10 April 2021, Volume 35 Issue 4
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(4): 761-768. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.04.0761To accelerate the development of functional genomic research, the mutant library of Cucrbita moschata D. cultivar N87 was constructed. The seeds of the high-generation inbred line N87 were treated with ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) solution of different concentrations for different times, and the phenotypic variation characteristics of pumpkin were identified.Considering the germination rate seedling rate and seedling growth,1.6% EMS for 12 h was selected as the appropriate treatment condition. Then 10 000 seeds of N87 were treated by 1.6% EMS for 12 h,and a pumpkin mutant library contained 725 M2 families was constructed. The mutant library has rich variation in leaf, plant type, reproductive organ, fruit and other characters, with a total variation frequency of 11.2%. With constructing and analyzing the F2 population from the cross of mutants and normal plants white flower mutation and short-internode mutation was found to be controlled by a single recessive gene respectively. The study first successfully created a pumpkin mutant population, which not only enriched pumpkin germplasm resources, but also provided useful mutant materials for pumpkin functional genomics research and breeding improvement.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(4): 769-779. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.04.0769A rice mutant ad1 (automatic degradation 1) charaterized as early senescence degeneration was obtained by heavy ion implantation on rice variety ‘Kefujing 7’. In order to study the decay mechanisms of this mutant, biological characteristics and genetic analyses were conducted. The results showed that the mutant ad1 exhibited rapid decomposition characteristics in stems and leaves; when encountered high temperature during heading stage-which, which then led to the collapse of whole plant. When senescence occurred, the net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate in mutant ad1 were lower than those in the wild type_(WT), while the intercellular CO2concentration was higher than that in the WT. The total chlorophyll content and carotene content in the mutant ad1 were lower than those in the WT. Observations with paraffin section showed that the structure of mesophyll cells in mutant ad1 was fuzzy and loose arranged. The stem epidermis became thinner, the thick-walled tissue cells were loosely arranged, and the cells became fewer. Chloroplast of ad1 showed ultrastructure revealed abnormal chloroplast structure, marked increases in starch granules, disordered arrangement of thylakoids, fuzzy sheet structure, and loose base stacks. Histochemical staining experiments showed that the content of dead cells, hydrogen peroxide, and superoxide anion in the ad1 mutant increased significantly. Compared with WT, the contents of total superoxide dismutase(T-SOD), catalase(CAT), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in the leaves of mutant ad1 significantly increased, and the soluble protein(SP) content significantly decreased. Genetic analysis showed that the ad1 mutated phenotype is controlled by a pair of recessive nuclear genes. The results in this study laid a certain theoretical basis for further gene mapping and study of gene function in mutant ad1.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(4): 780-788. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.04.0780It is a fundamental work to identify wax gourd (Benincasa hispida Cogn) for exploration and collecting wax gourd recourse as breeding well as new variety combination. In this study, a approach (manual cultivar identification diagram, MCID) by using EST-SSR marker was adopted to distinguish 40 wax gourd varieties. Seven polymorphic EST- SSR primers were used to perform PCR amplification, and identification map of wax gourd varieties was constructed by MCID. The results showed that, we were able to clarity the wax gourd different at the molecular level with EST-SSR, and figure out CID map manually. The cluster analysis by using Ntsys2.10e software revealed the genetic relationship among 40 varieties. Three subgroups were assigned with the genetic similarity coefficient of 0.77. CID map is more intuitive than clustering map. According to CID map, primers can be found to distinguish different varieties. In this study, MCID method based on EST-SSR markers was proved to be reliable and practicable for rapid discern of wax gourd variety, which is of great significance to the identification of wax gourd germplasms.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(4): 789-795. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.04.0789To explore new approaches for the detection of Elymus trachycaulus and E. ciliaris chromosomes in a wheat background, four wheat-E. trachycaulus addition lines and five wheat-E. ciliaris addition lines were characterized by double-color and Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using oligonucleotides Oligo-pSc119.2-1 and Oligo-pTa-535-1 as probes, and one-color FISH using oligonucleotide (GAA)8 as a probe. After comparing with the FISH pattern of wheat, the standard FISH karyptypes of E. trachycaulus 1St, 5Ht, 6Ht and 7Ht chromosomes were established, while the FISH signal of E. ciliaris Sc and Yc chromosomes were very weak. FISH result showed that the wheat-E. trachycaulus 1St addition line has already turned spantaneously to a wheat-E. trachycaulus 1St(1BS-3BL) substitution line, and a pair of T1BL·3BS translocation chromosomes was detected in its genome. Meanwhile, it was also found that the oligonucleotide Oligo-pSc119.2-1 sequence at the end of chromosome 5AS was deleted. In addition, a deletion of chromosome 2B short arm end was also detected in 5Ht addition line, formed a 2B-del chromosome and a spontaneous 2BS-4AS·4AL translocation chromosome, while the other one 2B and 4A chromosomes were normal and complete. These chromosomal rearrangement events indicate that the cytology of some wheat-wild species addition lines were unstable. Therefore, individual plants of these addition lines should be cytogenetically identified before and after propagating seed. The wheat-E. trachycaulus chromosomal structure variants provided materials for studying the relationships among chromosomal rearrangement, gene transcription, gene expression and phenotypic changes.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(4): 796-806. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.04.0796In order to reduce the cost of primer synthesis, accelerate the process of identifying hybrid maize varieties, the core primers of the SSR markers which are suitable for the identification of Yunnan maize hybrids were screened.In this study, 40 pairs of SSR primers recommended in the SSR identification rules of maize were used. 20 pairs of primers with high polymorphism, effective and stable amplification were selected and recommended as the core primers for the specific identification of Maize Hybrids in Yunnan. Then,these primers were used for evaluating and analyzing the diversity of 220 hybrid maize materials in Yunnan Province. Totally 216 allelic variations were detected in 12 hybrid maize varieties, with an average of 10.80 alleles primers per pair. These primers could be used as core primers for Yunnan maize hybrids distinctness identification. 236 allele variations were detected within 20 SSR core primers for 220 maize hybrid materials, with an average of 11.80 alleles per pair, the average effective allele variations were 3.158 8, and the average Shannon-Weaver diversity information index was 3.028 2. Cluster analysis showed that the similarity coefficients of 220 maize hybrids were 0.62 to 0.95. With 0.62 as the threshold, 220 maize hybrid materials can be divided into two groups. Group Ⅰ included 10 maize materials with the proportion of 4.5%, other group includes 210 maize materials, the percentage was 95.5%. 20 pairs of SSR primer screened were high polymorphism, good amplification effect and good stability, they were recommended as core primers to specific identification distinctness of Yunnan maize hybrids.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(4): 807-814. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.04.0807To analyze a correlation between high-temperature resistance and the bacterial community associated with Isochrysis zhangjiangensis, the bacterial community of wild microalgae strain I. zhangjiangensis(IZ)and the high-temperature resistant mutant strain(IM)induced by atmospheric and room temperature plasmas at 25℃ and 35℃ by 16S rDNA amplification sequencing was analysed. No significant difference in the composition of the bacterial community was found between two strains at 25℃ as indicated by the ACE and Chao1 index, while the bacterial community diversity of IM group(IM35L)was significantly higher than that of IZ group at 35℃(IZ35L). NMDS analysis showed that the bacterial community of IM group(IM25L)and IZ group at 25℃(IZ25L)was similar, which was significantly different at 35℃. In addition, the top three genera of bacteria in the IM25L, IZ25L and IZ35L groups was the same, but the bacteria affiliated with the genera Algoriphagus was only dominant in the IM35L group. Moreover, MetaStat indicated that the abundance of Alpha proteobacterium DG1252, a bacterium of Proteobacterium Rhodospirillaceae, illuminated no significant difference between IZ and IM group at 25℃, while it was greater than in the IM group at 35℃. Therefore, a correlation of the high temperature tolerance and its bacterial diversity of IM was existed. the bacteria affiliated with the genera Algoriphagus and Alpha proteobacterium DG1252 might be closely related to the high temperature resistance of IM. The study aided in exploring the state of knowledge for the relationship between the high temperature stress resistance and bacterial community associated with I. Zhangjiangensis, which was helpful for the cultivation and propagation of shellfish microalgae under high temperature conditions in summer.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(4): 815-825. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.04.0815To study the response mechanism of Passiflora edulia Sims (P. edulia) to low temperature stress, P. edulia plants treated under 0℃ and 25℃ were used as materials for transcriptome sequencing and digging out genes related jasmonic acid (JA) metabolism on Illumina HiSeq sequencing platform. A total of 45.30 Gb clean data were obtained, and 39 521 unigenes and 5 311 different expression genes (DEGs) were assembled. According to GO classification, these DEGs were classed into cell component, molecular function and biological process. Among them, metabolic pathways in biological process contained most DEGs, including sterol biosynthesis, flavonoid lipidization, tyrosine metabolism, L-phenylalanine biosynthesis, cork-fat biosynthesis, glucosinolide metabolism and long-chain aliphatic acyl coenzyme A metabolism. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that ribosome pathway, starch and sucrose metabolism pathway, plant hormone signal transduction pathway, plant and pathogen interaction pathway were important metabolic pathways of P. edulia in response to low temperature stress. Based on qRT-PCR, AOC, AOS, JAR1, MYC2, PYL and JAZ, the key genes of JA metabolism pathway in P. edulia were all up-regulated under low temperature stress while COI1 was down-regulated. The validation results were similar to the trends of FPKM values obtained by sequencing, indicating that the sequencing results were relatively accurate. Our research indicated that the response mechanism of JA to low temperature stress in P. edulia was basically consistent with that in model plants, but the regulation of genes such as COI1 and MYC2 needed further functional verification. These results would provide scientific references for further research on cold resistant mechanism of P. edulia.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(4): 826-836. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.04.0826To analyse and verify the function of the VvANR gene, the Tobacco rattle virus (TRV) mediated gene silencing vector pTRV2-ANR was used to establish TRV-VIGS system of grape leaves. The young and mature leaves of grapes were infected through Vacuum infection and injection at the main vein with TRV, the phenotype of leaves, and the content of proanthocyanidins, relative expression of VvANR after infection were determined. The results indicated that the young and mature leaves were bleached on the 6th and 7th days infected through vacuum infection, respectively. 15 days later after infection, the young leaves were almost bleached and the mature leaves were bleached to a large extent. The young and mature leaves infected by injection at the main veinbecame bleached on the 17th and 19th days; 25 days later after infection, the young and mature leaves were all bleached and the bleaching gradually expanded, along the main vein to the whole leaves. While no bleaching occurred in the control group. After pTRV2-ANR infection, the proanthocyanidin content in the leaves and the VvANR gene expression were significantly reduced, the expression levels of proanthocyanidin biosynthesis related genes VvLAR1, VvLAR2, VvMYBPA1, and VvMYBPA2 were extremely significantly reduced, and the expression of VvUFGT significant reduced; While the expression of VvANS and VvDFR were slightly up-regulated, and the differences were not significant. In this study, VIGS system of grape leaves was established, which provided a new method for rapid verification of gene function; at the same time, the proanthocyanidin content, the expression of VvANR and their relationship with related genes in grape leaves were revealed, which enriched the study of proanthocyanidins metabolism in grape.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(4): 837-845. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.04.0837In order to uncover petal pigment components and improve breeding efficiency of colored rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) varieties, the content of petal pigment secondary metabolites were measured in the 10 rapeseed genotypes of four serials of color, which are red, orange, yellow, and white. Furthermore, the components of anthocyanins and carotenoids in red, orange, yellow, and white petals of rapeseed genotypes were also assayed by high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer (HPLC-MS/MS). The activities of key enzymes catalyzing anthocyanin biosynthesis and transcript amounts of the genes encoding those enzymes were also analyze. Results showed that considerable phenols and flavonoids were accumulated in colored rapeseed petals. A number of proanthocyanins and anthocyains were detected in the red and orange rapeseed petals. However, only anthocyains were detected in the yellow rapeseed petal and neither in the white rapeseed petal. The main component of anthocyanins in the red and orange rapeseed petal were cyanidin and peonidin, respecting. Although red, orange, yellow, and white petals of rapeseed genotypes deposited α-,β-carotene, and lycopene, the content of lycopene was markedly higher than that of carotenoid in all genotypes. However, the content of lycopene in the red, orange, and yellow petals of rapeseed genotypes was only 0.25%, 0.15%, and 0.02% of the content of anthocyanins in corresponding genotype. Results of the gene expression analysis revealed that two genes, DIHYDROFLAVONOL (DFR) and ANTHOCYANIN SYNTHASE (ANS) were the main genes responsible for accumulation of anthocyanin in the petal of colored rapeseed genotypes. The expression amount in the red orange and yellowish orange petal was 100- and 1 000-fold higher than that in the yellow petal. The relationship between transcript amount and anthocyains content showed that they were highly positively correlated eash other. However, the activities of DFR and ANS were not significantly differently among petals of colored rapeseed genotypes. The results provide the insights into the selection of target genes for manipulation and reasonable procedure in colored rapeseed breeding.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(4): 846-853. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.04.0846For investigating the control efficiency of umbelliferone application on postharvest Botrytis cinerea in kiwifruit, the effects of umbelliferone treatment on B. cinerea spores and growth, the activities of defense related enzymes and the resistance-related substances after inoculation with B. cinerea in kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa. cv. Xuxiang) were studied during storage at room temperature. The results showed that 0.5 and 1.0 mg·mL-1umbelliferone effectively inhibited the spore germination and enlargement of colony diameter of B. cinerea in vitro. Also, the umbelliferone treatment with 0.5 and 1.0 mg·mL-1concentration reduced the expansion of the lesion area in kiwifruit inoculated with B. cinerea, and effectively increased the activities of defense-related enzymes, including chitinase (CHT), β-1, 3-glucanase (GLU), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), 4-coumarate CoA ligase (4-CL), peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in flesh of the kiwifruit, along with the increases in contents of resistant substances in treated kiwifruit, such as total phenolics, flavonoids and lignin, and thereby, decreased the incidence of gray mold in kiwifruit during postharvest. Our present work might provide a theoretical basis for the control of gray mold in kiwifruit by application of umbelliferone during storage.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(4): 854-862. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.04.0854In order to improve the processing characteristics of PSE pork, its necessary to clarify the effects of L-arginine, sodium carbonate and sodium citrate on the water retention of PSE pork. In this study, based on the single factor reagent test, cooking loss, centrifugal loss, and drip loss as indicators, and the L9(34) orthogonal test were used to determine the optimal amount of addition. Then, the quality variation of the PSE pork storage process under this condition was analyzed and measured. The results revealed that the processing of compound non-phosphorus water-retaining agents with 0.40% L-arginine, 0.60% sodium carbonate, and 0.60% sodium citrate could significantly improve the water retention of PSE pork ,and effectively improve the storage quality. The results give a new idea for improving the water retention of PSE pork in cold storage, and provide some theoretical support for the statement that non-phosphorus water retention agent to improve the use-value of PSE pork.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(4): 863-869. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.04.0863In order to understand the relationship between the distribution and toxigenic characteristics of Aspergillus flavus in peanut soil and aflatoxin contamination of peanut, 124 peanut soil samples were collected from Yellow River Basin (Baoding, Hebei), Northwest region (Turpan, Xinjiang), Yangtze River Basin (Huanggang, Hubei, Nanchong, Sichuan) and Southeast coastal region (Zhanjiang, Guangdong) in China. Based on the study of the distribution and toxigenic characteristics of A. flavus in peanut soil, the risk of aflatoxin contamination in peanut was evaluated. The results showed that the detection rate of Aspergillus flavus, the amount of A. flavus in the soil in Huanggang and Nanchong was higher than those in other regions, the risk of AFB1 contamination of harvested peanuts was higher followed by Zhanjiang, Turpan and Baoding had the lowest risk of AFB1contamination. 64 peanut samples collected from the above 5 regions were used to investigate the AFB1 contamination of peanut. It was found that the AFB1 contamination of peanut in Huanggang was the most with serious, the detection rate of 57%, and the over standard rate of 10%, followed by Nanchong and Zhanjiang. The peanut in Turpan and Baoding were slightly contaminated by AFB1. The results of risk assessment were consistent with the actual monitoring results, which means that the distribution and toxigenic characteristics of A. flavus in peanut soil had a positive correlation with the AFB1 contamination of peanut. This research provides theoretical basis and statistical support for early warning and control of aflatoxin contamination in peanut.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(4): 870-880. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.04.0870It is urgent to establish a fast, accurate and efficient method for authenticity identification due to the extensive adulterated walnut milk ingredients in markets. The nuclear genome spacer ITS2, the chloroplast genome coding region rbcL, and the non-coding region psba-trnH were selected as candidate DNA barcode genes. Comprehensive amplification, sequencing, comparison of success rate and bioinformatic results showed that ITS2 was the most suitable DNA barcode for distinguishing different nuts including walnut and peanut. Commercially available beverage products walnut milk and pecan milk were identified by high-resolution melting (HRM) technique for the target ingredient (walnut, pecan) and common adulterated species (peanut, soybean). In addition, the adulteration concentration of walnut milk and pecan milk was tested by constructing walnut and peanut mixed standard in different proportions. The results showed that based on sequencing comparison and HRM analysis, among the nine brands of walnut milk beverage tested, one brand of walnut milk beverage was replaced with peanuts, and one pecan milk beverage was replaced with walnuts, implying that it was not as declared on the label. Studies have shown that HRM technology based on ITS2 sequence can achieve rapid and accurate identification of walnut milk and pecan milk through one-tube closure analysis without sequencing. It also provides a scientific basis for conformity testing of vegetable protein beverage food labeling.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(4): 881-890. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.04.0881To build an evaluation system for nutritional quality of Lentinus edodes, 15 nutritional indicators of 46 L. edodes strains from different sources were analyzed for in this study. The indicators were simplified by correlation analysis, factor analysis and cluster analysis. A function to comprehensively evaluate the nutritional quality of L. edodes was founded by grey correlation analysis and principal component analysis. A scoring criteria of L. edodes nutritional quality was established based on probability distribution. The results showed that the dispersion of nutritional quality indicators of L. edodes was varied, and the coefficients of variation were between 8.72% and 70.52%. The 15 nutritional indicators were simplified into 10 indices: ash, crude protein, crude polysaccharide, vitamin C, Na, Ca, Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn. A comprehensive evaluation function for the nutritional quality of L. edodes and a 9 - level scoring criteria were finally established. This study provides some datas support and methods for the evaluation of nutrient quality of lentinus edodes.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(4): 891-901. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.04.0891To research the structure and structure-activity relationship of sesame antioxidant peptides generated in the gastrointestinal tract, in vitro gastrointestinal digestion was used to hydrolyze sesame protein, and then the hydrolysate was separated by ultrafiltration, preparative high performance liquid chromatography successively. Structures of peptides were identified by liquid chromatography- mass spectrometry, and these peptides were synthetized to testify antioxidant activity. The structure-activity relationship and safety prediction of the strongest antioxidant peptide were investigated. The results showed that 19 antioxidant peptides of sesame were found via separation, purification and structure identification. Amang them 17 peptides originated from sesame storage protein, and the rest was originated from non-storage protein. HLFLSGVACFG derived from non-storage protein showed the highest antioxidant activity, in which the active site tended to locate on His1, Phe3 and Cys9. shrinking the substituent group on the carboxy-terminal of Cys9, expanding the substituent group on the Leu2, strengthen the positive charged group on the N-terminal and the negative charged group on the C-terminal were in favor of the antioxidant activity of HLFLSGVACFG. According to the safety prediction, this peptide was non-toxic and non-allergen. The above results illuminated that excepted from storage protein as main body, sesame protein enabled to generate antioxidant peptide, minor non-storage protein was also an important precursor of antioxidant peptide due to produce high antioxidant activity peptide. High activity and safe HLFLSGVACFG has research and application value. This research preliminarily revealed the rule that sesame protein generates antioxidant peptides in vivo, the composition and structure-activity relationship of antioxidant peptide, which deepens the research on sesame antioxidant peptide and provides the theoretical reference for the structural modification of antioxidant peptides.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(4): 902-910. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.04.0902In order to investigate the differences of aroma components in fresh-edible waxy corn cultivars, six waxy corn varieties were processed with two kinds of ripening and aroma treatment including clear juice preparation and cooking and the volatile compounds were determined by headspace solid phase micro-extraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS). As a result, 38 and 24 volatile compenets were decteted in juice and cooked kernel, respectively, and 7 pyrazine compounds were detected only in clear juice. The volatile compounds from clear juice were 3.98-10.92 times of cooked kernels. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the cumulative variance contribution rate of the first two principal components in clear juice was 72.6%, higher than that in the cooked kernels (60.9%). However, PCA results showed that the characteristics of JDN-517, SYN-602 and SYN-11 were worthy of attention, and related to the differences in the content of pyrazine and alditol components. The results provide a reference for the evaluation of flavor quality of different fresh-edible waxy corn.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(4): 911-922. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.04.0911In order to clarity the nutritional and functional composition of sweet potato leaves from different cultivars, in the present study, the contents of protein, fat, dietary fiber, vitamins, polyphenols and flavonoids, and antioxidant activity of sweet potato leaves from 58 cultivars were systematically investigated. The results showed that sweet potato leaves are rich in protein (9.35 to 38.45 g·100 g-1 DW), fat (1.36 to 12.30 g·100 g-1 DW), total dietary fiber (35.30 to 45.0 g·100 g-1 DW), vitamin C (1.47 to 131.64 mg·100 g-1 DW), β-carotene (6.75 to 59.35 mg·100 g-1 DW), and vitamin E (0.39 to 23.30 mg·100 g-1 DW). Compared with other cultivars, total polyphenol content (21.39 g CAE·100 g-1 DW) and antioxidant activity (40.28 g TE·100 g-1 DW)were the highest in Zhanshu No. 01-2. The correlation analysis between antioxidant activity and nutritional and functional components indicated that the main antioxidant ingredient in sweet potato leaves was polyphenols (correlation coefficient was 0.748). This study provide scientific guidance for the rational development and utilization of sweet potato leaves.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(4): 923-932. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.04.0923To investigate the main flavor components from different parts of two high-quality local chicken species, Piao chicken and Yanjin silky fowl, the breast and leg muscles of these two breeds with the age of 300 days were used. Volatile flavor compounds of chicken were extracted by headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME), separated and identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Relative odor activity value (ROAV) was used to analyze the main flavor components in chicken. The results showed that a total of 76 volatile compounds were identified from chicken samples including aldehydes, alcohols, ketones, esters, acids and hydrocarbons, and there were differences in the compositions and contents of volatile flavor in different muscle parts of Piao chicken and Yanjin silky fowl. 2-methyl-butyraldehyde, valeraldehyde, hexanal, heptaldehyde, octanal, (E)-2-octenal, furfural, 1-octene-3-ol and octane were determined as the main flavor components of Piao chicken. 2-methyl-butyraldehyde, hexanal, furfural and 1-octene-3-ol were determined as the main flavor components of Yanjin silky fowl. The main flavor components contributed differently in different muscle parts of Piao chicken and Yanjin silky fowl, and aldehydes contributed the most to the overall flavor of the investigated chicken. The results of this study can provide a experimental basis for the research, development and utilization of flavor characteristics of Piao chicken and Yanjin silky fowl.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(4): 933-941. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.04.0933To understand the status and spatial variation characteristics of soil fertility before planting peanut and at peanut maturity stage in the lime concretion black soil area of Henan province, the technology of GIS, geostatistics and fuzzy membership function method were used to analyze the status and spatial variability of soil nutrient in Zhengyang County, Henan Province. The results showed that, compared with pre-planting, the soil sulfur (S) content was decreased significantly, but organic matter (OM), total nitrogen (N), available phosphorus (P), available potassium (K), available iron (Fe) and available zinc (Zn) were increased at different degrees at peanut maturity stage, especially the content of soil total N and available P, which were increased by 10.17% and 16.37%, respectively. Soil organic matter and available Zn content were at a low level for pre-planting and maturity stage of peanut. The variation coefficients of soil pH at pre-planting and maturity stage of peanut were 6.18% and 6.36%, respectively, which belonged to weak variation. The variation coefficients of other nutrients ranged from 12.58% to 44.94%, which were at medium variation levels. The contributions of different soil fertility indicators to the soil fertility comprehensive index value (IFI) were different. The contribution of organic matter to soil fertility was the largest among all nutrients. The results of semi-variogram analysis showed that IFI had a strong spatial correlation before planting peanut, and its semi-variogram was best fitted by the spherical model, suggesting its spatial distribution characteristics were mainly affected by both natural factors; The IFI value at peanut maturity stage had a medium spatial correlation, and its semi-variogram was best fitted by Gaussian model, suggesting its spatial distribution characteristics were affected by natural factors and human activities. The IFI values in Zhengyang County were mainly distributed in 0.58~0.72, suggesting the soil fertility was generally above the medium levels, which were lower at pre-planting than that of peanut maturity stage, and its spatial distribution characteristics were higher in the south than in the north. Comprehensively, it should be recommended to reduce the usage of N and P fertilizers, and increase the application of organic and Zn fertilizer in the production of peanuts in the lime concretion black soil area of Zhengyang County, especially in the southern area.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(4): 942-952. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.04.0942In order to explore high-efficient fertilization modes and mechanism of increasing yield and efficiency of sulfur coated urea on wheat in rice-wheat continuous cropping system, springness wheat yangmai23 was used as the material, and five fertilization modes were designed with sulfur-coated urea (SCU) and common urea (U). They were 100% SCU as base fertilizer (M1), 60% SCU as base fertilizer,40% U as jointing fertilizer (M2), 60% SCU as base fertilizer, 40% SCU as reviving fertilizer (M3), 40% SCU and 20% U as base fertilizer, 30% SCU and 10% U as reviving fertilizer (M4). The conventional fertilization mode recommended in production (100%urea, basal: tillering: jointing: booting: as 50%: 10%: 20%: 20%) was set as a control (CK). The effects of different modes on population quality, yield compositions and nitrogen efficiency of wheat were investigated. The results showed that, at the same nitrogen usage, the yield of one-off application SCU was slightly lower than that of the control, but the difference was not significant. The yield of the modes with twice fertilization was significantly higher than that of the control, with an average increase of 6.00%~12.03% in two years. The M3 mode had the highest grain yield in two years, up to 8185.96 kg·hm-2 and 9451.10 kg·hm-2, respectively. The SPAD value and net photosynthetic rate of flag leaves at the milk maturity stage in the modes with twice fertilization were higher, which were beneficial to delay the senescence of the post-anthesis leaves, improve the photosynthetic production capacity, and promote the filling of the grains. Nitrogen use efficiency of the modes with twice fertilization was significantly higher than that of the control with an average increase of 4.16%~10.59% in two years. Moreover, the increase in output value brought by the modes with twice fertilization was higher than the increase in fertilizer costs. Therefore, the modes with twice fertilization are high-yield and high-efficiency fertilization methods, which have achieved different degrees of increase in yield and income. In order to pursue the maximization of yield and benefit, the fertilization mode of 60% SCU applied while sowing, 40% SCU applied while reviving is recommended in wheat production. The findings will be helpful to promote the wide application of SCU, promote high yield and efficiency of wheat and simplify cost-saving cultivation.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(4): 953-959. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.04.0953In order to explore the effects of reduced application of nitrogen fertilizer on grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency of winter wheat with wide-range sowing, field experiments was conducted during the winter wheat growing season in 2018-2019. Three treatments including reduced rate of nitrogen fertilizer (RNF), conventional rate of nitrogen fertilizer (CNF), and no nitrogen fertilizer (N0) were applied to investigate the dynamic of shoot number, dry matter accumulation, grain yield and its component, nitrogen use efficiency of winter wheat. Results showed that the grain yields of N0 were 36.83% lower than that of CNF, and the grain yields of RNF were 6.01% higher than that of CNF. The maximum shoot number per hectare in N0 was significantly lower than that in RNF, which resulted in significantly lower number of the spike per hectare and the biomass in the harvest period than in RNF. The maximum shoot number per hectare in CNF was also significantly lower than that in RNF. While the spike rate was significantly increased, the spike number per hectare and the biomass during harvest were not significantly different from those in CNF. There was no significant difference between the dry matter accumulation after anthesis and the contribution rate of the dry matter accumulation after anthesis to the grains in N0 and that in CNF. The dry matter accumulation after anthesis and the contribution rate of the dry matter accumulation after anthesis to the grains of CNF were 39.70% and 14.51 higher than that of RNF. The nitrogen uptake of above-ground part in RNF was not significantly different from that of CNF. However, compared with CNF, the nitrogen harvest index increased by 2.18%, the nitrogen agronomic efficiency increased by 12.94%, the nitrogen partial productivity increased by 41.09%, and the nitrogen use efficiency increased by 11.90% in RNF, respectively. This indicates that wide-range sowing combined with reduced nitrogen fertilizer application can reduce the maximum shoot number, increase the spike rate, promote the accumulation of dry matter and distribution to the grains after antheis, so as to increase the nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency and yield. This study provides a scientific basis for winter wheat planting with wide range sowing to reduce the applicat of nitrogen fertilizer.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(4): 960-968. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.04.0960In order to screen outstanding varieties of olive and their pollinizers suitable for growing in the red soil region with rain-heat synchronous climate conditions of southern China, ten olive varieties (Arbequina, Fecciaro, Frantoio, Koroneiki, Limona, Manzanilla, Nichiskii Ⅰ, Nocellara del belice, Peranzana and Taggiasca) were used for field experiments in Lishui City, Zhejiang Province for five years. The traits of vegetative growth, fresh fruit output and oil content were studied. The results showed that Nichiskii Ⅰ, Arbequina and Koroneiki had the following excellent characteristics: Medium tree shapes with tree height and crown width of 357.7~380.0 cm and 342.5~369.2 cm, respectively; strong adaptability with defoliation rate of shoots as low as 13.9%~17.0%; early bearing with vegetative stages of 2 years; good fruiting tree rates of 100%, 90% and 65% in the third year of initial bearing stage and fruit outputs of 16.4 kg, 10.9 kg and 5.9 kg per tree, ranking the top three in all tested varieties; medium oil contents of 11.4%, 10.5% and 7.5%, respectively, which are elite varieties adapting for growing in southern China. Further research found that those three varieties were all self-fertile with fruit setting rates of 4.2%, 1.1% and 2.9%, respectively, but the fruit setting rates of open-pollination and cross-pollination were even higher, reaching 3.1%~9.9% and 2.4%~10.3%, respectively. Therefore, it is necessary to allocate suitable pollinizers in olive orchards, with the specifical allocation as Nichiskii Ⅰ×Koroneiki, Arbequina×Peranzana and Koroneiki×Arbequina. This study will benefit the selection of outstanding olive varieties and has practical guiding significance for the development of olive industry in southern China.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(4): 969-979. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.04.0969In order to explore the response differences of different maize genotypes to arsenic stress, the seeds of 20 maize cultivars were germinated under As stress to understand the response of genotypic differences by measuring germination potential, germination rate, root length, shoot length, dry weight, arsenic content in shoot and root, antioxidant enzyme activity, and antioxidant non-enzymatic substances as well as gene expression. Compared with CK, the indices under arsenic stress showed obvious diversity. The range of treatments/CK ratio germination potential, germination rate, root length,shoot length,dry weight and arsenic transport coefficient of each variety maize seeds were 0.58~1.18, 0.61~1.18, 0.49~1.04, 0.72~1.12, 0.55~2.83 and 0.02~0.07, respectively. Principal component analysis and cluster analysis were carried out with 12 indicators, and two tolerant and five sensitive cultivars were thus selected, among which Kangnongyu 999 was the most tolerant variety and Sanbei 89 was the most sensitive variety. Assay of the antioxidant system of Kangnongyu 999 and Sanbei 89 showed that the activities of CAT and POD of Kangnongyu 999 treated with arsenic were less than those of the CK. The activities of SOD were only 0.21 times of those of the CK, and the contents of MDA, GSH and ASA were all higher than those of the CK. The activities of SOD, CAT and POD of Sanbei 89 treated with arsenic were higher than those of CK, the contents of GSH and ASA were higher than those of CK, and the content of MDA was 50% lower than that of CK. Gene expression analysis of two varieties showed that compared with Kangnongyu 999, four of the five arsenic-resistant transcripts expression level detected in Sanbei 89 increased significantly. The results showed that germination potential, germination rate, root length, stem length, dry weight, arsenic transport coefficient, antioxidant enzyme activity and antioxidant non-enzymatic substance content of maize genotypes were significantly different under arsenic stress. The results provide a theoretical basis for the agricultural production of Maize in arsenic-contaminated soil.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(4): 980-988. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.04.0980In order to improve the yield of monoculture soybean, this study used soybean variety Nandou 12 (ND-12) to investigate the effects of three plant growth regulators (alginate-derived oligosaccharide, chitosan oligosaccharide and coronatine) with different concentrations of seed dressing on the seedling emergence, and the effects of foliar spray on the growth, yield and quality of soybean. The results showed that different concentrations of three plant growth regulators increased the field emergence rate of soybean, while foliar spray increased the plant height and stem diameter of soybean, alginate-derived oligosaccharide and coronatine could increase the branch number of soybean, while chitosan oligosaccharide reduced the branch number of soybean. The three plant growth regulators increased the number of grains and the weight of 100 grains per plant to a certain extent, and then improved the yield of soybean. At the same time, they also increased the content of soybean crude protein, reduced the content of soybean crude fatty acid, soluble sugar and reducing sugar in soybean grains at full grain stage. In addition, foliar spraying with plant regulators did not affect the germination of harvested progenies. The recommended dosage of alginate-derived oligosaccharide, chitosan oligosaccharide and coronatine for seed dressing is 25, 100 and 0.05 mg · L-1 per kilogram of soybean seeds respectively, and 50, 50 and 0.01 g per hectare for leaf spraying, respectively. The findings of this study provide a theoretical basis for high-yield cultivation of soybean.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(4): 989-996. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.04.0989To develop an objective and effective method for screening chilling and weak light resistant pepper cultivars, the screening indexes of tolerance to low temperature and weak light of five pepper varieties with different low-nitrogen tolerance were studied by hydroponics at the seeding stage. The results showed that comparied with the seedlings grown under the normal condition (28℃/25℃, 300 μmol·m-2·s-1), the SPAD value, the maximal photochemical quantum yield of PhotosystemⅡ (PSII) (Fv/Fm), photochemical quenching coefficient (qP) and relative electron transport rate (ETR) of pepper seedlings were changed after low temperature (10℃/5℃) and weak light (100 μmol·m-2·s-1) treatment for five days, as well as the length, surface area, diameter and tip number of root, However, there were variety differences in the degree of changes. The chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of the five cultivars were restored after growing under the normal condition (28℃/25℃, 300 μmol·m-2·s-1) for 28 days, while there were varietal differences in the recovery of SPAD value, root morphology, dry weight of the shoot, dry weight of root, dry weight of plant and the ratio of root to shoot. Based on their high correlation with the damage index, the SPAD value, Fv/Fm and root diameter after low temperature and weak light treatment for five days, as well as the dry weight of shoot, dry weight of root, dry weight of whole plant and the ratio of root to shoot after recovery growth for 28 days, can be used as screening indexes of chilling and weak light tolerance in pepper seedling stage. These indexes are achieved by instrumentation and software testing which avoid the complex intermediate treatment and subjective judgment, therefore, they are simple, quantitative and objective. This study provides a reference for the optimization of screening system of chilling and weak light tolerance of pepper.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(4): 997-1007. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.04.0997Tobacco is an important economic crop in our country. Improving the quality and value of tobacco leaf and implementing green and clean production of tobacco are the inevitable trend of green development of tobacco agriculture. It is a win-win approach to realize the resource utilization and environmental friendly development from tobacco stalk carbonization and returning to the field. Biochar has a large specific surface area, developed pore structure, abundant functional groups, stable ring structure and good adsorption properties, which give it great potential to improve continuous cropping obstacle tobacco soil and rebuild healthy microbial habitat. Biochar-based fertilizer combines the advantages of biochar and fertilizer, and has the peculiarities over its raw material. It can slowly release nutrients, maintain fertilizer efficiency for a long time, continuously improve soil environment, promote the healthy growth of tobacco, improve the quality and value of tobacco leaf, and has great potential in tobacco agriculture. This paper reviewed the effects of biochar and biochar-based fertilizer application on tobacco-planting soil physical and chemical properties, soil nutrient, greenhouse gas emissions, soil microorganism and enzyme activity, flue-cured tobacco growth and quality of tobacco leaves, tobacco soil-borne disease. The problems existing in the utilization of biochar and biochar-based fertilizer in tobaocco agriculture were analyzed objectively and then put forward the future research direction: (1) The mechanism of biochar and biochar-based fertilizer regulating the quality of tobacco-planting soil and the growth and quality of tobacco. (2) Ecological and environmental risk assessment of biochar and biochar-based fertilizer application in tobacco-planting soil. (3) Innovation in production technology and process of biochar and biochar-based fertilizer. The results can provide scientific basis for the rational application of biochar and biochar-based fertilizer in tobacco agriculture.
