10 April 2019, Volume 33 Issue 4
    

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    Induced Mutations for Plant Breeding·Agricultural Biotechnology
  • LIN Bing, ZHONG Huaiqin, HUANG Minling, FAN Ronghui, LUO Yuanhua
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(4): 633-639. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.04.0633
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    To investigate the mutagenic effects of Iris hollandica in different radiation doses of 60Co-γ rays, the seedballs of zhanchi with dark blue flower were used as test materials and were treated at 0(CK) 3, 5, 7 and 10 Gy doses, respectively, then the growth level and color variation of irradiated progeny were investigated. The results showed that the irradiation had an inhibitory effect on the growth of VM1. However, after two generations of cultivation, the growth index of the VM3 had recovered and variation characteristics were stable. The color mutation effects and color mutation direction were closely releted to the dose of radiation. The receptor appeared white and purple color variations at the 7 Gy treatment, and one-way transformation to white color at low dose of treatment (3 Gy and SGy), while more biased towards purple variation through the semi-lethal dose of 10 Gy treatment. After several generations of breeding, three different lines of variations were selected at VM6 generation, which demonstrats that 60Co-γ ray radiation is a new effective method for new varieties breeding of Iris hollandica. The results of this study laid a theoretical foundation for the breeding of 60Co-γ ray radiation mutation and the selection of new varieties with excellent ornamental traits.
  • LIAO Changjian, QIN Yan, CHEN Qi, ZHANG Yang, CHEN Shanhu, LIN Haijian
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(4): 640-646. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.04.0640
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    In order to establish maize haploid embryogenic callus culture and rapid screening system, MT-1 was used as inducer to induce haploid on maternal material 18-599(red). And 0, 1, 5, 10, 20 and 40 h were cultured under dark light and light/dark photoperiod for haploid callus induction. The results showed that calluses could be induced from all young embryos of inbred 18-599(red). The effects of light culture on the callus rate of purple (diploid) were: light culture > light/dark alternate culture > dark culture. Haploid callus could be identified early by light screening, and the detectable rates were 68% and 71% for exposed 20 h and 40 h, respectively, which could delete eliminate most of none haploid callus. It was concluded that illumination intensity 2 000 Lx, and treatment at 20℃for 20 h was the best screening process. Furthermore, the remaining putative haploid calluses were observed through flow cytometer and chromosome tableting technology, and some diploid calluses were detected from candidate haploid calluses after tableting technology with flow cytometer, but no diploid callus were detected after flow cytometer, which suggest that flow cytometer is more accurate than tableting technology in detecting haploid calluses. By illumination screening and flow cytometer detection, 100 haploid callus were obtained rapidly from 3 000 haploid callus, and the haploid callus rate was 3.67%. The result of this study provided a reference for utilizing maize haploid embryogenic callus as a transgenic receptor and also lays the foundation for obtaining transgenic plant rapidly.
  • ZHOU Huiwen, XIAO Liang, ZENG Wendan, YAN Huabing
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(4): 647-652. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.04.0647
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    To obtain the tetraploid germplasm resources of cassava new variety, in vitro single-node axillary buds of cassava (cv. Nanzhi 199) were taken as explants to induced the autotetraploid. The effects of various concentration of colchicine on the survival rate and variation rate were investigated and the morphological characters, anatomical characters and chlorophyll content of normal and variant plants were also analyzed. The results showed that the survival rate of explants decreased with the increase of colchicine concentrations. Concentration range of 0.05~0.1 g·L-1 was suitable for inducing autotetraploid cassava. Identification of ploidy levels by flow cytometry (FCM) showed that 10 autotetraploid and one chimeras were obtained. Compared to the original diploid plants, the tetraploid plants showed significantly difference in color, thickness and surface of leaves. Moreover, the tetraploid plants had bigger guard cells and higher chlorophyll content.
  • CHEN Wei, ZHAO Jianwen, ZHANG Zhijun, LIN Xinchun, GUO Xiaoqin
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(4): 653-663. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.04.0653
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    Brassinosteroids (BRs) is a kind of steroid plant hormones that promote the elongation of plant stem. The enzyme encoded by the CYP85A1 gene is one of the key enzymes that catalyze the synthesis of brassinosteroids. In order to preliminarily explore the role of CYP85A1 in the rapid elongation of internode, this study mainly analyzed the sequences of CYP85A1 homologous genes from twenty different bamboo species by bioinformatics, and detected the relative expression of CYP85A1 gene in different tissues and different developmental stages of Bambusa multiplex and B. multiplex Fernleaf by real-time PCR. The results showed that the DNA, cDNA and amino acid sequences of 20 orthologous CYP85A1 genes were 92.23%, 98.79% and 97.86% identities, respectively. All analyzed orthologous CYP85A1 genes contain nine exons and eight introns, encoding 465 to 480 amino acids, with molecular weights of proteins are approximate 54 kDa and the theoretical isoelectric of approximate 9.2. Their encoded protein sequences contained a conserved heme binding domain of cytochrome P450 family. Tissue specific expression analysis showed that CYP85A1 gene in in Bambusa multiplex and B. multiplex Fernleaf had the highest expression level in the leaves of mother plants, followed by in the stems, the lowest in the root. The expression level of CYP85A1 gene in leaves was 6.3 and 2.6 times higher than that in roots, respectively. During the rapid elongation of newborn plants, the expression of CYP85A1 gene at the top internode was significantly higher than that at the 2nd, 4th, 5th internode, respectively. Analysis of expression variation at different developmental stages showed that the expression level of CYP85A1 gene was significantly higher during internode rapid growth stage than that during slow growth of bamboo. Taken together, our results demonstrated that CYP85A1 gene was involved in development of stem and internode elongation of bamboo, provided a strong foundation for further study on functions of CYP85A1 gene in bamboo.
  • DU Yinglin, XU Yafen, GAO Guitian, CAO Fan, LI Chaozheng, ZHANG Xin
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(4): 664-670. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.04.0664
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    In order to investigate the effect of exogenous ethephon, ABA and 1-MCP on anabolism of endogenous ABA in Hayward kiwifruit and to reveal regulates mechanism of ABA on fruit ripening, exogenous ethephon, ABA and 1-MCP were applied on Hayward kiwifruits. HPLC and RT-qPCR were used to analyze the content change of ABA and the expression of genes relating to ABAs biosynthesis which including XanDH,PYR/PYL,PP2C and ABF in kiwifruit which stored at 20℃. This research provided a deeper insight into the ripening and aging mechanism regulated by ABA in kiwifruit. The results suggested that the samples treated with ethephon presented significantly lower expression of PP2C and ABF than the control group (P<0.01) from 17 days after harvest(DAH17) to DAH58, while the expression of XanDH and PYR/PYL in experimental group were significantly higher than those in control group on DAH17 and then decreased rapidly. In the group of ABA treatment, the expression of XanDH decreased first, then increased to the highest level on DAH17, after then the expression gradually decreased; the expression of PP2C and PYR/PYL reached the highest level on DAH17 and then decreased to a low level, which was significantly different from the control group; ABF had a higher expression level in the early period after harvest, while the expression decreased rapidly after the peak value, subsequently retained to a comparatively low expression in the late ripening phase. As for the samples exposed to 1-MCP, the expression of XanDH was significantly higher than that in control group throughout the experiment and a comparatively moderate decreasing trend was observed after the maximum on DAH17. Furthermore, compared with the control group, a steady increasing expression for PP2C and declining expression for ABF could be observed. Moreover, when the samples were treated with 1-MCP, PYR/PYL exhibited a significant higher expression than the untreated ones, even though PYR/PYL was down regulated after reaching the peak value on DAH17. As mentioned above, exogenous ethephon, 1-MCP and ABA could greatly influence biosynthesis of ABA and signal transduction in Hayward kiwifruit, which provide a novel access to clarifying the regulatory mechanism of the ripening and aging of Hayward kiwifrui by utilizing these three exogenous application.
  • ZHANG Guilian, ZHAO Rui, LIU Yitong, TANG Wenbang
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(4): 671-679. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.04.0671
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    To reveal the molecular mechanism of heat tolerant and heat sensitive anther response to high temperature stress from protein level.The heat tolerance line 996 and heat sensitive line 4628 were chosen as research materials and the differential proteomics analysis was carried out on the rice anthers under high temperature and optimum temperature condition by using iTRAQ technique. The results showed that totally 957 differential expressed proteins were screened out in four comparable groups, 996 high temperature-996 optimal temperature,4628 high temperature-4628 optimal temperature,996 high temperature-4628 high temperature,996 optimal temperature-4628 optimal temperature, among which 398 differential proteins were up-regulated, the proteins withover 20% coverage was 50.96% of the total protein number. GO analysis showed that the anther differentially expressed proteins in heading and flowering stage were mainly concentrated on metabolic processes, cell processes and other biological processes. The differentially expressed proteins were mainly distributed in intracellular parts, organelles and cells on cell composition and their molecular functions were majorly catalytic activity and binding. Analysis of anther differential protein pathway showed that 2 transcription factor(TF) genes belonging to bZIP and DOF family were differently expressed, the DOF family gene was up-related, and the bZIP family gene was down-regulated; majority of 18 HSPs genes were up-regulated. The genes related to plant hormone and signal transduction were mainly down-regulated. 5 genes of 10 differentially expressed genes related to reactive oxygen species (ROS) were differently expressed,5 genes were up-regulated. The genes related to secondary metabolism were mainly down-regulated. The study can provide theoretical basis for revealing the mechanism of molecular regulation on rice anther response to heat stress.
  • LUO Mei, DONG Zhangyong, LIN Jintian, LIN Guiwen
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(4): 680-686. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.04.0680
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    Beauveria bassiana is wildly used in biological control. Effectors played an important role in the infection process. SignalP、TMHMM、TargetP and Protcomp bioinformatics methods were used to analysis the B. bassiana genome that contain 10 364 protein, totally 940 secreted proteins were obtained, including 185 carbohydrate active enzyme proteins. Among them, there are 40 carbohydrate binding modules, 23 carbohydrate esterases, 92 glycoside hydrolases, 4 glycosyltransferases, 2 polysaccharides lysases, and 24 auxiliary activities. Furtherly the above secretory proteins were blast with the extracellular enzyme database the cysteine content and multiple tandem repeats were analyzed. Compared with the Pathogen-Host interaction database ant then screened out the proteins larger than 300 amino acid. Totally 18 proteins were confirmed to be the effectors of B. bassiana. This study used bioinformatics to predict candidate effectors from B. bassiana genomic, laid a foundation for further research on interaction between pathogen and insect host, and provide reference for the prediction and analysis of other pathogen effectors.
  • YANG Qianyu, HE Congfen, LIANG Lixiong, WANG Tao, LI Lubin, LIU Lei
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(4): 687-695. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.04.0687
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    Mycorrhizal fungi play an important role in the life history of orchid plants. In order to obtain the mycorrhizal fungi promoting the growth of orchid plants, understand the effect of mycorrhizal fungi on orchid plants, three strains isolated from Cymbidium ensifolium were identified by molecular and morphological analysis, were co-cultivated with three species of orchid plantlets on different concentration medium. The results showed that three strains were identified as Tulasnella sp. (Tsc), Ceratobasidium sp.(Cej3) and Sebacina sp.(Sec) using the ITS-rDNA sequence analysis. The mycelium and colonial morphological characteristics of three strains were obvious different. Phylogenetic analysis showed that strain Tsc had closer relationship with Cej3 than with Sec. Strain Tsc could symbiosis with three orchid species on all OMA concentrations, and the colonization rate were 100%; the colonization time and rate of strain Cej3 and Sec with three orchid species were different on different OMA concentrations. Analysis found that the fresh weight, dry weight, plantlets height and root length of treatment group were increased significantly by mycorrhizal fungi inoculation compared with control group. These results will lay the basis for further studying the molecular mechanism of the symbiosis between orchid and mycorrhizal fungi and provide a reference for orchid plants conservation.
  • WANG Jingjing, LEI Jianjun, LIANG Chengliang, ZHANG Zikun, CHANG Peipei, ZHANG Zhanyu, HE Hongjun
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(4): 696-704. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.04.0696
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    Translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP) is widely distributed in various eukaryotes. It’s a family of homologous proteins that are highly conserved throughout evolution process. In plants, their functions are mainly involved in promoting cell proliferation, differentiation and regeneration, and enhance tolerance to biotic or abiotic stress. The regulation mechanism of TCTP expression is complicated because it is regulated by the level of transcription and translation. In this paper, the discovery and naming, the research field and distribution, the structural characteristics, expression characteristics and biological functions of plant TCTP were reviewed. The aim of this study is to comprehensively understand the physiological and biochemical functions of plant TCTP, which will help to further study on its regulation mechanism, and provide reference for regulating the growth and development of plants and breeding new varieties of stress resistance.
  • Food Irradiation·Food Science
  • LU Jiaqi, LI Shichang, LIU Yongkang, FENG Tengzhu, WANG Dahong
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(4): 705-712. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.04.0705
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    In order to improve the enzymatic activity of pullulanase, the original strain named GX-6 was mutated with low energy ion beam implantation, and the fermentation medium was optimized by response surface methodology. The results showed that the strain had a higher positive rate when the implantation energy was 10 keV and the dose of N+implantation was 1 × 10 15 ions·cm-2 with implantation time of 38 s. A high-yield and high genetic stability mutant strain of GX6-2 was obtained under this mutation dose through repeated mutagenesis by using ion beam and the activity was 2.28 times higher, up to 2.13 U·mL-1, than original strain (0.65 U·mL-1). From the Plackett-Burmen test, three significant factors affecting the enzyme activity of pullulase were corn starch, maltose and Tween-80. The optimized fermentation parameters was shown as follows: corn starch 56.5 g·L-1, maltose 11.5 g·L-1, Tween-80 1.0 mL·L-1, soybean meal 25 g·L-1, pH 7.0, inoculation volume of 3% fermentation temperature at 37℃, 24 h fermentation, broth content 50 mL, with a spreed of 180 r·min-1. The activity of the mutagenic strain was 2.57 U·mL-1, which was 2.95 times higher than original strain under these conditions. The fermentation characteristics of mutant strain was also investigated. The activity of the mutant strain was 2.67 U·mL-1, which was 3.11 times higher than original strain when the strain was cultured for 24 h. The results of this study provide some theoretical references for the mutagenesis and breeding of pullulanase-producing strain by low energy ion beam implantation.
  • ZHOU Tingting, CAO Shaoqian, QI Xiangyang, JIANG Kai
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(4): 713-721. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.04.0713
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    In order to explore the effects of intense pulsed light(IPL) treatment on the food riched in oils and fats, the effects of IPL treatment on the storage stability and polyphenols of rapeseed oil were evaluated by chemical titration and spectrophotometry method. The results showed that the storage stability of the oil significantly decreased compared with the control group when the rapeseed oil was treated 5 and 15 times by IPL(P<0.05), but was significantly increased when treated 25 times during the experiment storage time comparing to the control group(P<0.05). Meanwhile, the correlation between lipid oxidation and polyphenols indicated that there was a good correlation(r2>0.89) between effects of IPL treatment on the storage stability and polyphenols of the rapeseed oil during storage. It can be inferred that the stability of phenolic compounds of rapeseed oil might increase after treating for 25 times, thus the storage stability of the oil increased. This research provides a theoretical basis for the application of IPL technology to the food riched in oils and fats.
  • LI Shuang, LI Cheng, CHEN Anjun, LIU Aiping, LIU Yuntao, YAN Ge, YUAN Liang, WU Bi
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(4): 722-731. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.04.0722
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    In order to investigate the sterilizing effect of pulsed electric fields(PEF) on the prepared beef, the prepared beef was taken as the research object, microbial lethality was taken as the main indicator, based on single factor tests, the parameters of beef treated with PEF were optimized using response surface method, and the sensory quality, color, cooking loss rate and shear force before and after PEF treatment were analyzed. The result showed that the optimal parameters of PEF were: impulse frequency 30.5 kHz, duty cycle 2.3%, treatment time 7 min, and electric field strength 45 kV·cm-1. Under this condition, the rate of microbial lethality reached 87.33%(R2=0.986,Radj2=0.972), the shelf life was prolonged for another 2 d, and there was no significant negative impact on the sensory quality. The results of this study provide a reference for the application of PEF in the sterilization and preservation of prepared meat products.
  • WANG Tao, HAO Liping, LI Yueyuan, BAI Yuren
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(4): 732-738. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.04.0732
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    To investigate the effects of Chitosan and UV-C treatment on the chilling injury and quality of yam, the yam was treated with different concentration of chitosan and different doses of UV-C irradiation,and the change in the index of chilling injuries,soluble solids content,MDA,electric conductivity,antioxidant enzymes activity were analyzed. The results showed that the optimum concentration of chitosan was 1.0% and the optimal irradiation dose for UV-C was 6 KJ·m-2 for maintaining the quality of yam tuber.Under this condition, chitosan, UV-C irradiation and chitosan combined with UV-C could significantly reduced the chilling injury index and chilling injury incidence of yam,inhibited the accumulation of malondialdehyde(MDA) and the increase in membrane permeability, which also helped to maintain the film structure integrity, lower the polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity,and maintain the high level of total soluble solids content and peroxidase (POD). It was visible that these results indicated that three kinds of treatment can markedly alleviate the chilling injury symptoms and extend the storage time of yam, and the chitosan combined with UV-C is the most effective way against chilling injury. This study provides a theoretical basis for alleviation of chilling injury of yam.
  • WANG Lu, LI Bincheng, TANG Xiaoyu, YI Youjin, XIA Bo, CAO Xi, ZHOU Jianzhong
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(4): 739-750. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.04.0739
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    To investigate the effects of protocatechuic acid and pullulan polysaccharide on the storage of postharvest pepper, a composite was used to evaluate the effect of protocatechuic acid concentration, pullulan concentration, soaking time and calcium chloride addition on its efficacy in preserving the postharvest quality of pepper (XY No.15). The study was carried out using an L9(34) orthogonal array design. Results showed that coating pepper with a mixture of 123 mg·L-1 protocatechuic acid, 0.45% pullulan polysaccharide, 1.1% CaCl2, and 1.5 min soaking time extended the shelf-life of pepper as it decreased the rot rate, weight loss and respiration rate significantly. Meanwhile, results also indicated that coating treatment maintain the brightness, and color, improve the activity of CAT, enhanced the scavenging ability of free radicals, and suppressed the decrease of POD, PPO and PAL. In conclusion,the coating treatment was able to prevent the quality decline of postharvest pepper, and this treatment has the potential to be further developed as a fruit and vegetable preservative.
  • LIANG Senmiao, ZHANG Shuwen, ZHENG Xiliang, REN Haiying, ZHU Tingting, QI Xingjiang
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(4): 751-758. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.04.0751
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    In order to certify the relation among nutritive growth indexes and fruit appearance and quality traits in different varieties of Chinese bayberry. Zaoxian, Zaose and Dongkui that had different maturity stages were used as research materials. In this study, basic parameters, coefficient of variation (CV) and correlation coefficients of seven nutritive growth indexes, ten fruit appearance traits and thirteen fruit quality traits were measured and calculated. The results showed that the CV of thirty different traits was 2.546%~31.021%, vitamin c (Vc), hardness (HN) and branch length (BL) had higher CV value (31.021%, 22.092% and 15.245%), with higher genetic diversity. Significant negative correlations between acid-sugar ratio (AS) and fruit color (L*, b* and C), leaf length (LL), leaf width (LW) and leaf thickness (LT) were found, suggesting that the value of fruit color could forecast AS, and LL, LW and LT played an important role in the establishment of AS. The chlorophyll (Chl) and HN had significant positive correlations with several fruit appearance and quality traits. Therefore, the fruit quality was improved by increasing Chl. BL had significant negative correlations with 13 fruit appearance and quality traits, illustrating that middle and short bearing branch were better than the longer ones. This study provided a theoretical basis for the use of nutritional growth indexes to screen excellent fruit quality traits in Chinese bayberry.
  • XU Hua, ZHANG Ru, ZHANG Jinjie, LOU Qiaoming, YANG Wenge, XU Dalun
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(4): 759-765. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.04.0759
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    In order to analyze comparatively the fatty acid compositions of Laminaria japonica from difference origins, the total lipid extraction conditions of Laminaria japonica from three origins (Fuzhou, Ningbo and Qingdao) were optimized by solvent methods, and the fatty acid compositions were analyzed by GC-MS in this study. The results indicated that extraction with dichloromethane-methanol was an ideal method for lipid extraction from Laminaria japonica with high extraction efficiency. The total lipid contents of Laminaria japonica from Fuzhou, Ningbo and Qingdao were 0.75%, 0.69% and 0.86%, respectively, with no significant difference. Additionally, thirty kinds of fatty acids were identified from total lipids of Laminaria japonica, which were mainly composed of C16:0, C18:1n-9, C20:4n-6 (AA) and C20:5n-3 (EPA). Meanwhile, significant differences were existed in fatty acid compositions from different origins. The contents of C20:4n-6 and C20:5n-3 in Fuzhou samples were 10.12% and 6.18%, respectively, and the content of C20:4n-6 was significantly higher than those in Ningbo (9.41%) and Qingdao (8.77%), while the content of C20:5n-3 was significantly lower than those in Ningbo (8.13%) and Qingdao (9.40%). Hence, the indexes (n-3 PUFA, n-6 PUFA, n-3/n-6, EPA+AA and EPA/AA) of Laminaria japonica from three origins were significantly different. This research provided theoretical basis for total lipid extraction, fatty acid analysis and nutritional evaluation of Luminaria japonica rom different origins.
  • Isotope Tracer Technique·Ecology & Environment·Physiology
  • GE Shunfeng, XIA Ying, SHEN Hongyan, ZHANG Lili, YAO Yaqian, LIU Songzhong, JIANG Yuanmao
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(4): 766-771. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.04.0766
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    To explore the utilization characteristics of nitrate and ammonium nitrogen in different pear seedlings, four kinds of one-year-old pear seedlings [P. betulifolia Bge., P. calleryana Dcne., P. pashia D. Don., P. xerophila Yü] were used to study the characteristics of growth, root morphology, and absorption and distribution of nitrogen labeled $NH_{4}^{15}$NO3 and 15NH4NO3. The results were as follows: the dry weight of above ground and total dry weight of P. xerophila Yü were the highest, and the value were 20.56 g and 29.21 g, followed by P. pashia D. Don. and P. calleryana Dcne, the lowest was found in P. betulifolia Bge. The dry weight of root of P. pashia D. Don. was the highest (8.80 g), followed by P. xerophila Yü, and they were significantly higher than that in P. calleryana Dcne and P. betulifolia Bge. The highest root surface area, total root length and root tips were found in P. pashia D. Don., while the least appeared in P. betulifolia Bge. The highest root activity appeared in P. xerophila Yü (2.04 mg·g-1h-1), while the value in P. betulifolia Bge. was lowest. The Ndff value of $NO^{-}_{3}-^{15}$N in the four kinds of seedlings were higher than that of $NH^{+}_{4}-{15}$N. The 15N distribution rate was not affected by different nitrogen forms, and the highest value was found in leaves, followed by roots and stems. The N$NO^{-}_{3}-^{15}$N utilization efficiency of the four kinds of seedlings was higher than that of $NH^{+}_{4}-{15}$N. The highest 15NO3-N utilization efficiency was found in P. xerophila Yü (16.37%), which was significantly higher than that of the other three seedlings. The highest 15NO3-N utilization efficiency was found in P. pashia D. Don. (7.92%) with no significant difference when compared with P. xerophila Yü, but it was significantly higher than that in P. betulifolia Bge. and P. calleryana Dcne. Therefore, this study provide a scientific basis for further study on nitrogen utilization characteristics and nitrogen management of pear seedlings.
  • ZHOU Ning, JING Liquan, ZHU Jianguo, WANG Yunxia, WANG Yulong, YANG Lianxin
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(4): 772-780. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.04.0772
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    In order to explore the dynamic effects of elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration on photosynthesis and fluorescence characteristics of hybrid rice, the dynamics of high CO2 concentration on leaf photosynthetic and fluorescence parameters and its interspecies differences of rice in different growth stages of rice was studied by using Free Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) technology. The high-yield hybrid rice variety Yongyou2640 and Yliangyou No.2 were grown in the environmental CO2 and the elevated CO2 concentration from plant transplanting to grain maturity. Elevated CO2 concentration increased the averaged net photosynthesis rates by 25%, 16%, 25%, 18% and 8% at 30, 59, 76, 91 and 108 d after transplanting, respectively. Except for 108 d, the CO2 effects on the other measuring dates all reached significant level of P<0.01. Compared within two varieties, the responses of Yongyou2640 to elevated atmospheric CO2 on net photosynthetic rates were greater than that of Yliangyou No.2 on 76 d and 91d. A consistent downtrend was detected on stomatal conductance and transpiration rate at different growth stages, and the decrease of Yliangyou No.2 was more than Yongyou2640 in most cases. Though stomata closed partially upon CO2 elevation, there were no significant effect on the ratio of intercellular to air CO2 concentration (Ci/Ca) during the first three growth stages, and Ci/Ca even increased significantly during the last two stages. In the later grain-filling stage, Fv/Fm of both rice varieties decreased by 4.0%, but there was no significant effect on the other periods. The increase of CO2 concentration made the actual photon yield and photochemical quenching of PSⅡincrease significantly. The above results suggested there were many differences in the dynamic response of the photosynthesis parameters of the two hybrids to high CO2 concentration, but the differences in response parameters of the fluorescence parameters were little. The results could provide a basis for enhancing the predictive ability of rice response and formulating coping strategies under climate scenarios.
  • CHEN Chen, TANG Dongnan, SHU Xiaowei, XU Jiejiao, GAO Yingbo, HUANG Jianye, WANG Yulong, DONG Guichun
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(4): 781-789. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.04.0781
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    In order to study the phosphorus (P) absorption and utilization and the relationships between nitrogen(N) absorption and N-efficient in rice, a total of 114 cultivars of chromosome single segment substitution lines (CSSSLs) were planted in 2012 and 2013 under the natural field, to analyze the yield, dry matter production, N absorption and utilization, P absorption and utilization. In addition, these CSSSLs were divided into 6 types by MinSSw (Minimum Square Sum Within Groups) method on the basis of the nitrogen accumulation and yield at the mature stage. These results showed that the N absorption amount during the mature stage was significant difference among six types of rice within the range from 2.54 to 5.46 g·m-2. The P absorption amount of N-efficient type has increased 8.99% to 47.24% compared with other types at the mature stage. The total amount of P absorbed in grain-filling stage of N-efficient type was significantly higher than other types, and similar results were found in different organs. P absorption per tiller and dry matter production of N-efficient type were higher than other types; The correlation analysis of P absorption factors contribution suggested that the phosphorus absorption, spike P absorption, whole plant P content, P absorption per spike and P absorption intensity were higher than those of the same group factor. These results were further confirmed by path analysis. P utilization efficiency of N-efficient type kept at medium or lower levels, except for the yield increase of P absorption increment more than other types. The N absorption amount and P absorption amount at maturity has promoted enhanced yield, and N absorption amount contributed more. In conclusion, whether whole plant or single organ, the P absorption of N-efficient rice are higher than other types, and these were more obvious in grain-filling stage, but the P utilization efficiency has medium level. In addition, the strong ability of N absorption of N-efficient rice is closely related to high P absorption per tiller and high P absorption intensity. A close relationship was found between P absorption and N absorption. This study provides a reference for the efficient absorption and utilization of phosphorus in rice.
  • CHEN Erying, QIN Ling, CONG Xinjun, YANG Yanbing, LI Guoyu, KONG Qinghua, GUAN Yan'an
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(4): 790-797. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.04.0790
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    In order to explore the optimum fertilizer application of N, P, K under middle and high soil fertilities, “3414” fertilizer field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of N, P, K fertilizer application on summer foxtail millet and to optimize fertilizer application rates in Jigu16. The results showed that fertilizer application significantly increased grain yield of foxtail millet by 21.4% and 12.7% in middle and high soil fertilities, respectively. The yield-increasing efficiency of N fertilizer was 20.2% and 7.9%, respectively, the yield-increasing efficiency of P fertilizer was 6.6% and 12.6%, respectively, and the yield-increasing efficiency of K fertilizer was 11.3% and 13.8%, respectively, indicating that yield-increasing efficiency of N fertilizer was the highest at the level of medium fertilities and the yield-increasing efficiency of P and K fertilizer was significantly higher than that of N fertilizer under high fertilities. There were significant interactions among N, P, K fertilizer application in middle and high soil fertilities. At the level of medium fertilities, there was inhibition between N and P, and there was a promoting effect between N, P and K, and there was inhibition between N, P and K at high fertilities. Partial factor productivities of N, P, K were 42.1, 50.4, 200.0 and 56.4, 72.4, 283.8 kg·kg-1 in middle and high soil fertilities, respectively, which showed that partial factor productivities of N, P, K were higher in high fertility than that in middle fertility. Agronomic efficiencies of N, P, K were 7.6, 2.8, 14.6 and 3.5, 7.2, 28.3 kg·kg-1 in middle and high soil fertilities, respectively, which showed that agronomic efficiency of N was higher in middle soil fertility than that in the high soil fertility, while agronomic efficiencies of P, K were higher in high soil fertility than that in middle soil fertility. By establishing ternary quadratic fertilizer application models based on yield in middle and high soil fertilities, the recommended optimum fertilizer amounts of N, P2O5 , K2O were 189.3, 61.1, 45.0 , 141.2, 180.0 and 45.0 kg·hm-2, respectively. It was recommended that amount and rate of N application should be increased in middle soil fertility and P, K application should be increased in high soil fertility. The research supplied a theoretical basis and technical support for fertilizer application under different soil fertilities.
  • TIAN Xiaoqin, LI Zhuo, LIU Yonghong
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(4): 798-807. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.04.0798
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    The objective of this study was to explore effectof nitrogen fertilizer and plant densities on dry matter accumulation, allocation, contribution to grain and yield for different maturity rape seed. (Based on the different maturity rape seed learly and late-maturing varieties), a multi-level field experiment of variety, nitrogen fertilizer and density was carried out in Yucheng village, Jianyang City, Sichuan Province in 2015-2016. The results showed that densityplayed a more significant role thannitrogen fertilizer on dry matter accumulation, allocation and contribution to grain. The variation of dry matter accumulation under the effect of density and nitrogen fertilizer interaction was generally followed the order of mature stage>flowering stage>flowering stage>early flowering stage>seeding stage. Dry matter accumulations increased with the increasing of nitrogen fertilizer, but a downward trend was observed with the increasing of planting density and the late maturing varieties were more sensitive to the change of density and nitrogen fertilizer. The effects of nitrogen fertilizer and density on dry matter allocation rate were very difference at different growth stages. Leaves proportion showed the largest difference before anthesis, and stem and pod proportion were the highest at anthesis and maturity stage. The stems and pods proportion wre significantly improved with the increasing of density, while the leaves decreased. The amount of dry matter contribution to grain during pre-anthesis and post-anthesis were decreased with the increasing of density and the decline rate of late maturing varieties was much lager. The amount of dry matter contribution to grain of different maturing varieties was different with the increasing of nitrogen fertilizer. The amount of dry matter contribution to grain of early-maturing variety were increased during pre-anthesis and decreased during post-anthesis with the increasing of nitrogen fertilizer (except for low nitrogen treatment), while the late-maturing variety were increased with the increasing of nitrogen fertilizer during pre-anthesis and post-anthesis. The grain yield of rapeseed increased at first and then decreased with the increase of density under the condition of both low nitrogen (120 kg·hm-2) and medium nitrogen (240 kg·hm-2), while under high nitrogen (360 kg·hm-2), grain yield significantly increased as density increased. At the same density, the grain yield of the early-maturing variety increased first and then decreased with the increase of nitrogen fertilizerand the highest yield was under medium nitrogen (240 kg·hm-2) with an average of 2 244.75 kg·hm-2, while the late-maturing variety significantly increased with the increase of nitrogen fertilizerand the highest yield was under high nitrogen (360 kg·hm-2) with an average of 2 472.15 kg·hm-2. For the early-maturing variety, the optimum combination is N 240 kg·hm-2 plus density of 30×104~45×104plants·hm-2, and N 360 kg·hm-2 plus density of 30×104~45×104plants·hm-2for the late-maturing variety.The study indicated that the yield was mainly affected by dry matter accumulation and contribution to grain between post-anthesis in changing the amount of nitrogen fertilizer and density. It is easier to achieve the optimalyield by changing nitrogen fertilizer dosage and density in the late-maturing varieties. The findings will provide atheoretical basis for nitrogen fertilizer and density management in different maturing rape varieties.
  • ZHANG Yi, CAI Jianguo, SUN Ouwen, SHI Jianjian
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(4): 808-815. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.04.0808
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    In order to explore the effects of waterlogging stress on photosynthetic responses and photo-protective mechanisms of Hydrangea macrophylla, two Hydrangea macrophylla species ‘endless summer bride’ and ‘Tricolor’ were selected as experiment materials with pot waterlogging treatment for 30 days. After the treatment, the photosynthesis-light curves, gas-exchange parameters and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were measured by a portable photosynthesis system, and the leaf mass per area (LMA) was measured with portable leaf area meter and electronic balance when the leaves were dried by dry oven. The result showed that waterlogging stress increased dark respiration rate (Rn) and light compensation point (LCP) of leaves, but reduced net photosynthetic rate (Pn), light saturation point (LSP), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), stomatal conductance (Gs) and transpiration rate (Tr). The results suggested that waterlogging stress had lead to stomatal closure, photosynthetic capacity reduction and increasing respiration of plant leaves. The apparent quantum yield, photochemical efficiency and electron transport rate (ETR) were reduced in endless summer bride, especially decreasing amplitude of ETR was more than 69%. The reduction suggested that the net photosynthetic rate was subjected to non-stomatal limitation. What’s more, it increased the resource utilization efficiency by improving 44% of LMA, reduced 69% of incident light in photochemistry dissipation, regulated energy dissipation in antenna, and weakened the accumulation of excess excitation energy in PSⅡ to protect the photosynthetic apparatus from photodamage. As for Tricolor, the apparent quantum yield and photochemical efficiency had no significant change, but the ETR reduced about 31.5%. Under this situation, the limited factor for net photosynthetic rate was roughly stomatal. In addition, the absorption of light energy was utilized by non-photochemistry in a high fraction, and it is likely to dissipate the excess excitation energy by PSⅡ cyclic electron flow. Therefore, this strategy kept the photosynthetic apparatus operating normally. The study provides a new idea of landscape application for Hydrangea macrophylla.
  • SUN Huijuan, GUO Sujuan, ZHANG Li, XIE Mingming, SONG Ying
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(4): 816-822. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.04.0816
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    To study the effect of pruning and nitrogen level on nitrogen and phosphorus contents, ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus, yield, single seed weight and bur nut rate of C. mollissima and determine the optimum combination of pruning and fertilizer in given area, thirteen-year-old C. mollissima Yanshanzaofeng was chosen as test material and random block experiment of two factors was conducted to investigate the interaction of pruning intensity (17~18,14~15,11~12 biennial bearing branches per square meter of crown projection area, donated as X1, X2, X3) and nitrogen(N) application level (three N levels, 0,375,750 kg·hm-2, donated as N0, N1 nad N2. Phosphorus application level was 164 kg·hm-2, and potassium application rate was 311 kg·hm-2) on the contents of nitrogen and phosphorus ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus, yield, single seed weight and bur nut rate. The results showed that N contents in leaves, N/P in leaves of bearing branch, yield, single seed weight and bur nut rate were highest when pruning and nitrogen level were the middle level. The contents of N and P in leaves and yield of X2N1, X1N2 were higher than other treatments, and N content in leaves of bearing branch and fruit of two treatments were significantly different. Yield of X3N0 was not high, but single seed weight and bur nut rate were both high. Nitrogen content in leaves of bearing branch and vegetative shoot (23.179 g·kg-1 and 23.650 g·kg-1), N/P in leaves of bearing branch (13.67), yield (3 502.80 kg·hm-2) single seed weight (8.26 g) and bur nut rate (41.48%) of X2N1 were the highest among all treatments. The results suggested that nitrogen requirement of C. mollissima tree body decreased with increasing pruning intensity (as the branches in unit area decreased). Pruning intensity was in coordination with nitrogen rate. Based on comprehensive consideration of nitrogen and phosphorus contents in leaves and yield, X2N1 was the optimum combination of pruning and fertilizer in given area. In a word, pruning and nitrogen level which were the middle level ensure single seed weight and yield of C. mollissima on the basis of increasing leaf nutrition, and provide a theoretical basis for high yield cultivation techniques of C. mollissima of Qianxi area.
  • XUE Qi, WANG Kangcai, LIANG Yongfu, SUI Li, YI Jianing
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(4): 823-832. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.04.0823
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    In order to explore effects of different concentrations of iron(Fe) and zinc(Zn) on the growth, yield and active components of Agastache rugosa L. by using two-factor randomized block design with A. rugosa as material, this study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Fe and Zn application on the iron-zinc distribution and volatile oil content in different parts of A. rugosa so as to provide a scientific basis for A. rugosa good quality and high yielding cultivation techniques. The results showed that the foliar application of iron-zinc fertilizer could significantly affect the growth, yield and volatile oil composition of A. rugosa. Iron and zinc application could significantly affect the antioxidant enzyme activity of A. rugosa, and increase the content of starch, reducing sugar, soluble sugar and soluble protein significantly. It could also indirectly affect plant nitrogen metabolism by affecting the enzyme activity related to nitrogen metabolism. The effect of foliar application of iron on the yield was greater than that of zinc; the stimulation effect of iron and zinc application on the yield was better than the separate application of iron and zinc fertilizer. Considering the growth and yield indicators of A. rugosa, Fe1Zn1(The concentration of iron is 0.2%, and the concentration of zinc is 0.1%) treatment was considerd the best processing portfolio for iron and zinc application. Zinc-iron fertilizers could increase the content of iron and zinc in different parts of A. rugosa. The content of zinc in different parts showed the trend of leaf > root > stem, while the content of iron in different parts followed the order of root > leaf > stem, i.e. the zinc focused on A. rugosa leaves while the iron was mainly concentrated in the A. rugosa root. High concentrations of foliar iron contributed to the accumulation of calcium content in leaf. Iron and zinc combination could significantly increase the volatile oil content of A. rugosa and affect the volatile oil components. Although rational application of iron and zinc could increase the main chemical components of A. rugosa, the application of exorbitant concentration played a inhibitory effect.This study provides a theoretical basis for the application of iron and zinc fertilizer in the production of Agastache rugosa.
  • XIAO Meijia, ZHANG Qingwen, DONG Yuequn, LIU Xingren, ZHANG Aiping, ZHENG Li, YANG Zhengli
    Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 33(4): 833-839. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2019.04.0833
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    To assess the effect of no-tillage (NT) on soil microbial biomass carbon,a Meta-analysis was conducted using a total of 162 data pairs from 41 published literatures with focusing on the croplandof China. The weighted mean difference(WMD) were calculated by analyzing mean content of soil microbial biomass carbonfrom no-tillage and conventional tillage among different agricultural areas, climate types, and no-tillage years. The results showed that the average WMD between no-tillage and conventional tillage was 49.29 mg·kg-1, indicating that no-tillage treatment had significant positive effect on soil microbial biomass carbon. The WMD in southwest China and humid zone (annual precipitation >800mm) were obviously higher than other regions and climate zones. Besides,the WMD increased significantly with the annual average temperature and areas with annual temperature of more than 10℃ had higher soil microbial biomass carbon than areas with temperature below 10℃. Moreover, as for no-tillage years, long-term no-tillage (no-tillage years ≥8a) showed the strongest positive influence on soil microbial biomass carbon. The findings revealed that regional differences existed in the positive effects of no-tillage on soil microbial biomass carbon, and varied with different water moisture, temperature,and no-tillage year. Therefore, based on the regional characteristics of no-tillage areas, the adaptability of no-tillage practice should be considered properly for future farmland utilization. Keywords: no-tillage, soil microbial carbon, Meta-analysis, regional effect