28 March 2013, Volume 27 Issue 3
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J4. 2013, (3): 261-271. https://doi.org/10.11869/hnxb.2013.03.0261
QTL for source-related traits including flag leaf length (FLL), flag leaf width (FLW), flag leaf area (FLA), leaf dry weight (LDW) and specific leaf weight (SLW) and sink-related traits including spikelet number per panicle (SNP), thousand grain weight (TGW) and filled grain weight per panicle (FGWP) were detected using two sets of reciprocal introgression lines (ILs) derived from a cross between Chinese indica cultivar Teqing and American japonica cultivar Lemont and 384 single nucleotide polymorphism markers. Teqing had significant larger FLL, SNP and FGWP but smaller FLW than Lemont. Total of 62 QTL for sink-source (SS) related traits were identified, each averagely explaining 9.0% of phenotypic variation in the population with a range of 3.0%~27.9%. In the ILs in Lemont background (LT-ILs), 17 QTL affecting SS-related traits were simultaneously detected in the six regions on chromosomes 2, 3, 4, 6, 9 and 11, accounting for 50% of number of QTL identified in LT-ILs. Similarly, 13 QTL affecting SS-related traits were simultaneously detected in the five regions on chromosomes 1, 3, 4, 8 and 12, accounting for 28.3% of number of QTL identified in the ILs in Teqing background (TQ-ILs). Introgression of Teqing alleles at most QTL increased trait values in LT-ILs while the opposite is true in TQ-ILs. Only 18 (29.0%) QTL for SS-related traits were commonly detected in the reciprocal backgrounds, indicating there is obvious genetic background effect on QTL detection. Two regions, one of 35576704-36341768 on chromosome 3 harboring the QTL affecting FFLL, FLA, LFW, SNP and FGWP, and the other of 4560663-13503095 on chromosome 4 harboring the QTL affecting SLW, SNP and FGWP, were previously detected in different populations and could be considered as most important regions affecting SS-related traits in rice. The two regions are greatly useful for developing high yield potential rice cultivar with good harmony between sink and source by marker-assisted selection.
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J4. 2013, (3): 272-278. https://doi.org/10.11869/hnxb.2013.03.0272
At shoot-growing stage, 100 mg·L-1 GA3 and 300 mg·L-1 PP333 were sprayed on the leaves of 9-year-old sweet cherry (Prunus avium L. ‘Hongdeng’). Results showed that GA3 promoted the growth of shoots, and the average length increased by 15.04 cm, which was two-fold of control, and PP333 significantly inhibited the growth. The endogenous GA3 level increased with leaf-spraying GA3, which was 2.2 times of CK at 14 days after treatment and followed by a rapid decline. The endogenous GA3 level after PP333 treatment showed a continuing downward trend. Real-time PCR results showed that: GA3 inhibited the transcription of GA3-ox and GA20-ox (two gibberellins synthetic enzyme genes). Transcription levels of GA3-ox and GA20-ox after PP333 treatment were significantly higher in the late stages. The variation of GA2-ox (a key enzyme in gibberellins metabolism) might play an important role between the transcription level of anabolic enzymes genes and endogenous gibberellins level. So, feedback regulation mechanism might play an important role between the transcription level of anabolic enzymes genes and endogenous gibberellins level. These results would provide a theoretical reference for using genetic engineering methods to control vegetative growth during production to achieve dwarf and high dense planting consequently.
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J4. 2013, (3): 279-285. https://doi.org/10.11869/hnxb.2013.03.0279
To investigate the expression scensrio of Bax inhibitor-1 (GhBI-1A and GhBI-1B) genes cloned from Upland Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and the molecular mechanism of their diverse response to biotic and abiotic stress, the promoter fragments of 1650bp and 2001bp upstream the 5’ end of GhBI-1A and GhBI-1B were isolated from the genomic DNA of Upland Cotton by BD GenomeWalkerTM Universal Kit technique. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that the two promoter sequences contained basic cis-elements, such as TATA-box and CAAT-box and many elements involved in the plant abiotic stress response. GhBI-1B also included a Box-W1, which is involved in fungal response. Plant expression vectors were constructed by inserting the two GhBI-1 promoter sequences into the upstream of the GUS gene of the binary vector pBI101, and, transferred into Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The result of transient expression indicated that both sequences had the function to drive reporter gene GUS in tobacco.
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J4. 2013, (3): 286-292. https://doi.org/10.11869/hnxb.2013.03.0286
1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate synthase (MIPS) gene plays a significant role in phytic acid biosynthesis. In this study, we used two low phytic acid mutants Gm-lpa-TW-1, Gm-lpa-ZC-2 and their respective wild type parents Taiwan75 and Zhechun No.3 to analyze the expression pattern and characterization of MIPS1 gene. The results showed that there was a common expression pattern of MIPS1 in soybean developing seeds. Expression was weak as detected by RT-PCR in initial stage, increased in the following stages, and the peak expression was appeared in 22 day after flowering (DAF). The expression of MIPS1 gene of non-seed tissues in mutant Gm-lpa-TW-1 and its wildtype Taiwan75 was very weak. In the developing seeds, the MIPS1 expression by qRT-PCR revealed a significant reduction in 22 DAF in mutant Gm-lpa-TW-1 as compared with the wildtype. Similarly, the expression of MIPS1 gene in non-seed tissue of Zhenchun No.3 and Gm-lpa-ZC-2 was very weak. However, stronger expression in developing seeds of the mutant Gm-lpa-ZC-2 than Zhechun No.3 was found. We concluded that the MIPS1 gene expression in the developing seed exhibited an up-regulation pattern in mutant Gm-lpa-ZC-2, but a down-regulation pattern in the mutant Gm-lpa-TW-1.
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J4. 2013, (3): 293-300. https://doi.org/10.11869/hnxb.2013.03.0293
Mutation rate is the probability that a particular kind of mutation occurs per unit of time which can be expressed as mutations per locus, per gene, per nucleotide, or per gamete in each generation or at each DNA replication. Mutation frequency is the proportion of the number of mutated cell or individual in a population. Mutation can be identified from either phenotype or genotype. Genotypic identification is a new method after phenotypic identification for estimating the mutation rate, in which microsatellites have been widely used for estimation of the mutation rate, but very few data are available in plants. This article summarizes the estimation methods of mutation rate and mutation frequency from the point of view of plant mutation genetics and breeding, especially paying attention to the research advances in estimation methods of microsatellite mutation rate in crops including durum wheat, chickpea, corn, common wheat and pea. Furthermore, the application of TILLING (Targeting Induced Local Lesions IN Genomes) technology in mutation screening is briefly summarized.
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J4. 2013, (3): 301-306. https://doi.org/10.11869/hnxb.2013.03.0301
Previous studies suggested that the LOC_Os05g02754 gene is the candidate gene controlling trichome development and the A→T nucleotide mutation in the 5' untranslated region of the 2nd exon of this gene might be responsible for the glabrous trait in rice. Western blot analysis demonstrated that LOC_Os05g02754 is translated into protein, however its expression levels in rice leaves were not significantly different between glabrous and pubescent rice cultivars. LOC_Os05g02754 was fused with yellow fluorescence protein gene and the heterologous gene was transiently expressed in rice protoplasts, the results demonstrated that LOC_Os05g02754 is localized in chloroplasts. Bioinformatics analysis of its predicted secondary structure, transmembrane helices and signal peptide also indicated that LOC_Os05g02754 is a protein spanning chloroplast membrane. The present study experimentally demonstrated that LOC_Os05g02754 gene is translated and its protein is localized in chloroplast. However, our results do not support the hypothesis that LOC_Os05g02754 gene controls the pubescent /glabrous trait in rice.
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J4. 2013, (3): 307-313. https://doi.org/10.11869/hnxb.2013.03.0307
A primary soybean mutant library was constructed by treating the seeds of cultivar ‘SuiNong 14’ with EMS. In M2generation, 120 mutants with phenotypes of stems, leaves, flowers, and seeds were obtained, including 38 plant height mutants. All mutants were identified by 100 SSR markers. The results showed that among 120 mutants, there were 5 mutants with more than 9 polymorphic markers and 10 mutants with less than 3 markers. In addition, for the 38 height mutants were identified by 46 SSR markers related to soybean plant height trait. Only mutant E790 showed difference from wild type ‘SuiNong14’ on Sat_168 marker. These mutants could be used as new breeding resource and will be helpful for the further research on soybean functional genomics.
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J4. 2013, (3): 315-320. https://doi.org/10.11869/hnxb.2013.03.0315
The pilot experiment of synthesis of superabsorbent, using the AMPS and AM as monomers, the TMPDE as cross-linking agent, K2CO3 as neutralizer, and adopting the irradiation method in water system, was carried out on production line. The influences of dynamic irradiation dose, gel breaking particle size, type of dispersant and drying condition on product performances were investigated under the raw material ratio that 1120kg of AM, 355kg of AMPS, 3400kg of water, 4kg of TMPDE and 121kg of K2CO3. The results indicated that the product had high productivity and good performance when the dynamic radiation dose was 2.0kGy, the span-20 alcohol solution was used as the dispersant, the particle size of colloid was controlled in 5mm and the drying temperature was 130℃. In that condition, the water absorptivity and saline solution absorptivity of pilot testing products were 580 and 78 respectively. The anti-ultraviolet time was 165minutes and the drying rate reached up to 650kg·h-1.
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J4. 2013, (3): 321-328. https://doi.org/10.11869/hnxb.2013.03.0321
Volatile components from roasted peanut were extracted by supercritical-CO2 fluid. These volatile components were analyzed by solid phase microextraction(SPME)combined with Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Mean square deviation and sense evaluation were used to evaluate aroma profile change of extract. By the above optimized, a novel method was developed for extracting the flavor of roasted peanut.The optimum extraction parameters optimized by orthogonal tests were extraction pressure 25 MPa, extraction temperature 55℃and extraction period 120min. About 85% volatile flavor components of original roasted peanut could be extracted by supercritical-CO2 fluid. The supercritical-CO2 fluid extraction of roasted peanut in the optimized conditions provided aroma extracts with high olfactory resemblance to the original roasted peanut. Sample deviation value can evaluate change of the aroma harmony of the roasted peanut flavor.
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J4. 2013, (3): 329-333. https://doi.org/10.11869/hnxb.2013.03.0329
Technology of microwave and ultrasonic wave were used in order to extract rice bran polysaccharide, and the effect of microwave treatment time, ultrasonic wave treatment time and the ration of material to liquid on results were studied. Compared with traditional method, the results showed that microwave treatment time and ultrasonic wave treatment time had significant effects on extraction rate of rice bran polysaccharide, and the ration of material to liquid had little effect. And the optimum treatment method was that microwave treatment time 3min; ultrasonic wave treatment time 30min; and the ration of material to liquid 1:15.The largest extraction rate was 1.55%, compared with the traditional hot water technology (1.12%), the extraction rate has increased by 38.4%.
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J4. 2013, (3): 334-339. https://doi.org/10.11869/hnxb.2013.03.0334
The fragmentation rule and mass spectrometry characteristics of 4,8,12-trimethyltridecanoic acid methyl ester, 2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecanoic acid methyl ester, and 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecanoic acid methyl ester were studied, and also the compositions of multi-branched saturated fatty acids of marine organisms were analyzed in this paper. The results indicated that the Methyl branched chain in multi-branched saturated fatty acids could be accurately located by the difference between two strong fragment ions ([-CH(CH3)-], namely the difference of 28 in mass-to-charge ratio). Meanwhile, multi-branched saturated fatty acids could be analyzed and identified using molecular ions, McLafferty rearrangement ions and other characteristic ions. Marine animals had a low multi-branched saturated fatty acids content, which was generally far below 0.1%. However, Haliotis discus hannai Ino, Haliotis diversicolor Reeve and other marine shellfishes, codfish and Antarctic krill showed differences in the accumulation and tissues to multi-branched saturated fatty acids.
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J4. 2013, (3): 340-343. https://doi.org/10.11869/hnxb.2013.03.0340
The sterilizing effect, influence on main essential nutrient and sensory qualities of egg white powder treated with60Co γ-ray irradiation were studied. The microorganism index of egg white powder samples treated with 4kGy irradiation could meet the government food sanitation standard, and the sterilization rate could reach 100%. The irradiation doses from 4 to 10kGy had little influence on egg white powder protein, crude fiber and amino acidscontent, and the sensory quality such as color,luster, and scent changed little below 6kGy irradiation.Considering the result of this study, the optimal irradiation dose for egg white powder sterilization was 4 to 6kGy.
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J4. 2013, (3): 344-349. https://doi.org/10.11869/hnxb.2013.03.0344
During the development of peanut, the seed storage cells in cotyledon were synthesized and accumulated. Understanding the characteristics and differences of cotyledon storage cells in high and low-oil peanut can lay the foundation for directional selection of high-oil variety. High-oil Hua U606 and low-oil Hua U17 were selected to observe the accumulation process of the cotyledon storage cells at different developing stages, using optical microscopy and laser scanning confocal microscope. The results showed that oil and protein bodies were found in hua U606 and hua U17about 30 days after flowering, then the volume gradually increased, to the end oil body almost covered the entire cell. Oil body in cotyledon cells of Hua U606 grew faster than Hua U17, arranging more compactly. The number of oil body and cross sectional area of Hua U606 was also higher than Hua U17.
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J4. 2013, (3): 351-357. https://doi.org/10.11869/hnxb.2013.03.0351
In this paper, a hydroponic experiment with two wheat varieties (03-2917and S-10-1) differing in phosphorus efficiency as test materials, was conducted to investigate their P utilization from myo-inositolhexaphosphate (IHP), the difference of roots secrete acid phosphatase activity and the difference of root and leaf acid phosphatase activity under organic phosphorus treatment with normal and low supply of inorganic phosphorus as control study. Results showed that, the dry mass and phosphorus accumulated volume of 03-2917 was higher than the S-10-1 under different phosphorus treatment (normal inorganic phosphorus, 1/2 inorganic phosphorus+1/2 organic phosphorus, normal organic phosphorus and low inorganic phosphorus), and the phosphorus content of 03-2917 was lower than the S-10-1. The shoot ratio applied with inorganic phosphorus as the P source was significantly higher than those with organic phosphorus, which showed that organic phosphorus would inhibit root growth. Differences were found between two wheat varieties using organic phosphorus that the ability of 03-2917 to absorb organic phosphorus was greater than S-10-1. Roots secrete acid phosphatase activity of two wheat varieties was maximum under the low inorganic phosphorus treatment, and 1/2inorganic phosphorus +1/2organic phosphorus treatment is higher than the organic phosphorus treatment of normal supplying of P concentration. Roots secrete acid phosphatase induced by phosphorus stress, and low inorganic phosphorus can promote the presence of more acid phosphatase secretion. The acid phosphatase activity of roots and leaves of two varieties showed normal inorganic phosphorus < 1/2inorganic phosphorus+1/2organic phosphorus < normal organic phosphorus < low inorganic phosphorus, and that of the S-10-1 was higher than 03-2917. The total inorganic phosphorus displayed the opposite trend of acid phosphatase activity under treatments and varieties. Acid phosphatase activity in the plant is an adaptive response under low phosphorus stress.
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J4. 2013, (3): 358-364. https://doi.org/10.11869/hnxb.2013.03.0358
To reduce fertilizing labor intensity, decrease cost, increase nutrient use efficiency and extend service time of gravel-mulched field, the common fertilizers (urea, calcium superphosphate and potassium sulphate) and NAM were selected with the ration of N-P2O5-K2O of 1-0.67-1.1, 1-0.36-1.1, 1-1-1.1, 1-0.67-1.6 and 1-0.67-0.6. The field trials were conducted to study the effects of different nutrition ratio on the growth, yield, quality and nutrient use efficiency of watermelon in gravel-mulched field. The results showed that chlorophyll content and net photosynthetic rate in watermelon leaf increased significantly, yield of watermelon increased by 34.04%, Vc content of watermelon increased, sugar grads and nitrate content reduced and thus the quality of watermelon improved for CRF3(N:P2O5:K2O=1:1:1.1+NAM)compared to common fertilizer CF. The absorption of nutrition in vegetative organ increased insignificantly, but absorption of nutrition in fruits increased significantly, as well as use efficiency of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium for CRF3 increased by 20.75%, 5.42% and 23.77% respectively compared to CF. This provided scientific bases for studying the controlled release fertilizers further and fertilizers application for watermelon in gravel-mulched field.
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J4. 2013, (3): 365-372. https://doi.org/10.11869/hnxb.2013.03.0365
In this paper, Osmanthus fragrans Lour, one of the southern evergreen landscape plants was employed to investigate the adaptability on leaves to unusual low temperature in winter. The physiological and biochemical indexes, including mineral elements, leaf relative water content, chlorophyll, superoxide dismutase, streptavidin peroxidase, soluble protein, proline and malondialdehyde in leaves were determined in the Guilin Arboretum. Results showed that no sharp decline in nutrient elements of Osmanthus fragrans Lour leaves was observed under abnormal low temperature. The contents of C, Ca, Mn, Zn, Cu and Ni showed a decreased trend as well as RWC, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, chlorophyll a+b, SP and Pro. The contents of N, P, Na, Mg, K and Fe firstly increased and then decreased,and SOD,WSS and POD followed the same way. However, MDA first decreased and then increased. Leaf senescence was not serious after abnormal low temperature. Meanwhile, there were a lot of nutrient elements in Osmanthus fragrans Lour leaves. The good intercoordination between content of nutrient elements and physiological characteristics indicated better adaptability to abnormal low temperature in winter.
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J4. 2013, (3): 373-378. https://doi.org/10.11869/hnxb.2013.03.0373
The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship among the rice yield, rice plant nitrogen use efficiency and leaf SPAD values during different stages, photosynthetic rate and other physiological indexes using the japonica rice variety ‘Zhejing22’ with the treatments of 4 nitrogen application levels. Results show that net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs) and transpiration rate (Tr) were raised with the increasing of nitrogen application. The intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) declined as the increaseing of nitrogen application. Meanwhile, under low and regular nitrogen levels, efficiency of rice plant nitrogen use is high and positive correlations were observed among the rice yield and plant dry matter, nitrogen content, photosynthetic rate. In addition, no remarkable correlation was found under high nitrogen level.
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J4. 2013, (3): 379-383. https://doi.org/10.11869/hnxb.2013.03.0379
Soybean nodule nitrogenase activity and amount of nitrogen fixation is an important index of soybean nitrogen fixation, and a basis for reasonable application of nitrogen fertilizer. The 15N tracer technique was applied to determine the difference of nodule nitrogenase activity and amount of nitrogen fixation of different soybean varieties with frame tests. Results showed that nodule nitrogenase activity, nodule dry weight and the potential of nitrogen fixation increased and then decreased in four tested soybean varieties, and significant differences were observed among the varieties. Nitrogenase activity of varieties with short growth period was higher than that of varieties with long growth period, however nodule dry weight showed the opposite trend. The longer growth period was, the higher nodule dry weight was. The potential of nitrogen fixation increases with growth period prolonging. There was significant difference of nitrogen composition in different soybean varieties, ratio of nodule nitrogen fixation increased with growth period prolonging; ratio of soil nitrogen and ratio of nodule nitrogen fixation were similar in soybean varieties of HH41, nodule nitrogen fixation was mainly as nitrogen source in other varieties, with the second of soil nitrogen, and proportion of fertilizer nitrogen was quite low.
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J4. 2013, (3): 384-390. https://doi.org/10.11869/hnxb.2013.03.0384
The potato variety Kexin 13 was used as experimental material to study the effect of various levels of borax, which was sprayed on potato leaves, on the potato starch synthesis and accumulation through measuring potato tuber starch content, sucrose content, reducing sugar content and related enzyme activity. The results showed that appropriate concentrations of borax(4~6g稬-1)by leaf spraying treatment could increase potato tuber sucrose synthase activity and sucrose invertase activity, promote the synthesis of sucrose and reducing sugar in potato tuber, increase tuber starch synthesis and accumulation, and improve tuber related quality traits.
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J4. 2013, (3): 391-397. https://doi.org/10.11869/hnxb.2013.03.0391
With the purpose of reducing soil wind erosion in peanut field, three trial treatments such as ratio of 10:10 for maize-peanut intercropping (T1), ratio 8:16 for maize-peanut intercropping (T2) and mono-cropped peanut (CK) were applied to study the effects of different ratios of maize-peanut intercropping on peanut growth, yield and quality. Results showed that main stem height, first pair of lateral branches length and second pair of lateral branches length followed the order of T1>T2>CK, and leaves area per plant followed CK>T2>T1. The contents of Chl. a + Chl. b were accorded with the order of CK>T2>T1. Pod yield, pods number per plant, kernel ratio and 100-kernel weight were all in the order of CK>T2>T1. Protein content was CK>T2>T1 with oil content of T1>T2>CK. Generally speaking, maize-peanut intercropping with the ratio of 8:16 (T2) showed a better effect than that of 10:10 maize-peanut intercropping (T1).
