General combining ability （GCA） is an important index to evaluate the utilization value of parental inbred lines. In order to analyze the genetic mechanism of combining ability of maize， 537 hybrid combinations obtained from NCII genetic mating design were used as materials， seven multi-locus genome-wide association study （MGWAS） methods were used to identify significant loci for GCA of kernel row number， kernel length， and kernel width in Xinxiang， Zhoukou， and combined environment， combining with 11 734 high-quality single nucleotide polymorphism （SNP） markers obtained from the maize 5.5K liquid breeding chip. Based on MGWAS， five genomic selection methods were used to predicting the GCA effects. The results showed that 46 SNPs were detected and significantly associated with GCA of kernel row number and two kernel traits （P<8.52×10^-7）. Among them， ten loci were detected using two-to-five MGWAS methods simultaneously， and eight SNPs were co-located in at least two environments. Six SNPs （1_43440622， 2_69742504， 2_71037706， 2_197716855， 5_219239213， and 8_134634317） were both environment-stable and MGWAS method-stable loci， which were important loci controlling the GCA effects of kernel row number and kernel traits. The prediction accuracy of GCA for kernel row number and kernel width was high when using five random effect models， with a value of 0.62~0.74， and the prediction accuracy of GCA for kernel length was low， with a value of 0.28~0.45. In most cases， adding significant SNPs identified from different MGWAS as fixed effects into genomic best linear unbiased prediction(GBLUP) and reproducing kernel Hilbert space(RKHS) improved the prediction accuracy of GCA for kernel row number and two kernel traits in the three environments， with the percentage increase of 0.66%~15.96% for kernel row number and kernel width and 9.26%~83.05% for kernel length. The results of this study provide important gene information and technical guidance for subsequent gene function verification and genomic selection-assisted breeding of key loci.

Over past two decades， the application of nuclear techniques has been integrated into many aspects of scientific research and production practice in food and agriculture， and nuclear techniques are unique and irreplaceable in some areas. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the latest developments and major achievements from the nuclear application in major fields of food and agriculture around the world. The application status and innovative development of nuclear techniques in the fields of animal production and health， food safety and control， plant mutation breeding and genetics， water and soil management and agricultural environment， and insect pest control were reviewed emphatically. Considering many severe global challenges faced by the food and agriculture around the world， the authors discussed and showed the prospects and strategic priorities of nuclear application in food and agriculture.

Mulching technique is a widely used agricultural technology. The traditional plastic film currently in use brings huge economic benefits， but also induces serious ecological pollution problems and affects the sustainable development of agriculture， so the development of environmentally degradable mulching films is an inevitable trend. This study systematically describes the research progress and application status of the preparation materials， preparation technologies and products of photodegradable mulching film， biodegradable mulching film， photo/biodegradable mulching film， liquid mulching film and plant-fiber mulching film at home and abroad， as well as the advantages and shortcomings of the five types of degradable mulching films， and provides an outlook on the research direction and development prospects of plant-fiber mulching film. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for further development of green， environmentally friendly and completely biodegradable agricultural mulching films to promote green and sustainable development of agriculture.

In order to reduce the usage of herbicides in corn fields and improve the control effect of herbicides， formulation optimization and field efficacy of coconut oil tank mix adjuvant， which has been reported to be synergistic on herbicides in our previous study， were studied. Results showed that the optimum formula of the additives was obtained with n-hexanol as the solvent and 1.40∶3.60 as the compound emulsifier Span-80 versus Tween-80. In the greenhouse test， the synergistic ratios of coconut oil tank adjuvant to nicosulfuron and mesotrione could be increased by 11.24-49.35 percentage points， and those to mixture of nicosulfuron?and atrazine and mixture of mesotrione and atrazine could be increased by 14.71-31.25 percentage points， and the weeds control effect of adding adjuvant after the reduction of herbicide is equivalent to that of the constant amount without adjuvant. In the mixed treatment of oxaflutole and atrazine， the synergistic effect of the coconut oil tank mix adjuvant was 2.33-6.99 percentage points higher than that of the ethyl and methyl ester vegetable oil adjuvants. The field test results showed that the synergistic ratio of coconut oil tank mix adjuvants to post-emergence herbicides such as mixture of nicosulfuron?and?atrazine， mixture of mesotrione and atrazine， was 8.46%-13.57%. It was indicated that the control effect of herbicides at a reduction dosage after adding tank adjuvant was better than of herbicides at the recommended dose without adjuvant. In conclusion， the coconut oil tank mix adjuvant could reduce the herbicide dosage and herbicide cost， and provide a theoretical basis for the development of new pesticide additive products.

In order to scrutinize the state of stress during compression bulk milk powder， commercially available infant formula was used as a simulation object. Based on the resting angle， regression model between the powder particle and the simulated resting angle was studied to assess the optimal contact parameter by designing diverse parameters with different combination by using the Plackett-Burman test， the steepest climbing test and the Box-Behnken test. Furthermore， the change trend of compression volume of bulk milk powder， contact force chain distribution between surface particles and upper impact dye， and contact force chain distribution between section particles were assessed. The results demonstrated that static friction coefficient between the milk powder particles was 0.359， the rolling friction coefficient was 0.099， and the milk powder particle-stainless steel static friction coefficient was 0.125. The simulated compression trend of bulk milk powder was basically consistent with the real compression trend of change， indicating that the Edinburgh Elasto-Plastic Adhesion （EEPA） contact model could well simulate the compression process of milk powder. When the pressure reaches 2 500 N， the surface particles of bulk milk powder were highly likely to break due to the undivided load pressure and had a crushing trend from the surface to the inside. It was constant with the analysis results of the compressive strength of bulk milk powder. The compression model could well represent the stress in the compression process of milk powder. The results of this study provides a theoretical basis for selecting process parameters for bulk milk powder.

To investigate the expression of Collagen1 and Collagen3 in pulmonary fibrosis tissue of yak and clarify the roles of Collagen1 and Collagen3 in pulmonary fibrosis process of yak. The normal and fibrosis lung tissue of yak were collected and divided into control group and experimental group. HE staining， Masson staining and transmission electron microscope were used to observe the pathological changes of lung ultrastructure and fibrosis state； qRT-PCR， Western-blot， immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence staining were used to detect the expression of Collagen1 and Collagen3 genes and proteins in groups. The results showed that the yak lung tissue structure of the control group was intact， the alveolar septum was normal and there was no inflammatory exudate in bronchial lumen and alveolar cavity. while in experimental group， lung tissue showed necrosis， nuclear fragmentation and dissolution， severe hemorrhage and extensive pulmonary edema. The expression of Collagen1 in experimental group is higher， while the expression of Collagen3 is lower than that in control group. In experimental group， Collagen1 and Collagen3 proteins were proliferated massively and distributed in alveolar septum extensively. The other distributions were basically the same as control group but stronger than in control group. In conclusion， Collagen1 and Collagen3 play important roles in yak pulmonary fibrosis.

To investigate the pattern of chloroplast codon usage in cowpea （Vigna unguiculata）， the complete cowpea genome sequence was downloaded from NCBI and structurally analysed in this study. The sequences were screened to obtain 50 protein-coding sequences （CDS）， which were analysed by CodonW and CUSP to obtain important parameters such as GC1， GC2， GC3， RSCU， CAI， CBI， Fop， ENc， RFSC， and further analysed by neutral plot analysis， PR2-plot analysis， ENc-plot analysis， correspondence analysis， optimal codon analysis and comparative analysis of other species. The results showed that cowpea chloroplast gene codons preferred to end at A or U（T）， and G and C were lower in all positions of codons， with a mean value of 36.31%. The mean value of the effective codon number ENc was 44.903， with weak codon preference； there was correlation between GC1 and GC2 and GC3， indicating that base mutations also had an effect on codon selection. From the neutral plot， PR2-plot and ENc-plot， it is clear that cowpea chloroplast codon usage bias is influenced by both base mutations and natural selection. In this study， totally 20 optimal codons were successfully screened. Compared with other species， cowpea and tomato have high similarity in codon usage frequency. This study provides a reference for improving the efficiency of cowpea chloroplasts genes as an exogenous gene expression.

With the requirement of reducing costs and improving efficiency during industrialization of the Business-end kitchen， and the changes of Custom-end lifestyle， the prefabricated food markets have been growing rapidly. The prefabricated food meets the customer needs for fresh food， healthy eating habits and new retail models. The ready-to-eat foods， one of the prefabricated food which already have sterilization procedure during preparation， occasionally detected the excessive level results of microorganisms and foodborne pathogenic bacteria in market spot check， which has great safety risks for consumers. Food irradiation technology is a non-thermal sterilization new methods， gradually accepted by the Chinese food market. Combined with the HACCP food management system and fence factors， irradiation can be the last and most effective barrier in controlling the spread of pathogenic microorganisms. In the current review， the integration of irradiation technology on prefabricated food processing technology was studied， and the functional relationship between irradiation sterilization and other food preservation methods was explored. The review could provide references for irradiation enterprises and prefabricated food production enterprises in terms of economic benefits and food safety.

In order to explore the new technical methods of shortening the aging duration of light aroma-type sorghum liquor， the samples were irradiated with ⁶⁰Co-γ ray， and the treatment doses were 0 （CK）， 1.51， 3.14， 4.65， and 7.37 kGy. The volatile compounds in the liquor samples were detected and the sensory evaluation was carried out. The results showed that the esters content in sorghum liquor increased first and then decreased with the increase of treatment dose. The doses of 1.51 and 3.14 kGy had better effect on the aging of sorghum liquor. After irradiation treatment， the contents of flavor substances such as hexanoic ethyl ester， heptanoic ethyl ester， octanoic ethyl ester， and limonene all increased to varying degrees. These irradiation doses also reduced the type and content of harmful volatile compounds. The sensory evaluation results of these two doses were better than those of CK. In conclusion， the suggested irradiation dose of light aroma-type sorghum liquor aging is 1.5~3.0 kGy. It is evident that irradiation-accelerated aging can save time and space costs compared to the traditional cumbersome aging process and has reasonable practicability. This research provides technical support for aging of sorghum liquor through γ X-ray irradiation.

As one of the plant-specific gene families， NAC genes families are widely involved in growth and developmental regulation and abiotic stress response of plant. To characterize the function of tobacco gene NtabNAC087， a direct homolog of Arabidopsis AtNAC072/RD26 tapped earlier in response to drought stress. Genetically transformed strains from the common tobacco variety K326 were constructed by gene overexpression and CRISPR/CAS9 gene edit technology. Seedlings of wild-type K326 and two genetically transformed tobacco pure strains were treated with drought stress， the leaf stomatal structure was observed and the superoxide dismutase （SOD） and catalase （CAT） activities， malondialdehyde （MDA） and proline （Pro） contents and gene expression were detected. The results showed that the overexpressed lines showed stronger drought tolerance under drought stress at bud and seedling stages， while the edited lines showed drought sensitivity. Compared with the control group， the leaves of overexpressed strains had higher stomatal density and smaller pore size. The activity of SOD and CAT and the content of Pro in the overexpressed strain were significantly increased compared with the edited strain， while the content of MDA in the overexpressed strain was significantly decreased compared with the edited strain. The expression of NtabNAC087 gene showed an increasing trend and then decreased， and reached the highest level at 6 hours of treatment. The study indicated that the NtabNAC087 gene caused significant changes in the physiological structure， antioxidant enzyme activity and osmoregulatory substance content of tobacco leaves through altering gene expression or structure， which provided experimental data for subsequent studying on its molecular mechanism in the tobacco drought stress response process.

The ATP-binding cassette subfamily G （ABCG） plays a crucial role in the transport of substances in plant. In order to explore the molecular characteristics， expression patterns and regulatory relationships of ABCGs in moso bamboo （Phyllostachys edulis）， bioinformatics methods were used to identify the gene members of ABCG subfamily in moso bamboo. Moreover， the comprehensive analysis of the gene structure， physiochemical properties of protein and phylogenetic relationship was conducted， and the gene expression patterns were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR （qRT-PCR）. Furthermore， the regulatory relationship between transcription factors and ABCG gene was verified by yeast one-hybrid assay. The results showed that there were 77 ABCGs identified inmoso bamboo （PeABCG1~PeABCG77）. A variety of hormone， abiotic stress response elements were found in the promoters of PeABCGs， among which the ABRE element in response to the abscisic acid （ABA） was the most， and appeared in the promoters of 74 PeABCGs. Phylogenetic analysis showed that PeABCGs were divided into white-brown complex （WBC） and pleiotropic drug resistance （PDR） subgroups， which were closely related to those of rice. The results of qRT-PCR demonstrated that six of seven PeABCGs associated with ABA transport were up-regulated under ABA treatment， whereas PeABCG34 was undetected. All the expressions of seven PeABCGs were induced by low temperature. The expression of two PeABCGs was inhibited， while those of other five genes were induced with different levels of drought treatment. Besides， the expressions of PeABCG15 in shoots was continuously up-regulated with the increasing degree of lignification， consistent with the expression trend of PeKNAT3 and PeMYB42 involved in regulating lignin synthesis. It was confirmed that PeKNAT3 and PeMYB42 could bind to the promoter of PeABCG15 by yeast one-hybrid assay. These results suggested that PeABCGs may participate in the resistance of moso bamboo in two ways： ABA-mediated and non-ABA-mediated， among which PeABCG15 was induced by ABA and may be involved in stress resistance by promoting lignin synthesis. These findings would provide references for revealing the biological functions of ABCG in moso bamboo.

It is very important to use lignin， a cheap and environmentally friendly raw material， as the coating material of coated urea and to improve the preparation process of coated urea. In this experiment， lignin， stannous octoate， hexamethylene isocyanate and polyethylene glycol are used as raw materials to obtain lignin-based membrane， which was used as the inner layer of coated urea. Subsequently， the epoxy resin-based coating liquid was sprayed on the surface of the lignin-based coated urea particles as an outer layer to obtain a lignin/epoxy resin-based composite coated urea. The optimal preparation conditions of the coated urea were explored by adjusting the molar ratio of -NCO/-OH and the coating rate， and the cumulative nutrient release rate was tested by static water culture test. On this basis， the coated urea with optimal nutrient release performance was selected to evaluate the difference between its surface morphology and compressive properties. When the molar ratio of -NCO/-OH was 1.50， the maximum pyrolysis temperature and water contact angle of the lignin-based membrane were 404.31 ℃ and 82.36°， respectively. The results of hydrostatic test showed that the molar ratio of -NCO/-OH and the coating rate were positively correlated with the nutrient release period of the coated urea. Under the conditions of -NCO/-OH molar ratio of 1.50， resin content of 50%， and coating rate of 7%， the nutrient release performance of the coated urea was the optimal， and the time required to release 80% of the nutrients was more than 30 days. Coated urea prepared in this study meets the national standard of controlled release fertilizer.This study will provide theoretical basis and technical support for development of green and economical coated urea.

In order to explore the suitable fertilization formula of Lonicera japonica Flos in the Loess Plateau， the ‘3414’ experimental design was used. The optimum formula of nitrogen， phosphorus and potassium fertilizer was screened by yield and index component content. After the initial determination of the best fertilization treatment， four treatments were set up， that is， organic and NPK combined application group （OF+NPK）， single application of organic fertilizer group （OF）， single application of NPK fertilizer group （NPK） and no fertilization control group （CK） were collected for soil physico chemical properties and bacterial abundance detection. Spearman correlation analysis was performed on soil bacterial abundance and physicochemical properties， as well as L. japonica Flos yield and quality. The results showed that N₂P₂K₂ treatment， apply N： 30 g·plant^-1， P₂O₅：18 g·plant^-1， K₂O： 14 g·plant^-1 could make the yield per plant up to 229.26 g. The fertilizer effect equation showed that the recommended fertilization amounts of N， P₂O₅ and K₂O were 19.5~30.0， 12.6~18.0 and 13.3~16.8 g·plant^-1， respectively， and the yield per plant was 198.2~223.9 g. The results of soil microecology detection showed that the contents of available phosphorus， available potassium and organic matter in the group of OF + NPK were the highest， and significantly higher than those in CK and NPK. At the same time， the microbial community abundance in soil was significantly higher than CK group. Correlation analysis showed that Thermoleophilia， Gemmatimonadetes and Dehalococcoidia were the main beneficial bacteria in soil， which could positively regulate the yield and index component content of L. japonica Flos. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for improvement of fertilization methods and development of special fertilizers in the new producing areas of L. japonica Flos in the Loess Plateau.

Phosphorus deficiency in the soil is a key factor limiting the growth and development of rice （Oryza sativa L.）. It is of great significance to elucidate the morph-physiological changes of rice in response to low phosphorus stress and further understand the mechanism underlying the phosphorus uptake and transport， which is also crucial to alleviate phosphorus stress on rice yield and quality. This paper mainly reviewed the changes in the morphology of roots and shoots as well as the physiological and molecular mechanisms of phosphorus uptake and utilization of rice under low phosphorus stress， and proposed crop management practices to enhance phosphorus uptake and utilization in rice. The key points for future researches were also discussed， that is， effect of interaction between rice roots and soil on the release of soil organic phosphorus， regulation and mechanism of plant hormones， especially new plant hormones， on phosphorus absorption， transport and distribution in rice plants， and development of rice varieties with high phosphorus utilization efficiency and exploring cultivation techniques to improve phosphorus use efficiency. This review is expected to provide theoretical guidance for screening and breeding rice varieties with tolerance to low phosphorus stress （phosphorus efficient varieties） and the cultivation regulation for improving phosphorus utilization efficiency.

In order to establish a new paper colorimetric method for accurate and rapid determination of lipid peroxide value. In this study， ferrous ion was firstly constructed on the surface of filter paper in the form of nano composite via sol-gel method. Then， the ferrous ions can be converted to ferric ions to form orange-red complexes with xylenol orange （XO） by using the peroxidation property of the oil. The peroxide value of edible oil is indicated by the depth of color on filter paper. After the optimization of the experimental parameters， the peroxide value of the oil is closely related to the color depth， and the peroxide value of the oil can be directly judged according to the color depth. Furthermore， based on the image recognition mode of ImageJ software， the actual oil samples can be semi-quantitative detected. The rapid and convenient direct reading determination of oil peroxide value can be achieved that the correlation coefficient can reach 0.9852， and the minimum detection limit can reach 0.2 mmol·kg^-1. It is found that xylenol orange as the color developing agent has good stability and iron ion nano silica composite is helpful to construct stable oil peroxide value test paper color developing system. The paper provides a new method for the rapid detection of oil peroxide value on situ.

JAZ protein is an important component of jasmonic acid （JA） pathway， and also a key factor participating in plant growth， development， and stress response. JAZ9 is one of the TIFY family genes encoding JAZs protein. In order to study the function of European grape VvJAZ9 protein involved in low temperature stress， thefull-length of VvJAZ9 was obtained from Chardonnay （Vitis vinifera cv.） by homologous cloning. The ORF of VvJAZ9 gene is 807 bp， encoding 268 amino acids， locates on chromosome 11 and carries 5 exons and 4 introns. The VvJAZ9 protein has the highly conserved TIFY and CCT_2 domains and has the closest identities with AtJAZ1 and AtJAZ2. The qRT-PCR analysis showed that the expression of VvJAZ9 was increased after low temperature treatment from 1 h to 24 h， and the highest expression was observed at 24 h. The subcellular localization results also confirmed that VvJAZ9 was localized in the nucleus. To obtain the VvJAZ9-His fusion protein， VvJAZ9 ORF sequence was cloned into the prokaryotic expression vector pET28b， transformed into E.? coli BL21 and induced by 1.0 mmol?L^-1 IPTG at 37 ℃. After antigen purification and immunization， the rabbit monoclonal antibody of VvJAZ9 protein was obtained. Western blot results demonstrated that the anti-VvJAZ9 antibody could specifically recognize different forms of JAZ9 protein such as grape endogenous JAZ9 protein， VvJAZ9-MYC fusion protein and VvJAZ9-GFP fusion protein. At the same time， the abundance of JAZ9 protein in grape protoplasts decreased with 10 μmol?L^-1 MeJA treatment. The results of this study provide a basis for the biological function research of VvJAZ9 gene.

Regreening is a typical physiological phenomenon of functional chloroplast re-differentiation during the development in Araceae ornamental plants， this phenomenon often occurs in the spathe of calla lily （Zantedeschia hybrida）， but the underlyingly regulatory mechanism remains unclear. In this study， in order to explore the regreening mechanism and improve the ornamental quality of calla lilies， a virus induced gene silencing （VIGS） system was established to verify the gene function of two key genes in chlorophyll biosynthesis during regreening， ZhGluTR and ZhChlH using the yellow variety Florex Gold of calla lily as the material. An integrated evaluation of sample locations and duration of infiltration in isolated spathe discs indicated that， the test group with 5 min of vacuum extraction in the middle spathe showed the latest regreening and the best silencing effect. Compared with the control， the silenced spathe disc of ZhGluTR and ZhChlH exhibited delayed regreening， the hue angle value increased slower. In addition， chlorophyll was less and carotenoids were more. The above results showed that VIGS system in this study can effectively silence the key chlorophyll synthesis genes ZhGluTR and ZhChlH in the spathe. The results of this study laid a foundation for revealing the molecular regulation mechanism of spathe regreening in calla lily in the future.

To obtain potato cultivars with different processing purposes， 12 potato tubers were evaluated with different cooking treatments. Atlantic and Burbank were used as control for steaming and baking respectively. Potato tubers were steamed and backed at different temperature for varied time，and the dry matter content and starch content of the tubers were measured. The texture of processed tubers， including hardness， adhesiveness and cohesiveness were analyzed. The color of processed tubers was evaluated. The correlation between tuber texture parameters and components， and the principal component analysis was carried out for the different processing conditions under steaming and baking. The results showed that starch content， the dry matter content， the hardness， the adhesiveness， and the cohesiveness of twelve potato varieties （lines） after steamed was among 50.76%~83.69%， 15.77%~31.64%， 936.65 N~12 231.82 N， 13.07~163.66， 0.07~0.14， respectively. The texture parameters （hardness 7 240.81 N， adhesiveness 53.23， cohesiveness 0.07） of Atlantic steamed at 110℃ for 30 min were used as the control. The texture parameters of Gannongshu 7 （hardness 6 978.40 N， adhesiveness 52.27， cohesiveness 0.09） and H0916 （hardness 7 629.74 N， adhesiveness 63.16， cohesiveness 0.07） were similar to those of Atlantic. The starch content， the dry matter content， hardness， adhesiveness， and cohesiveness of twelve potato varieties （lines） after baking was 46.12%~70.57%， 18.49%~38.66%， 1048.07 N~6 997.73 N， 11.25~91.88， 0.05~0.27， respectively. The texture parameters of Burbank （hardness 3 055.38 N， adhesiveness 60.37， cohesiveness 0.09） after baked at 200 ℃ for 50min were used as the control. The texture parameters （hardness 2 619.31 N， adhesiveness 63.11， cohesiveness 0.09） of Gannongshu 7 were similar to Burbank， the surface brown area of potato meat was small. After steaming at 110 ℃ for 30 min， there was a positive correlation between starch and dry matter. After baked at 200 ℃ for 50 min， hardness was negatively correlated with dry matter and adhesiveness， and positively correlated with cohesiveness. One principal component was obtained by principal component analysis， which was hardness，with variance contribution rate of 50.597%. The texture parameters of each variety were closest to the ideal variety Burbank when steamed at 110 ℃ for 30 minutes and baked at 200 ℃ for 50 minutes. The tuber had a low degree of brown， which was the optimized steaming and baking conditions. Gannongshu 7 was an ideal variety for steaming and baking， and the results provided the basis for selecting potato varieties with different cooking purposes.

To explore the regulation mechanism of compound leaf development of Adzuki bean， a stable genetic pentafoliate compound leaf mutant pcl （pentafoliate compound leaf） was obtained from Adzuki bean cultivar jingnong 6 with electron beam irradiation. The main agronomic traits， genetic analysis， gene mapping， and transcriptome analysis were carried out. The results showed that plant height， stem diameter， the number of pods per plant and pod width， the number of pods per plant and yield per plant， and 100-seed weight of pentafoliate compound leaf adzuki bean were significantly higher than those of trifoliolate leaf adzuki bean individual. Genetic analysis showed that pentafoliate compound leaf were controlled by a pair of recessive genes. The mutant locus was located with a region of about 500 Kb on the end of chromosome 5， and a total of 27 genes were annotated in this region. A base mutation was found in the TATA-box of the promoter region of VaTMK3 gene by chromosome walking， and the mutation site was co-segregated with the trait. Transcriptome and real-time quantitative PCR （qRT-PCR） analysis showed that the expression of VaTMK3， which is involved in auxin signal transduction and regulation of cell expansion and proliferation， was significantly up-regulated. Meanwhile， the expression levels of auxin transmembrane transporter protein genes VaPIN1a， VaPIN1b， VaLAX1， VaLAX3， and VaLAX5 were increased. It was preliminarily determined that the candidate gene of pentafoliate leaf leaf mutations was VaTMK3， which affected the transport of auxin in leaves and thus affected the development of compound leaves. This study provided a theoretical basis for further analysing the molecular mechanism of the regulation of adzuki bean compound leaf development. It laid a foundation for the development regulation network of Adzuki bean compound leaves.

Phoebe bournei （Hemsl.） Yang is an important and precious tree species in China. This study aimed to establish a genetic transformation system for P. bournei， pCAMBIA1300-GFP plasmid was constructed and transformed into seedlings with Agrobacterium rhizogenes. To optimize the transformation process， injection and soaking in bacterial solution were compared. Subsequently， an orthogonal ［L9（3³）］ experiment was employed to determine the optimal combination A. rhizogenes strain type， bacterial solution concentration， and seedling age. In addition， the effects of light intensity on induction and transformational rate of P. bournei hairy roots were also examined. The results showed that hairy roots induction and transformation rate with injection method were 80.0% and 66.7% respectively， whereas only 41.2% and 35.3%with soaking method. The main factors affecting the hairy root induction rate and genetic transformation of P. bournei were strain species. Notably， strain type exhibited a substantial influence on both induction and transformation efficiency of hairy roots. The maximum induction and transformation rates were 87.5% and 70.6% respectively. The optimal strain was K599 with concentration of OD₆₀₀=1.2， and the seedlings at the three-leaf stage was the best The seedlings growth， hairy roots induction and transformation efficiency of P. bournei seedlings under lower light intensity （50 μmol·m^-2·s^-1） were more favorable for seedling growth and transformation than high light intensity （100 μmol·m^-2·s^-1）. This study established an efficient and steady transgenic system for P. bournei mediated by A. rhizogenes， thereby obtained transgenic hairy roots plants. That provided a useful platform for molecular genetic research of P. bournei and laying the foundation for important gene exploration， new germplasm development and genetic improvement of P. bournei.