10 November 2021, Volume 35 Issue 11
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(11): 2441-2450. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.11.2441
In order to research the small RNA variation of damage effect in rice caused by the γ-ray irradiation, radiation doses of 0, 300 and 400 Gy were applied to the rice seeds of Gaogengnuo, a small transcriptome was sequenced by using Ilumina HiSeqTM 2500 with three leaf stage seedling of irradiated GaoGengNuo. Result showed that total of 7 395 578 small RNAs, including 254 known miRNAs and 26 novel miRNAs were identified in 0 (CK) group; 10 315 701 small RNAs, 265 known miRNAs and containing 269 novel miRNAs were identified in the 300 Gy (Gy3) group; 6 469 869 small RNAs, containing 261 known miRNAs and 29 novel miRNAs were indentified in 400 Gy (Gy4) group. By Go analysis, the corresponding genes of differentially expressed miRNAs in Gy4 vs CK group were classified into 58 terms of three main GO categories, with the largest proportion of regions performing molecular processes; the differentially expressed miRNAs in Gy3 vs Gy4 group were classified into 7 terms of “biological process” and “molecular function” two main GO categories, among which ion binding, transition metal ion binding and oxidoreductase activity were the three most GO terms. Through analyzing the most significant enrichment 20 pathways with REGG pathway analysis, the corresponding genes of differentially expressed miRNAs in Gy3 vs CK group were majorly involved in plant pathogen interaction pathway, and the most significant pathway was plant circadian rhythm pathways; In Gy4 vs CK group, the highest number of genes were enriched in metabolic pathway, and the most significant pathway were glycerol phospholipids metabolism and ether lipid metabolism; In Gy3 vs Gy4 group, the highest number of genes were enriched in glycerol phospholipid metabolism, ribosome biogenesis in eukaryotes and endocytosis, and the most significant enrichment was ether lipid metabolism. By analyzing the variations of RNA level, it provides a new pathway to study the damage effect of rice seedling by irradiation.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(11): 2451-2462. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.11.2451
Discovery of thermosensitive rice leaf-color mutant genes can enrich rice genetic resources and providing materials for studying the mechanism of the chloroplast development regulated by low-temperature. In the present study, a new green revertible white-stripe mutant, wsl887, was isolated from Qiao-gang Pearl Rice, a local rice germplasm in Guizhou, by 60Co irradiation. Results showed that wsl887 displayed a white-stripe phenotype at seedling stage in the field. However, the main agronomic traits at maturation stage, didn't show significant differences from that of the wild type. When grown at 20℃ and 25℃, wsl887 displayed albino and white-stripe leaves, respectively, with significantly decreased photosynthetic pigment when compared with the wild type. Interestingly, when grown at 30℃, leaf color and photosynthetic pigment content of ws1887 showed no significant difference with those of the wild type. Transmission electron microscopy observation revealed that, wsl887 had no or deformed chloroplasts in mesophyll cells of the albino leaves at 20℃, but had the same number and normal morphology of chloroplasts at 30℃. The qRT-PCR results indicated that genes related to photosynthetic pigment metabolic pathway, photosynthesis and mitochondrial electron transport were differentially expressed in wsl887 at different temperature (20℃ and 30℃), when compared with those in the wild type. Genetic analysis demonstrated that the phenotype of wsl887 was controlled by a single recessive nuclear gene. Finally, WSL887 was located between SSR markers RM262 and RM5427 on chromosome 2, with a physical distance of 743.6 kb. By analyzing the genes located in the candidate region, wsl887 is a new thermosensitive leaf color mutant, which has great application value in hybrid rice due to its mutation without compromising the yield of the plant and the main agronomic traits under natural conditions. Under different temperature conditions, the expression of the genes in cytoplasm was significantly reduced in wsl887. Taken together, we hypothesized that the WSL887 could be the key gene responsible for the development of chloroplast in cytoplasm. This study laid a solid foundation for further cloning the wsl887 mutant gene and studying the gene function.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(11): 2463-2469. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.11.2463
In order to explore the effect of colchicine on chromosome polyploidization of Phalaenopsis, protocorms of Phalaenopsis H-03 (2n=2x=38) were used as the materials to induce polyploid by colchicine with mixed culture in this study. Colchicine concentrations in the medium were 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.2%, and the duration of co-culture was 5, 10, and 15 d respectively. The results showed that the most efficient condition for inducing mutation was treated with 0.05% colchicine for 15 d, which resulted in about 30.00% surviving plants and 50.00% mutated plants. The results measured by flow cytometry and root-tip squash indicated that a large number of chimeras among mutants after treatment. Compared with the control plant, the mutants showed dwarfed, with dark green, rough surface, broad leaves, short or round leaves. Some mutant plants also had abnormal and twisted leaves. The observation of stomata showed that the shape of stomata were rounder,the number of stomata per unit area decreased and the size of stomata are larger in mutants than that in the control, and the length and width of the stomata of mutants were increased by 76.45% and 38.99%, respectively. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for breeding new varieties of Phalaenopsis.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(11): 2470-2481. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.11.2470
In order to cultivate high-quality bulblet of Fritillaria thunbergii, the changes of starch and sucrose during bulb development were determined by anthrone method, High Performance Liquid Chromatography(HPLC) and kit method, and the key enzyme genes involved in sucrose metabolism were cloned by homologous cloning and rapid amplification of cDNA ends(RACE). Using real time quantitative PCR(qPCR) were used to detect the expression of each gene and correlation analyses were performed. The results showed that the starch content in bulb reached the maximum at the mature stage, the soluble sugar and sucrose content were the highest at the early and late stage of bulb development, the expression levels of AGP2, AGP3, GBSS and SSS were the highest in bulb, and the expression level of AGP1 was the highest in root. The expressions of five genes were significantly correlated with starch content(correlation coefficients were 0.826, 0.930, 0.839, 0.582 and 0.561, respectively). SS was expressed mainly in the bulb and the SPS gene was in the leaf. The expressions of both genes were significantly correlated with sucrose content(correlation coefficient was 0.575 and 0.536). This study laid a foundation for functional verification of genes participated starch and sucrose metabolism, and for molecular breeding and molecular regulation of bulb development in F. thunbergii.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(11): 2482-2492. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.11.2482
Orange (Or) protein plays an important role in the biosynthesis and accumulation of carotenoids in plants. Three Or genes were identified across the whole carrot genome. To analyze the relationship between these three Or genes and carotenoids biosynthesis, the three Or genes were cloned with the orange carrot Kurodagosun and analyzed by bioinformatics and qRT-PCR. Sequence analysis showed that the ORFs of DcOr1, DcOr2, and DcOr3 were 933 bp, 858 bp, and 939 bp in length, respectively, encode 310, 285, and 312 amino acids, respectively. The predicted amino acid sequence of each Or contains 4 highly conserved cysteine-rich regions. DcOr1 and DcOr3 are both composed of 8 exons and 7 introns, while DcOr2 is composed of 7 exons and 6 introns. The phylogenetic tree analysis suggested that DcOr1 and DcOr2 showed the closest evolutionary relationship with each other, and DcOr3 showed the closest evolutionary relationship with Or protein (XP_031112030.1) from Ipomoea triloba. qRT-PCR results indicated that the three DcOr genes were expressed in carrot roots at 30 d, 60 d, 90 d, and 120 d. DcOr2 and DcOr3 showed the lowest and the highest relative expression levels at all stages, respectively, whereas DcOr3 showed the highest transcript levels at 90-day-old stage. And the trend of relative expression of DcOr3 is close to that of DcPSY1 and DcPSY2. It was speculated that DcOr3 was involved in carotenoid biosynthesis. This study provides a theoretical basis for exploring the mechanism of carotenoid biosynthesis during the growth and development of carrot.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(11): 2493-2500. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.11.2493
Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) seriously threatens the production of Solanaceae vegetable crops. Resistance markers Ty-1 and Ty-3 are a pair of allele genes, which are widely used in tomato breeding for TYLCV resistance. In order to explore the antiviral molecular mechanism of Ty-1/Ty-3, tomato ‘Y19’ with the Ty-1/Ty-3 resistance marker was used as the material, the key genes SlDCL2a/b/c/d (SlDCL2) and SlDCL4 involved in RNA interference (RNAi) were silenced by virus induced gene silencing (VIGS) technology, and their function in resistance of Ty-1/Ty-3 to TYLCV was study. The targeted fragments of SlDCL2 and SlDCL4 were amplified and sequenced, results showed that the silencing vector, pTRV2∶SlDCL2 and pTRV2∶SlDCL4 were constructed successfully. The silencing of tomato PDS (SlPDS) gene was used as a marker for successful silencing in plant, and the silencing efficiency of the SlDCL2 or SlDCL4 genes in the SlDCL2 or SlDCL4 silencing lines was detected by quantitative PCR (qPCR). The results showed that the expressions of corresponding gene in the SlDCL2 and SlDCL4 silencing lines were 50% less than that in the control plants, which indicated that SlDCL2 and SlDCL4 silencing vectors can indeed reduce the expression of corresponding genes. SlDCL2-silenced and SlDCL4-silenced plants were inoculated with TYLCV respectively. The results showed that the ‘Y9’ material had obvious symptoms of TYLCV, the disease severity of SlDCL2- and SlDCL4- silenced plants were 1.97±1.01, 2.35±0.75 respectively, significantly higher than that of the plants transformed with empty vector (0.14±0.24) and no vector (0.07±0.19). This result indicates that SlDCL2 and SlDCL4 play important roles in the resistance of Ty-1/Ty-3 to TYLCV, which laid a foundation for tomato breeding with resistance marker genes of Ty-1/3.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(11): 2501-2511. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.11.2501
Plant fructan, one of the most important soluble carbohydrate for plant defense against abiotic stress. In order to investigate the function and expression patterns of As-1-SST gene which encodes sucrose: sucrose 1-fructosyltransferase(1-SST) in garlic, the full length of As-1-SST gene was cloned from garlic cultivar Ledu purple skin garlic by original TA cloning kit. Bioinformatics tools including BLAST, DNAMAN, ProtParam, SWISS-MODEL, and MEGA were used to analyze the sequence information, and quantitative real-time PCR(qRT-PCR) was performed to detect the expression levels of As-1-SST gene in garlic roots, pseudostems, leaves, and scale buds and its response to low temperature and drought stress. The length of As-1-SST gene was 1 872 bp, which encoded 623 amino acids. The predicted molecular mass was 69.76 kDa, and the pI was 5.19. The subcellular localization of predicted As-1-SST protein was within the vacuoles. As-1-SST is an unstable hydrophilic protein, which can be classified into glycoside hydrolase 32 (GH32) family. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that garlic As-1-SST is close to onion 1-SST in Liliaceae. qRT-PCR analysis demonstrated that the expression of As-1-SST in roots was the highest, followed by pseudostems, the lower was in scale buds and leaves, showed obvious tissue specificity. The response of As-1-SST in different tissues to low temperature and drought stress was significantly different. Low temperature stress significantly induced the expression of As-1-SST in roots, pseudostems, and leaves, while drought stress only significantly increased the expression of As-1-SST in scale buds, which indicated that the response mechanism of As-1-SST in garlic tissues to stress signals was different. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for further studies on the biology function and expression mechanism of garlic defensins.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(11): 2512-2520. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.11.2512
In order to clarify the relationship between the SiPSY and the formation of millet color, the full-length cDNA sequence of SiPSY1 gene was cloned from two foxtail millet varieties with colors of yellow and white, and bioinformatics analysis was performed. Meanwhile, the expression pattern of SiPSY1 was detected by real-time qPCR. The results showed that the full length of CDS of SiPSY1 gene was 1 248 bp, encoding 415 amino acids. The theoretical molecular weight of SiPSY1 protein was 46.866 kDa, the isoelectric point was 8.97, and the protein was an unstable hydrophilic protein. The secondary structure of the protein was composed of α-helix (57.35%), random coil (29.64%), extended strand (9.88%) and β-turn (3.13%). The SiPSY1 protein had high homology with maize ZmPSY1, and their genetic relationship was close. The expression level of SiPSY1 in the varieties with yellow millet color was significantly higher than that in white millet varieties in the early and middle stages of millet color formation, while in the late stage of millet color formation, the expression level of SiPSY1 in white millet varieties was increased significantly, higher than that in varieties with yellow millet color. With the formation of millet color, the expression of SiPSY1 gene in yellow millet varieties Qiyuehuang showed a trend of increasing first and then decreasing, while gradually increasing in white varieties. Through the analysis of the structure and expression pattern of SiPSY1 gene, it was preliminarily speculated that the difference and formation of millet color were not related to the structure of SiPSY1 gene, but had a certain correlation with the expression patterns of the gene. The results laid a foundation for further elucidating the function of SiPSY1 and the molecular mechanism of millet color formation.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(11): 2521-2527. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.11.2521
In order to find out the pathogenic population structure and the quantity of maize Fusarium stalk rot in Gansu province, maize stalk rot sample of 42 were collected from 10 cities (states) in 2015 and 2017. Based on the morphological characteristics and EF-1 (TEF) gene sequencing, a total of 10 Fusarium species were isolated and identified, including F. graminearum species complex (FGSC, 59.3%), F. verticillioides(11.5%), F. equiseti(10.3%), F. subglutinans(5.9%), F. proliferatum(4.7%), F. incarnatum(4.0%), F. tricinctum(1.9%), F. temperatum(1.2%), F. acuminatum(0.8%), and F. oxysporum(0.4%). Among them, F. tricinctum and F. acuminatum were discovered as new pathogens of maize stalk rot for the first time at home and abroad. In addition, F. graminearum species complex, F. verticillioides, F. equiseti and F. subglutinans are distributed in the 4 major ecological regions of Gansu province (Longnan region, Longdong region, Longzhong region and Hexi corridor), and the other species were only distributed in 1~3 ecological regions. Species identifications of 150 FGSC with specific primers of Fusarium detected two populations of F. boothii and F. graminearum, the ratio was 2.75∶1. The pathogenicity test carried out with maize variety Ganyu No.301 according to Koch's rule confirmed that 10 species of Fusarium could cause maize stalk rot. This study provides a scientific basis for the comprehensive prevention and control of maize stalk rot.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(11): 2528-2534. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.11.2528
In order to explore the effects of endophytic fungus GG22 inducer of Rehmannia glutinosa on the growth of hairy roots and the synthesis of secondary metabolites such as total iridoid glycosides and acteoside of R. glutinosa, the induction effect of co-culture of hairy root of R. glutinosa with different concentrations of elicitor for different time was preliminarily studied. In this experiment, the inducer solution of endophytic fungus GG22 of R. glutinosa was prepared and added into the liquid culture medium of hairy roots which had been cultured for 23 days, the total sugar concentration in the co-culture medium was 0, 10, 30, 50 and 100 mg·L-1 respectively. After co-culture for 0, 3, 5, 8 and 11 days, the fresh weight, dry weight, total iridoid glycoside and verbascoside content of hairy roots of R. glutinosa were determined respectively. The results showed that the fresh weight, dry weight, total iridoid glycoside and verbascoside content of hairy roots in the experimental group were higher than those in the blank control group. And with the comprehensive score analyzed by the coefficient of variation weight method, the most suitable induction condition is that co-cuture for 11 d with 50 mg·L-1 elicitor. Therefore, it can be speculated that the elicitor of endophytic fungus GG22 of R. glutinosa can promote the growth of hairy roots of R. glutinosa and increase the content of its secondary metabolites under certain induction concentration and culture days.This study would provide a basis for further study on the molecular mechanism of the inducer of endophytic fungus GG22 promoting the accumulation of secondary metabolites of R. glutinosa.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(11): 2535-2541. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.11.2535
Integrin β3 is a member of integrin superfamily, which plays an important role in early embryo development and embryo attachment. In order to explore the expression of integrin β3 in different parts of fallopian tubes at different stages of yak reproductive cycle, the fallopian tubes tissues of female yaks at different stages of reproductive cycle (follicular, luteal and pregnancy phase) were collected and divided into nine groups according to isthmus, ampullary and infundibulum. The expression levels of integrin β3 gene and protein in different parts of fallopian tubes at different stages of reproductive cycle were detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR(qRT-PCR) and Western-blotting (WB), and integrin β3 was localized by immunohistochemistry. The results of qRT-PCR and WB showed that the expression of integrin β3 in isthmus was significantly higher than that in ampullary and infundibulum at different stages of reproductive cycle. In isthmus, the expression of integrin β3 was the highest in pregnancy phase and the lowest in luteal phase. In ampullary and infundibulum, the expression of integrin β3 was the highest in follicular phase. Immunohistochemical results showed that integrin β3 was mainly distributed in muscularis, serous gland, basal cells, secretory cells and ciliated cells of mucous epithelium of yak fallopian tubes. In conclusion, integrin β3 is expressed in different parts of fallopian tubes at different stages of yak reproductive cycle, and there are differences in its expression. It is speculated that integrin β3 plays an important role in yak fertilization and early embryo development, which provides a theoretical basis for further exploring the role of integrin β3 in yak reproductive breeding.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(11): 2542-2549. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.11.2542
In order to explore the effects of stable isotope in greenhouse muskmelon with different pollination methods and development stages, four stable isotope ratios (δ13C, δ 15N, δ 18O and δ 2H) by the elemental analyzer isotope ratio mass spectrometry (EA-IRMS) were analyzed in greenhouse muskmelon during the different development stages, and the differences of stable isotope ratio in greenhouse muskmelon with different pollination methods(by forchlorfenuron and Apis cerana cerana) were studied using one-way ANOVA. The results showed that the isotopic fractionation effect can result in the differences of stable isotope ratios in greenhouse muskmelon during the development stages. The δ 13C, δ 15N and δ 18O values of greenhouse muskmelon were considerably stable with minor variation and no significant difference between two pollination methods during the development stages of muskmelon. However, at the development stage of 30th day, there was significant difference in δ 2H values between the muskmelons pollinated by forchlorfenuron and A. cerana cerana, -43.63‰ and -53.50‰, respectively (P<0.05). This study preliminarily revealed the fractionation of stable isotopes in muskmelon development with different pollination methods, and δ 2H value was an identifiable indicator to trace the pollination methods of muskmelon, which is of great significance to enrich the stable isotope tracing system for greenhouse muskmelon.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(11): 2550-2558. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.11.2550
In order to investigate the effects of flavonoids in bamboo leaves combined with electron beam treatment on the formation of flavor components in dry-cured eel, the sensory quality and flavor components in dry-cured eel produced with traditional craftsmanship, factory process, and treated with flavonoids of bamboo leaves combined electron beam irradiation treatment dry-cured eels were compared. The results showed that the sensory evaluation of dry-cured eel after treatment with 0.25% of bamboo leave flavonoids combined with 6 kGy (0.25% AOB+6 kGy) electron beam irradiation was similar to that of traditional processing methods in terms of smell, taste, tissue state, color and texture. The volatile compounds of dry-cured eel were mainly hydrocarbons, aldehydes and alcohols. Compounds like 1-penten-3-ol, 2,7-octadien-1-ol, nonanal, valeraldehyde, and decanal madde important contributions to the overall flavor formation of dry-cured eel. The addition of low-dose of bamboo leave flavonoids inhibited the oxidation of dry-cured eel fat, and almost had no effects on the flavor of dry-cured eel. To a certain extent, electron beam irradiation increased the content of various compounds in the eel bream, and the greater the irradiation dose, the more the compound content would increase. Therefore, 0.25% of bamboo leave flavonoids combined with 6 kGy electron beam irradiation treatment for dry-cured eel was suitable for eel, which can make the flavor of dry-cured eel similar to the traditional processing method. The results provide a reference for the new process of making eel scallops.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(11): 2559-2568. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.11.2559
In order to obtain the reliable ripening process parameters of Xuxiang kiwifruit, the effects of exogenous ethylene concentration, treatment time and storage temperature were investigated. With the exogenous ethylene concentration, treatment time and storage temperature as the factors, and a response surface was carried out with fruit fireness, soluble solids, Vc, etc of Xuxiang kiwifruit. Principal component analysis was used to extract the characteristic indexes among the 6 response values, analyze and establish the quadratic regression model and optimization parameters of the characteristic indexes by the response surface method. The optimum process parameters are obtained and verified by optimizing the characteristic indexes using the genetic algorithm in Matlab and comparing with the response surface optimization results. The results showed that the cumulative contribution rate of fireness and phenol content in the principal component analysis result is 63.861%, which can be used as a characteristic index to reflect the quality of kiwifruit after ripening; as the characteristic indexes reflecting the quality of kiwifruit after ripening. The optimized process parameters obtained after response surface analysis are 3.34 g·10kg-1 of ethylene, processing time of 27.72 h, and storage temperature of 4.21℃. The process parameters obtained by genetic algorithm for multi-objective optimization are: ethylene 3.36 g·10kg-1, processing time of 27.68 h, The storage temperature is 4.38℃, and the optimized results of the two are relatively consistent. In summary, the optimization process is feasible, firmness and total phenol combined with Vc can better evaluate the comprehensive quality of ethylene ripening Xuxiang kiwifruit. The optimum technological parameters were ethylene concentration of 3 g·10kg-1, treatment temperature of 25℃, treatment time of 28℃, storage temperature of 4℃. It was verified with these parameters, the post-ripening time of Xuxiang kiwifruit was shortened to about 5 days, which was shorter than control group. The optimized parameters can provide a certain reference for meeting the market demand of kiwifruit and maintaining the ripening quality of the fruit.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(11): 2569-2577. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.11.2569
In order to improve the comprehensive utilization of navodon septentrionalis skin, and develop high value-added products, DPPH scavenging rate and hydrolysis degree (DH) were used as the evaluation indexes to investigate the optimum enzymatic hydrolysis conditions of collagen from the skin of navodon septentrionalis. The collagen antionxidant peptides were purified by ultrafiltration and gel filtration chromatography, and Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-MS) was used to analyze the structure. In addition, we also investigated the effect of pH, temperature and gastrointestinal-digestion on the antionxidant peptides. The results revealed that high-activity antioxidant peptide could be obtained using the two-step enzymatic hydrolysis. The optimal enzymatic hydrolysis conditions were substrate concentration of 3%, enzyme dosage of 3 600 U·g-1, hydrolysis temperature of 50℃, hydrolysis with the proteasea A “Amano”2G for 3 hours, and further hydrolyzed for 2 hours with acid protease. Under hydrolysis prosess, the ·DPPH scavenging IC50 value of the hydrolysate was 13.03 mg·mL -1. The A1 fraction with high antioxidant activity was obtained by ultrafiltration and gel filtration chromatography, the ·DPPH scavenging IC50 value of which was 1.8 mg·mL -1. The stability study showed that the prepared collagen antioxidant peptide exhibit sound thermal stability, which could maintain high activity under the acidic condition, as well as good stability in in vitro system by simulating gastrointestinal digestion. UPLC-MS analysis speculated that the amino acid sequence of A1 might be Gly-Glu-Gly-Ala-Cys-Asn or Asn-Glu-Gly-Ala-Cys-Gly. The results provide a theoretical basis for the high-value utilization of skin of navodon septentrionalis and the screening of high-activity antioxidant peptides
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(11): 2578-2588. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.11.2578
In order to comprehensively evaluate the nutritional quality of Torreya grandis, 32 samples of Torreya grandis seeds from 8 different areas in Zhejiang Province were taken as the research objects. The differences and correlations of 38 nutritional indexes including macronutrients, mineral elements and vitamin E were analyzed, and the fuzzy mathematics comprehensive evaluation model was established to evaluate its nutritional quality. The results showed that: there were some differences in the nutritional quality of Torreya grandis in different regions. The coefficient of variation of soluble sugar and starch in macronutrients was relatively large, and the coefficient of variation of Na in micronutrients was the largest. The results of correlation analysis showed that there was a strong negative correlation between fat and proteins, as well as between starchs. And a strong positive correlation between most amino acids. Linoleic acid and ginaric acid, stearic acid and oleic acid had a strong positive correlation within the group, respectively, and a strong negative correlation between the groups. The results of fuzzy mathematics comprehensive evaluation showed that Pan'an County, Dongyang City and Zhuji City had higher macro nutrient index scores; samples Keqiao District, Shengzhou City and Songyang County had higher micronutrient index scores, and the overall comprehensive score was between 0.403 and 0.528. The results provide a basis for the evaluation of nutritional quality and product classification of Torreya grandis.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(11): 2589-2597. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.11.2589
In order to explore the effects of bound polyphenols in Psidium guajava on fut microbiota in mice, CD-1 mice were divided into three groups, the blank group, the high concentration group (500 mg·kg -1) and the low concentration group (100 mg·kg-1). At the end of the fifth week of gavage, the gene hypervariable V3-V4 of 16S rRNA in the gut microbiota was amplified after sterile feces collection. The alpha and beta-diversity, the species composition of the gut microbiota at the phylum and genus levels were detected by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing technology. The results showed that compared to the blank group, the microbial diversity and richness in low concentration group were improved significantly (P<0.05). Bacteroides, Firmicutes, and Verrucomicrobia were the dominated gut microbiota in mice at the phylum level. At the genus level, both high and low concentrations groups could decrease the relative abundance of Bacteroides. Low concentration group could enhance the abundance of Lactobacillus, and a substantial increase of the proportion of Akkermansia was observed in high concentration group. In summary, bound polyphenols in Psidium guajava could increase diversity and richness of gut microbiota in mice, which could improve the relative abundance of probiotics, while decrease that of harmful bacteria. The results of this study would provide theoretical reference for the activity research and practical application of bound polyphenols in Psidium guajava.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(11): 2598-2605. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.11.2598
To study the speciation and content of chromium in seaweeds, we investigated and optimized the conditions of complexing agent type and concentration, mobile phase type and concentration, pH, temperature and extraction method of total soluble Cr for the separation of Cr(Ⅲ) and Cr(Ⅵ) using IonPac CG5A (4 mm×50 mm) cation-exchange column, Cr(Ⅲ) and Cr(Ⅵ) were further analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-ICP-MS). The total Cr and total bound Cr and total soluble Cr in seaweeds were measured by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). The results showed that the optimized conditions for simultaneous detection of Cr (Ⅲ) and Cr (Ⅵ) in seaweeds could be achieved by ultrasonic extraction of seaweeds at 40℃ for 10 min with 5 mmol·L-12,6-Pyrinedicarboxylic acid (PDCA) ammonium nitrate solution (pH=7.0) as complexing agent, and separated by 50 mmol·L-1 ammonium nitrate solution was used as the mobile phase. It was a simple method with high sensitivity and accuracy. In addition, the bound Cr was the majority speciation of chromium in seaweeds, comparing to the soluble Cr in lower content which was occupied by Cr (Ⅲ). In this experiment, the methods for simultaneous analysis of Cr (Ⅲ) and Cr (Ⅵ) with parallel Cr species analysis in seaweeds were established, and the content of Cr in various speciation were detected. These results would provide detection method and data support for the formulation of relevant standards.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(11): 2606-2615. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.11.2606
In order to study the effects of composted sewage sludge on nutrients and fertility of acid sandy soil, and to explore the risk of nutrient accumulation after sludge application, a pot experiment was carried out to study the changes of nutrients and fertility of acidic sand soil under wheat maize rotation for two years by applying different amounts of composted sewage sludge, and organic index (OI) and single factor standard index (Si) were used to evaluate the accumulation risk of soil organic carbon (OC), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP), respectively. The results showed that the pH value, organic matter, total nitrogen, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, total phosphorus, available phosphorus, available potassium and soil integrated fertility index (IFI) of acidic sandy soil increased with the increase of sludge application rate for two consecutive years. The soil organic index (OI) level of acidic sandy soils was Grade Ⅰ clean type after two consecutive years of sludge application, thus the leaching risk of organic carbon caused by sludge addition was lower. The single factor standard index (Si) of total nitrogen was also Grade Ⅰ clean, while the single factor standard index (Si) of total phosphorus reached GradeⅡcleaner of sludge application rate was 37.50 t·hm-2in wheat and maize seasons in 2017. Therefore, compared with nitrogen, sludge application increased the risk of phosphorus leaching from sandy soil. It can be seen that the application of sludge in acidic sandy soil is beneficial to improve its nutrients and soil fertility. On the other hand, attention should be paid to the increased risk of nutrient accumulation caused by excessive continuous application of sludge. So above results of this study provides a basis for the rational application of sludge in acid sandy soil.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(11): 2616-2625. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.11.2616
In order to explore the effects of optimal management on tillering quality and yield of two spike-type wheat cultivars in Sichuan hilly dryland, the multiple-spike cultivar of Chuannong-16 and the large-spike cultivar of Chuanmai-104 were used in this study. The present study aimed to investigate the optimal management of tiller quality and yield formation in a dryland farming system. During 2017—2019, the optimal management included straw mulching, dried pig manure and early sowing at appropriate periods were integrated, and the local conventional management (CM) was set as the control. The management practice was set as the main plot, and cultivar with contrasting tiller capability as a subplot. The results showed that the emerging rate of effective tillers was increased by 65.7% under the optimal management, and the period of effective tillering was shortened by 1.6 d compared with CM. The tiller emerging rate at 1st (T1) and 2nd (T2) positions were 8.0 and 27.4 percentage points higher than that of CM, respectively. The leaf age of the first and second tillers at jointing reached 4.1 and 3.1, respectively. The nonstructural carbohydrates and N% at jointing stage were improved under optimal management, and the NSC content in flowering stage was also 1.0~3.4 percentage points higher than that of CM. Compared with CM, the optimal management improved dry matter accumulation of main stem by 39.8%, 12.7% and 9.9% at jointing, flowering and maturating stages, respectively. The dry matter accumulation of tillers was increased by 99.2%, 35.3% and 37.1%, respectively, the biomass of tillers accounts for above-ground plant biomass was increased by 6.2 percentage points compared with CM, and the HI increased from 0.40 to 0.45. Path analysis showed that effective panicle was the key factor limiting the yield of two spike types of wheat, the effective panicle and yield of Chuanmai-104 were increased by 11.0% to 18.4% and 13.5% to 30.5%, respectively, while those of Chuannong-16 were 4.5% to 8.7% and 22.2% to 23.7%, respectively. This study suggested that the optimal management of early sowing under the conditon of straw mulch combined with dry pig manure in the autumn slack season improved plant nitrogen nutrition, promoted photosynthetic production, and reduced the asymmetric competition between main stem and tillers, thus improved tillering quality and yield in a dry hilly farming system. The optimal management combined with large spike cultivar improved is a green high-yield management model for the hilly dryland.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(11): 2626-2633. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.11.2626
In order to clarify the effect of combined application of lime, green manure and biological organic fertilizers with different pH on acidic tobacco-planting soil, a pot experiment was conducted to study the effects of lime (T1), lime + green manure (T2), acidic bio-organic fertilizer + lime + green manure (T3) and alkaline bio-organic fertilizer + lime + green manure (T4) on pH of acid soil, growth of flue-cured tobacco, accumulation and distribution of dry matter,nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. The results showed that applying different soil modification materials combinations on acidic tobacco-growing soil can increase soil pH by 0.79 to 1.12, improve the agronomic characteristics of flue-cured tobacco, promote the growth of flue-cured tobacco roots, increase the SPAD value of tobacco leaves by 0.42 to 2.76 and increase the dry matter accumulation of tobacco plants by 18.05% to 61.42%. Except for T3, the total nitrogen accumulation of tobacco plants increased by 1.42% to 14.07%, the total phosphorus accumulation increased by 29.76% to 98.08%, the total potassium accumulation increased by 22.48% to 105.47%, and these combinations could promote the distribution of dry matter and potassium to tobacco leaves. Compared with other treatments, the combined application of lime and green manure with alkaline bio-organic fertilizer(T4) was more conducive to increase the pH of acidic soil, the accumulation of dry matter, and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium of flue-cured tobacco, while the combination of lime and green manure with acidic organic fertilizer(T3) was more conducive to increase the amount of flue-cured tobacco root coefficient and promote the distribution of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium to tobacco leaves. This study shows that the combined application of lime, green manure and bio-organic fertilizer can improve acid soil. Among them, the combination of lime, green manure and alkaline bio-organic fertilizer is the best, followed by the combination of lime, green manure and acidic bio-organic fertilizer. The study provides theoretical basis for improving acidic tobacco-planting soils in the west of Hunan Province.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(11): 2634-2644. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.11.2634
In order to explore the effects of low temperature stress on the physiological characteristics of different late rice varieties at the heading and floweringstage, two cold tolerant varieties Yueyou27 and Changjing225 and two cold sensitive varieties Taifengyou 208 and Huanghuazhan were used as experimental materials in this study.They were subjected to low temperature treatment in an artificial climate chamber during the heading and flowering stages, and natural growth was used as control. The activities of antioxidant enzymes, panicle characters and rice quality were analyzed. The results showed that the pollen activity of all late rice varieties decreased, antioxidant enzyme activity, MDA content and SP content increased to varying degrees, SOD and SP content increased at first and then decreased, while the CAT activity decreased first and then increased, seed setting rate and 1000-grain weight decreased. Low temperature stress also affected rice quality and rice RVA value. Specifically, the milled rice percentage decreased, while the chalky grain percentage, chalky degree and gel consistency increased with the prolongation of low temperature treatment time while the contents of amylose and crude protein increased first and then decreased. The peak viscosity and disintegration value decreased gradually, while the viscosity, recovery value and reduction value of cold adhesive increased gradually. Compared with the cold-sensitive varieties Taifengyou 208 and Huanghuazhan, the cold-tolerant varieties Yueyou 27 and Changjing 225 had higher antioxidant enzyme activity and soluble protein content, but MDA content was lower. The seed setting rate and 1 000-grain weight decreased slightly, while the pollen activity decreased slightly. Among them, Changjing 225 had the smallest decrease of 4.38% on the fifth day. The milled rice percentage, chalky grain percentage, gel consistency, amylose content and protein content of rice quality changed slightly, while the chalky degree increased significantly. However, peak viscosity decreased in RVA spectrum; hot plasma viscosity reaction was slower; cold plasma viscosity and consistency viscosity reached the maximum first; break down viscosity and setback viscosity changed less. The above results showed that Yueyou 27 and Changjing 225 exhibited stronger tolerance to low temperature stress at the heading and flowering stages compared with Taifengyou 208 and Huanghuazhan. The results could provide a theoretical reference for the breeding and cultivation of low-temperature-resistant double season late rice at the heading and flowering stages.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(11): 2645-2654. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.11.2645
To investigate the nutrient absorption and utilization of vegetable cultivation under functional bacterial compound fertilizer and reducing application, field plot experiments were conducted using the cultivation systems of open field and greenhouse to explore the effects of different fertilization treatments on the accumulation, nutrient absorption and fertilizer utilization efficiency of head cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.var.capitata L.). The results showed that under different planting systems, fertilization treatment had a significant or extremely significant effect on dry matter accumulation and nutrient absorption rate of N, P and K at the late growth stage of head cabbage, and N, P and K accumulation and fertilizer utilization rate at harvest time (P<0.05 or 0.01). Compared with conventional fertilization, the application of functional bacterial compound fertilizer in open field and greenhouse increased the dry matter accumulation of head cabbage at harvesting time by 2.4% to 5.7% and 4.9% to 10.8%, respectively, and increased N utilization efficiency by 10.8 to 35.4 percent (open field) and 9.4 to 57.6 percent (greenhouse), respectively. The 25%-reduction in functional bacterial compound fertilizer increased N uptake of head cabbage by 2.6% to 2.7% (open field) and 4.4% to 10.8% (greenhouse), P uptake by 1.6% to 1.9% (open field) and 7.0% to 8.2% (greenhouse), K uptake by 1.5% to 2.3% (open field) and 0.9% to 2.0% (greenhouse), respectively. The changes of N and K (open field) absorption rate of head cabbage at different growth stages ranked Heading stage - Harvesting time > Rosette stage - Heading stage > Seedling stage - Rosette stage, while Rosette stage - Heading stage > Heading stage - Harvesting time > Seedling stage - Rosette stage for P and K (greenhouse) absorption rate. To a certain extent, the application of functional bacteria compound fertilizer can effectively increase the N, P and K absorption rate and nutrient accumulation of head cabbage under different planting systems, and thus improve fertilizer utilization efficiency of vegetables. Generally, the application of functional bacterial fertilizers with different distribution ratios of nutrients can effectively improve the material accumulation, nutrient absorption and fertilizer utilization of head cabbage under different planting systems, and its effect can be further increased by appropriate reducing application. Thus, the application of bacterial fertilizer should be rationally selected and applied depending on different soil fertility, crop fertilizer requirement characteristics and cultivation management mode.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(11): 2655-2663. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.11.2655
In order to explore the effects of delayed harvesting practice on the physiological indexes and metabolomics of upper leaves of Yuzhong flue-cured tobacco, Zhongyan 100 was used as experimental material to study the effects of delayed harvesting practice on antioxidant indexes, key enzyme activities of nitrogen metabolism, reducing sugar content and metabolomics of upper leaves. Results showed that with the extension of delayed harvesting time, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) in the antioxidant system of tobacco leaves were decreased gradually, while the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and proline (Pro) were increased compared with the normal harvesting way. Compared with conventional harvesting method, the content of reducing sugar in upper tobacco leaves reached the highest level when the harvesting was delayed for 8 days, which increased by 97.10%. The activities of nitrate reductase (NR) and glutamine synthase (GS), the key enzymes in nitrogen metabolism, decreased gradually with the prolongation of harvesting time, and reached the lowest level after 16 days’ delaying. The time series analysis (STEM) of metabolites from upper tobacco leaves under different treatments showed that the metabolites which had the similar expression patterns were clustered into one group. In addition, KEGG analysis showed that with the prolongation of harvest period, the metabolites which mainly enriched in the biosynthesis of terpenoids and steroids, the metabolism of D-glutamine and D-glutamate, the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids and the biosynthesis of tropane, piperidine and pyridine alkaloids were continuously down-regulated during the whole process. The metabolites which enriched in starch and sucrose metabolic pathways, tyrosine metabolism, plant hormone biosynthesis and other metabolic pathways were down-regulated when delayed for 8 days. In conclusion, in Yuzhong area the best harvesting time for the upper tobacco leaves is 8 days’ delay. This study provides an important theoretical basis for determining the suitable harvesting time of fluc-cured tobacco upper stalk leaves and guiding the field harvest scientifically in Yuzhong area.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(11): 2664-2673. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.11.2664
In order to screen the suitable types of degradable mulching film for potato growth and yield increase under the rainwater harvesting system in the northwestern dry farming area, a 2-year field experiment was conducted in 2015-2016 to determine the effect of degradable mulching films, the biodegradable film mulch (DS), hemp fiber film mulch (DM) and liquid film mulch (DY) on degradation characteristics, soil water and heat effects, potato growth and yield. The flat cropping without mulching was used as a control check (CK). The results showed that the degradation loss rate of different degradable films mulch during the two-year study period followed the order of DY>DM>DS. The DY treatment was completely degraded, and the average degradation loss rate with the DM and DS treatments reached 72.3% and 38.3%. The order of average soil water storage with all treatments during the two-year growth period was DS>DM>DY≈CK. The DM and DS treatments significantly increased the soil water storage in 0 to 160 cm layer at the critical growth period (70 d after sowing), by 29.0% and 15.6% in 2015, and by 17.8% and 11.6% in 2016, respectively, compared with CK. There was no significant difference between DY and CK treatments. The soil temperature preservation effect with DY treatment was significant after sowing 30 to 50 d, and the soil warming effect with DM treatment was particularly significant after sowing 0 to 70 d. However, no significant soil warming effect was found among the degradable film mulching treatments after sowing 110 d. Through the Pearson correlation analysis of soil water, temperature and potato total yield, it was found that soil water and temperature after sowing 30 d are critical to total yield formation of potato, while the soil moisture is higher than soil temperature after sowing 70 to 90 d. The DM, DS and DY treatments significantly increased potato yield by 20.3%, 17.4%, and 9.2% in 2015, respectively, and 18.1%, 17.0%, and 12.2% in 2016, respectively, compared to CK. The water use efficiency with the DS and DM treatments was significantly increased by 24.1% and 24.5% in 2015, respectively, and 23.1% and 15.2% in 2016, respectively, compared to CK. The DM treatment maintained the highest potato net income, which was 47.8% and 32.4% significantly higher than that of CK, respectively, in 2015 and 2016. In summary, furrow covered degradable plastic film under ridge-furrow planting could significantly improve the soil hydrothermal environment and increase potato yield, water use efficiency and net income. The effect of furrow-covered hemp fiber film was the best. This study could provide the theoretical basis and technical references for the feasibility of further application of degradable plastic film mulching planting to potato agricultural production in Northwest China.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(11): 2674-2679. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.11.2674
The purpose of this study was to explore effects of two duckweed (Lemma minor and Spirodela polyrrhiza) on the changes of nitrogen content in floodwater under variable nitrogen fertilizer application. In our study, the concentrations of ${NH_{4}}^{+}$-N, $NO_{3}^{-}$-N, and total N in floodwater were analyzed to explore the influence of duckweed on nitrogen (N) content under five nitrogen gradients (0, 90, 180, 270, 360 kg N·hm-2). Results showed that the concentrations of ${NH_{4}}^{+}$-N and total N in floodwater increased with the nitrogen fertilizer gradients, and similar trends were observed for Lemma minor and Spirodela polyrrhiza. Lower ${NH_{4}}^{+}$-N concentrations were found in Spirodela polyrrhiza than Lemma minor treatments, suggesting Spirodela polyrrhiza may be more efficient in reducing nitrogen loss. Under N270 and N360 treatments, the total N concentration decreased at first then slowly increased in 30 days and decreased at last. The results indicated that that duckweed could modify the balance of nitrogen by regulating its growth. When the nitrogen concentration was high, it could absorb nitrogen, and release nitrogen into the floodwater through its own decay under low nitrogen concentration. It played an important role in reducing the potential of nitrogen loss in the floodwater at the initial stage of fertilization and warrant the nitrogen nutrition supply of crops at the later stage of fertilization. This study provides theoretical basis for optimizing nitrogen and reducing nitrogen loss in rice field by using duckweed.
