10 February 2021, Volume 35 Issue 2
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(2): 253-261. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.02.0253In order to create non-transgenic herbicide-tolerant rice germplasm which would control the weed easily in rice simplified cultivation in China, rice seeds were treated with 0.5% (w/v) ethyl methanesulfonate for 14 h. The resulted M2 generation at 3-4 leaf stage were sprayed with 160 mg·L-1 of imazapic. The non-resistant seedlings turned into yellow, stunted or even died, while the resistant seedlings were normal and the plant height increased evidently. The resistance of M2 to imazapic was stably inherited to their progeny M3, reached up to 1 200 mg·L-1 imazapic, and 100 times as high as the wild type did. The acetolactate synthase(ALS) genes in the imidazolinone-resistant M3 mutants and the wild-type were cloned by PCR. Sequence analysis revealed that the open reading frame of ALS gene in the imidazolidone-resistant M3 plants carry two points mutations A1879C and G1880T, which results in a substitution of serine(AGT) to leucine(CTT) at amino acid 627, or a point mutation G1880A, which results in a substitution of serine(AGT) to asparagine(AAT) at amino acid 627. A colorimetry method was used to compare the enzyme sensitivity of ALS to imazapic between the herbicide resistant M3 mutant and the wild type. The tolerance of ALS enzyme to imazapic in the imidazolinone resistant rice was 109-fold of that in the wild type. Taken together, imidazolidone- resistant rice mutants with substitution of serine to leucine at amino acid 627 was a novel mutation and was first reported. The imidazolidone-resistant rice obtained in this study showed stable and high resistance to imazapic, make it potential in the application of weed control.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(2): 262-270. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.02.0262To construct our own mutant library and provide materials for germplasm innovation and illustration of mechanisms involving in agronomic traits in barley and crops, mutant population of barley Edamai 934, which was an elegent cultivar bred by Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, was constructed using60Co-γ combined with EMS. Totally 982 mutants were identified, which showed significant and hereditable changes as compared with the wild type Edamai 934 on one of the following traits, leaf, stem, spike, seed, tiller, plant architecture, heading date, seed setting rate, and so on. Further cytological analysis of leaf width mutants showed that size and morphology of cells from flag leaf of different mutants varied a lot, suggesting that different mechanisms may involve in. This study lays foundation for barley functional genomics.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(2): 271-279. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.02.0271
To study the mechanism of cross-pollination on fruit inner-cracking in pomelo, Zaoxiang pomelo was chosed as female parents and Guanxi pomelo as male parents for hybrididization, and Zaoxiang pomelo self-pollination was chosen as control. The relationship between the seed numbers and inner-cracking ratio was surveyed, and the metabolic changes of juice sacs during the initiation period of inner-cracking were analyzed by metabolomics. The results showed as follows: the numbers of cracked-segments in self-pollination fruits were mostly 2 or 3, and usually located at symmetrical position, which indicated the power of transverse growth may be the direct cause of fruit inner-cracking. After cross-pollination, the fruit inner-cracking ratio was related to the number of seeds. The ratio of inner-cracking was 100% when seeds were less than 30 and 100% when higher than 80 seeds. The seeds numbers of most cross-pollinated fruits were between 30 and 80, at which the inner-cracking ratio was 51.4%, which indicated the plenty of seeds produced by cross-pollination could play a physical role in protecting the center column. According to the metabolome results, the metabolic pathways of the soluble sugars, organic acids, amino acids, and the shikimic acid and its downstream secondary metabolic pathways were regulated by seeds through the endogenous substances such as hormones and polyamine, which resulted in evident xenia effect in both fruit appearance and taste. In the changed processes, osmotic substances may be related to fruit enlargement and further inner-cracking. The study provide a theoretical basis for pomelo inner-cracking mechanism
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(2): 280-290. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.02.0280In order to investigate the effect of E. coli on the expression of inflammatory factors associated with Tibetan sheep endometrial epithelial cells (EECs), EECs of Tibetan sheep were cultured by tissue block attachment and enzymatic digestion; E. coli infection assays were performed with different multiplicity of infection (MOI), and the RNA and protein expression levels of inflammatory factors such as interleukin 1β (IL-1β), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 8 (IL-8) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).The results showed that EECs were successfully cultured in DMEM with 50 ng·mL-1epidermal growth factor (EGF), and the purity was 98%. The expression of IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8 genes and proteins after infection did not change significantly compared with the control when MOI was 1:1(P>0.05), but that of TNF-α increased dramatically (P<0.05); When MOI was 20:1, the expression of IL-8 gene and protein increased (P<0.05), but that of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α didn’t change much(P>0.05); And when MOI was 50:1, the expression of IL-1β, IL-6 genes and proteins increased significantly (P<0.05), while that of TNF-α remained at the same level (P>0.05). It indicated that EECs can be successfully cultured in vitro; the expression levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α on EECs after being infected by E. coli at different MOI were significantly higher than those of the control (P<0.05). These factors could be taken as indicators to identify the pathological changes of endometritis in Tibetan sheep. That also provides a theoretical basis for preventing endometritis, improving the performance of Tibetan sheep and ecological breeding.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(2): 291-297. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.02.0291To investigate the sequence features and expression pattern of sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) gene and its enzyme activity in apricot fruit. A completed cDNA sequence that encodes NAD+ dependent SDH gene was cloned with homologous cloning method from apricot cultivar Jintaiyang, and named PaSDH. The gene expression level was analyzed with real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) during the development of apricot fruit, and the enzyme activity of the corresponding period was determined simultaneously. Sequence analysis revealed that PaSDH was 1104 bp in length, in which opening reading frame (ORF) encodes 367 amino acids; the deduced protein showed the zinc-containing alcohol dehydrogenase signature sequence, contained the amino acid residues for catalytic and structural zinc binding site and the NAD binding pocket. cDNA sequence similarity searching against GenBank by using BLAST program showed that the fragment had high identity to NAD+-SDH gene of mume, persica and Salicina in Rosaceae Prunus (more than 98%). With the growth of apricot fruit, the expression of PaSDH and the enzyme activity of NAD+-SDH decreased with the highest at 7 days after full bloom. That demonstrates that PaSDH may play an important role in fruit-set and early development of apricot fruit, and the regulations in the transcription level may be the key regulatory step of PaSDH expression. This study provided basic data and scientific basis for further understanding the biological function of PaSDH gene.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(2): 298-305. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.02.0298The watermelon strain of papaya ringspot virus-watermelon strain (PRSV-W) is one of potyviruses causing severe damage to the production of cucurbit crops including squash. To develop an evaluation technique, and find genetic resources for PRSV-W resistance in squash, one hundred and forty eight accessions were manually inoculated with PRSV-W. Levels of resistance to PRSV-W accumulation in squash leaf tissue were evaluated using a combination of visual symptom observation, ELISA and RT-PCR analysis. Inheritance of resistance to PRSV-W in inbred line BV21 was also analyzed with six generations (parents, generations F1, F2 and F1BC1 for both parents). The results showed that the best approach for evaluating resistance to PRSV-W in squash plants was to inoculate the cotyledons of 2-week-old seedlings with virus, and then to rate the symptom expression of first to third leaves after 15 to 25 days. Plants were classified for PRSV symptom severity on a scale from 0 (no symptoms) to 4 (severe symptoms). Among the 148 accessions screened, 22 showed high tolerant, 11 exhibited moderately tolerant, total disease-resistant germplasm materials accounted of 22.3%; 12 exhibited susceptibility, 103 germplasm materials were highly susceptible the total susceptible germplasm materials accounted for 77.7%. RT-PCR was more precise and sensitive than ELISA in virus detection. The genetic analysis results revealed that a single dominant gene conferred resistance to PRSV-W in BV21 and its generation. These results will facilitate development of resistant varieties to control this disease.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(2): 306-313. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.02.0306Arginine decarboxylase (ADC) is a key enzyme involved in polyamine biosynthesis in plants. To explore the sequence characteristics of ADC gene from pear and its response to abiotic stress PbADC gene was cloned from Pyrus betulifolia by RT-PCR. Sequence analysis of PbADC was carried out by bioinformatics software, and real time quantitative PCR was utilized to detect the expression level of PbADC in different tissues and its response patterns to various abiotic stresses. The results showed that the open reading frame of PbADC was 2 190 bp in length, encoding 730 amino acids and there were 66 phosphorylation sites in the predicted protein. Domain analysis showed that PbADC contained a conserved 2-pyridoxal phosphate binding site, a PLP phosphate binding site and a substrate recognition signal domain, which belongs to the type Ⅲ PLP-dependent arginine decarboxylase protein family. Moreover, PbADC was close to apple MdADC, sweet cherry PaADC and peach PpADC in genetic relationship. The results of qRT-PCR demonstrated that the expression of PbADC in leaves was higher than that in roots and stems, and the transcript levels of PbADC were regulated by low temperature, dehydration, salt and hydrogen peroxide. The results of this study will provide a theoretical basis for further exploration of the function in abiotic stress of PbADC.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(2): 314-323. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.02.0314
To redefine the classification status of P. campanulata var.wuyiensis, 16 species of wild Cerasus were used as the material and SSR molecular marker technology was adopted to make clustering analysis. Morphological observation and DNA barcoding molecular identification techniques were also combined to assist taxonomy research. In order to obtain the genetic relationship among three species, four chloroplast gene sequences (trnH-psbA, rpl32-trnL, petA-psbJ and trnL-trnF) were used to make the DNA barcode analysis. The results showed that the differences between P. campanulata var.wuyiensis (PcW1 and PcW2) and P. conradinae are smaller than those of the P. campanulata with only four significantly different gene sequences. Among them, the trnH-psbA and rpl32-trnL sequences of the P. campanulata var.wuyiensis (PcW2) are completely consistent with that of the P. conradinae. And for the trnL-trnF sequence, there are only three loci differences between P. campanulata var.wuyiensis was clustered with P. conradinae, while 75 (77) loci differences are existed between P. campanulata var.wuyiensis and P. campanulata. The neighbor-joining tree, which is constructed on the basis of trnH-psbA+rpl32-trnL+petA-psbJ+trnL-trnF sequences, showed that P. campanulata var.wuyiensis was clustered with P. conradinae together, while apart from P. campanulata. Combined with the results of SSR and morphological characteristics, it is confirmed that P. campanulata var.wuyiensis is a hybrid between P. campanulata and P. conradinae. And, since the chloroplast gene is inherited in the maternal line, so it also can be confirmed that the P. conradinae is female parent and P. campanulata is the male parent. By adopting the methods of molecular biology and genetics as well as the morphological observation, this experiment established a new classification status for P. campanulata var.wuyiensis, that is, P. campanulata var.wuyiensis is more closely with P. conradinae in the gene level, in spite of the fact that P. campanulata var.wuyiensis is similar to P. conradinae in morphology. Therefore, it is suggested that the P. campanulata var.wuyiensis should be upgrade as an independent species from a variant of P. campanulata. In addition, methods used in the experiment can also provide important reference for the study of other Cerasus, such as the taxonomic revision, the discovery of new species as well as the selection and breeding of new varieties.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(2): 324-337. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.02.0324To study the functions of lipid phosphate phosphatases in peanut, eight LPP genes were cloned in this study, which were named as AhLPP1, AhLPP2, AhLPP4, AhLPPβ1, AhLPPβ2, AhLPPγ, AhLPPδ, AhLPPε respectively. They encodes 335, 322, 284, 228, 198, 227, 403, 293 amino acids, respectively. All of them belong to the LPPs protein family. Subsequently, the cloned genes were used to perform sequence similarity comparison and phylogenetic analysis by related tools. At the same time, the expression of AhLPP genes in different tissues, different developmental stages of seeds and undr five kinds of hormones and four kinds of four kinds of abiotic stresses were delected by quantitative real-time PCR. The results showed that the AhLPP genes were highly similar to LPPs of other species and may participate in the synthesis of seed oils. AhLPP2, AhLPPγ, AhLPPε genes were differentially expressed under all kinds of treatment with five hormones and four abiotic stresses, while other LPP genes were differentially expressed following exposure to some kinds of treatments. This study provides a theoretical basis for clarifying the function of LPP genes in the synthesis of peanut oil and improving abiotic stress resistance, and enriches new gene resources for seed improvement of peanut.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(2): 338-348. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.02.0338Low temperature during growing season affects the development and yield of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.), which limits the geographical locations. In order to understand tolerance mechanism to cold stress of bitter gourd, inbred line NO.43 was tested under low temperature stress in this research. The phenotype, relevant physiological and biochemical indexes, and transcriptome of No.43 were observed and determined after cold stress treatment under 8℃. The main results are as follows: inbred line NO.43 showed cold tolerance under cold stress. In addition, the content of MDA, Pro, and REC(Relative electrolyte leakage rate)in bitter gourd significant changed under cold stress. The transcriptome under cold stress (8℃) treatments with 0 and 12 h is also analyzed. The results showed that in response to cold, a total of 1 285 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected, including 916 up-regulated and 369 down-regulated genes. In addition, sone metabolism pathways involving a large number of candidate genes were identified to be regulated by cold. Moreover, 10 genes related to cold stress reported from other publications were also detected, including transcription factors of WRKY, NAC, MYB families. We validated the expression profiles of 10 candidates genes by qRT-PCR,the results are consistent with the phenotypic and physiological changes, which further confirmed the accuracy of RNA-seq results. In this study, the transcriptome changes of bitter gourd under low temperature stress, as well as the molecular mechanisms of dynamic changes and physiological responses to low-temperature-resistant genes were revealed at the genome-wide level. This study provides some insights into the cold tolerance mechanism and digging out useful candidate genes for genetic improvement.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(2): 349-356. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.02.0349The effective absorption of nutrients is important for efficient livestock production. Monocarboxylic acids are pivotal energy source, which are produced by microbial fermentation in digestive tract and absorbed primarily by monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1). It is of fundamental importance to improve the livestock production performance by understanding the transport function and regulation mechanism of MCT1. The current review presented the gene and protein structure of MCT1, distribution and location of MCT1 in digestive tract, transport regulation mechanism of MCT1, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for future exploration of the transport function of MCT1.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(2): 357-365. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.02.0357To develop a new method for Nectarine preservation by using plant essential oils, the thyme and savory essential oil(EO) were sealed with agar plate, which made the EO fumigation slowly, persistently and stably through slow-release diffusors. Solid phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (SPME-GCMS) was used to analyze the variations of volatile bioactive components in sealed storage cabinets during fumigation with different EO. The effects of fumigation on the decay index, weight loss rate, hardness, antimicrobial activity, soluble solids, titratable acid, ascorbic acid and carotenoid content in nectarine fruits were studied. The results showed that compared with the control group, the decay index of the nectarine decreased from 23.3% in the control group to lower than 10.8% after funigation, and the fruit weight loss rate and hardness of the fumigated nectarine were well maintained at the end of storage. SPME-GCMS analysis showed that thymol and carvacrol, as major antimicrobial components, increased slowly and then tends to equilibrium, but the relative percentage was low. However, both two essential oils had high antibacterial activity against M. fructicola even at lower concentrations, and 10% savory essential oil could almost completely inhibited the germination of M. fructicola. 1% and 10% thyme essential oil could also reduce the germination rate of M. fructicola by 35.4 and 49.1 percent points respectively. However, B. cinerea was less sensitive to EO vapors than M. fructicola. In addition, EO fumigation could reduce the oxidation of ascorbic acid and carotenoids, and delay the decrease of soluble solids and titratable acids in fruits. In summary, the slow-release fumigation by sealed EO could prevent the decline of postharvest nectarine quality, which has the potential to be further developed into a commercial fruit and vegetable preservatives and provide a reference for the application of the sealed EO fumigation in post-harvest preservation of nectarine.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(2): 366-374. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.02.0366In order to study the effects and mechanisms of hypobaric storage condition (55 kPa) on delaying lightfication and browning of postharvest bamboo shoots without sheaths, Acidosasa edulis storage at 6±1℃ along with 80% to 85% relative humidity for 10 days was investigated. Quality parameters, activities of key enzymes and gene expression involved in lignification and browning of bamboo shoots were periodically determined during hypobaric storage. The results indicated that hypobaric storage significantly (P<0.05) inhibited wound browning, slowed down the increase of respiratory rate, flesh firmness, electrical conductivity and accumulation of cellulose, lignin and malondialdehyde (MDA), and significantly (P<0.05) reduced the activities of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), peroxidase (POD), cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and down-regulated the expression of their encoding genes in bamboo shoots during hypobaric storage. The results provided the theoretical foundation of application of hypobaric storage on bamboo shoots storage.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(2): 375-383. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.02.0375To reduce the content of benzopyrene (BaP) in smoked fish fillet, and retain its sensory characteristics and flavor quality, the online screening technology of smoked instant fish fillets was developed and the processing technology of smoked instant fish slices was optimized. The effect of different solid sorbents (cotton, silica gel, molecular sieve, activated alumina) on the quality of smoked fish fillets were compared. The BaP and volatile flavor compounds in smoked fish fillets were detected by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), respectively. In comparing different solid-phase sorbents, the BaP content of the smoked fish fillets treated by silica gel was detected to be 4.88 μg·kg-1. AT the same time, high sensory scores in texture, color, and aroma could be obtained, and the friendly volatile substances such as phenols, aldehydes, etc. were well retained. Finally, the process of reducing BaP content in smoked sturgeon fillets was optimized by response surface method, and the optimal conditions were silica 25 g, smoking time 30 min, and temperature 85oC. The experimental results could provide important reference for the development of healthy smoked food.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(2): 384-395. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.02.0384To investigate the effects of carbon sources on the synthesis kinetics,structure and function changes of exopolysaccharides (EPSs) from Papiliotrema aurea DF-12. Logistic, Luedeking-Piret and Herbert-pirt models were used to fit the growth and EPSs production with different carbon source, and the structural differences of these EPSs were studied by high performance liquid chromatography, infrared spectra, scanning electron microscopy and gas chromatography. The results showed that when glucose was used as carbon source, the maximum specific growth rate reached to 0.15 h-1, which was higher than that of other carbon sources. However, the maximum specific product formation rate was get when sucrose was used as carbon source, which was reached to 11.95 h-1. All of the EPSs exhibited strong antioxidant activities. There was no significant difference in molecular weight, functional groups and chemical bonds with different carbon source, except for surface morphology. EPSs obtained from all kinds of carbon sources(glucose and sucrose) were composed of fucose, rhamnose, mannose and glucose, while their molar ratio was different. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for further development and utilization of yeast EPSs.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(2): 396-405. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.02.0396In order to enrich the variety of tempeh and improve the utilization rate of black bean in food industry, the black bean was used as raw material to study the effect of fermentation with Rhizopus oligosporus on the basic nutritional and aroma components of black bean tempeh. The contents of ergosterol, amino acid nitrogen, degree of hydrolysis, peptides below 10 kDa, total phenols, total flavonoids, proanthocyanidins in black beans at different fermentation time and the antioxidant activities were also studied. The results showed that there was no significant difference in ash content and crude fat content before and after fermentation. The moisture content and crude protein content were significantly different(P<0.05)from those of the samples without fermentation. A total of 24 kinds of aroma components were detected in fermented black bean tempeh, 14 kinds more than that of unfermented samples, and three kinds of aldehyde, hydrocarbon and ester components were only found fermented samples. During fermentation, ergosterol content first increased and then decreased, reaching a maximum of 911.39 μg·g-1 at 33 h. After 15 h, the contents of amino acid nitrogen, peptides below 10 kDa and degree of protein hydrolysis increased significantly (P<0.05), with the maximum values of 0.87 g·100g-1, 335.60 mg·g-1 and 29.43%, respectively. In addition, the total phenol, total flavonoids and proanthocyanidins contents of fermented black bean tempeh were 2.23 mg·g-1, 0.70 mg·g-1 and 2.22 mg·g-1 respectively, which were significantly higher than those of before fermentation (P<0.05), and the contents of total phenol, total flavonoids and proanthocyanidins were closely related to antioxidant activity. The study provides theoretical basis for the development of black bean tempeh.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(2): 406-413. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.02.0406To explore the quality of chicken soup using different yellow feather chicken and to select the best variety of chicken to make soup, three types of yellow feather chicken including fast-speed growth type, medium-speed growth type and slow-speed growth type were chosen. The content of water, ash and crude protein of the chicken, and the taste, viscosity, content of free amino acids, and volatile flavor compound of the chicken soup were analyzed. Results indicated that low-speed growth type chicken was lower in the content of water, and was significant higher in the value of crude protein than that of the fast and medium-speed growth type (P<0.05). The values of free amino acids and sensory evaluation of the slow-type chicken soup were significantly higher than those of the other two kinds of chicken soup (P<0.05). The slow-speed growth type chicken was the most suitable broiler for the processing of chicken soup. This result provides a theoretical and scientific basis for the production of chicken soup.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(2): 414-423. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.02.0414In order to study the effects of different process parameters on the energy consumption and quality of dried bean curd in the process of ultrasonic marinating were studied, this experiment took fresh bean curd as raw material, ultrasonic power, ultrasonic time, ultrasonic temperature and salt concentration were selected as the experimental factors. The salt content, unit energy consumption, color, chewiness and recovery of the bean curd were used as indicators to conduct response surface test and build regression models. By analyzing the primary and secondary factors that affected each index and the interaction between the factors, genetic algorithm was used to optimize the technological parameters of ultrasonic marinated dried bean curd. The regression models of each index were significant (P<0.05), and the missing items were not significant (P>0.05). The model could be used to analyze and predict the changes of the indicators of the dried bean curd after ultrasonic treatment. The best process parameters were as follows: ultrasonic power 504 W, time 21 min, temperature 76℃ and salt concentration 5.0%. Under such conditions, the salt content of dried bean curd was 1.16%, the unit energy consumption was 8.04 kJ·g-1, △E was 15.98, chewiness was 1 609.49 and the resilience was 0.34. In summary, ultrasonic marinating can promote the uniform penetration of salt, shorten the marinating time, and can be used for the processing of dried bean curd. The results provide a theoretical basis for the production of high quality and low energy consumption of dried bean curd.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(2): 424-437. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.02.0424Sweet potato leaves are the aboveground parts of sweet potato, which can be harvested several times a year, and their yield is equal to that of sweet potato roots. Sweet potato leaves are rich in polyphenols, including phenolic acids and flavonoids. These compounds have been reported to possess many healthy benefits, such as antioxidant, antihyperglycemic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory, etc. Recently, more and more researchers pay attention to the antihyperglycemic activity of sweet potato leaf polyphenols. This article summarized the research progress in extraction, separation and purification of polyphenols from sweet potato leaves, and the individual phenolic composition and antihyperglycemic activity of sweet potato leaf polyphenols. The aim of this article is to provide a theoretical reference for the development and successful application of sweet potato leaf polyphenols in food and healthcare industries, and further enhance sustainable development of sweet potato leaf processing industry in China.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(2): 438-446. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.02.0438In order to further understand the behavior of imidacloprid in plants, uptake, translocation and distribution of 14C-Imidacloprid (14C-IMI) in rape seedlings were investigated using isotope tracer method and modern instrumental analysis technology in this study. The experiments were performed by seed-coating treatment with low IMI-seed ratios (4.8 and 5.4 g·kg-1) and high IMI-seed ratios (6.0 and 7.2 g·kg-1). The main results were as follows: Uptake percentage of IMI treated with IMI-seed ratio of 6.0 g·kg-1 was the highest in rape seedlings among all treatments. The content of IMI in rape seedlings with the high IMI-seed ratios was significantly higher than that of the low IMI-seed ratio groups (P<0.05). Furthermore, no significant difference was found between T3 and T4, with the content of IMI in rape seedlings maintaining in the range of 4.72~7.96 and 4.20~9.42 mg·kg-1 respectively. For low IMI-seed ratio groups, the content of IMI in the stem of the plants was significantly higher than that in other parts of the plants, and the IMI content of the oldest leaf (leaf 1) was higher than other leaves. The regular pattern on the distribution of 14C-IMI in the plant was stem > leaf > root. However, for high IMI-seed ratio groups, the content of IMI in stem and leaf 1 was significantly higher than that in other parts, and the 14C-IMI distribution pattern was found to be leaf >stem > root. The distribution ratio of 14C-IMI in the roots was in the range of 9.81%~16.37%; IMI was more accumulated in leaf margins. Transport factors (TF) of IMI were over 1 in all experimental seedlings and decreased with the extension of incubation time. In summary, the IMI-seed ratio of 6.0 g·kg-1 would be suggested for processing rapeseeds. The results of this study provide essential data for guiding the scientific use of IMI in agricultural production and safety evaluation of IMI.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(2): 447-453. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.02.0447To investigate the coupling effects of alternate partial root-zone irrigation with different nitrogen rates, biennial grape trees were selected as experiment samples. 15N isotope tracing was applied to this pot experiment with different irrigation methods (conventional drip irrigation, fixed root-zone drip irrigation, alternate root-zone drip irrigation, abbreviated as CDI, FDI, and ADI) and different nitrogen application rates (three N levels 0.4, 0.8, 1.2 g·kg-1 soil, marked as N1, N2, and N3). The characteristics of the grape growth index, rate of nitrogen absorption, and distribution were studied under different irrigation methods and N levels. The results indicated that,compared with CDI treatment, the average pruning amount of FDI and ADI treatments decreased by 21.3% and 13.4% respectively. Meanwhile, the pruning amount of new shoots increased with the increase of N application rate under the same irrigation method. The fruit dry matter and the season biomass from different treatments are ADI>CDI>FDI under the same N application rate. The fruit dry matter increased with the increase of nitrogen application under FDI and ADI and it reached the highest value at N2 under CDI treatment. The Ndff value of fruit with ADI treatment was the highest, and there were no significant differences in the Ndff value of storage organs such as the main vine and root stock between different irrigation methods. However, the Ndff value of different grape organs decreased with increasing N application rate under the same irrigation method. The utilization rate of 15N under ADI was the highest, which was significantly higher than CDI and FDI by 1.3 and 6.0 percent don average respectively. Besides, the 15N utilization rate decreased with increasing nitrogen application. In conclusion, the coupling 6.0 percentof ADI and medium nitrogen application rate (N2) can regulate the growth of grape, accumulate more fruit dry matter and increase the utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer as well. The result of this study provides a theoretical basis for the high yield of grape and coordinated water-nitrogen cultivation with high efficiency.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(2): 454-461. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.02.0454In order to explore the effect of reducing fertilizer and increasing benefits of maize under different organic fertilizer replacement rates,and determine the optimum replacement rate, field plot experiments were conducted under equal nutrient conditions,and five treatments with no fertilization control(CK),conventional fertilization(CF),and organic fertilizer replacement rates of 8%,16%,and 24%(recorded as 8%OF,16%OF,and 24%OF,respectively)were set up to study the effects of different organic fertilizer replacement rates on maize growth and development,yield,economic benefits and soil fertility.The results showed that compared with CF, the treatments with different organic fertilizer replacement rates promoted the growth and development of maize,and increased the plant height,stem diameter,leaf number and SPAD value of leaves in different growth stages of maize. By effectively improving the ear traits and yield components of maize,the yield increased by 17.56%,28.50% and 9.82%,and the net income than CF was 1130.64,1303.32 and -2774.55 yuan·hm-2,respectively. The physical and chemical properties of soil at maturity stage were improved,the contents of alkaline nitrogen,available phosphorus,available potassium,organic matter and soil water increased by 13.98%~14.89%,7.29%~36.93%, 2.46%~11.20%,11.85%~15.36%, and 10.05%~25.06%,respectively,soil pH and soil bulk density decreased by 0.04~0.17 and 4.61%~7.24%,respectively. Through model analysis,the optimum organic fertilizer replacement rate was determined to be 9.5%,and the fertilization scheme was the application rates of organic fertilizer,chemical fertilizer N,P2O5 and K2O were 1 610.2,271.5,148.6,51.5 kg·hm-2,respectively.This study provides a feasible basis for rational use of nutrient resources and the reduction of fertilizer input in maize production.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(2): 462-470. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.02.0462The purpose of this study was to clarify the effect of corn/soybean intercropping pattern on the yield, quality and soil microbial community of silage corn in the north-west of Hebei province. Taking corn Zhongyuandan 32 and soybean Suinong 41 as materials, five different intercropping patterns were tested in 2017 and 2018. The yield and quality of silage corn, the change of soil nutrient and microorganism were measured. Compared with maize corn monocropping (CK), the corn/soybean intercropping pattern could obviously improve the yield and quality of silage corn. Meantime, the soil nutrient and microbial colonies were also modified. The 2:1 cultivation mode was the optimum mode. In this mode, the yield of silage corn was 68.53 t·hm-2, and the content of crude protein and starch increased significantly, which was 0.5 and 3.2 percent higher than CK, respectively. The weight of milk that can be produced per ton of dry matter reached 1 539 kg·t-1. Compared with CK, the nitrogen fixation effect of rhizobium in the corn/sybean intercropping pattern was obvious. In the 2:1 cultivation mode, the content of N in rhizosphere soil reached 124.3 mg·kg-1. Meantime,in the corn/soybean intercropping pattern, the relative abundance of Ascomyces was increased, while the relative abundance of Basidiomycetes was decreased.The new fungal types such as Podospora tetraspora and Harpophora radicicola were obtained in the corn/soybean intercropping pattern. The number of OTU in the 2:1 cultivation mode was the most reaching 318. This study provides experimental basis for the corn/soybean intercropping cultivation technology model for high yield and high quality in northwest Hebei.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(2): 471-480. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.02.0471To explore the mulching effect of different mulching materials in rain-shelter vineyards, a field experiment was designed, and non-mulching (CK) as control, and four mulching materials of Straw Mulch (SM), White Plastic Film Mulch (WM), Reflective Plastic Film Mulch (RM), Ground Cloth Mulch (CM) were treated continuously from November 2017 to October 2018. Taking the summer black grape as the sample, the effects of different mulching materials on soil microbe and grape growth in rain-shelter vineyards were studied. The results indicated that, compared with the control check (CK), by CM, WM and RM treatment, the number of fungi and bacteria in 0~40 cm soil layer could be increased and soil actinomycetes could be reduced; soil microbial biomass carbon and soil microbial quotient under the four mulching materials were all higher than CK, while microbial metabolic quotient was lower than the control; soil organic carbon under CM, WM and RM treatment showed a decreasing trend and under SM treatment was on the contrary; SM and CM treatment could increase soil respiration intensity, and WM and RM treatment were on the contrary; the four mulching materials could increase the grape root activity, promote the growth of grape leaves and new shoots, and improve the internal and external quality of grape. The quantity and activity of soil microorganism under SM treatment were the strongest, whose total microbial biomass, soil microbial biomass carbon, soil microbial quotient and soil respiration intensity significantly increased by 20.27%, 51.43%, 40.38%, and 13.52%, respectively, while soil microbial metabolic quotient significantly decreased by 22.51% compared with the control; Grape fruit quality was better under SM and RM treatment, but no significant difference was found between them. Compared with the control, the soluble solids of SM and RM treatment significantly increased by 14.25%, and 17.74%, respectively. The experiment results provided theoretical and practical references for the selection of mulching materials in rain-shelter vineyards.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(2): 481-489. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.02.0481Effects of postharvest red light on bioactive compounds of Chinese kale sprouts were investigated. The contents of glucosinolates, vitamin C, anthocyanins, and total phenols, as well as the antioxidant capacity of Chinese kale sprouts in different storage time and storage temperature after postharvest red, white and dark treatment were analyzed. The results showed that postharvest red light treatment notably postponed the decrease of glucosinolates in Chinese kale sprouts stored at 25℃. The content of total glucosinolates was 56.67%, 146.31% and 32.24% higher in sprouts under red light treatment than that under dark treatment when stored for 1, 2, 3 d, respectively. In addition, the decrease in vitamin C content was restrained, while the contents of anthocyanins and total phenolics, as well as the antioxidant activity were increased by red light treatment when stored at 25℃. The accumulation of anthocyanins was enhanced, while the contents of other antioxidants as well as antioxidant activity were slightly influenced in Chinese kale sprouts by red light treatment when stored at 10℃. These results indicated that postharvest red light treatment could be a useful way for postponing the decrease of main bioactive compounds in Chinese kale sprouts stored at room temperature, which is potential in maintaining the quality of Chinese kale sprouts during postharvest period.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(2): 490-497. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.02.0490In order to understand the changes of quality and germination characteristics of peanut seeds during natural aging, six peanut varieties (lines) were used as materials to evaluate the quality and germination of aging peanut seeds by measuring the reduction amount of triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) and conductivity. The indicated showed that the germination of five germination related traits including germination rate, germination potential, germination index, vigor index and growth amount of peanut seeds of different varieties (lines) presented a significant decreasing trend with the deepening of the aging degree. There were two distinct trends between the conductivity and TTC reduction amount of peanut seeds and the seed vigor of peanut. The five indexes of peanut quality content, including oleic acid, linoleic acid, oleinite (O/L), oil content and crude protein, showed a significant downward trend except linoleic acid. In order to ensure the quality of different peanut genotypes and better storage methods, the comprehensive evaluation of several indexes in natural aging seeds were carried out in this study.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2021, 35(2): 498-507. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2021.02.0498In this study, Mycosphaerella fragariae was isolated and identified from strawberry leaves to explore the antibacterial effect of volatile substances in strawberry leaves on Mycosphaerella fragariae. The main volatile substances in strawberry leaves were determined and their effects on the spore germination, mycelial growth and mitochondrial membrane potential of the fungi were investigated. Results showed that C6 aldehydes and terpenoids were the two main volatile classes of strawberry leaves. Among them, hexanal, 2-hexenal,trans-2-hexenal and cis-3-hexenal, linalool and myrtenol were the dominant volatile compounds. Thus, these volatiles were selected to study the inhibition effect on the infection of M. fragariae of strawberry leaves by fumigation. On the concentration of 50 μL·L-1, linalool and myrtenol significantly inhibited the germination of spores and the growth of hyphae. Same effect was found for hexanal at 5 μL·L-1, trans-2-hexenal at 0.5 μL·L-1, cis-3-hexenal at 5 μL·L-1. Additionally, the mitochondrial membrane potential of the pathogen was significantly decreased, contributing to the growth inhibition on the fungi. Furthermore, the fumigation of the selected volatiles showed no damage to the strawberry leaves. These results indicated that with a suitable concentration the fumigation treatment of linalool, myrtenol, hexanal, trans-2-hexenal and cis-3-hexenal on strawberry leaves can effectively inhibit the infection of M. fragariae. This study provided a fundamental basis for the usage of plant volatiles as a new natural fungicide for plant disease control.
