To explore effect of chenodeoxycholic acid on rat intestinal microbiota structure and clarify the relations of chenodeoxycholic acid, intestinal microbiota and gut functions, intestinal cholic acid lacking rat model was established by bile duct ligation, the model rats were gavaged with cholic acid for 7 days with collecting the colon tissue and extracting total protein. Intestinal morphology was observed by HE staining. ELISA and Western Blot were performed to determine the expression levels of inflammatory factors and NF-κBp50/p65. High-throughput sequencing was performed to analyze the change of intestinal microbiota structure. These studies were conducted to reveal the mechanism by which chenodeoxycholic acid affects intestinal microbiota and intestinal functions. The results showed chenodeoxycholic acid significantly reduced the quantities of Clostridiaceae, Coriobacteriaceae and Erysipelotrichaceae, down-regulated the expression levels of NF-κB p50/p65, repressed the NF-κB pathway, and attenuate the expression level of inflammatory factors such as TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β,which were beneficial to the normal functions of the rat gut. In conclusion, chenodeoxycholic acid could change the intestinal microbiota structure and affect gut functions. This study will supply a theoretical basis for revealing the more important physiological functions of cholic acid and intestinal microbiota.

To understand the main nutrition characters of potato varieties named ‘Longshu’, the contents of five main quality traits (dry matter, starch, reducing sugar, vitamin C, crude protein) and five mineral elements (potassium, calcium, iron, zinc, selenium) in tuber of 14 potato varieties bred by breeding team in Potato Research Institute, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences were determined. Then, the correlations between the contents of tuber mineral element and quality traits, and the comprehensive appraisal of nutritional quality were analyzed respectively by the methods of correlation analysis and the membership function. The results showed that the main quality characters and mineral element contents in tuber of potato differed significantly among varieties. Among the five main quality traits, the highest and the smallest variation coefficient were observed in content of reducing sugar and dry matter with the variation coefficient of 101.30% and 11.64%, respectively. Among the five mineral elements, the highest and the smallest variation coefficient were observed in content of selenium and potassium with variation coefficient of 29.78% and 7.62% respectively. The results of correlation analysis showed that the content of dry matter in tuber of potato was significantly positively correlated with content of starch. The content of crude protein in tuber of potato was significantly positively correlated with content of dry matter and starch, but significantly negatively correlated with the content of reducing sugar and vitamin C. The content of vitamin C was significantly positively correlated with content of reducing sugar. The correlation between other quality traits did not reach a significant level. The content of mineral element potassium in tuber of potato was significantly positively correlated with content of dry matter and starch. The content of calcium in tuber of potato was significantly positively correlated with content of crude protein. The correlation between other mineral elements and five quality traits was not significant. Comprehensive evaluation results showed that the nutritional quality of each variety was very different with the following the order of Longshu N0.8>Longshu N0.14> LY08104-12> LZ111>Longshu N0.9>Longshu N0.7>Longshu N0.12>Longshu N0.10>Longshu N0.3>Longshu N0.6> Longshu N0.11>LK99>Longshu N0.13>Longshu N0.5. This study would not only provide a scientific basis for the rational application of the potato varieties named‘Longshu’, but also provide a theoretical reference for the breeding of new potato varieties.

To explore the soil nutrient content and distribution characteristics of cultivated land in south Xinjiang after years of cultivating since the second national land survey in 1982, the Aksu prefecture of xinjiang cotton producing area with typical natural ecological conditions in southern Xinjiang was taken as a representative in our research. Field investigation and laboratory analysis were used to measure the soil major element content of organic matter, total nitrogen, available nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium and microelement content of available copper, iron, zinc, manganese, then the determination results were analyzed by combining with relevant indices of soil nutrient grading in Xinjiang. The results showed that compared with 1982, soil nutrient content in the cultivated land was greatly improved. The average organic matter content of the whole region was 13.56 g·kg ^-1; total nitrogen alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium were 680, 62.30, 13.90 and 145.00 mg·kg ^-1, respectively. Among them, the organic matter content in Aksu Prefecture was the same as that of in 1982, while the available potassium content was decreased at rate of 2.20 mg·kg ^-1 annually , and the content of available nitrogen and available phosphorus were higher 74.50% and 385.86% than that of in 1982, respectively. The overall result was as follows: that the content of phosphorus and potassium was abundant, the organic matter was in the middle level, except for the effective manganese content in the lower-middle level; the content of effective copper, available iron and zinc were in different degree of abundant state, and the content of nitrogen was low. In summary, it was recommended to strengthen the implementation of the balanced fertilization program for the current nutrient content levels and trends of soil, and to improve the content of soluble fertilizers such as nitrogen through reasonable irrigation, and prevent soil salinization. Thus, this research provided a theoretical basis for the future agricultural production of soil fertility and scientific fertilization in Aksu prefecture.

The origin traceability of silkworm cocoons is the basis for the origin traceability of silk. In order to investigate the origin traceability method of silkworm cocoon, this study took cocoons from different origins as the research object to establish the origin traceability model of silkworm cocoons using their isotopic composition of ¹³C, ¹⁵N, ¹⁸O and ²H through single-factor analysis of variance, multiple comparative analysis, and fisher linearity. The results of single-factor analysis of variance showed that the δ¹³C, δ¹⁵N, δ¹⁸O, and δ²H of cocoons from different origins were different, most of which reached a significant level. The coupling effect of multiple indicators was better than that of single isotope indicators, and the results of stepwise discriminant analysis showed that with the increase of coupling indicators, the initial discrimination rate and the cross discrimination rate of the origin were gradually improved. Finally, the traceability model was established using 4 indicators of δ¹³C, δ¹⁸O, δ¹⁵N, and δ²H. The initial discrimination rate and cross discrimination rate of the model were 84.5% and 77.6%, respectively. The results of this study provide a certain basis for the identification of the origin of silkworm cocoons, and traceability basis for the follow-up traceability of the origin of silk.

Huangxinwu is one of the main varieties cultivated in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, especially in Anhui province. To obtain high-quality new materials, this study used 0.2% (W/V) colchicine solution was used to treat the cotyledon growth points of diploid Huangxinwu seedlings, autotetraploid Huangxinwu plants was screened by morphological and cytological methods, and the agronomic characters and quality was analyzed. Morphological studys showed that tetraploid plants were giant in plant type, leaf, flower, and seed pod. The stomata in tetraploid leaves became were larger and the stomata density was decreased. Leawes of tetraploid had larger stomata and lower stomatal density. Cytological analysis showed that tetraploid plants had twice as many chromosomes as diploid plants. In terms of nutritional quality, the contents of cellulose and organic acid in tetraploid were significantly increased, the contents of chlorophyll and nitrate nitrogen were significantly decreased, while the contents of soluble sugar and soluble protein were not significantly changed. In addition, combined with the light response curve analysis results, the tetraploid is more adaptable to light intensity under strong light. The resistance of tetraploid to Botrytis cinerea was better than that of diploid. In this study, a new autotetraploid Chinese cabbage Huangxinwu with high yield and disease resistance was obtained, which provided a new germplasm resource for Chinese cabbage breeding.

Gel, which is a dilution system of unsteady fluids, is a mesophase between the solid and the liquid. Gel properties are one of the important functional properties of food proteins. Studies show that in some special protein gel systems, the interactions between lipid and protein have an important effect on the quality of the food through affecting the rheological properties and microstructure of protein gels. The interactions are affected by lipid species, lipid content, emulsifier, ion species and concentration and other factors. In this paper, the mechanism of the formation of protein gel was introduced. Based on this, we focused on the participation and mechanisms of lipids in the formation of protein gels in several protein gel systems, reviewed factors that affect lipid and food protein gel interaction, and put forward problems and development direction for the lipid and protein gel research.. The results would provide a theoretical basis for the production of high quality food.

In order to explore the genetic basis for the colour of cauliflower curd stalk formation,the green stalk and the white stalk were sequenced by IlluminaHiSeq 4000 platform,a total of 52 253 822 readings were generated.And 66 450 unigenes with 1 285 bp length of N50, were obtained by denovo assembly method, the average unigenes length was 717.40 bp. Annotation analysis of unigene indicated that 45 390 unigenes had homologes in public protein database;However,21 060 sequences had no hits and might be specific in Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis L. specific. All DEGS were annotated by different databases. By GO database, the 2 540 DEGS were divided into 3 categories containing 54 function groups;by COG databases, 753 DEGS were grouped into 24 functional categories;By KEGG database, 946 DEGS were divided into 119 metabolism pathways,among which 6 DEGS which were involved in Carotenoid biosynthesis pathway,9 DEGS may take part in Flavonoid biosynthesis pathway and 1 DEGS may take part in chlorophyll metabolism pathway and vesponsible for the colour formation. 16 DEGS were verified by qRT?PCR, and showed consistent with the results of RNA?Seq sequencing. These findings provide a scientific basis for further revealing the mechanism of the colour in cauliflower stalk and lay a theoretical foundation for the genetic improvement on cauliflower.

Photoperiodic pathway is one of the important ways to regulate the flowering time in plants, during the long evolutionary process, plants have formed an extremely precise and sophisticated light-sensitive system in the photoperiod pathway. Plants receive the light signal which is mainly completed by the photoreceptor of light receptor system.The ZTLs family is a class of blue light receptor proteins which regulate the degradation of proteins in plant, ubiquitination enzymes,which play an important role in the light signal entering the circadian clock and regulating the expression of flowering genes downstream. In this study, reviewed and predicted the research on the structure and function of ZTLs family proteins in different plants, and provides a certain theoretical basis for understanding and studying the mechanism of ZTLs family in regulating flowering through photoperiodic pathway.

 The salt resistance of seven cotton varieties which are widely grown in Xinjiang, China was evaluated by measuring their germination potential, germination rate of seeds and growth of the seedling under solution-cultured condition at three NaCl levels. Salt-tolerance was investigated by membership function method. The evaluation results of the seven varieties salt resistance  during germination stage were  in the order of XLZ 10＞XLZ 13＞XLZ 12＞XLZ17＞XLZ 31＞XLZ 26＞XLZ 18. However, the order changed to XLZ 17＞XLZ 10＞XLZ 13＞XLZ 31＞XLZ 18＞XLZ 12＞XLZ 26 at the seedling stage. The result indicated that the salt-tolerance of cotton varieties are different during germination stage and seedling stage, and XLZ 10 was the most salt-resistance variety and XLZ 26 was the most sensitive variety at both developmental stages.

In order to explore the effect of stabiliser on the textural properties of egg curd prepared from liquid egg white, sensory score and texture characteristics (hardness, gumminess, chewiness, springiness, cohesiveness and resilience) were compared for the addition of water, NaCl and stabiliser. The results showed that the sensory score and texture parameters of egg curd changed significantly with the addition of water and NaCl. The quality of egg curd was relatively better with 12% water and 1.5% salt addition. Compared with the control group, the sensory score for the test group with addition of phosphate compound, glutamine transaminase, guar gum and gellan gum was increased, and the texture was also improved. The optimum addition of the stabiliser was: compound phosphate 0.20%, TG enzyme 0.25%, guar gum 0.25%, gellan gum 0.10%. This study could provide a technical guidance for improving the processing, sensory quality and textural properties of egg curd prepared from liquid egg white.

The LTR retrotransposon is an important component of the plant genome and plays an important role in biological research as a genetic tool. In order to explore potentially active LTR retrotransposon in Phyllostachys edulis and analyze the transposition activation mechanism of LTR retrotransposon, a typical LTR retrotransposon sequence from Phyllostachys edulis genome named PHRE8 ( Phyllostachys edulis retrotransposon 8) was cloned in this study, its structural characteristics, insertion characteristics as well as evolutionary relationship were systematically analyzed, and the transcription level of PHRE8 under DNA methylation inhibitor (5-azacytidine), irradiation, high temperature, low temperature and high salt stress was detected by fluorescent quantitative PCR. The results indicate that the PHRE8 belongs to the Ty3-gypsy superfamily, has a full length of 5 296 bp with a complete GAG and POL domain and its insertion time is about 1 230 700 years. PHRE8 is a theoretically active transposon. Compared with wild seedlings, the relative expression of PHRE8 under different non-biotic stress increase. It is speculated that PHRE8 will stimulate transcriptional activity under different stress conditions, which may affect the changes of host genome structure and gene expression patterns to adapt to changes in the external environment. The identification and transcriptional pattern analysis of PHRE8 laid the theoretical foundation for further exploration of active transposons in Phyllostachys edulis.

With the rapid development of genetic engineering, immunology and molecular biology technologies, the types of vaccines are increasing, and the methods are being continuously established and optimized. Using transgenic plants as bioreactors to produce transgenic plant vaccines has become one of hot topics today. The preparation of transgenic plant vaccines mainly comprises of determining the target antigen, selecting the recipient plant, constructing the plant expression vector, transforming, expressing, detecting and so on. Nowadays, genetically modified plant vaccines can be broadly classified into bacterial vaccines, viral vaccines, parasitic vaccines, contraceptive vaccines and diabetes vaccines by function, the corresponding antigens have been successfully expressed in plants. After a series of biological or clinical trials, obvious immune responses were produced in the bodies, which played a role in resisting pathogenic microorganisms, preventing and controlling parasites, contraception, and preventing and treating diabetes respectively during the experiment. The shortcomings of transgenic plant vaccines will be continuously overcome by optimizing the promoter, selecting high expression receptor plants, using exogenous protein chloroplast expression, knocking out resistance genes in transgenic plant and other new methods. This paper mainly reviews the basic procedures and research progress of transgenic plant vaccines, so as to provide references and ideas for the development and application of transgenic plant vaccine in the future.

There are few reports on the development and application of SNP markers in sweetpotato. In this study, we developed SNP molecular markers of HRM (high resolution melt) using sweetpotato reduced-representation sequencing data, and verified in sweetpotato germplasm. By analyzing sequence of 23 sweetpotato germplasm, a total of 835 756 SNP loci were found, 3 650 high-quality reads containing SNP polymorphic loci were selected, and 134 of primers were successfully developed. The results showed that 22 pairs of primers(16.42%) had no amplicons, and 15 primers(11.19%) had more than two amplified bands. The amplification products of 36 pairs of primers had no significant differences. 61 pairs of primers(45.52%) had specific amplification products, and differed among germplasm. Finally, 34 pairs of primers with rich amplification polymorphism were selected to amplify 52 sweetpotato germplasm. The results indicated that the polymorphism of molecular markers among germplasm ranged from 27.27% to 90.91%, and the average polymorphism was 59.35%. Cluster analysis showed that there were little differences among 52 sweetpotato accessions. Most bred varieties were close to the backbone parents Nancy Hall and Xushu 18. In contrast, there were great differences between the exotic sweetpotato germplasm and landraces. This study preliminarily established a new idea of developing sweetpotato SNP molecules markers based on reduced-representation sequencing technology and HRM technology, which provided a reference for the development of sweetpotato SNP molecular markers in the future. Furthermore, the molecular markers developed in this study enriched the types of molecular markers and provided support for sweetpotato rapid and efficient molecular marker study for sweet potato in the future.

Guizhou is the second largest flue-cured tobacco planting province in China. In order to obtain higher economic benefits, continuous cropping is often used in tobacco areas. In this study, a field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different tobacco planting patterns on soil nutrients, enzyme activities and bacterial community structure. Four treatments were set as tobacco continuous cropping (T), cabbage - tobacco rotation (C-T), pea - tobacco rotation (P-T), and green manure - tobacco rotation (GM-T). Results showed that the tobacco rotation increased the soil organic matter (SOM), cation exchange capacity (CEC), total nitrogen (TN), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) and microbial biomass phosphorus (MBP) were increased by 0.77%~12.44%, 10.78%~38.51%, 11.76%~17.65%, 10.65%~20.67%, 36.58%~160.36% and 14.66%~36.21%, respectively, compared with T treatment. The ammonium nitrogen (AN), nitrate nitrogen (NN), available phosphorus (AP) and available potassium (AK) decreased by 1.01%~71.67%, 19.29%~24.32%, 23.09%~52.21% and 6.18%~10.09%, respectively. Compared with T treatment, tobacco rotation enhanced the activities of soil urease and sucrase by 12.38%~42.96% and 4.00%~22.67%, with the best effect of GM-T treatment. Meanwhile, tobacco rotation increased the number of bacterial OTUs and changed the relative abundance of bacterial communities, but had no effect on the bacterial community composition. In addition, tobacco rotation increased the number of beneficial bacteria in the soil, especially Bacillus spp. The results of redundancy analysis (RDA) resulted show that MBP was the main factor driving community variation, and positively correlated with Rhodanobacter and Chujaibacter. In conclusion, tobacco rotation can balance the soil nutrients and improve the soil microenvironment, and the GM-T treatment has the best effect. The results of this study provided theoretical reference for the tobacco cultivation and provide technical support for solving the problem of tobacco continuous cropping.

The effects of incorporating urea-N and Azolla-N on the rice tiller, panicle, grain growing stages and yield and N utilization effeciency were studied with both the 15N tracer and tiller circlet mark techniques in the condition of paddy field.The results of dynamic study on the growing tiller showed that they were quite different among U-2(30, 30kgN/ha urea were incorporated at transplanting and maximum tiller period, respectively ) , U-3 ( 10, 20, 30kgN/ha urea were incorporated at transplanting and after transplanting 20, 45 days, respectively) , A-2 ( 30,30 kgN/ha Azolla were incorporated at transplanting and maximum tiller period, respectively ) and CK. (blank). The total tiller numbers were 4650, 4950, 5790, 4035 thousand plants/ha, respectively.The rate of rice panicle were 81.9%, 78.8%, 69.8%, 74.4% ,respectively.The average grains per panicle were 75.8,80.6, 78.2, 74.7, respectively.But, the tillers, panicles and grains number decreased slowly with the time which tiller occur delaying. The yield of rice was not significantly different between urea and Azolla treatments. The results from two years experiments showed that the utilization effeciency of Azolla-N ( 41.3-48.2% ) was higher than urea-N(28.0-41.9%) as incorporating at transplanting. However, the utilization effeciency of urea-N (45.7-46.2%) was better than the Azolla-N ( 37.5-42.3% ) when incorporating at maximum tiller period. The nitrogen utilization effeciency for U-3,A-2,U-2 treatments in the first cropping season was 47.7-50.6%, 39.2 -45.7%, 37.0-38.8%, respectively.

Sixty-eight varieties of Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis were tested and screened for heat tolerance based on phenotype evaluation in field, and varieties with various heat tolerances were measured for their malondialdehyde content, relative leaf membrane permeability and proline content. The results showed the five tolerant varieties and five sensitive varieties selected were increased in malondialdehyde content, relative leaf membrane permeability and proline content under heat stress as time proceeded, but significant differences were found between the two groups of varieties. Therefore, malondialdehyde content, membrane permeability and proline content could be used as physiological indices for identification of heat tolerance in Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis.

The flap endonuclease 1 (FEN1) is a member of the structure-specific 5' nuclease superfamily, known for participating in Okazaki fragment maturation, DNA recombination, apoptotic DNA fragmentation and long-fragment base excision repair (LP-BER). FEN1 plays its role in various metabolic pathways to maintain genome stability in different species. Abnormal expression of FEN1 in vivo can lead to disorders in many biological processes, such as increased mutation rate of autoimmune deficiency, unstable microsatellite sequence, DNA degradation and so on, resulting in serious damage to the organisms. Therefore, the expression of FEN1 in vivo must be regulated strictly, accurately and promptly. Recent studies have shown that post-translational modification of FEN1 plays an important role in regulating its activity, cellular localization and functional stability. In this paper, the research progress on the regulation of FEN1 post-translational modification was summarized, showing the regulation and influence of post-translational modification of FEN1 on its function, providing a basis for further study on the procedural regulation of FEN1.

To discriminate the origin of the authentic medicinal material Atractylodes macrocephalae, this study used a stable isotope ratio mass spectrometer (EA-IRMS) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) to determine the stable isotope ratios of δ ¹³C, δ ¹⁵N, δ ²H, δ ¹⁸O and δ ³⁴S and the contents of 41 mineral elements of 168 species of A. macrocephala from 6 origins. The content of 41 mineral elements was combined with chemometrics to identify A. macrocephala from different areas. The results show that the linear discriminant analysis (LDA) can differentiate the 6 producing areas of Baizhu. A total of 7 different discriminant models have been established based on different variables, and their average deviation verification accuracy rates are: stable isotopes (88.17%), mineral elements (98.67%), constant mineral elements (41.83%), trace mineral elements (99.33%), stable isotope & mineral elements (100%), stable isotope & constant mineral elements (91.83%) and stable isotope & trace mineral elements (98.83%). Among them, δ ¹⁸O, δ ³⁴S, and Li Dy, Sm, Er and other rare earth elements are the main factors affecting the identification, which are mainly determined by the geographical location of the production area, climatic conditions and soil types. In summary, the methods based on stable isotopes, mineral elements and stoichiometry can discriminate the origin of A. macrocephala from different areas.

Freshness is an important indicator for judging the quality of aquatic products. Traditional methods for detecting freshness of aquatic products are cumbersome, time-consuming and laborious, thus establishing a fast and convenient detection method has important practical significance and academic value. Biosensors have been widely studied and applied to the detection of freshness of aquatic products in recent years due to their advantages of fastness, specificity and sensitivity. Based on a brief description of traditional and new freshness detection methods, this paper reviews the application and research progress of biosensors in the detection of aquatic products freshness, especially the latest developments in the enzyme immobilization carriers and nanosensors. This paper also outlines the current problems and trends in biosensor technology for the detection of freshness of aquatic products. The purpose of this paper is to provide a reference for the subsequent research of this kind of biosensor.

A pale yellow leaf 3(pyl3) mutant was isolated from the ⁶⁰Co-γ radiation mutagenized population of indica rice restorer Chuanhui907 (R907). To clarify the regulation mechanism of the pale yellow leaf phenotype in pyl3 mutant, phenotype identification, major agronomic traits and gene mapping analysis were performed in this study. The results showed that pyl3 mutant exhibited a pale yellow leaf phenotype from the seedling stage to mature stage. Chlorophyll and carotenoid contents were significantly reduced in pyl3 leaves at seedling stage and most agronomic traits including plant height, panicle length, grain number per panicle and seed setting rate of pyl3 were significantly decreased at mature stage. Genetic analysis indicated that the phenotype of the pyl3 mutant was controlled by a single recessive nuclear gene. The candidate gene was preliminarily mapped to a 3.2 Mb region between InDel markers M4 and M6 on chromosome 3 by using molecular marker linkage analysis. Further Bulked-Segregant Analysis (BSA) based whole genome resequencing and sanger sequencing analysis showed that a point mutation (C1034T) in the CHLI gene, which encoded the Mg-protoporphyrin Ⅸ chelatase Ⅰ subunit, resulted a substitution of Tyr by Cys at the 345^thposition of the encoding protein, suggesting that the CHLI ^pyl3gene in pyl3 mutant is a novel allele of the chl9/chli gene. Additionally, the qRT-PCR analysis showed that the expression levels of chlorophyll synthesis and photosynthesis related genes were altered in pyl3 mutant. This study provides a new genetic material and theoretical basis for further studying the molecular regulation mechanism in rice leaf color.