properties of summer waxy maize under different sowing dates were studied using Suyunuo5 and Yunuo7 as materials. The results indicated that the starch granule size in both varieties was decreased by early or late sowing date in 2014 and the value was higher at early sowing date for Suyunuo 5 without any effect on Yunuo7 in 2013, respectively. The X-ray diffraction pattern was not affected, but the peak intensities at different angles were changed by sowing date. Generally, the starch iodine binding capacity was gradually decreased with postponing of sowing date. The gelatinization range was decreased by early or late sowing dates. The starch maximum absorption wavelength, pasting, onset, peak and conclusion temperatures were little impacted by sowing dates. The starch swelling power, viscosity characteristics, gelatinization enthalpy and retrogradation percentage were changed by sowing dates. The correlation analysis indicated that higher cumulative temperatures during plant growth stage increased the proportion of long-chains in amylopectin, resulting in the higher trough viscosity. Too much rainfall reduced the starch swelling power and gelatinization enthalpy. Long sunshine duration increased the proportion of long-chains in amylopectin, and induced the increase of swelling power, trough viscosity and gelatinization enthalpy. In summer waxy maize production, select by sowing date should base on the locate climate condition and production objective, for example, sowing earlier to increase paste viscosity or sowing later to decrease retrograde. The results of present study provide the theoritical foundation to improve the starch quality of summer waxy maize.
  • GUO Yuxuan, HAO Liping, LU Yinjie, LI Zhigang
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(9): 1763-1769. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.09.1763
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    The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of different temperatures on texture characteristics and chilling injuries of eggplants. The authors collected long and round eggplants as experimental material, stored them separately under different temperatures, specifically, 2, 5 and 8℃, and determined the index of chilling injuries, related to physiological condition, biochemical structure and texture. The results demonstrate that both eggplants show symptoms of chilling injuries at 2℃ on the third day of storage, and at 5℃ on the sixth day of storage. The chilling injury index and MDA content of eggplants at 2℃ is very significantly higher than at 5℃. The cell membrance and adhesiveness at 2℃ is remarkably higher than at 5℃. The springiness at 2℃ is significantly lower than at 5℃. When the storage temperature reaches 8℃, the eggplants develop no symptoms of chilling injuries until the eighteenth day and maintain adhesiveness, cohesiveness, springiness and chewiness comparatively well. At a same storage temperature, the chilling injuries of a long eggplant are more serious than those of a round one. This paper is intended to study the contributing factors of chilling injury of eggplants and to provide storage and transportation method theoretically.
  • ZHANG Shengnan, WU Zufang, WENG Peifang, ZHANG Xin
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(9): 1770-1779. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.09.1770
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    For obtaining the starter culture contributes to reduce the fermentation time and improve the quality of pickled Zizania aquatica L, two kinds of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) L. plantarum and P. pentosaceus were selected from L. plantarum, L. brevis, L. citreum, and P. pentosaceus stored. pH, total acidity, nitrite concentration and microbial populations were investigated by inoculated fermentation of Zizania aquatica L. with 5 different kinds of preception, meanwhile, the color, texture and volatile flavor compounds of final product were analyzed. The results indicated that the parameters of pH, acidity and bacteria counts among different samples had little variation during the pickling process. In different proportion of inoculation, using 1% Lp and 2% Pp as starter cultures, got the lowest hitrite peak value at reached 1.62 mg·kg-1. The color and texture of pickled products were significantly changed. The color was the most close to fresh. And the texture was the most consistent with consumer demand. A total of 118 kinds of volatile compounds were found in different ways of vaccination. Flavor types and relative content reached the highest value using 1% Lp and 2% Pp as starter cultures. The results of this study can provide a theoretical basis for the industrial production of salted and dried of Zizania aquatica L.
  • FAN Kai, LIAO Li, CHENG Wei, XIONG Guangquan, ZU Xiaoyan, LIAO Tao, WANG Lan, WU Wenjin, DING Anzi, QIAO Yu
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(9): 1780-1785. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.09.1780
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    In order to extend shelf life and maintain quality of weever, by using fresh weever as experimental materials, the effect of 0.3 g·kg-1 tea polyphenols, irradiation and 0.3 g·kg-1 tea polyphenols combined with irradiation on the quality of fresh weever at 4 ℃ were studied. The best treatment method was selected by measuring total viable counts (TVC), shearforce, the 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBA), total volatile base nitrogen (TVB-N) and surface hydrophobicity of weever during cold storage. The results showed that the treatment of 0.3 g·kg-1 tea polyphenols combined with irradiation was better than those of 0.3 g·kg-1 tea polyphenols and irradiation on the preservation of weever. Shearforce suggested better preservation effect at 0.3 g·kg-1 tea polyphenols combined with 2 kGy irradiation. Other indicators was the best preservation effect at 0.3 g·kg-1 tea polyphenols combined with 4 kGy irradiation. Under the best treatment condition, total viable counts (TVC) of weever during cold storage 10 d was less than 10 CFU·g-1. The change rate of shearforce, total volatile base nitrogen (TVB-N), 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBA) and surface hydrophobicity of weever during cold storage 10 d were respectively 44.62%, 36.07%, 5.63%, 3.92%. The research extend shelf life of weever and provide a new way for weever fresh-keeping.
  • HU Xiaochao, ZHOU Guo, GAO Xile, YANG Wenge, LOU Qiaoming, XU Dalun, WEN Jianfeng, XU Junfang
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(9): 1786-1791. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.09.1786
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    In order to optimize the chelating conditions of zinc with the hydrolysis products from Ovalipes punctatus meat, using the meat of Ovalipes punctatus as the raw material, the effect of weight ratio, pH, hydrolysate concentration, chelate temperature and time on the chelate rate were researched, and the optimum conditions for chelation of zinc with the hydrolysis product were determined by single-factor and orthogonal experiments. The results showed the optimal chelate conditions were as follows: weight ratio 2∶1, pH 6.5, chelate time 60min, hydrolysate concentration 5%, chelate temperature 55℃, respectively. Under the optimized conditions, the chelate rate and yield of zinc-hydrolysis peptides were up to 91.52% and 25.83%, respectively. These chelating conditions could achieve a higher chelate rate and yield, which provided a good basis for the development of new biological state zinc preparation and high-value utilization of Ovalipes punctatus.
  • ZHANG Ruisi, AN Shazhou, SHI Chong, NUERDANBIEKE Kasidaer
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(9): 1792-1797. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.09.1792
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    In order to explore and construct the method for endophyte\|free populations of [WTBX]Achnatherum inebrians, [WTBZ]selecting [WTBX]A.inebrians[WTBZ] as the test material and treating its seeds with the microwave power of 150W and 300W for 30,40,50 and 60s to study the lethal situation of endophyte at different microwave treatment intensity and investigate the effect of microwave to [WTBX]A.inebrians germination vigor.[WTBZ] The results indicated that microwave treatment was effective in killing the endophyte in the seeds. While the endophyte were treated 150W or 300W for 40s,the contamination rate significantly dropped below 19.38% and 5.22%,respectively. After 300W for 60s treatment, seedlings were all uninfected. There was no significant difference between CK and subjects’ germination rate, germination potential, germination index and vital index after 150W for 30s and 40s or 300 W for 30s. At the same time, the hypocotyls length, radical length and seeding fresh weight were also suppressed after microwave processing, but 150 W or 300 W for 30s and 40s had no significant effect compared with the control. The result showed that the solution of 150 W treated seeds in 40s was the best way to eliminate fungal endophyte of A. inebrians. This study may provide technical support on exploring A. inebrians as animal feed and quality forage.
  • FANG Fang, WANG Fengzhong
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(9): 1798-1804. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.09.1798
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    Flavonols, as an important constitute of flavonoids, was closely related to the formation of the sensory quality and nutritional quality of grapes and wines. The biosynthesis of flavonols is influenced by many abiotic factors, which causes dramatic changes in sensory quality and nutritional quality of grapes and wines, and causes great difficulties in product characteristic maintenance. Therefore, it’s very important to study the factors affecting the biosynthesis of flavonols in grape fruits.In this paper, the latest research progress on the factors affecting the biosynthesis of flavonol in grape fruit was reviewed,including grape variety, external environmental conditions (e.g. light, temperature, climate, territory, etc), agronomic strategies (e.g. cluster thinning, irrigation, cropping pattern, harvesting time, etc) and the application of plant growth regulators (NAA, ABA, SA, JA, etc), andthe existing problems in the research field was analyzed and the follow-up research focus was also suggested.
  • Isotope Tracer Technique·Ecology & Environment·Physiology
  • ZHAO Jun, DONG Shuting, LIU Peng, ZHANG Jiwang, ZHAO Bin, GU Limin
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(9): 1805-1814. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.09.1805
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    In order to clarify the effects of mixed application of inorganic and organic nitrogen on translocation, distribution of 13C-assimilates and grain yield of winter wheat, a field experiment was conducted using the winter wheat variety Shimai15 and the technology of 13CO2 labeling, the source of organic nitrogen was cow manure, and the fertilizer was applied as four different treatments: no N fertilizer application, single application of urea, single application of cow manure, and mixed application of urea and cow manure. The results indicated that most of the 13C-assimilates were distributed to the stem and sheath at flag leaf stage and anthesis stage, while the 13C-assimilates at early grain filling stage were mainly distributed to the grains. At the mature period, about 87.5% of the 13C assimilated at early grain filling stage distributed to mature grains, about 75.4% of the 13C assimilated distributed to mature grains at anthesis stage, and only 15.2% of the 13C assimilated distributed to mature grains at flag leaf stage, hence the assimilation of grain filling stage made most contributions to grain yield. In addition, among the four treatments, no N fertilizer application and mixed application treatments, all distributed more 13C-assimilates of flag leaf stage and anthesis stage to the mature grains. However, the single application of urea treatments retained more 13C-assimilates in the stem and sheath. What’s more, single application of cow manure and mixed application treatments distributed more 13C-assimilates at grain filling stage to the mature grains, the two treatments also maintained longer grain filling duration. Consequently, the mixed application treatments distributed more 13C-assimilates at all the three stages to the mature grains compared to the other treatments. After harvest, the single application of cow manure treatments got a higher grain weights, while the single application of urea treatments got a higher spike numbers, moreover the mixed application treatments had a more balanced yield components and finally got highest grain yield. Overall these results suggest that, mixed application of organic-inorganic nitrogen helped to distribute more photosynthates to grains, which resulted in a higher grain yield,and this experiment also provided a theoretical basis for rational use of organic fertilizer and the increasing of grain yield.
  • DONG Chunhua, ZENG Xibai, LIU Qiang, GAO Jusheng, WEN Shilin
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(9): 1815-1823. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.09.1815
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    To detect the influence of the yield of late rice and the community of weed by different long-term fertilization, we investigated the production and the growth of late rice, the variation of weed community in rice field with the long-term fertilization treatments of control (CK), organic fertilizer (M), chemical fertilizer (NPK) and combined organic-chemical fertilizers (NPKM) under the same condition of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the year of 2011, based on a long-term fertilization experiment of double cropping rice in red soil set in 1982. The results showed as follows. Fertilization promoted the growth and significantly increased the yield of late rice. That combined application implicated better effects than chemical fertilizer or organic fertilizer alone, and balance application of organic-chemical fertilizers had the best effect on its production which was higher than other combined treatments about 17.6%. In order to increase the yield of late rice in red soil, nitrogen fertilizer should be applied first, and followed by phosphatic and potassic fertilizer based on the same application of organic fertilizer. Application of chemical fertilizer alone displayed the best ability to promote the growth of weeds as the biomass of weeds were averagely higher than other fertilizer treatments about 32.5%, followed by the NKM treatment. The density at weeds was best increased by organic fertilizer alone, however, weeds density was best decreased by balanced treatment of organic-chemical fertilizer that its total weed density of three sampling periods was on average lower than other fertilizer treatments about 34.6%, especially to control the growth of malignant weeds, such as Cynodon dactylon, etc. Among these treatments, the diversity, dominance and evenness of weed communities were raised first and then descend with the treatments of balanced N, P and K (M, NPK, NPKM), NPK. Increasing trends were found from the other treatments (PKM, NKM, NPKM), where the same index were reduced almost 7.0%, 17.8% and 8.1% at initial tillering stage, respectively, compared with the control. The production of late rice and weed biomass at different growth stages implied in significant negative correlation. This study would be helpful to understand how to improve the yield of late rice and regulate the biomass, biomass, density as well as bio-diversity of weeds community in double rice cropping system in red soil by different fertilizing.
  • XU Junxiang, ZOU Guoyuan, SUN Qinping, LI Yufei, LI Jijin
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(9): 1824-1832. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.09.1824
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    To clear the effects of long\|term application of organic manure on vegetable yield, accumulation and distribution of Olsen-P in soil profile, an experiment was carried out in a rotation system of tomato, cabbage and celery. The experiment followed a randomized block design consisting of twelve plots with four treatments in three replicates in 2011. The treatments included unfertilized control (CK, low level of organic manure (CM1, 52.5 t·km-2), medium level of organic manure (CM2, 105 t·km-2) and high level of organic manure (CM3, 210 t·km-2). The vegetable yield, accumulation and distribution of Olsen-P in soil profile were determined and analyzed after each harvest. The results showed that with the increase of organic manure, vegetable yield was not significantly changed, but the uptake of P by plant presented an increased trend. Soil available P content was negatively correlated with the soil depth with an observation that soil available P content decreased as soil depth increased. In the 0 to 30 cm and 30 to 60 cm soil depth, soil Olsen-P content increased with the increasing of manure application rate. In the 60 to 90 cm soil layers, soil Olsen-P content was relatively lower. The relationship between the accumulation of Olsen-P in soil profile and the application rate of organic manure presented linear and exponential type, respectively. The “bi-rate turning points” were 100.4 to 118.5 t·hm-2. In 30 to 60 cm soil depth, soil Olsen-P content had a linear relation with the increasing of planting year. The leaching rate of Olsen-P in 30-60 cm soil depth increased with increasing application of organic manure. Therefore, the rational applying organic fertilizer must be strengthened to reduce the pollution of agricultural environment leaded by Paccumlation and leaching in soil.
  • LIU Qihua, SUN Zhaowen, XIN Caiyun, MA Jiaqing
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(9): 1833-1839. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.09.1833
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    The effects of foliar application of silicon on dry matter remobilization and distribution and grain yield of rice under high air temperature were investigated, using cultivar Shengdao 19 as experimental material. The results showed that, when compared to without applying silicon, the dry matter remobilization amount, efficiency and conversion rates in leaves were significantly enhanced, however, the dry matter remobilization amount, efficiency and conversion rates of stems and sheaths were unaffected by applying silicon under high air temperature. The application of silicon reduced the dry matter conversion rates in leaves under natural air temperature as compared with no silicon application. Under high or natural air temperature, applying silicon significantly enhanced sink capacity of rice. We speculate that, under natural air temperature, applying silicon could promote the translocation of photosynthetic matter from leaves to sink after heading stage, impairing the translocation amount of dry matter stored in stems and sheaths before heading stage. Under high air temperature, rice leaves after heading stage probably provide insufficient photosynthetic matter for sink by applying silicon, which increased the use-efficiency of dry matter stored in stems and sheaths before heading stage. The application of silicon significantly increased seed-setting rate and grain yield but reduced 1000-grain weight in rice under high air temperature. The application of silicon markedly enhanced seed-setting rate, 1000-grain weight as well as grain yield under natural air temperature. The significant enhancements of dry matter remobilization and conversion rates and seed-setting rate induced by applying silicon were main contributors to alleviate grain yield loss under high air temperature. The research could provide beneficial reference for the amelioration of rice resisting hot-stress cultivation technology.
  • YANG Jing, MAO Jihua, YU Yongtao, LI Chunyan, WANG Yongfei, HU Jianguang
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(9): 1840-1847. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.09.1840
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    In order to study the effect of seed germination and cold resistance mechanism differences of various sweet corn under coldness a set of sweet corn lines were used on germination test under cold stress. On the basis of the result of germination test, two lines (tolerant line 1132 and sensitive line GuoquT12) were screened out for study on changing trends of antioxidant enzyme (SOD, POD and CAT) activity and gene expression during seeds germination under 10℃ and 26℃. The results showed in general, antioxidant enzyme activity of tolerant line 1132 was greater than sensitive line GuoquT12. With the extension of time under low temperature, SOD, POD and CAT activity in the imbibed seeds of 1132 line showed a rising trend with some fluctuation, and exhibited higher antioxidant enzyme activity than control at 24h after stress. In contrast, SOD and POD activity of GuoquT12 displayed an increasing trend but CAT activity decreased. And only SOD activity exceed control at 24h after stress. Relative expression levels of SOD3, SOD9, CAT1 of the Variety 1132 were higher than GuoquT12 in spite of no strict consistency of the trend with their activities. On the whole chilling stress increased expression of SOD3, SOD9, CAT1 after the first decrease.While expression of POD3 had no consistency with POD both in 1132 and GuoquT12. POD3 may be not the key gene.The two factors may have contributed to the differences of the cold resistance and germination rate.The results indicated that cold tolerance of germinating seeds was closely related with antioxidant enzyme activity, however, change of antioxidant enzyme activity was likely a very complicated expression regulation process. This finding can not only provide theoretical and technical support for the identification and screening of low temperature germplasm resources, and cultivating high seed germination potential, but also provide reference for the defense of cold damage.
  • ZHANG Jiaping, LI Danqing, NIE Jingjing, XIA Yiping
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(9): 1848-1856. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.09.1848
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    In summer time, the high temperature in south region of the Yangzi River (eg. Zhejiang Province) is the most severe stress for landscape use of P. lactiflora, which usually causes serious heat injury and results in the degradation of tuberous root year by year. To elucidate the physiological and biochemical responses, compare different heat resistance evaluation methods of P. lactiflora under high temperature stress in the south of China, we investigated the heat injury index (HII) for stem and leaf of one medicinal cultivar named Hangbaishao planted in Zhejiang Province, and nine ornamental cultivars introduced from Heze City of Shandong Province in this research. The physiological and biochemical levels of relative electrical conductivity (REC), relative water content (RWC), chlorophyll content (CC), soluble sugar content(SSC), methane dicarboxylic aldehyde content (MDA), soluble protein content (SPC), ascorbate peroxidase activity (APX) and superoxide dismutase activity (SOD) were measured. Based on these data of eight indices, we adopted the subordination function method (also named membership function method, SF method for short in this article), and the combination of subordination function method and principal component analysis (SF+PCA method for short in this article), to evaluate the heat tolerance of ten different cultivars and comparison of this two assessment methods was involved as well. The results indicated that Hangbaishao, Yangfei Chuyu and Chunxiao had the strongest heat resistance, both of which were suitable for landscape using in south region of the Yangzi River. The SF method was confirmed to be a simple and efficient method to evaluate the heat resistance of herbaceous peony. The results provide an important reference for the study of P. lactiflora southward and resistance breeding.
  • TIAN Gang, CHEN Hang, YU Bing, XIE Wenmei, WANG Lecheng, CAI Yimin
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(9): 1857-1863. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.09.1857
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    The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of diets containing different levels of corn-cob and rapeseed meal on serum biochemical parameters, immune responses and intestinal function of growing rabbits, and evaluate the feasibility of corn-cob and rapeseed meal used as rabbit feed ingredient at the same time. A total of one hundred and twenty healthy 35-day-old French IRA rabbits that owned same genetic background and similar weight were used in this study and divided into four treatments which had similar weight in a randomized design and ten replicates in each treatment, three rabbits in each replicate after adaptation period of 7 d. Growing rabbits in four treatments fed different diets that had similar nitrogen, energy and fiber and the levels of corn-cob and rapeseed meal mixture in the diets were 0%, 8%, 16% and 24% used as control group (A), group B, group C and group D, respectively the experimental period lasted for 28 d. The results indicated that no significant difference in serum biochemical parameters was observed between these groups. IgA level in group B was significantly lower than group C, and IgA level in group D was significantly higher than group B and group C. IgG level in group B was significantly lower than other groups and IgG level in group D was significantly higher than group A and C. IgM level in group A was significantly lower than group B, C and D. The ratio of the small intestine, caecum of rabbits in group D were significantly higher than group A, B and C, while there is no significant difference among other digestive organ indexes. The pH, ammonia nitrogen content and total volatile fatty acids of caecum of growing rabbits at the midterm in group A and D were significantly higher than group B and C, total volatile fatty acid at later stage in group B was significantly higher than group A, C and D, and no significant difference was detected in the other indexes. The results show that: the diets containing 8%~24% corn-cob and rapeseed meal mixture have no adverse effect on serum biochemical parameters, immune responses and intestinal function of growing rabbits, and suggest that corn-cob and rapeseed meal can be used as feed materials in rabbit diets simultaneously. This study provides basic data and ideas for the efficient use of corn-cob and rapeseed meal on rabbit production.
  • WANG Lihong, ZHANG Jusong, LI Xingxing, MAIMAITI'ALI Amanguli
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(9): 1864-1871. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.09.1864
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    In order to study the mitigation mechanism of Salicylic Acid (SA) on the seedling stage of cotton under salt stress,two salt\|tolerant varieties of Zhongmiansuo 41 and Zhongmiansuo 49 were regarded as materials, to investigate the effects of SA soaking seeds and foliage application on photosynthesis of cotton seedlings in this study. The results indicated that. the SA of 0.05, 0.06 mmol·L-1 for soaking seeds and 0.08, 0.12, 0.18 mmol·L-1 for foliar application can improve the plant height, dry matter accumulation, chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance, intercellular CO2 concentration, also can effectively alleviate the stress of 0.6% NaCl. Zhongmiansuo 41 presented best in 0.05 mmol·L-1 for soaking seeds and 0.08 mmol·L-1 for foliar treatment while Zhongmiansuo 49 was at best level when it was in 0.06 mmol·L-1 for soaking and 0.18 mmol·L-1 for foliar treatment. According to principal components analysis, the main indexes of the effect of salt stress relief were the fresh weight per plant, dry weight, net photosynthetic rate and stomatal limit of the SA, which can be used for evaluating the effect of salt stress alleviation. In summary, SA soaking seeds and foliar application can alleviate the damage by 0.6% NaCl, and both of them had concentration effect, appropriate concentration and cotton genotypes were closely related to salt resistance. This paper provides a reference basis, and theoretical basis for cotton cultivation for further research on revealling the exogenous SA of cotton salt stress relief mechanism in saline alkali soil in Xinjiang.