27 August 2014, Volume 28 Issue 8
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2014, 28(8): 1345-1352. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2014.08.1345
SP-M1 and SP-M2 grain shape mutants were obtained from maize inbred line‘Qi319’carried by satellite Shijian No.8. The genetic differences between mutants and‘Qi319’inbred line were studied based on SSR markers using 385 pairs of primers. The results showed that genetic similarity coefficients were 0.715 between SP-M1 and‘Qi319’and 0.682 between SP-M2 and‘Qi319’, respectively. There were 40 polymorphic loci between SP-M1 half-dent type mutant and‘Qi319’, and the frequency of mutation was 10.93%. Among them, 32 loci showed polymorphism in the amplified fragment length, and 8 loci showed polymorphism in the number of the amplified fragment. We also found 55 polymorphic loci between SP-M2 dent type mutant and‘Qi319’, among which 47 loci showed polymorphism in amplified fragment length and 8 loci showed polymorphism in the number of the amplified fragment, and the frequency of mutation was 15.02%. The polymorphic loci were located on 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 9 and 10 chromosomes, and distributed in clusters. This study provides a reference to explore space mutagenesis mechanism.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2014, 28(8): 1353-1357. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2014.08.1353
Radiation-induced mutation on the cluster buds of calla lily‘parfait’was made by 60Co-γ ray with the dosage of 20, 40, 60 and 80 Gy, respectively. The results showed that all the cluster buds radiated by 80 Gy died, while with the other radiation dosage treatments, the leaf index and stem length decreased and the multiplication rate increased gradually with a dose-dependent effect. However, those radiation treatments had little effects on the total content of leaf chlorophyll. After cultivating in the greenhouse over summer, the survival rates of control and 3 treatments were 38.5%,19.10%,56.77% and 42.27% respectively. When the high temperature and humidity stress were applied, a peak of the MDA content and the activities of SOD and CAT in radiated plants were observed after 6-hours treatment. The largest changes in the physiological parameters were found in the 40-Gy-radiated progenies, which were consistent with their highest survival rate under this dosage. The above results suggest that it is possible to carry out mutation breeding for calla lily for morphological and resistance improvement under 60Gy or 40Gy radiation. 60Co-γ ray radiation could be used as an effective way for breeding new varieties of calla lily.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2014, 28(8): 1358-1364. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2014.08.1358
Microspores culture and embryogenesis of autotetraploid broccoli were studied. The genotype was the most important factor on the induction rate of microspore-derived embryos, and the highest embryo yield reached 28.5 embryos per bud. Under heat stress treatment(32.5℃), in vitro microspores could be induced and switched their gametophytic development to embryogenesis. There were two patterns in the first mitosis of microspore: one was asymmetrical division, and the other was symmetrical division. Then two identical or similar size cells were formed the symmetrical division, and divided repeatedly to form embryo (named B pathway). The combination of cold temperature at 4℃ for 1 or 2 days and heat shock (32.5℃) for 1 day significantly enhanced the first symmetric divide microspores and multinuclear structures, and finally improved microspore embryogenesis efficiency. Our results will help understanding of the mechanism of embryogenesis in vitro, and also for the construction of microspore culture system for other Brassica hybrids.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2014, 28(8): 1365-1369. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2014.08.1365
Anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum orbiculare, is an important disease of watermelon worldwide. Thus far, genes related to the resistance to this disease remain largely unknown. In the current study, the heredity and molecular genetic mapping of the resistance to Colletotrichum orbiculare race 1 were explored. The F1, F2 populations and an F3 family derived from the cross between the watermelon cultivar PI189225 (resistant) and Black Diamond (susceptible) were inoculated with the Colletotrichum orbiculare race 1. Results showed that a single dominant gene conferred Anthracnose resistance in PI189225, which was temporarily designated as Rco-1. DNA markers linked to Rco-1 were identified by bulked segregant analysis (BSA) using the amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) technique. Three AFLP markers (E4/M19, E1/M8 and E29/M5) were identified as linked to Rco-1 with the genetic distance being 34.8cM, 23.4cM and 6.9cM, respectively. These marker are useful to tag the Rco-1 locus and thus will facilitate marker-assisted selection for resistance to anthracnose.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2014, 28(8): 1370-1378. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2014.08.1370
Collimonas sp. ZL261 was isolated from the alpine meadow soil at Sejila Mountain in Tibet of China, of which the altitude is 4530 meters. The strain was able to produce a high active protease which formed large transparent zones on protease testing medium plates. In order to clarify the category and the function characteristics of the protease, the protease gene (named as capro) was cloned by constructing the gene library with restriction endonuclease method, and successfully expressed in Escherichia coli DH5α. An open reading frame of 1092 bp (GenBank:KF992845) encoding a 363-amino acid (aa) protein with a calculated molecular weight (Mr) of 38.0 kDa and a pI of 6.65. Protein BLAST and phylogenetic tree analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence from capro showed that the encoded protein had 83% homology to a protease of Collimonas fungivorans Ter331 (NC015856). The analysis of primary, secondary and three-dimensional structures showed that the amino acid sequece of Capro include zinc-binding conservative regions. One recombinant protein with the size of 38 kDa was obtained by expressing the gene capro in E. coli DH5α. The protease Capro was sensitive to EDTA which was an inhibitor of metalloproteases. The optimum pH and optimum temperature of Capro activities were pH 7 and 30℃, respectively. When exposed to 10℃, the enzyme relative activity still remained more than 70%. Summarizing the results above, we reached the conclusion that the protease Capro is a cold-active proteases belonging to matrix metalloproteinases M35. Summarizing the experimental data above, The protease Capro is a cold-active proteases belonging to matrix metalloproteinases M35 and has a great development potential. The research result offered a new type of germplasm resource for the development of microbial proteases, and provided the fundamental information for exploring the phylogenetic relationship among proteases produced by microorganisms in different eco-environments.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2014, 28(8): 1379-1383. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2014.08.1379
Space breeding plays an important role in alfalfa variety improvement. This paper reviewed key factors of space environment, biological effects induced by space environment and breeding research advance in alfalfa. The prospects of alfalfa space breeding were also discussed.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2014, 28(8): 1384-1391. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2014.08.1384
To investigate the starch properties of different cassava varieties under different growth period, the starch properties, including starch content of fresh cassava, particle size, amylase content and amylopectin content, transparency, freezing stability, retrogradation, viscosity and gelatinization point of cassava varieties E169,E355,E1424,E1395,E234,E632、E333 and E232 under 6~11 months growth period were analyzed, and the correlations between the starch properties were discussed. The resulted showed that the starch content of different cassavas varied, and firstly increased then decreased during growth. The mean starch particle size was 7.0~11.5μm, and the size distribution was mainly 10.0~11.0μ.The amylase content and amylopectin content of various cassavas were quite different, and varied during different growth periods; the viscosity and transparency were low, the gelatinization points of different cassavas is very close; The correlations between starch properties of different cassava was not same, It provides theory introduction for breeding new good cassava varieties, raw material quality controlling and producing different starch goods used in different fields depending on cassava starch properties for starch processing enterprises.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2014, 28(8): 1392-1399. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2014.08.1392
In order to develop oligosaccharides production process with potato dregs, The fermentation conditions of Streptomyces.sp strain for oligosaccharides preparation from sweet potato pomace were optimized. Firstly, the effects of inoculation amount, initial pH, fermentation time, solid-liquid ratio, fermentation temperature on the yield of oligosaccharides with some single-factor experiments were studied. The results showed that the key factors affecting the yield were initial pH, fermentation time and temperature. Secondly, the yield of oligosaccharides as the response value, the optimum conditions for fermentation of sweet potato pomance were obtained through Box-Benhnken center-united experiment design and response surface methodology. The results showed that the highest yield of oligosaccharides of 6.288μg·mL-1 was obtained with the initial pH 4.88, fermentation time 104.97 h, fermentation temperature 29.44℃, and the actual yield of oligosaccharides was (6.269±0.1)μg·mL-1. Therefore, the fermentation method to prepare oligosaccharides is feasible. The conclusion provides a theoretical foundation for further recycling use sweet potato residue.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2014, 28(8): 1400-1406. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2014.08.1400
A three-factor central composite design (CCD) was applied to identify the optimum medium condition for the ethanol fermentation from sweet potato. The individual and interactive effects of raw material to water ratio (RMWT), (NH4)2SO4 dose and initial pH of the medium, on ethanol fermentation efficiency were evaluated by applying response surface methodology (RSM). Results showed that RMWT, interactive effects of RMWT and (NH4)2SO4 dose, interactive effects of (NH4)2SO4 dose and initial pH had a significant effect on the ethanol efficiency. After optimization, the optimum medium condition was a RMWT of 22:68 (w/v), 0.65% of (NH4)2SO4 and initial pH of medium of 4.2, where the maximum ethanol fermentation efficiency (91.35%) was 6.02% higher than the control, which was very close to the model predict value 90.25%. These results indicate the model obtained through RSM analysis is agree with the optimum medium condition for the ethanol fermentation from sweet potato.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2014, 28(8): 1407-1412. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2014.08.1407
The effects of Salicylic acid (SA), or SA combined with 45 ℃ heat treatment on the chilling injury (CI) and antioxidative metabolism of sweetpotato stored at 4 ℃ was investigated to decrease the occurance of chilling injury. The results showed that SA combined with heat treatment had greater inhibition of CI than SA or heat alone. It also restrained the increases of MDA content and electrolyte leakage, and maintained higher antioxidant enzyme activities such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) in sweetpotato root during storage. Our study suggests that SA combined with heat treatment alleviated CI in sweetpotato through improved antioxidant enzymes activities and total antioxidant capacity and provided the basis of transport and storage of sweetpotato.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2014, 28(8): 1413-1420. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2014.08.1413
To investigate the inclusion and solubility effect of chlorgenic acid (CGA) against hydropropyl-β-cyclodextrin(HP-β-CD), the inclusion compounds of chlorogenic acid (CGA) with hydropropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) were prepared by grinding, ultrasonic and solution mixing method, and their inclusion behavior and characterization were studied by means of FT-IR and XRD. The impacts of molar ratio, reaction temperature and reaction time of solution mixing method on the inclusion rate were investigated. The effects of solubilization of HP-β-CD to CGA were studied by phase-solubility method. The results indicated that CGA is able to form inclusion complex with HP-β-CD, and the best technology of inclusion obtained by orthogonal experiment was 1:1 of molar ratio, 35 ℃ of reaction temperature, and 3 h of reaction time. The inclusion rate under this condition was 74.5%. The results of phase-solubility method showed that HP-β-CD has effect of solubilization on CGA, and the solubility of CGA is linearly increased with the increase of HP-β-CD concentration. It has also been preliminarily proved the possibility of 1:1 inclusion formation of CGA and HP-β-CD. The complex constant Kf is 2130.0 L ·mol-1. This study provides the certain thery basis for the improvement of chlorogenicn acid application and HP-β-CD as binding materials.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2014, 28(8): 1421-1429. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2014.08.1421
To analyse the chemical compositions of the essential from Torreya grandis cv. Merrillii Aril., and prove the value of Torreya grandis cv. Merrillii and promote its industrial development. The hydro-distillation, solvent extraction and supercritical carbon dioxide extraction methods have been used to compare for their chemical constituents from Torreya grandis cv. Merrillii Aril. The chemical compositions of the extract were analyzed by GC-MS. The results showed that the supercritical carbon dioxide extraction method had the highest yield of the extract(22.12±0.09%), followed by the solvent extraction(18.28±0.14%), the hydro-distillation had the lowest yield of the extract(2.17±0.02%). The major constituents of the volatile oil obtained by hydrodistillation were monoterpenoids and diterpenoids. The major constituents of the extract obtained by solvent extraction and supercritical carbon dioxide extraction were diterpenoids, which was the main compositions of the essential oil. Thus the different methods can be used for the extraction of essentialoil from Torreya grandis cv. Merrillii Aril.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2014, 28(8): 1430-1439. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2014.08.1430
The goal of this study was to examine the volatile substances in the dark muscle of Katsuwonus pelamis and how they change by fermentation in order to removing the fishy flavor in the dark muscle. Electronic nose was used to detect the change of volatile components in the dark muscle of Katsuwonus pelamis dealt with the fermentation at different time, temperature and solid-liquid ratio. The data obtained were dealt with principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA). The optimum fermentation conditions were determined by sensory evaluation. The change of volatile components were detected and analyzed by headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that the electronic nose could detect change trend of volatile components. It could be known from GC-MS analysis that the fishy components had decreased obviously after the fermentation of sweet ferment rice. By the result of sensory evaluation, it showed that when the fermentation time was 4 days, the temperature was 30℃ and the solid-liquid ratio was 1:2, the effect of removing the smell was the best. Therefore, sweet ferment rice could remove the fishy smell of the dark muscle of Katsuwonus pelamis and improve its flavor.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2014, 28(8): 1440-1445. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2014.08.1440
In order to investigate the pulsed electric field for inactivation of contaminated bacteriophage in food and chemical industry, the survival ratios of λ phage, ΦX174 phage and E.coli MV1184 were detected by PEF treatment. Three PEF system parameters, including electric field intensity, pulse number and pulse width, were crucially contributed to the inactivation results of λ phage, ΦX174 phage and E.coli MV1184. Phage titer was measured by the plaque forming unit method, and cells were observed with a gold field emission scanning electron microscopy. The survival ratios of the two bacteriophages decreased significantly depending on treatment time when electric field intensity set between 1 to 10kV, and pulse width set between 1 to 10μs. The results showed that inactivates bacteriophages independence of particle structures, although the structural differences had an impact on the inactivation efficiency. Bacteriophage is more sensitive to PEF treatment than E.coli cell by using mixture liquid. This study demonstrated that PEF treatment could inactivate E.coli phage in high efficiency at room temperature. PEF treatment could be applied for the phage-free fermentation process in food and chemical industry.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2014, 28(8): 1446-1452. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2014.08.1446
In order to make full use of tilapia raw material, the condition of ultrasound-assisted enzymatic extraction of hyaluronic acid (HA) from the tilapia eyes was studied. Through single factor experiment and orthogonal experiment, the influence of the ultrasonic power, ultrasonic time, kinds of protease, time of enzyme digestion, pH of solution, amount of enzyme and temperature of enzyme solution on the extraction process of hyaluronic acid were analyzed and the optimum extraction conditions have been confirmed as follows: ultrasonic power 200 W, ultrasonic time 15min, composite enzyme (mixture of trypsin and compound protease with the enzyme activity 1:1), enzyme action time 3 hrs, hydrolysis temperature 40℃, pH 9.0, enzyme dosage 6 000U ·g-1, the average yield of hyaluronic acid was 11.44%. The hyaluronic acid was purified by CTAB and ion exchange chromatography and the purity was 97.47%. The relative molecular weight of hyaluronic acid was 100 KDa measured by Ubbelohde viscometer. The ultraviolet spectrum of production did not show the existence of protein and nucleic acid. Infrared spectra of HA was the same as the standard. This study provides the technical support for the high-value utilization of the tilapia eyes.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2014, 28(8): 1453-1457. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2014.08.1453
In order to study the ability to enrich chromium in pilot plant scale test by high-yield yeast stain, In this study, one of the better enrich ability of chromium, stable performance, and high biomass strains was screened from 9 tested brewer's yeast strains through chromium tolerance test and the ability to enrich chromium screening experiment. Based on shake flask fermentation experiment,We have studied the ability enrich chromium of the strain through the pilot plant scale test from 15 L to 50 L. The results show that, after 50L fermentation the strain content of organic chromium was 1234μg ·g-1 and that of total chromium was 1502μg ·g-1, and the ratio of organic chromium was 82%,the biomass was 0.96g ·100mL-1dry cells and 6.00g ·100mL-1 wets cell.The strain maintain high ability enrich chromium in pilot experiments. It's 2~5 times to product organic chromium compared with the commercially available chromium rich yeasts. This study showed that YSI-3.7 can be used as strains of GTF production and has provided basis studies of GTF industrial production.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2014, 28(8): 1458-1465. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2014.08.1458
A Central Composite Design was adopted to optimize the technology of freezing-vacuum drying for fresh pumpkin slices. We investigated the effects of water content of raw pumpkin after freezing, vacuum drying temperature and time on product quality, for its water content, puffing rate and color. Based on the experimental data, the quadratic regression model of three indexes was deduced, then variables mentioned-above were analyzed with response surface methodology (RSM). The result showed that water content of raw pumpkin after freezing, vacuum drying temperature and time had significant influences on the three indexes. The optimal technical conditions were obtained as follows: water content of raw pumpkin after freezing is 70%, Vacuum drying temperature is 90℃ and vacuum drying time is 120min. This research will provide a theoretrical basis for snack food pumpkin chips for its development and industrialization.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2014, 28(8): 1466-1472. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2014.08.1466
The aim of this study was to boost the variety of waxy corn product. A vinegar beverage was developed by rice wine, fruit wine and acetic acid fermentation, with waxy corn as the main raw material and grape as the supplement. The optimal alcoholic fermentation and acetic acid fermentation conditions and beverage formulation were investigated using single factor and orthogonal array design. In the optimized waxy corn wine fermentation, waxy corn and waxy corn cob were mixed(5:1 W/W) and gelatinized, liquefied and saccharified by adding SUZHOUTIANJIUQU(5%), inoculated at 25℃ for 5 d. The optimal conditions for grape wine fermentation were 5% yeast inoculation, 13.3% original sugar degree, fermented at 30℃ for 4 d. Following mixing of waxy corn wine and grape wine(4:1 v/v), the fermentation mash was inoculated with 15% of the commercial strain of acetic acid bacteria, AS 1.41 for fermentation on a 120 r/min shaker at 30℃ for 6 d. The optimal composition of waxy corn grape vinegar beverage were consisted of 20% waxy corn grape vinegar, 10% sucrose and citric acid 0.2%.The final product obtained tasted soft and had vinegar fragrance and unique flavor of waxy corn and grape. Product quality index of waxy corn grape vinegar beverage were, total acid ≥ 5.2 × 10-3 g·mL-1, soluble solids content ≥ 8 × 10-2 g·mL-1; colony count ≤ 100 cfu·mL-1, coliform group ≤ 3 MPN·10-2 mL-1, pathogenic bacteria were not detected.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2014, 28(8): 1473-1477. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2014.08.1473
A pot experiment was conducted, by 13C pulse labeling technique, to characterize the enrichment of 13C in C. lanceolata plant and analyze the allocation of photosynthesis products among Chinese fir organs.The study aimed to provide a reference which about isotope labeling of woody plants and the allocation of photosynthesis carbon among plants results showed that the values of δ13C in needle and stem of unlabeled C. lanceolata decreased with time, and the values in root decreased at the beginning and then increased. The values of δ13C in different organs of labeled C. lanceolata initially increased and then decreased after the summit. The values of Atom% 13C of photosynthetic carbon allocation were different in C. lanceolata organs, with the largest value of Atom% 13C in current-needle, the smallest in 1-year-old needle, and the values in stem and root in the middle. After 13C pulse labeling, the stable carbon isotope ratios (δ13C values) in needle, stem and root increased from-25.185‰,-24.689‰,-25.326‰ to 116.737‰, 106.800‰, 124.080‰, respectively. The above results indicated that plant materials which enriched 13C could be obtained with 13C pulse labeling technique, and could be useful for the study of turnover dynamics of soil carbon components.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2014, 28(8): 1478-1483. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2014.08.1478
To study the effect of soil moisture control from jointing to anthesis stage on nitrogen absorption, translocation, recovery and utilization in winter wheat, Zhongmai 8 was tested with 15N tracing technique. The result showed that 34.69%~39.74% of the nitrogen absorbed by wheat derived from fertilizer, 60.26%~65.31% derived from soil. Nitrogen amount in grain was the highest with moderate soil moisture treatment (relative water content was 70%). Nitrogen accumulation amount in vegetative organs and grain at anthesis stage was the lowest with drought treatment (relative water content was 55%). Meanwhile, nitrogen accumulation amount at anthesis stage was the highest with moist treatment (relative water content was 85%). Compared with drought and moist treatment, moderate treatment could improve the absorption of nitrogen after anthesis and reduce the residual amount of seasonal nitrogen in the soil. Compared with drought treatment, the moderate and moist treatments could increase the utilization of nitrogen and decrease the loss of nitrogen. In conclusion, the moderate soil moisture condition was the best treatment with the highest utilization of fertilizer nitrogen in kernel during jointing to anthesis stage.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2014, 28(8): 1484-1488. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2014.08.1484
A xanthan rice mutant‘Huangyu B’and its wild type parent‘Longtefu B’were field grown and measured for physiological indexes related to carbon metabolism, such as the content of photosynthetic pigment and soluble sugar, the activity of RuBPCase, sucrose synthetase (SS) and sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) in leaves, the dry weight and organic carbon accumulation per plant at different developmental stages. Compared with‘Longtefu B’, total photosynthetic pigment content decreased and the value of Chla/b and Car/Chl increased significantly. At tillering stage the soluble sugar content and the activity of RuBPCase, SS and SPS of‘Huangyu B’were significantly higher than that of‘Longtefu B’, while at flowering stage they were significantly lower. The organic carbon accumulation and dry weight per plant of‘Huangyu B’were significantly higher before flowering, but significantly lower at mature stage than that of‘Longtefu B’. These results indicated that‘Huangyu B’was more vigorous before flowering and slower after flowering in carbon metabolism, which is quiet different from‘Longtefu B’. The results reveal the cause in carbon metabolism for the performance of agronomic traits and yield per plant of Huangyu B, and provide a theoretical basis for its production application.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2014, 28(8): 1489-1496. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2014.08.1489
In order to provide the scientific basis for determining of sowing dates for different cultivars which with the different vernalizing characters, two cultivars, which are spring-type‘Lankao Aizao8’and semi-winter-type‘Zhoumai18’, were subjected to the three accumulated temperature treatments which are 674℃~702℃ (HAT),556℃~587℃ (MAT) and 456℃~468℃(LAT) as well as different sowing dates. The results showed that compared with samples from LAT, LAI, canopy interception of radiation, spikes per unit soil area, and population photosynthetic rate increased for‘Lankao Aizao8’in MAT and for‘Zhoumai18’in HAT. Fv/Fm was not influenced significantly by accumulated temperature prior to wintering. Fv/F0, qP and ETR from booting to early grain-filling stage for‘Lankao Aizao8’under HAT and MAT and for‘Zhoumai18’under HAT were more higher than under LAT. With decreasing of accumulated temperature prior to wintering, LUE(light use efficiency) for the two cultivars from sowing to starting jointing stage reduced. From starting jointing to mid-grain-filling stage, LUE for‘Lankao Aizao8’in MAT and for‘Zhoumai18’in HAT reached the maximum. It was indicated that LUE from sowing to starting jointing stage accounted for low LUE during the whole growing period. A conclusion may be drawn that‘Lankao Aizao8’and‘Zhoumai18’have a maximum LUE with an accumulated temperature prior to wintering of 556~587℃ and 674~702℃, respectively.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2014, 28(8): 1497-1502. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2014.08.1497
The effects of combination bacteria PS11 coming from photosynthetic bacteria AR12, AR13 and AR14 mixture on growth and physiological-biochemical characters of cucumber seedling were studied by root irrigation method. The tested concentrations of combination bacteria PS11 were 106, l07, 108, 109 and 1010 CFU·mL-1, respectively. The results showed that the low concentration treatment of PS11 increased plant height, stem diameter, fresh weight and dry weight, and improved root activity and photosynthetic pigment contents of cucumber leaves. However, the growth-promoting effect on cucumber seedling reduced after being treated with higher concentration PS11, for instance, root activity and photosynthetic pigment contents of cucumber leaves decreased significantly. The treatment of 107 CFU·mL-1 PS11 had the most significant growth promotion effect on cucumber seedling. With PS11 concentration increasing, the catalase activity (CAT) increased firstly, and then decreased. The activity of CAT was the highest when the concentration of PS11 reached to 109 CFU·mL-1. However, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) increased continuously. In conclusion, PS11 concentration of 107 CFU·mL-1 was the best for cucumber growth by considering comprehensively the influences of different concentration. This study demonstrates PS11 promotion to plant grouth and its primany mechanism, and provides a basis for the further development and application of combination bascteria PS11.
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Analysis of Canopy Reflectance Spectra between Winter Wheat Cultivars with Different Gluten StrengthJournal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2014, 28(8): 1503-1509. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2014.08.1503
In order to use canopy reflectance spectra monitor the biophysical characteristics of wheat cultivars with different gluten strength, canopy reflectance spectra was analyzed at different growth stages in wheat cultivars of‘Yangmai 13’and‘Xumai 31’, with the change of Leaf area index (LAI), chlorophyll and leaf nitrogen content, combined with the corresponding spectral parameters. From jointing to waxen ripe stage, the results showed that the wheat canopy spectral reflectance of‘Yangmai 13’were higher than 'Xumei 31' at near infrared and visible light bands, with significant change in booting stage. LAI, chlorophyll and leaf nitrogen content all reach the maximum at flowering stage, the chlorophyll content of‘Yangmai 13’is obviously higher than‘Xumai 31’, which LAI and leaf nitrogen content are lower than‘Xumai 31’. Ratio vegetation index (RVI) and Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) were strongly correlated with LAI, Red edge position (λr) and Red edge amplitude (Dr) were significantly correlated with chlorophyll content, while there were robust correlations between Nitrogen reflectance index (NRI), Visible atmospherically resistant index 1 (VARIgreen) and leaf nitrogen content. Thus, the RVI and NDVI both can be retrieved to the change of LAI, λr and Dr can be inversed to the change of chlorophyll content, NRI and VARIgreen can be retrieved to the change of leaf nitrogen content. Those spectral parameters can reflect the changes of the indicators of wheat, so the canopy reflectance spectra of wheat can be used to identify cultivars of wheat with different gluten strength, especially in the booting stage. By this study, we expected to supply this theory evidence for recognizing wheat cultivars with difference gluten strength by using remote sensing.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2014, 28(8): 1510-1520. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2014.08.1510
In this study, effects of nitrogen (N) application rate and plant spacing on nutrient translocation and yield of mechanical-transplanted hybrid rice during filling stage were investigated with medium-late maturity hybrid rice combination Yuxiang 203, and correlation of some indices of nutrient translocation of different vegetative organs with yield. The results showed that there was an obvious regulatory effect of different N application rate and plant spacing on N, P, K translocation of mechanical-transplanted rice in leaves and stem-sheathes during filling stage and grain yield. Compared with other treatment, applying 150 kg N·hm-2 with suitable plant spacing 17.5 cm was the best combination under mechanical-transplanted row spacing 30 cm in this paper, which improved nutrient translocation conversion rate of vegetative organ, alleviated contradiction of ear and kernel under high yield cultivation, and enhanced grain yield. Applying N was 105 kg··hm-2 with the suitable plant spacing 15~17.5 cm under mechanical-transplanted row spacing 30 cm in this study. However, applying N was increased to 195 kg·hm-2, in order to alleviate export and translocation percentage of stem-sheaths, and improved total spikelets and seed setting, plant spacing should be enlarged, the suitable plant spacing was 17.5~20 cm under mechanical-transplanted row spacing 30 cm in this study. Correlation analysis indicated that there existed significant or highly significant correlations of grain yield with nutrient translocation of leaf and stem-sheathes from heading to maturity. According to the conditions above, it was important for increasing yield that P and K translocation efficiency of leaf and stem-sheaths showed a positive correlation with grain yield (r=0.551**~0.693**) during the filling stage. The study provided the theoretical and practical basis for mechanized transplanting technolgy of medium-late maturity hybrid rice.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2014, 28(8): 1521-1527. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2014.08.1521
In this study, effects of polyolefin (PO, coating type) film covering on thermal and light condition, the growth and yield of tomato in winter and early spring in sunlight greenhouse were investigated compared with ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA, antifogging, no drops and longevity type) film covering. Results showed that the temperature and light intensity in greenhouse covered with PO film were significantly increased. The daily mean temperature of PO film covered greenhouse was higher than that of control 0.5~1℃. The daily maximum and minimum temperature were 0.5~2℃ higher than those of control, and the daily mean temperature of soil was 0.2~1℃ higher than control. The illumination intensity was 30~200μmol ·m-2 ·s-1 higher than control. The tomato in PO covering greenhouse grew (plant height and leaf number) faster with mean fruit weight increased by 19.9% than that of control. The early yield, total yield, revenue per hectare and input-output ratio were 1.42, 1.16, 1.25 and 2 times than control, respectively. However, PO covering showed no effect on tomato flower, fruit setting and fruit quality. PO films covering in protected vegetable production in north China in the winter and spring displays a good application prospective.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2014, 28(8): 1528-1533. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2014.08.1528
The seedlings of diploid wild banana and triploid Williams banana were treated with low temperature of 7℃ for 24 h, and then the tissue water content (WC), proline (Pro) content, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, total antioxidant capacity (DPPH scavenging capability), gas exchange parameters and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were determined. The results showed that there were no significant differences between the low temperature treatments and the control in the physiological indexes of diploid wild banana. The WC in the Williams banana under low temperature treatment was 14.36% lower than that under the control condition. The Pro content (per dry weight) of Williams banana under low temperature treatment decreased by 17.05% in comparison with the control sample while the MDA content of the former was significant higher than that in the other treatment, and the total antioxidant capacity of the former sample was significant lower than that in the other treatment. Maximum photochemical efficiency of PSⅡ (Fv/Fm) of Williams banana in low temperature decreased obviously, and the ascending extent of net photosynthetic rate (Pn) in photosynthetic Pn-PPFD curve was the lowest, and that in the control group of Williams was the highest, and the differences in ascending extent of Pn of diploid wild banana between low temperature treatment and the control was not obvious. In summary, the triploid Williams banana was more easily affected by chilling injury, i.e., its cell membrane system oxidation increased; Pro content decreased, total antioxidant capacity decreased, and gas exchange parameters such as Fv/Fm and Pn significantly decreased while PSⅡ was obviously inhibited. However, the diploid wild banana at the same low temperature displayed a similar physiological reactions with the control ones. So the wild banana can be considered as a cold resistance germplasm which can be an important material of cold-resistance breeding.
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Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. 2014, 28(8): 1534-1539. https://doi.org/10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2014.08.1534
A pot experiment was conducted to study the effects of biochar on physicochemical properties of nutrition medium and cucumber growth under continuous cropping in a greenhouse. The results showed that pH, organic matter and available K content of nutrition medium are improved by biochar treatments significantly, as well as the photosynthesis of cucumber leaf and cucumberyield are increased, but the nitrate content in fruit is reduced. Moreover, the effects result from application of 5% biochar are more obvious than that of 3% biochar. Correlation analysis showed that there is positive correlationship between the cucumber yield and available K concent and pH at the level of P<0.05, and significantly positive correlationship between cucumber yield and organic matter at P<0.01. It was suggested that biochar could be used as the effective measures to improve nutrition medium under vegetable continuous cropping.
