27 June 2016, Volume 30 Issue 6
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(6): 1037-1044. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.06.1037The lesion mimic mutant Jiazhe DB was obtained from the M2 population of Jiazhe B irradiated with γ-rays. To reveal the genetic and biological basis of the lesion mimic trait, the underlying mutant gene was mapped and the propertied and characters of chloroplast were investigated. Jiazhe DB is a typical Sekiguchi mutant, of which yellow-brown lesions appear spontaneously without pathogen attack during growth. The lesion spots expand in size until scattering over the whole surface of leaves. Chloroplasts started to degrade in mutant leaves before lesions became visible, resulting in lower photosynthetic efficiency. The lesion mimic trait is highly likely controlled by a recessive mutant allele of LOC_Os12g16720 of which the 1 425th guanine of is deleted and hence would result in frame shift and a truncated protein in Jiazhe DB. The transcription levels of four chloroplast-localized APXs (Ascorbate peroxidases) increased significantly in the mutant at daytime, but not at night time. The early degradation of chloroplasts and elevated levels of ROS (Reactive oxygen species) might have triggered the programmed cell death in Jiazhe DB. These results provided an important clue for further investigating and understanding the molecular mechanism of the occurrence of sekiguch lesion mimic.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(6): 1045-1053. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.06.1045In order to obtain screening test strategy on imported genetically modified (GM) maize and build the multiple polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods based on the above strategy, molecular characteristics of 15 imported GM maize were analyzed. The results show that: 1) at least one time from 15 imported GM maize based on the testing strategy putting P-CaMV 35S and T-NOS together; 2) except for MON810, at least two times can be checked out according to the testing strategy contacting P-CaMV 35S, P-ract1, T-NOS, bar, pat with PMI. Meanwhile, the multiple polymerase chain reaction system was developed and optimized. The results show that the optimum annealing temperature of the dual PCR is 58 ℃, the optimum final concentration of primers(μmol·L-1) ratio is 0.2:0.2, the optimum annealing temperature of the six-plex PCR is 60 ℃, the optimum final concentration of primers ratio is 0.2:0.1:0.1:0.1:0.1:0.05. Verification of the multiple PCR system with known samples the map showed that the amplified bands were identical with the molecular features of the GM maize. The results will provide valuable reference for the screening and testing strategy on imported GM maize.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(6): 1054-1058. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.06.1054
To breed new peanut variety with high-oleic and high-yield, a hybridized combination was made between 06-I8B4 (high sucrose, female parent) and CTWE (high-oleic, male parent). Using molecular marker technology coupled with NIRS (Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy) assisted selection, Huayu 662, a new high-oleic peanut variety with FAD2A/FAD2B double mutation was finally developed. The seed of Huayu 662 contained 80.8% oleic acid in its total fatty acids. The oleate/linoleate ratio of the cultivar was as high as 29.92. The shelling outturn was 79.7%. In 2012, Huayu 662 produced a kernel yield of 5 132.42 kg·hm-2, comparable to the control Huayu 33 output of 5224.5 kg·hm-2 in yield test on the SPRI Experimental Farm in Laixi, Qingdao, China. The cultivar was approved for release in Anhui province for commercial production in 2014. The research provided a good technical solution to speed up the breeding process of new high-oleic peanuts..
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(6): 1059-1066. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.06.1059For further improving the efficiency of wheat anther-culture breeding and broadening the genotypes of crossing parents potentially applited in anther culture, the anther culture characteristics were evaluated and analyzed with 86 Gansu wheat cultivars and backbone parents by using anther culture technology; the application potential were discussed in the screened high-anther-culture-ability genotypes. The results indicated the spring wheat genotypes were easier to be inducted to form callus and then differentiate into green plantlets than that of winter wheat ones in this study; there was no correlation between the callus induction frequencies and green plantlet or albino plantlet differentiation frequencies; the green plantlet production frequency could be used as an important index in evaluating anther culture ability. The study will not only provide reference for wheat anther-culture breeding in using Gansu wheat germpalsm, but the selected high-anther-culture-ability genotypes are of important potential application value in wheat anther culture breeding, DH population establishment, microspore culture, and fundamental research.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(6): 1067-1073. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.06.1067In order to explore the effect of different mutagens on the rate of plantlet regeneration and tetraploid of garlic shoot-tips, the garlic were treated with oryzalin, pendimethalin and colchicine by D-optimal design in this study. The shoot-tips of Jin Xiang Zi Pi were used as explants. The plant ploidy was identified by Flow cytometry analysis and chromosome counts of the root-tips. The results showed that the plantlet regeneration and tetraploid rates that treated by oryzalin and pendimethalin, were higher than that treated with colchicine. The plantlet regeneration and tetraploid rates were 62.58% and 20.92%, 60.95% and 23.20%, 44.28% and 12.25%, respectively. There were significant differences among the plantlet regeneration rates of garlic after different treatments. The plantlet regeneration rates of garlic shoot-tips were higher when treated with these three mutagens in lower concentration and shorter-duration. While the plantlet regeneration rates decreased when treated with these three mutagens in higher concentration and longer-duration. On the other hand, the best concentration and treatment duration of these three mutagens were varied for tetraploids induction in garlic. The mutagenic effects of oryzalin and pendimethalin were more significant than those of colchicine on garlic. By applying simulative calculation, the results showed the best concentration and treatment duration of oryzalin, pendimethalin and colchicine for mutant induction in garlic shoot-tips were 4.17~8.52 mg·L-1 and 71.14~118.03 h, 4.68~8.90 mg·L-1 and 72.96~106.18 h, 3.87~6.94 g·L-1 and 67.92~114.43 h, respectively. The mutagenic effects of oryzalin, pendimethalin and colchicine on garlic were defined in this study, that laid a foundation for breeding tetraploid garlic varieties.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(6): 1074-1082. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.06.1074In order to study the function of homologous SnRK2 transcription factor gene in Fraxinus mandshurica,the homologous of the SnRK2B gene was find in the transcriptome responsed to drought from Fraxinus mandshurica and a complete transcription factor gene was cloned by Homology-based cloning method, and it was named by FmSnRK2B. The SnRK2B promoter fragment was isolated and identified from the genomic DNA of Fraxinus mandshurica using the method of SiteFinding-PCR. The gene sequence and promoter sequence was analyzed by bioinformatics analysis and cis-acting element analysis respectively. The results show that the complete transcription factor gene contain a complete open reading frame of 1 074bp which encoded 357 amino acids. The cis-acting elements analysis indicate that the promoter contain abscisic acid response component ABRE and other stress-related components as HSE, MBS etc. Under drought stress, the expression level of FmSnRK2B changed with time extension, which was first rised and then dropped, that means the gene was related to stress tolerance in plants. This study has a great significance to reveal the mechanism of resistance of Fraxinus mandshurica.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(6): 1083-1090. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.06.1083The research aimed at finding out the response mechanisms and molecular mechanisms of heat-shock-protein 70 gene under high temperature stress, then analyzing the relationships between Hsp70 gene and thermo-tolerance of leaf lettuce (Lactuca sativa). By homologous cloning and RACE technology, the full-length cDNA of LsHsp70-3701 was obtained. Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to analyze the expression differences between heat-sensitive variety P-S11 and heat-tolerant variety G-S59 under high temperature. LsHsp70-3701 had a cDNA sequence with 2 191 bp in length, which contains a 1 950 bp open reading flame (ORF) and encodes a deduced 649 amino acids. It has the unique tag sequences of Hsp70 family, and it shares 90% homology with other Hsp70 proteins, such as Arabidopsis thaliana (NP_187864.1), Solanum lycopersicum (NP_001266213.1) and Triticum aestivum (AAB99745.1). The Real-time PCR results showed that the overall expression level of LsHsp70-3701 in the heat resistant variety was significantly higher than that in the heat sensitive variety although it was upregulated in both varieties. The expression in the heat sensitive variety P-S11 was constrained after a period under 42 ℃, while it can maintain a high level for a long time in the heat resistant variety G-S59. These results indicate that LsHsp70-3701 gene may associat with heat resistance in leaf lettuce. It provided data support for solving the problem of Lactuca sativa prone to bolting under high temperature.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(6): 1091-1097. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.06.1091To explore the potential use of fruit tree in environmental renovation of phenolic compounds, we have cloned a polyphenol oxidase gene MdPPO2B from Malus Robusta and constructed a transgenic vector for over expressing this gene in plant. MdPPO2B was genetically transformed into the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, and its function in degradation of phenolic compounds was analyzed. In solid MS, soil, liquid MS media without adding phenol, the morphology and growth status were indistinguishable between the transgenic and the wild type plants. However, when treated with the same media by adding 0.1 mM and 1 mM phenol respectively, MdPPO2B transgenic plants showed significantly enhanced tolerance to phenol compared to wild type. The root length and leave fresh weight of transgenic plants were longer and heavier than that of wild type plants. It indicates that the PPO activity, conferred by MdPPO2B, is highly required for degrading of phenol in transgenic Arabidopsis. This work suggests that many fruit-derived genes may be good candidate for phytoremediation of pollutants in the environment.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(6): 1098-1105. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.06.1098In order to solve the bromoxynil residue,a bromoxynil-degrading strain, named BX-1, was isolated from bromoxynil-contaminated soil of bromoxynil factory by the conventional enrichment culture technique. Based on the morphological characteristics, physiological and biochemical characteristics, and phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequence, the strain BX-1 was identified as Pseudomonas sp. Strain BX-1 could completely degrade 50 mg·L-1 bromoxynil in 40 h and live on bromoxynil as sole carbon source. The optimum temperature and pH for bromoxynil degradation by strain BX-1 were 30℃ and 7.5, respectively. The bromoxynil degradation activity of strain BX-1 were strongly inhibited by 0.1 mM of Hg2+, but slightly enhanced by 0.1 mM of Fe2+. With the increase of inoculation, the degradation rate of bromoxynil by strain BX-1 also accelerates. Based on MS/MS analysis, the intermediate metabolite of bromoxynil degraded by strain BX-1 were identified as 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoic acid and 2,6-dibromophenol. This study provided new microbial resources for illumination of bromoxynil-degrading mechanism comprehensively and bioremediation of contaminated soil by bromoxynil.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(6): 1106-1110. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.06.1106Deinococcus radiodurans is one of the most radio-resistant organisms discovered so far. PprI, a protein which was found in Deinococcus radiodurans plays an indispensable role in the processes of DNA damage repair, it also acts as a general switch to orchestrate the expression of a number of DNA damage response (DDR) proteins which involved in numerous cellular pathways. To provide theoretical basis for further study on the mechanism of Deinococcus radiodurans’ radiation resistance. The biological functions of PprI in radio-resistance and anti-oxidation, its structure function and effects on stress resistance in other prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms were discussed, the prospect of its novel potential function and significance.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(6): 1111-1116. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.06.1111To investigate the effects of UV-C treatment on chilling injury of oranges, royal tribute oranges were treated by 0、1、3、5 KJ·m-2 UV-C doses irradiation and then stored under 1℃. In the storage, the chilling injury index, weight loss rate, membrane permeability, MDA content, the activity of POD and SOD of oranges were determined. The results showed that 3KJ·m-2 dose UV-C treatment could delay the occurring time of chilling injury, alleviate the chilling injury symptoms of fruits, decrease the weight loss rate and membrane permeability of fruits and inhibit the accumulation of MDA. The UV-C treatments could also increase the activity of POD and SOD of oranges. So moderate UV-C irradiation could improve the adaptability of royal tribute oranges during low temperature storage, reduce the incidence of chilling injury and extend the storage time, thus reduce economic losses will. This study could provide a theoretical basis for chilling injury.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(6): 1117-1125. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.06.1117In order to study and measure the changes of the emulsifying properties of sweet potato protein hydrolyzates obtained by enzymatic treatment under high hydrostatic pressure,Proreinase.K, Alcalase, AS1.398, Neutrase and Papain were selected, and the mixed liquors of sweet potato protein and each of the above mentioned 5 enzymes were treated under four pressures (100, 200, 300 and 400 MPa) at the optimal temperature and pH conditions for the enzyme activities for 4 min respectively. Then the degree of hydrolysis, microstructure of emulsion, emulsifying activity index (EAI) and emulsion stability index (ESI) of the supernatant were measured. The results showed that, compared with ordinary pressure, the degree of hydrolysis of the sweet potato protein hydrolyzates under high hydrostatic pressure increased significantly. The particles of emulsions became more fine and uniform except Alcalase. Besides, the EAI of other four hydrolyzates emulsions increased significantly, of which the EAI of hydrolyzates treated by Papain under 300MPa reached the maximum of 101.59 m2·g-1. While the ESI of sweet potato protein hydrolyzates which treated under high hydrostatic pressure all increased compared with that under ordinary pressure, and the ESI of hydrolyzates treated by Neutrase under 300MPa reached the maximum of 75.80 min. Furthermore, when the sweet potato protein was treated with Papain (pH 7,55℃) under 300MPa which condition the EAI was the highest for 6 min, the EAI and ESI of the hydrolyzates reached the maximum of 129.58 m2·g-1 and 21.98 min, respectively. This study provides a basic theoretical support for the application of sweet potato protein as an emulsifier in food industry.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(6): 1126-1134. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.06.1126In order to evaluate the status of heavy metal pollution of shellfish, the effects of exposure to Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, methylmercury(MeHg) and inorganic arsenic via consumption of oysters, razor clams and blood clams after boiling process, pollution index (Pi) and target hazard quotient (THQs) were measured in three marine seashells collected from three primary culturing areas. The concentration of heavy metal pollution in oysters was higher than razor clams and blood clams, and the metal Cu and Cd were the main pollution factors. With the total concentrations, the pollution index for Pb and Cd were 4.6675 and 1.0601, respectively, and the integrated pollution index, reached the maximum value of 7.6552, which means there is severe pollution among seashells. Bioaccessibility of Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, methylmercury(MeHg) and inorganic arsenic was predicted for edible cooked flesh of marine seashells by use of an in vitro gastrointestinal assay, ranging from 1.1975% to 69.5775%. Based on total concentrations, diets of 77.78% exceeded the reference dose(THQs>1), but when bioaccessibility was considered, consumption of oysters in three culturing areas and the razor clams in Xiangshan districts exceeded the reference dose of THQs (THQs>1), which suggests that the long-term consumption of oysters exists certain health risks to human being. Furthermore, it can also be concluded that the harm of heavy metals to human body: Cd > inorganic arsenic > Cu > Pb > methylmercury > Cr. The study providing more reliable scientific evaluation of heavy metals on human health.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(6): 1135-1142. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.06.1135To elucidate the character of main nutrients in Chinese bayberry fruit during the different development stages, two cultivars Zaojia and Biqizhong were used to determine six critical development stages, and examine the content of sugars, acid, vitamin c(Vc), cyanin(CG), polyphenols and flavonoids. The results showed that ho, b* and L* were gradually and differently reduced along the fruit mature, suggesting these index can be used for determining the development stage. In addition, total acid, total flavonoids, total polyphenols, C* and a* showed an obvious transaction at redding-stage. Total sugars and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside became to increase after whiting stage, and all three individual sugars achieved highest levels at mature-stage or harvest-stage. In general, the contents of each phytochemical might be different between two cultivar, but the change characters were similar. In addition, most phytochemicals showed their unique change patterns. This study provides an important reference for the breeding of high quality bayberry fruits and the research of bioactive substances metabolisms.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(6): 1143-1148. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.06.1143In order to reveal the dynamic variation rule of nutrients and morphological index of chestnut, selecting 10-year-old fine chestnuts named bee ball in the southern area as research object, and establish the growth and development model of chestnuts by testing indexes, such as starch, reducing sugar, soluble sugar, protein, fat and longitudinal diameter, diameter, volume and weight during its growth. It is demonstrated that relation of fruit nutrients to growth days is in line with polynomial equation, and relation of fruit shape index growth days in line with Logistic equation. In the growing process of chestnut, the mutual transformation between the sugar and starch occur in the fruit. Furthermore, it is also found that both nutrient contents of fruit and fruit shape index show regular variations with significant correlation. These findings will be of great significance for scientifically forecasting and mastering the developmental level of the fruit in different periods, and can also provide a theoretical basis for strengthening scientific management.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(6): 1149-1156. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.06.1149In order to investigate the mechanism of vacuum tumbling on the meat quality of dry-cured goose during processing. We used diferent vacuum tumbling times of 0 (control, CK), 15 (T1), 30 (T2), 60 (T3) and 90 (T4) minutes to study the change of physicochemical indexes of proteolytic activities, lipid oxidation, color and non-protein nitrogen (NPN) contents. The results showed that there were higher cathepsin B, calpain and caspase-3 activities and NPN contents in T3 compared with T1 at the 4 d of air drying; there were higher cathepsin B and caspase-3 activities and NPN contents in T3 compared with T1 and CK at the 7 days of air drying; there were higher TBARS values in T4 compared with T1, T2, T3 and CK at the 4 and 7 days of air drying; there were higher L* and b* values in T3 and T4 compared with CK, T1 and T2 at the 4 days of air drying; there was higher a* value in T3 compared with T4 and CK at the 4 days of air drying; there was no significant difference of a* and b* values in tumbling groups and CK at the 7 days of air drying. In conclusion, the tumbling process for 60 minutes was considered as the optimal and potential parameter to improve the quality of dry-cured goose products in the future in factory. This study could provide a reference basis of the effect of vacuum tumbling technology on the protein degradation, lipid oxidation and macroscopic quality of meat products.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(6): 1157-1162. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.06.1157In order to establish the determination of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid(2,4-D) residues by high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC),four vegetables and fruits of tomato, grape, loquat and cucumber were determined by solid phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography (SPE-HPLC) in this paper. The sample was extracted and acidified with alkali aqueous solution, and purified by the SPE-C18 column. The results indicated that the analysis method was accurate, with correlation coefficient of 0.9980, and detecting limit of 2,4-D acid were 0.0012 mg·kg-1, and the average recoveries ranged from 81.8% to 116.0%, and the coefficient of variation (CV) was less than 6%, which can be used for determined 2,4-D acid residues in above-mentioned four kinds of vegetables and fruits. 2,4-D acid residues in 21 samples of four kinds of vegetables and fruits were determined in this method, and only 2 tomato samples were determined 2,4-D acid residues, with less than 0.02 mg·kg-1. The above experiments provided basis for the detection of 2,4-D acid residues in 4 kinds of fruits and vegetables by HPLC.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(6): 1163-1168. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.06.1163The fish fat is generally considered as a major constraint to the processing and consumption of fish and its products. Thus, the study on degreasing for fish is of great significance to fish products industry. In order to provide references for the research of fish degreaseing and development of fish products with high additional value, The study reviewed all kinds of degreaseing methods at internal and abroad and the prospect was predicted.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(6): 1169-1177. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.06.1169In order to investigate the impact of Uranium contamination on soil microbial community, the soils were contaminated with different uranium concentrations (i.e. 50, 100, 150 mg·L-1), and the uncontaminated soil were compared as CK. The BIOLOG-ECO technology was used to explore the functional diversity changes and the utilization kinetics of carbon source of soil microbial community. The microbial metabolic activity was represented by average well color development (AWCD) of ECO plate. The results showed that the uranium treatment had an evident inhibition effect on the physiological activity of soil microorganisms. Soil microbial diversity was described with Shannon index, Simpson index and McIntosh index. Results revealed that functional diversity of microbial community in soil treated with uranium was significantly inhibited compared with CK. The ability to use various types of carbon source was different among microbial community in soil. Amino acids and organic amines were mainly utilized by the indigenous microorganisms. The relative utilization rate of 6 carbon sources was lower in uranium treatment groups than CK, in which the utilization of carboxylic acids and polymer compounds declined down to 50%. From principal component analysis, the specific carbon source used by soil microbes in uranium contaminated soil mainly include β-Methyl-D-Glucoside, D-Galactonic Acid Lactone, L-Arginine and so on. In conclusion, uranium treatment can change the soil microbial community structure and lead to the variation of functional characteristics of microorganism physiological metabolism. The method of BIOLOG-ECO technology combined with mathematical statistics analysis is intuitive and quick to reflect soil microbial biodiversity. This research provides a theoretical basis for the assessment and remediation of the uranium contaminated environment.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(6): 1178-1185. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.06.1178In order to unravel effects of heat treatment on biological effect of soil and nutritional medium, we heated soil and nutritional medium on which cucumber were successively planted for 12 times at 55 ℃ and 75 ℃ both for 48 h and 96 h, and then analyzed the characteristics of growth rate of cucumber, soil enzyme activities, soil microbial community and soil nutrients. The results showed that heat treatment significantly enhanced cucumber growth rate for both soil and nutritional medium, and alleviated the symptoms of continuous cropping obstacle; heat treatment significantly increased the activities of catalase, neutral phosphatase and sucrose, the number of bacteria and actinomycetes, and soil organic matter contents, total nitrogen, alkali-hydrolyzale nitrogen and available potassium, while decreased the number of soil fungi. However, short-time heat treatment at 55 ℃ increased the activities of catalase, neutral phosphatase and the amounts of bacteria and actinomycetes, while decreased the activities of sucrose and urease, the number of fungi, soil total nitrogen, alkali-hydrolyzale nitrogen and available potassium in nutritional medium. In conclusion, heat treatment can alleviate continuous cropping obstacle, especially for the treatment at 55 ℃ for 96 h. This study provided a theoretical and technical basis for restoration and reuse of the vegetable crop nutrient medium repair and recycled.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(6): 1186-1195. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.06.1186To investigate the physiological and biochemical mechanisms of ricelow accumulation of cadmium(Cd) in rice, a low Cd accumulation mutant cadL-5 obtained from 500 strains of the Agrobacterium mediated rice T-DNA/Ds insertion mutant pool and wild type Zhonghua 11 as materials were used in this study. The mutant and WT plants were treated with different concentrations of CdCl2 for 10 d and sampling. The contents of proline and H2O2, and the ratios of AsA/DHA, GSH/GSSG and NADPH/NADP+and the corresponding enzyme activities were determined. Along with the increase of the external concentrations of Cd, results showed that the accumulation of Cd and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in cadL-5 was lower in the WT, while free proline content on the contrary; The ratios of reduced glutathione and oxidized glutathione, ascorbic acid and dehydrogenation ascorbic acid and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate in cadL-5 were higher than those in the WT. The activities of ascorbate oxidase, glutathione reductase, dehydroascorbate reductase and monodehydroascorbate reductase in cadL-5 were higher than in the WT. Based on the results, it can be proposed that the resistance of plants to Cd may depend on the oxidation protection system, in which ascorbate-glutathione (AsA-GSH) cycle plays a vital role. The results also shed lights on the future investigation to understand plant resistance to cadmium at the molecular level and provide some information of physiological and biochemical data.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(6): 1196-1203. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.06.1196A field experiment was conducted to investigate effect of uneven planting on yield of foxtail millet with the varieties of Nongda8and Nongda10 under split plot design, and the variety as the main area, the uneven planting was the sub region, the paper studies the millet indexes of main agronomic traits, photosynthetic parameters and so on under the uneven planting. The result showed that plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, chlorophyll content, net photosynthesis, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance rate were increased in the wide and narrow row treatment(40cm+20cm) than the line spacing planting(30cm+30cm) and wide row planting(60cm+15cm+15cm). Oppositely, internal CO2concentration was decreased, and yield increased significantly. There were no significant effect between line spacing planting and wide planting treatment. Comparisoned with line spacing planting, wide planting were increased in ear weight and 1 000-grain weight significantly. The results provide technical guidance for the high yield cultivation of millet.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(6): 1204-1210. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.06.1204In order to study the effect of uniconazole on peanut seedlings under weak light, a pot experiment was carried out in artificial climate box under weak light plant traits, root morphological characteristics, SPAD value of leaf, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, enzymes related to aging, and ultrastracture of chloroplast were determined after spraying uniconazole on the leaves.. The results showed that uniconazole decreased the height of main stem by 29.3% to 32.0% and the length of first branch by 33.3%, declined the dry weights of all organs and increased specific leaf weight. The percentage of roots with diameter greater than 0.5 mm were widened by uniconazole, while the total root length and surface area showed no significance changes among the three treatments. Uniconazole significantly promoted the SPAD values and photosynthetic rate of leaves, but exerted little effects on the transpiration rate. The activity of POD was increased by 27.3-74.0% after the use of uniconazole, whereas other enzymes related to aging (SOD, CAT) and MDA showed no significant changes. Spraying uniconazole was an effective way to increase the number of chloroplasts, grana, granum lamellae of peanut leaf, which was the physiological basis for improving photosynthetic capacity of peanut seedling under weak light. The research provides scientific basis for the use of uniconazole on the peanut relay-cropped with wheat.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(6): 1211-1217. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.06.1211The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of supplemental light quality and durations of illumination on growth and root activity of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seedling. The experiment was conducted to study the effect of three supplemental light duration (2, 4, and 8 h) and six light qualities: white light (W), red light (R), blue light (B), a 7:3 mixture of R and B, and a 8:2 mixture of R and B on the state of aboveground seedling and belowground root, root activity and biomass accumulation of cucumber. The result showed that the light duration and light quality had significant effects on seedling height, root diameter, root length, root surface area, root branch numbers, root activity, shoot dry weight (DW), root DW and seedling index as well as the duration and quality interaction. Growth indexes of cucumber with 4 h supplemental light were significantly higher than that treated with 2 or 8 h supplemental light. Light quality with mixture of R and B had higher growth indexes than with B, R, W and natural light. The treatment with supplemental light duration of 4 h and light quality in 7:3 mixture of R and B had the highest seedling height, stem diameter, root length, root surface area, root branch numbers, and root activity. In addition, the shoot and root DW were significantly improved over treatment with supplemental duration of 2 h and light quality in B, R, W and with supplemental duration of 8 h and light quality in B, R, W and in natural light. Shoot dry weight and root dry weight showed a positive relationship with root activity, respectively. It was conclude that providing 4 h of supplemental light (in 7:3 mixture of R and B) could promote the root activity of cucumber and thereby increase the shoot and root DW. The study laid a physical foundation of sound seedling cultivation.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(6): 1218-1226. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.06.1218Two-year old Feicheng peach trees(Prunus persica L.)grown in split-root pots were used to study the effects of partial root-zone alternative irrigation (PRAI) on the translocation and distribution of 13C-assimilate. The root-zone treatments included 1/4, 2/4, 3/4 and 4/4 root-zone, the irrigation volume treatments included 500 and 1 000mL, the alternative cycle treatments included 4, 8 and 16ays, to study the effects of different treatments on the distribution of 13C-Assimilate, photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters. The results indicated that distribution rate of 13C in leaves and new shoots of the C treatment were significantly higher than the P treatment, however the distribution rate of 13C in roots and sarcocarp of P treatment were significantly higher than the C treatment. The changes of distribution rate of 13C in branches and trunks were relatively complex. Then the P8 treatment displayed the highest distribution rates of 13C in roots and sarcocarp, and the distribution rates of 13C in new shoots were significantly lower than the other treatments. The results of the photosynthesis capability indicated that net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and transpiration rate (Tr) of peach leaves decreased with the root-zone and irrigation volume decreasing, and the decreasing extent of the transpiration rate was significantly larger than that of net photosynthetic rate, therefore, water use efficiency increased. The net photosynthetic rate and water use efficiency of P8 treatment were significantly higher than the other treatments. Moreover, fit was the irrigation volume rather than the root-zone or alternative cycles that affected the net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and water use efficiency of leaves. The chlorophyll fluorescence parameters including Fv/Fm, F'v/F'm, ΦPSIand qPwere all less affected by the irrigation treatments. In conclusion, the P8 treatment had higher net photosynthetic rate and water use efficiency, and could promote the tree distribute more 13C-assimilate to sarcocarp and inhibit 13C-assimilate distribute to new shoots. This study provided theoretical basis for PRAI on fruit production application.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(6): 1227-1233. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.06.1227In order to study the relationship between mitochondrial respiratory metabolism and fruit color, total anthocyanin content, respiratory rate, ethylene production, and mitochondrial respiratory metabolism of three varieties grapes (Summer Black, Kyoho, and Gold Finger) during ripening were investigated. Results showed that, CIRG value and total anthocyanin content significantly increased during fruit ripening in Summer Black and Kyoho fruits, but no significant CIRG value change was observed in Gold Finger fruit. Respiratory rate and ethylene production increased firstly and reached to the peak value at 63 days after flowering, and then decreased after 63 days of flowering during ripening. Meanwhile, MPTP increased with the ripening incidence, which was opposite to MMF changes. The activities of SDH decreased with fruit ripening, while CCO activities increased after 63 days of flowering. These results suggest that, 63 days after flowering may be the key point of fruit color development. Mitochondrial respiratory metabolism enhancement promoted fruit respiratory rate and ethylene production, which triggered the anthocyanin biosynthesis and accumulation in Summer Black and Kyoho fruits and accelerated chlorophyll degradation and carotenoid biosynthesis in Gold Finger fruit. These results provided the basic information to reveal the mechanisms of promoting fruit coloration of grape fruit in south China.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(6): 1234-1239. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.06.1234In order to determine the influence of temperature and light intensity on photosynthesis of tobacco plants during transplanting stage in Northern China, with treatments of low temperature+ low light intensity(8 ±2 ℃, 200 μmol·m-2·s-1), low temperature+ high light intensity(8 ±2 ℃, 1 000 μmol·m-2·s-1) and the control (CK) (25 ℃, 200 μmol·m-2·s-1), the photosynthetic and chlorophyll-fluorescence parameters of the tobacco leaves were determined under different light intensities and pre-cultivation of low temperature through simulating the light-temperature condition of early spring in Northern China. Results showed that both of low and high light treatments dramatically reduced the photosynthetic carbon assimilation ability of tobacco leaf after low temperature growth, which were characterized with the reduced apparent quantum yield (AQY) and dark respiration rate (Rd). In addition, low temperature treatment reduced ecological amplitude of light utilization and maximum net photosynthetic rate (Pmax). The inhibiting effect of low temperature + high light intensity on the photosynthetic parameters of tobacco leaf was significantly higher than that of low temperature + low light intensity. The proportion of light absorption for photochemical reaction of low-temperature-grown tobacco leaf with both low and high intensity light treatments were significantly lower than that of control. However, both of their PSⅡ maximal photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) maintained above 0.8. At the condition of low temperature + low light intensity, light energy captured by the tobacco leaf was mainly distributed to xanthophyll cycle (ФNPQ), which depended on the proton gradient on both sides of thylakoid membrane, to protect PSⅡ from the destruction of excess light energy. The ФNPQ of the tobacco leaf with low temperature + high light intensity was significantly higher than that of the control, however, the ФNPQ of the tobacco leaf with low temperature + low light intensity was significantly lower than that of the control, and tobacco leaf mainly dissipated excess light energy in the form of fluorescence and thermal energy. Therefore, high light intensity was one of the important factors inducing inhibition of photosynthetic capacity of tobacco leaf with low temperature growth. This study provides some basic data for reasonable regulation of flue-cured tobacco during transplanting period.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 30(6): 1240-1247. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2016.06.1240As the development of the utilization of rare-earth elements (REEs) in agriculture, REEs are used more and more as beneficial elements for the increase of crops yield and promotion of crops quality. Recently, great achievements were obtained in the utilization of REEs on production of crops such as food, vegetable, fruits etc. Through analyzing the accumulation of REEs in the different organs of plant bodies, the correlation of REEs content in plant bodies and in growing soils, and the selection and absorption of REEs in plants, this paper focuses on the distribution and transfer of REEs in the bodies of crops. Based on this, the paper summarizes the advance of domestic and overseas research, for the past few years, on the physiological effect of REEs on crop protective enzyme activities, absorption of nutrients and photosynthetic efficiency; effect of REEs on crop development and effect of REEs on crop yield increasing, quality promotion, economic returns enhancement. At the end of the paper, the call for strengthened effort on research has been made, which includes the effect of REEs on absorption of compound heavy metal, the molecular effect mechanism of crops quality, and the development and utilization of REEs nanoparticles.
