07 July 2015, Volume 29 Issue 7
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2015, 29(7): 1233-1238. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2015.07.1233
Space mutation breeding is increasingly recognized as an important and popular technique in forage breeding. In order to provide theoretical basis for spaceflight mutation breeding of Leymus chinensis, mutagenic effects of SP1 generation and mutant characteristics of SP2 generation of dried seeds of L. chinensis embarked by recoverable Shijian No. 8 satellite were examined in this study. The results showed that growth stages, plant height and leaf length of SP1 generation of embarked L. chinensis seeds did not varied, compared with the controls, but leaf width, seed-setting percentage, spike length and thousand seed weight significantly increased (P<0.05). Mutant traits of SP2 generation of embarked L. chinensis seeds differently changed, with significant alterations in plant height and maturation time and slight changes in seed-setting percentage, germination rate, and crude protein. Thus, these individuals that have good mutant variations can be used as important breeding materials in the future.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2015, 29(7): 1239-1245. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2015.07.1239
Abstract: In order to investigate the effect of 60Co γ-rays treatment on the physiological index and molecule characteristic of Poncirus trifoliata, and to discover mutants that related to drought stress. The seeds were irradiated by different dose of 60Co γ-rays. After germination, the number of seedling emergence and the height of Poncirus trifoliate seedlings were measured, polymorphisms among those seedlings were analyzed with ISSR molecular markers, and the proline content of leaves under drought stress were detected. The results indicated that the seeds gerimination can be promoted by low irradiation dose, but inhibited by high irradiation dose. The average seedling heights irradiated by different dose of 60Co γ-rays were similar. Irradiated by semi-lethal dose, which was 120Gy, the seedlings showed more variances among the leaves, thorns and plant types of Poncirus trifoliata when compared with CK. Under drought stress, the content of proline in seedlings irradiated by 120Gy changed from 358.16μg·g-1 to 1 372.96μg·g-1. The result of ISSR analysis showed that there were obvious polymorphisms among the seedlings irradiated by 120Gy irradiation dose. This paper prorides the research foundation for citrus rootstock breeding and screening of drought-tolerant mutants of Poncirus trifoliata.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2015, 29(7): 1246-1252. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2015.07.1246
The mutant with stripe white leaf and white panicle was induced from indica rice 93-11 by 60Cobalt gamma irradiation, in order to study the differential development of chloroplast. Genetic analysis indicated that the mutated trait was controlled by a single recessive nuclear gene, which was tentatively designed as St-wp. The mutated gene St-wp was finely mapped between the markers dCAMPs620 and InDel 630 on the chromosome 6, within a physical region of 9.2 kb containing three candidate genes. Sequence comparison showed a single nucleotide change (A308-T308) in exon of LOC_Os06g14620 (Ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase small chain) in mutant st-wp, which caused a missense mutation of amino acid from Glu to Val. The mutated gene St-wp was allelic to the previously reported genes, green-white-stripe (St1) and green-white-stripe (Gws), while there were no white panicle phenotypes observed in both mutants of st1 and gws.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2015, 29(7): 1253-1259. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2015.07.1253
In order to detect QTLs for morphological traits of flag leaf in wheat, a population of 150 DH lines derived from Hanxuan10 × Lumai14 were used in an experimental study of randomized complete block design with three replications. The objective of this study was to make a QTL analysis for flag leaf length, flag leaf width and flag area at flowering time in wheat under drought-stress and well-watered conditions using mixed composite interval mapping. The results showed that three additive effect QTLs for flag leaf length, four QTLs for flag leaf width and five QTLs for flag leaf area were identified. These QTLs can explain 6.06%~14.19% of the phenotypic variances. Among them, qFLW-7A-1 and qFLA-7B-1 were detected under two water regimes, indicating that the expression of these two QTLs is not dependent on water conditions, while other ten QTLs identified in only one water condition showed that their expression may rely on moisture condition. The QTLs for flag leaf length and area were located in flanking marker Xgdm43~Xgwm174 on chromosome 5D, and QTLs detected in flanking marker Xgdm68.1~WMC269.1 on chromosome 7B controlled the flag leaf length, width and area together. The present study aimed at detecting QTLs controlling morphological traits of flag leaf in wheat under different environmental conditions to provide the theoretical reference for further fine mapping and map-based cloning.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2015, 29(7): 1260-1270. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2015.07.1260
The Dof (DNA-binding with one zinc finger) family encoding single zinc nger proteins has been known as a family of plant-specic transcription factors. These transcription factors are involved in a variety of important functions for different biological processes. In order to get a full overview of StDof gene in potato genome, genome-wide analysis of StDof including the gene chromosome locations, structures, phylogeny, protein motifs and in silico expression was conducted. The results showed that there are 35 Dof genes in potato encoding for 43 proteins, which distributed on 10 chromosomes except for chromosome No. 7 and 12. STDOF proteins contained amino acids length from 165 to 503 and the isoelectric point is from 4.72 to 10.04. Phylogenetic analysis of STDOF proteins resulted in four classes. Using Illumina RNA-seq transcriptome data, In silico expression analysis revealed tissue-specic, biotic, abiotic stress and hormone-responsive expression proling of StDof gene. This study provides blue-print for their functional characterization and utilization in potato improvement.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2015, 29(7): 1271-1277. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2015.07.1271
In order to understand the adapted ability under the salt environment and mechanism of potato salt-tolerance, a new gene of Betaine Aldehyde Dehydrogenase (BADH), named PoBADH, was obtained by RACE technology with degenerate primer from QinShu168(Solanum tuberosum). The full cDNA of PoBADH is consisted of 1 518 bp ORF which encodes 505 putative amino acids, 5'UTR (76bp) and 3'UTR (196bp) flanking sequences. A high conserved decapeptide sequence ‘VTLELGGKSP' and Cys which is related to the activity of enzyme, are founded in putative amino acid sequence. An atypical signal peptide QLFIDGE in N end indicated that this enzyme maybe locate in chloroplast. Another signal peptide SKL in C end implied that this protein may also play in peroxisome. PoBADH shown closer related to Solanum lycopersicum than other plants in genetic relationship with evolutional analysis. The obtaining of PoBADH2 will help to understand the mechanism of salt tolerance and provide base for developing new salt-tolerance variety in potato (Solanum tuberosum).
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2015, 29(7): 1278-1284. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2015.07.1278
In this study, to explore the relationship between DNA methylation and Pb stress response, the DNA methylation level variations of radish plant in response to Pb stress were investigated. The MSAP ratio in radish seedlings exposed to lead at the concentration of 100, 400and 800 mg·L-1 was 12.7%, 14.2% and 17.0%, respectively, which was higher than that in the control. The full methylation levels (CmCGG in double strands) were 9.7%, 10.2% and 12.8% respectively, while the control was 9.5%. The level of increasing in MSAP and full methylation indicated that de novo methylation occurred in some 5'-CCGG sites under Pb stress. The total DNA methylation level increased with raising of Pb concentration. Four types of MSAP patterns including de novo methylation, de-methylation, atypical pattern and no changes of methylation pattern were identified among Pb treatments and the control. DNA methylation alteration in radish plants treated with Pb was mainly through de novo methylation. These results provided the theoretical foundation for dissecting the molecular mechanism underlying Pb toxicant and plant response to heavy metal stresses.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2015, 29(7): 1285-1291. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2015.07.1285
To study the expression parttern of theanine synthetase gene family and related genes of theanine biosynthesis pathway in different organs of tea plant, all of the genes, including CsTSs, CsGSs, CsGDH, CsGOGAT, CsNiR and CsADC expressed in the ten selected tissues and orgens (single bud, first bud, first leaf, flower bud; flower; germ, epicotyl, hypocotyl, fibrous root, lateral root) have been detected by fluorescence quantitative PCR method. The results show that, TS2 and GS2 have similar expression trends while the other three genes were different from each other. The TS1 has the highest expression in roots, the TS2 has the highest expression in flowers and the TS3 has high expression level in single bud and lateral root, but the cloning of the GS、GOGAT genes were significantly characterized by higher level in leaf than in the root. For the GDH, NiR, ADC, and etc genes which mainly involved in the absorption and transformation of ammonium nitrogen in root, high expression were detected in the root than in leaf. The results confirmed that theanine metabolic pathway under the influence of nitrogen metabolism from the roots and leaves, and all of the genes of theanine synthytase gene families had obviously tissue specific and development period specific expression pattern. This study will help to analyze related gene expression and regulation pattern on the molecular level which affect the theanine metabolic pathways of tea plant, provide theoretical basis for future genetic improvement of tea quality.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2015, 29(7): 1292-1301. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2015.07.1292
Anthocyanin is an important pigment in plants, which played important roles in plant growth, development, and response to environmental stress. Sequence and evolutionary analyses were first conducted via bioinformatics method on 11 key genes encoding enzymes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway in tomato. Sequence analysis showed that each type of gene encoding key enzyme had similar gene structure, and that the number of exons of the SlCHI, SlF3'5'H and SlPAL genes were highly conserved. Accordingly, each type of enzymes had conserved domain and motif organization, but C4H, F3'H and F3'5'H enzymes shared the same p450 domain and similar motif organization, and ANS and F3H shared the same domain and highly similar motif organization as well. A total of 27 genes from anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway in tomato could be divided into eight groups identified by phylogenetic analysis. C4H/F3'H/F3'5'H group could further be classified into three subgroups, and ANS/F3H group could further be divided into two subgroups. Selective pressure analysis demonstrated that PAL and ANS genes were under positive selection, but no amino acid sites under positive selection can be identified in the remaining 9 genes due to the restrictions by function. These findings provide important basis for further investigating the functions of key genes and identifying the important amino acid sites of these enzymes in tomato anthocyanin biosynthesis.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2015, 29(7): 1302-1306. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2015.07.1302
Using the technology of ion implantation, the Fe3+ ions and Al3+ions with different energy and dose were implanted to Salvia splendens seeds. By analyzing the indexes including germination rate, plant height, crown width, verticillaster length and chlorophyll relative content, the influence of different ion implantation treatments on biological effect of Salvia splendens were discussed. The results revealed that the eight treatments inhibited the germination rate of Salvia splendens seeds,while high engery AL3+ ion implantation caused accelerative effect on the leaf colour. Plant height,the crown width,verticillaster length and chlorophyll relative content of Salvia splendens were markedly affected by the nine treatments. Among these treatments, the minimum average plant height of Ⅰtreatment (70keV-Fe3+- 5×1015ions·cm-2) was 15.67cm, the maximum average crown width of Ⅶ treatment(4×103keV-AL3+-6×1012ions·cm-2)was 22.97cm, the highest average verticillaster length and chlorophyll relative content of Ⅷ treatment(4MeV-AL3+-6×1011ions·cm-2)were 10.32cm and 44.68 respectively. The doses having for different indexes were obtained. The results indicated that the technology of ion implantation has widely prospect on the application of breeding in Salvia splendens.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2015, 29(7): 1307-1315. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2015.07.1307
The progress of polyploids inducement via colchicine in vitro in the past decade was reviewed in this paper. The factors which affected the efficiency of inducing polyploids, such as the types of explants, the method of treatments, were discussed. Moreover, the strategies for dissolving the chimeras, the consequence of autopolyploidization and the relevant molecular mechanism were also investigated. This paper will provide a valuable reference for plant polyploidy breeding.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2015, 29(7): 1316-1322. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2015.07.1316
To discussed the sensitivity and appropriate irradiation dose of halophytes irradiated by the electron beam, three types of halophytes dry seeds were irradiated by 1.5 MeV electron beam (100 to 5 000 Gy). The seed germination rate, germination capacity, germination index, seedling vigor index, seedling height, fresh weight and survival rate were investigated in this paper. The results showed that there had no obvious effects on germination rate of Salicornia europaea in irradiation doses. The germination capacity and germination index of Salicornia europaea were slightly decreased with the increase of irradiation doses. The germination rate, germination capacity and germination index of Borszczowia aralocaspica were increased firstly and then reduced with the increase irradiation doses, but suddenly dropped after 5 000 Gy irradiated. The germination rate, germination capacity and germination index of Suaeda salsa L. were dropped significantly with the increase of irradiation doses. The seedling fresh weight of Salicornia europaea was reduced gradually, and the others'seedling fresh weight were increased firstly and then reduced with the increase irradiation doses. The vigor index, seedling height and survival rate of three kinds of halophytes were reduced with the increase of irradiation doses. The survival rates significantly negatively correlated with irradiation doses. The medial lethal dose (LD50) of Salicornia europaea was 2 929 Gy and the optimum irradiation dosage was 2 343 to 3 514 Gy. The medial lethal dose of Borszczowia aralocaspica was 929 Gy and the optimum irradiation dosage was 743 to 1 114 Gy. The medial lethal dose of Suaeda salsa L. was 2 868 Gy and the optimum irradiation dosage was 2 294 to 3 441 Gy. Three kinds of halophytes showed different sensitivity to the electron beam irradiation. This research can provide theoretical basis for halophytes breed.
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Analysis of Fatty Acid Compositions in Zanthoxylum armatum DC. Oil With Different Extraction MethodsJournal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2015, 29(7): 1323-1328. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2015.07.1323
The objectives of the present work were to investigate the effect of different extraction methods on the relative contents and compositions of fatty acids in Zanthoxylum armatum DC. Prodr. oil, and three methods were adopted, including cold pressing, vegetable oil extraction and organic solvent extraction. And their fatty acids analyses were performed by GC-MS. A total of 17 fatty acids were identified in these three kinds of oil, among which, 8 fatty acids were detected simultaneously. It indicated that significant differences and similarities in the relative contents and compositions were observed among the samples. Oleic acid was shown to be the main constituent in the oil obtained by cold pressing and vegetable oil extraction, with the relative contents of 57.91% and 59.93%, respectively. While 9-Hexadecenoic acid was the dominant constituent in the oil extracted by organic solvent extracted oil, and the relative content was up to 45.55%. The total content of unsaturated fatty acids in all samples was more than 84%, among which, monounsaturated fatty acids were predominant group of constituents and there were no significant differences between different extraction methods. In addition, the major polyunsaturated fatty acids were linoleic acid and linolenic acid. The result of this study can provide a theoretical basis for the extraction and exploration of Zanthoxylum armatum DC. Prodr. oil.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2015, 29(7): 1329-1336. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2015.07.1329
To qualitative determine characteristic volatile flavor components of loquat juice fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum R23, the study used controlled carbon sources culture medium as scientific control and adopted HS-SPME-GC-MS as detection method. Moreover, associated with sensory analysis, the characteristic volatile flavor components of loquat juice fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum R23 were verified that mainly generated by glycometabolism, and the most resources including alcohols and acids. In conclusion, six kinds of characteristic volatile flavor components closely related with typical fermented flavor, which were 3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol, 3-methyl-2-buten-1-ol, decanoic acid, acetic acid,heptanoic acid and nonanoic acid. These components contributed to fermented loquat juice flavor complexity and typicality by together with other volatile components, which would provide theoretical basis of quality identification for novel lactic acid fermentation beverages.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2015, 29(7): 1337-1343. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2015.07.1337
In order to evaluate the effects of far-infrared radiation assisted heat pump drying on the qualities of dried iron yam chips, which were dried under four conditions of heat pump alone or combining with far-infrared radiation with the power of 500, 1 000, and 2 000 W. Drying curves, effective diffusion coefficient, hardness, brittleness, shrinkage, rehydration and color of iron yam chips were analyzed and compared. The results showed that compared with single heat pump drying, the water effective diffusion coefficients and hardness of iron yam chips were improved under the conditions of far infrared assisted heat pump drying, and increased with the increase of far infrared power. In four kinds of treatments, iron yam chips (2 000.0 ± 10.0 g) treated by HP+1 000FIR showed less shrinkage, the lowest hardness, the highest brittleness, the biggest rehydration, and the lowest color change. Compared with single heat pump drying, the energy consumption of far infrared assisted heat pump drying at 1 000W was saved by 37.22%. Therefore, far infrared assisted heat pump drying with appropriate power is an effective method to improve the drying quality of iron yam chips. This research will provide some theoretical basis for practice.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2015, 29(7): 1344-1350. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2015.07.1344
In the processing of surimi, fish meats are often washed and lead to loss of soluable proteins. To recycle water soluble proteins, the extraction conditions of protein from surimi wash-water were optimized using sodium alginate as a natural polymer flocculant. Based on the single factor experiment, Box-Behnken design coupled with response surface analysis was used to optimize three variables for recovering protein including sodium alginate dosage, temperature and flocculating time. Optimal process conditions of the variables were found to be added with 0.82 mg·mL-1 sodium alginate at pH 5.0 for 2 h at 13℃, resulting in a protein recovery of 82.36%. Hence it indicates that an effective process was found to extract soluble protein from surimi wash-water, which provides the basis for reusing the protein and reducing environmental pollution.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2015, 29(7): 1351-1357. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2015.07.1351
In order to develop the puffing douchi snack food, a three-factor quadratic regression rotation combination design was adopted to optimize the technical conditions of explosion puffing drying for douchi at variable temperature and pressure. The effects of water content after pre-drying, puffing temperature, vacuum drying temperature and the interactions between the three factors on water content, crispness and puffed degree of douchi product were analyzed. Based on the experimental data, the quadratic regression models of three indexes were deduced, then variables were analyzed by response surface methodology (RSM) and the technical parameters were optimized. The results indicated that the quadratic regression equations between the water content after pre-drying, puffing temperature, vacuum drying temperature and the water content, crispness and puffed degree of douchi product were successfully simulated and the models were extremely significant (p<0.01). The optimized technical conditions of explosion puffing drying for douchi at variable temperature and pressure were obtained as follows: the water content after pre-drying was 32%, puffing temperature was 105℃, vacuum drying temperature was 86℃. Under this puffing condition, the water content, crispness and puffed degree of puffed douchi product is 4.97%±0.17%, 539±5 and 0.30±0.01 respectively and the product was of good crispness. This research will provide a theoretical basis for production in industrial scale of the puffing douchi snack food.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2015, 29(7): 1358-1365. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2015.07.1358
The molecularly imprinted polymers that prepared by molecular imprinting offer unique advantages, such as high selectivity, predefined recognition properties, therefore they have a good prospect in the field of food detection, chemical analysis, pharmaceutical separation and detection. In this review, the basic principle, methods for preparation and development history of molecularly imprinted polymers are briefly introduced. And the latest research progress of molecular imprinting in solid phase extraction, chromatographic separation, membrane separation and sensor are summarized. The development direction of molecular imprinting in the future is put forward.We expect that this paper could provide references for better applications of molecular imprinting in the analysis of foods and drugs.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2015, 29(7): 1366-1373. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2015.07.1366
To understand the relationship between Ca2+ and stress response mechanism of rapes, 45Ca was used as a radioactive tracer to first explore the influences of Brassica napus Thermal Resistant gene 1 (BnTR1) on Ca2+ absorption of rapes. The study thoroughly analyzed the Ca2+ absorption of protoplasts separated from the BnTR1 transgenic rapes and the non-transgenic rapes, and identified the difference between them. The study found that the protoplasts of the transgenic lines can absorb more Ca2+ than the non-transgenic type if extracellular Ca2+ concentration was less than 0.9 mmol·L-1. However, the reverse phenomenon was observed as the surrounding Ca2+ concentration was more than 1 mmol·L-1. What's more, much less Ca2+ was absorbed by the transgenic rape protoplasts than the non-transgenic ones, when the extracellular Ca2+ concentration was greater than 30 mmol·L-1. It's worth noting that, the peak value of Ca2+ absorption of transgenic protoplasts occurred, when LaCl3 increased from 5 to 20 μmol·L-1. BnTR1 could improve plants'resistance to Ca2+ stress, through more sensitive and powerful control of calcium ions channel in cell membranes. This finding indicated a new direction about the future research on BnTR1 gene mechanism as well as its impact on the ability of resistance to stress of rapes.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2015, 29(7): 1374-1385. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2015.07.1374
The objective of this study was to reveal the difference of quality characteristics between indica and japonica super rice and its influencing factors in the course of quality formation. Field experiments were conducted by using five main representative super hybrid indica combinations and five conventional japonica super rice varieties in rice-wheat cropping regions. The main quality traits and RVA profile characteristics of starch were analyzed systematically. Furthermore, correlation analysis of rice quality characteristics and temperature-light factors during grain-filling period was studied. Results showed that, there were significant differences in the main quality characteristics between indica and japonica super rice among years, types, cultivars and the interaction effects of two-factors and three-factors. Brown rice rate, milled rice rate, head rice rate, gel consistency, peak viscosity, trough viscosity, final viscosity and peak time of japonica rice were higher (or longer) than that of indica rice, while chalky grain rate, chalkiness size, chalkiness degree, length-width ratio, amylose content, protein content, breakdown and pasting temperature followed an opposite tendency accordingly. However, no significant trend was observed for setback between indica and japonica super rice. Correlation analysis indicated that, daily mean temperature, daily highest temperature and daily lowest temperature had positive effects on appearance and nutritional quality, while negative effects on milking quality and cooking and eating quality. However, daily mean temperature difference and daily mean sunshine duration were not significantly correlated with rice quality characteristics. Therefore, it was one of important quality characteristics of japonica rice to form higher white rice yield and viscosity as well as lower chalkiness and protein stably and cooking delicious rice, which provided basis for 'indica rice to japonica rice'.
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Effects of Plant Population on Photosynthetic Characteristics and Yield Components of Summer SoybeanJournal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2015, 29(7): 1386-1391. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2015.07.1386
To investiage the effects of plant population on the growth and physiological indexes of drip irrigated summer soybean, an field experiment was conducted by setting five different plant populations of 37.5×104 (A), 45.0×104(B), 52.5×104(C), 60.0×104(D) and 67.5×104(E) plants·hm-2 under drip irrigation by using of randomized block experimental design in 2012 summer soybean growing season, and the leaf SPAD, leaf area index (LAI), photosynthetic characteristics and yield components of summer soybean were observed. Results showed that both the SPAD and LAI were improved along with the density increasing, but the leaf area per plant decreased with the density increasing. The net photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr) and stomatal conductance (Gs) were increased first, and then decreased with increasing density, Pn and Gs reached maximum in the R2 period, but Tr reached maximum in the R4 period, intercellular CO2concentration (Ci) was first decreased and then increased with increasing density. The differences in the yield between treatments were significant (P<0.05),and Treamtment C had the highest yield of 3205.04kg·hm-2,which was higher 1.42%,4.09%,1.42% and 5.88% than Treatment A, B, D and E,respectively.The results can provide scientific and reasonable theory basis to the production practice for plant population of summer soybean under local conditions.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2015, 29(7): 1392-1398. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2015.07.1392
Peanut is an important oil and economic crop in China. Seed dormancy of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important agronomic trait which can affect quality, yield and seed quality in agricultural production. In this study, seeds from 16 cultivars/lines were applied in seed dormancy test. Results showed that the germination rate of dry seeds from the 16 cultivars/lines ranged from 0 to 100%. The germination frequencies of dry seeds from Huayu25, Huayu28 and Xuhua13 were 100%, while the germination frequencies of fresh seeds and dry seeds from the strong dormancy variety Huayu52 were 0. Seed dormancy was closely related to maturity and seed moisture content. Endogenous hormone analysis showed that high ABA content, low GA content and low GA/ABA ratio played a positive role to maintain dormancy. In contrast to dormant seed, endogenous GA content during dormant released seed by ethephon rising rapidly, the content of ABA decreased slightly, and the ratio of GA/ABA increased rapidly. The study provided a reference for influencing factors of seed dormancy and dormancy release, especial endogenous hormone.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2015, 29(7): 1399-1405. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2015.07.1399
The alfalfa (Medicaga sativa Gannong No.3) growing in second year was used to study its nitrogen metabolism and nitrogen accumulation under different nitrogen application levels (0 (CK), 51.75,103.5 kg·hm-2) and different mowing times. The results showed that compared with CK, the nitrogen treatments significantly (P <0.05) increased the activity of nitrate reductase (NR), glutamine synthetase (GS) and transaminase (GOT, GPT), and the contents of soluble protein and total protein in leaves. The activity of tested nitrogen metabolism enzymes reached thehighest when nitrogen application level was 103.5 kg·hm2. Correlation analysis showed that the relationship between nitrogen application level (x) and total protein content (y) follow a quadratic equation y=-0.113 x2 +53.632 x +1 681.911 (R2=0.999**). And the nitrogen accumulation positively correlated to nitrogen metabolism activity and soluble protein content (P <0.05), This suggested that nitrogen fertilization could promote the activity of nitrogen metabolism enzyme.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2015, 29(7): 1406-1418. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2015.07.1406
An experiment was conducted to explore the salt tolerance of marigold cultivars which are widely grown in China, to select salt-tolerance cultivar and to determine the main characters of salt tolerance evaluation and high effective screening. By the method of correlation analysis, principal component analysis and cluster analysis, a comprehensive evaluation was carried out on the salt-tolerance of plant growth and morphology indexes, physiological indexes such as leaf chlorophyll (Chl) content, proline (Pro) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content, electrolytic leakage (EC) and fluorescence parameters of eight marigold cultivars. Under salt stress, the content of Chl, carotenoid and Pro increased, maximum quantum efficiency (Fv/Fm) and non-photo-chemical quenching (NPQ) decreased, the contents of MDA and EC increased together with reduced plant growth. In comparison to salt-sensitive cultivar, salt-tolerance cultivar showed a marked increase in Pro content but less decrease in NPQ. Correlation and principal component analysis suggest that the compound leaves length, Chl b, NPQ and MDA may be the most effective indexes for evaluation of salt tolerance of marigold cultivars. These cultivars could be clustered into 4 groups, and the cultivars Chaomeiand Great hero were sensitive to the salt stress, the cultivar Inca belonged to moderately salt-tolerance group, the cultivars Antigua, Qiji, Moonstruck, Discovery belonged to the strong salt-tolerance group, and the cultivar Fengfu belonged to the strongest salt-tolerance group. These results were useful for the studies of salt-tolerance germplasm innovation and physiological mechanism on marigold cultivars.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2015, 29(7): 1419-1426. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2015.07.1419
Five soybean varieties which released from 1985 to 2010 were used in experiment to investigate the genetic improvement rule of density-tolerance of different eras soybean varieties in Heilongjiang province. The treatments consisted of three levels of density and measured some morphological index and physical signs related with density-tolerance. The result showed that the LAI at R2, the average length of petiole of canopy top 1st to 5th leaf at R6 and lodge level were all presented an added trend with plant density increased, while the seed weight per plant showed an added first and then lower. The variation trend of other traits showed decreased at different period, and there existed differences among varieties. With released years developed the LAI of 375 000 plants·hm-2 at R2 presented a fell first and raised later tendency, while other treatments showed opposite trend. Under 300 000 plants·hm-2 and 37 5000 plants·hm-2 plant density treatments, the decreased percentages of leaf greenness, net photosynthetic rate and bleeding weight showed a added first and then lower trend with released years passed, and also the increased percentage of the average length of petiole of canopy top 1st to 5th leaf at R6 and lodge level. The increased percentage and decreased percentage of yield both showed a raised first and fell later trend at 300 000 plants·hm-2 and 375 000plants·hm-2 plant density treatments respectively with variety released years. Regression analysis of max plant density showed that the rule of maximum plant density of different eras varieties presented a fell first and raised later tendency. All the traits in this experiment showed significant level correlation between change percentage and released years. In conclusion, as the change law of canopy structure, photosynthetic physiology, bleeding weight, grain yield and max plant density, the experiment indicated that the change rule of density-tolerance of different eras soybean varieties showed a single-peak curve like strong-weak-strong,the conclusion will provide a theoretical basis of new high density tolerance soybean variety breeding and high yield cultivation for the future.
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Effects of Nitrogen Deficiency on the Growth, Yield and Nitrogen Use for the Super Hybrid Early RiceJournal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2015, 29(7): 1427-1435. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2015.07.1427
In order to increase nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency for the super hybrid early rice, the sensitive stage and the compensatory effective critical stage of nitrogen deficiency should be ascertained. Pot experiments were carried out to study responses to nitrogen deficiency and compensatory effects on the growth and development, yield formation and nitrogen use for the super hybrid early rice at different growth stages. The results showed that nitrogen deficiency at tillering stage obviously reduced tillers, dry matter weight for the organ of stem, leaf, and panicle. Nitrogen deficiency at tillering stage and young panicle differentiation stage decreased yield per plant for the super hybrid early rice significantly, while there were light effects at young seedling stage and after heading. Nitrogen deficiency at tillering stage clearly reduced effective panicles per plant, while grains per panicle and seed-setting rate were evidently affected by nitrogen deficiency at young panicle differentiation stage. There were definite compensatory effects of nitrogen deficiency for yield per plant, effective panicles per plant, grains per panicle, tillers and dry matter weight for the super hybrid early rice, but there was no compensatory effect of nitrogen deficiency on the seed-setting rate, and that of 1 000-grain weight was minor for the super hybrid early rice. In general, nitrogen application sufficiently from tillering stage to heading, especially young panicle differentiation stage and controlling after grain milking would optimize the indexes of agronomic nitrogen use efficiency (ANUE), nitrogen uptake efficiency (NUPE), nitrogen harvest index (NHI), nitrogen physiological efficiency (NPE) and partial factor productivity (PFP) for the super hybrid early rice. The sensitive stage of the nitrogen deficiency for the super hybrid early rice was from tillering stage to young panicle differentiation stage, and the compensatory effective critical stage was heading stage. Insure nitrogen application from tillering stage to young panicle differentiation stage is most important to improving the nitrogen fertilizers use and yield for the super hybrid early rice, while nitrogen compensatory application under the condition of deficiency should not be later than heading stage.
